Merge pull request #10074 from sfc-gh-ajbeamon/apply-black-format

Apply black format to most Python files

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -3,7 +3,13 @@ repos:
     rev: 2018e667a6a36ee3fbfa8041cd36512f92f60d49  # frozen: 22.8.0
     hooks:
     - id: black
+      exclude: |
+      (?x)^(
+          bindings/python/fdb/six.py|
+          contrib/Implib.so/implib-gen.py|
+          documentation/sphinx/extensions/rubydomain.py
+      )$
 -   repo: https://github.com/pycqa/flake8
     rev: f8e1b317742036ff11ff86356fd2b68147e169f7  # frozen: 5.0.4
     hooks:
-    - id: flake8
+    - id: flake8

bindings/__init__.py

@@ -17,4 +17,3 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 #
-

bindings/bindingtester/__init__.py

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ import math
 import sys
 import os
 
-sys.path[:0] = [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', '..', 'bindings', 'python')]
+sys.path[:0] = [
+    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "bindings", "python")
+]
 
 import util
 from fdb import LATEST_API_VERSION
@@ -30,27 +32,20 @@ from fdb import LATEST_API_VERSION
 FDB_API_VERSION = LATEST_API_VERSION
 
 LOGGING = {
-    'version': 1,
-    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
-    'formatters': {
-        'simple': {
-            'format': '%(message)s'
+    "version": 1,
+    "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+    "formatters": {"simple": {"format": "%(message)s"}},
+    "handlers": {
+        "console": {
+            "level": "NOTSET",
+            "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+            "stream": sys.stdout,
+            "formatter": "simple",
         }
     },
-    'handlers': {
-        'console': {
-            'level': 'NOTSET',
-            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
-            'stream': sys.stdout,
-            'formatter': 'simple'
-        }
+    "loggers": {
+        "foundationdb.bindingtester": {"level": "INFO", "handlers": ["console"]}
     },
-    'loggers': {
-        'foundationdb.bindingtester': {
-            'level': 'INFO',
-            'handlers': ['console']
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 
@@ -61,7 +56,7 @@ class Result:
         self.values = values
 
     def key(self, specification):
-        return self.key_tuple[specification.key_start_index:]
+        return self.key_tuple[specification.key_start_index :]
 
     @staticmethod
     def elements_equal(el1, el2):
@@ -116,4 +111,4 @@ class Result:
         else:
             value_str = repr(self.values)
 
-        return '%s = %s' % (repr(self.subspace_tuple + self.key_tuple), value_str)
+        return "%s = %s" % (repr(self.subspace_tuple + self.key_tuple), value_str)

bindings/bindingtester/bindingtester.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import logging.config
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from functools import reduce
 
-sys.path[:0] = [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')]
+sys.path[:0] = [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..")]
 
 from bindingtester import FDB_API_VERSION
 from bindingtester import Result
@@ -49,12 +49,32 @@ import fdb.tuple
 
 
 API_VERSIONS = [
-    13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23,
-    100, 200, 300,
-    400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460,
-    500, 510, 520,
-    600, 610, 620, 630,
-    700, 710, 720,
+    13,
+    14,
+    16,
+    21,
+    22,
+    23,
+    100,
+    200,
+    300,
+    400,
+    410,
+    420,
+    430,
+    440,
+    450,
+    460,
+    500,
+    510,
+    520,
+    600,
+    610,
+    620,
+    630,
+    700,
+    710,
+    720,
 ]
 
 assert (
@@ -74,7 +94,7 @@ class ResultSet(object):
         base_name = name
         while name in self.tester_results:
             num += 1
-            name = '%s (%d)' % (base_name, num)
+            name = "%s (%d)" % (base_name, num)
 
         self.tester_results[name] = results
 
@@ -86,7 +106,10 @@ class ResultSet(object):
         if len(self.tester_results) == 1:
             return (0, False)
 
-        util.get_logger().info('Comparing results from \'%s\'...' % repr(util.subspace_to_tuple(self.specification.subspace)))
+        util.get_logger().info(
+            "Comparing results from '%s'..."
+            % repr(util.subspace_to_tuple(self.specification.subspace))
+        )
 
         num_errors = 0
         has_filtered_error = False
@@ -98,60 +121,105 @@ class ResultSet(object):
 
         while True:
             # Gets the next result for each tester
-            results = {i: r[indices[i]] for i, r in enumerate(self.tester_results.values()) if len(r) > indices[i]}
+            results = {
+                i: r[indices[i]]
+                for i, r in enumerate(self.tester_results.values())
+                if len(r) > indices[i]
+            }
             if len(results) == 0:
                 break
 
             # Attempt to 'align' the results. If two results have matching sequence numbers, then they should be compared.
             # Only those testers which have a result matching the minimum current sequence number will be included. All
             # others are considered to have not produced a result and will be evaluated in a future iteration.
-            sequence_nums = [r.sequence_num(self.specification) for r in results.values()]
+            sequence_nums = [
+                r.sequence_num(self.specification) for r in results.values()
+            ]
             if any([s is not None for s in sequence_nums]):
-                results = {i: r for i, r in results.items() if r.sequence_num(self.specification) == min(sequence_nums)}
+                results = {
+                    i: r
+                    for i, r in results.items()
+                    if r.sequence_num(self.specification) == min(sequence_nums)
+                }
 
             # If these results aren't using sequence numbers, then we match two results based on whether they share the same key
             else:
-                min_key = reduce(ResultSet._min_tuple, [r.key(self.specification) for r in results.values()])
-                results = {i: r for i, r in results.items() if Result.tuples_match(r.key(self.specification), min_key)}
+                min_key = reduce(
+                    ResultSet._min_tuple,
+                    [r.key(self.specification) for r in results.values()],
+                )
+                results = {
+                    i: r
+                    for i, r in results.items()
+                    if Result.tuples_match(r.key(self.specification), min_key)
+                }
 
             # Increment the indices for those testers which produced a result in this iteration
             for i in results.keys():
                 indices[i] += 1
 
             # Fill in 'None' values for testers that didn't produce a result and generate an output string describing the results
-            all_results = {i: results[i] if i in results else None for i in range(len(self.tester_results))}
+            all_results = {
+                i: results[i] if i in results else None
+                for i in range(len(self.tester_results))
+            }
             result_keys = list(self.tester_results.keys())
-            result_str = '\n'.join(['  %-*s - %s' % (name_length, result_keys[i], r) for i, r in all_results.items()])
+            result_str = "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "  %-*s - %s" % (name_length, result_keys[i], r)
+                    for i, r in all_results.items()
+                ]
+            )
 
             result_list = list(results.values())
 
             # If any of our results matches the global error filter, we ignore the result
-            if any(r.matches_global_error_filter(self.specification) for r in result_list):
+            if any(
+                r.matches_global_error_filter(self.specification) for r in result_list
+            ):
                 has_filtered_error = True
 
             # The result is considered correct if every tester produced a value and all the values meet the matching criteria
-            if len(results) < len(all_results) or not all(result_list[0].matches(r, self.specification) for r in result_list):
-                util.get_logger().error('\nIncorrect result: \n%s' % result_str)
+            if len(results) < len(all_results) or not all(
+                result_list[0].matches(r, self.specification) for r in result_list
+            ):
+                util.get_logger().error("\nIncorrect result: \n%s" % result_str)
                 num_errors += 1
             else:
-                util.get_logger().debug('\nCorrect result: \n%s' % result_str)
+                util.get_logger().debug("\nCorrect result: \n%s" % result_str)
 
         if num_errors > 0:
-            util.get_logger().error('')
+            util.get_logger().error("")
         else:
-            util.get_logger().debug('')
+            util.get_logger().debug("")
 
         return (num_errors, has_filtered_error)
 
 
-def choose_api_version(selected_api_version, tester_min_version, tester_max_version, test_min_version, test_max_version):
+def choose_api_version(
+    selected_api_version,
+    tester_min_version,
+    tester_max_version,
+    test_min_version,
+    test_max_version,
+):
     if selected_api_version is not None:
-        if selected_api_version < tester_min_version or selected_api_version > tester_max_version:
-            raise Exception('Not all testers support the API version %d (min=%d, max=%d)' %
-                            (selected_api_version, tester_min_version, tester_max_version))
-        elif selected_api_version < test_min_version or selected_api_version > test_max_version:
-            raise Exception('API version %d is not supported by the specified test (min=%d, max=%d)' %
-                            (selected_api_version, test_min_version, test_max_version))
+        if (
+            selected_api_version < tester_min_version
+            or selected_api_version > tester_max_version
+        ):
+            raise Exception(
+                "Not all testers support the API version %d (min=%d, max=%d)"
+                % (selected_api_version, tester_min_version, tester_max_version)
+            )
+        elif (
+            selected_api_version < test_min_version
+            or selected_api_version > test_max_version
+        ):
+            raise Exception(
+                "API version %d is not supported by the specified test (min=%d, max=%d)"
+                % (selected_api_version, test_min_version, test_max_version)
+            )
 
         api_version = selected_api_version
     else:
@@ -160,15 +228,24 @@ def choose_api_version(selected_api_version, tester_min_version, tester_max_vers
 
         if min_version > max_version:
             raise Exception(
-                'Not all testers support the API versions required by the specified test'
-                '(tester: min=%d, max=%d; test: min=%d, max=%d)' % (tester_min_version, tester_max_version, test_min_version, test_max_version))
+                "Not all testers support the API versions required by the specified test"
+                "(tester: min=%d, max=%d; test: min=%d, max=%d)"
+                % (
+                    tester_min_version,
+                    tester_max_version,
+                    test_min_version,
+                    test_max_version,
+                )
+            )
 
         if random.random() < 0.7:
             api_version = max_version
         elif random.random() < 0.7:
             api_version = min_version
         elif random.random() < 0.9:
-            api_version = random.choice([v for v in API_VERSIONS if v >= min_version and v <= max_version])
+            api_version = random.choice(
+                [v for v in API_VERSIONS if v >= min_version and v <= max_version]
+            )
         else:
             api_version = random.randint(min_version, max_version)
 
@@ -180,47 +257,78 @@ class TestRunner(object):
         self.args = copy.copy(args)
 
         self.db = fdb.open(self.args.cluster_file)
-        self.test_seed = random.randint(0, 0xffffffff)
+        self.test_seed = random.randint(0, 0xFFFFFFFF)
 
         self.testers = [Tester.get_test(self.args.test1)]
         if self.args.test2 is not None:
             self.testers.append(Tester.get_test(self.args.test2))
 
-        self.test = Test.create_test(self.args.test_name, fdb.Subspace((self.args.output_subspace,)))
+        self.test = Test.create_test(
+            self.args.test_name, fdb.Subspace((self.args.output_subspace,))
+        )
 
         if self.test is None:
-            raise Exception('the test \'%s\' could not be found' % self.args.test_name)
+            raise Exception("the test '%s' could not be found" % self.args.test_name)
 
         min_api_version = max([tester.min_api_version for tester in self.testers])
         max_api_version = min([tester.max_api_version for tester in self.testers])
-        self.args.api_version = choose_api_version(self.args.api_version, min_api_version, max_api_version,
-                                                   self.test.min_api_version, self.test.max_api_version)
+        self.args.api_version = choose_api_version(
+            self.args.api_version,
+            min_api_version,
+            max_api_version,
+            self.test.min_api_version,
+            self.test.max_api_version,
+        )
 
-        util.get_logger().info('\nCreating test at API version %d' % self.args.api_version)
+        util.get_logger().info(
+            "\nCreating test at API version %d" % self.args.api_version
+        )
 
         max_int_bits = min([tester.max_int_bits for tester in self.testers])
         if self.args.max_int_bits is None:
             self.args.max_int_bits = max_int_bits
         elif self.args.max_int_bits > max_int_bits:
-            raise Exception('The specified testers support at most %d-bit ints, but --max-int-bits was set to %d' %
-                            (max_int_bits, self.args.max_int_bits))
+            raise Exception(
+                "The specified testers support at most %d-bit ints, but --max-int-bits was set to %d"
+                % (max_int_bits, self.args.max_int_bits)
+            )
 
-        self.args.no_threads = self.args.no_threads or any([not tester.threads_enabled for tester in self.testers])
+        self.args.no_threads = self.args.no_threads or any(
+            [not tester.threads_enabled for tester in self.testers]
+        )
         if self.args.no_threads and self.args.concurrency > 1:
-            raise Exception('Not all testers support concurrency')
+            raise Exception("Not all testers support concurrency")
 
         # Test types should be intersection of all tester supported types
-        self.args.types = list(reduce(lambda t1, t2: filter(t1.__contains__, t2), map(lambda tester: tester.types, self.testers)))
+        self.args.types = list(
+            reduce(
+                lambda t1, t2: filter(t1.__contains__, t2),
+                map(lambda tester: tester.types, self.testers),
+            )
+        )
 
-        self.args.no_directory_snapshot_ops = self.args.no_directory_snapshot_ops or any([not tester.directory_snapshot_ops_enabled for tester in self.testers])
-        self.args.no_tenants = self.args.no_tenants or any([not tester.tenants_enabled for tester in self.testers]) or self.args.api_version < 710
+        self.args.no_directory_snapshot_ops = (
+            self.args.no_directory_snapshot_ops
+            or any(
+                [not tester.directory_snapshot_ops_enabled for tester in self.testers]
+            )
+        )
+        self.args.no_tenants = (
+            self.args.no_tenants
+            or any([not tester.tenants_enabled for tester in self.testers])
+            or self.args.api_version < 710
+        )
 
     def print_test(self):
         test_instructions = self._generate_test()
 
         for top_level_subspace, top_level_thread in test_instructions.items():
-            for subspace, thread in top_level_thread.get_threads(top_level_subspace).items():
-                util.get_logger().error('\nThread at prefix %r:' % util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace))
+            for subspace, thread in top_level_thread.get_threads(
+                top_level_subspace
+            ).items():
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "\nThread at prefix %r:" % util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace)
+                )
                 if self.args.print_all:
                     instructions = thread
                     offset = 0
@@ -229,18 +337,23 @@ class TestRunner(object):
                     offset = thread.core_test_begin
 
                 for i, instruction in enumerate(instructions):
-                    if self.args.print_all or (instruction.operation != 'SWAP' and instruction.operation != 'PUSH'):
-                        util.get_logger().error('  %d. %r' % (i + offset, instruction))
+                    if self.args.print_all or (
+                        instruction.operation != "SWAP"
+                        and instruction.operation != "PUSH"
+                    ):
+                        util.get_logger().error("  %d. %r" % (i + offset, instruction))
 
-        util.get_logger().error('')
+        util.get_logger().error("")
 
     def run_test(self):
         test_instructions = self._generate_test()
         expected_results = self.test.get_expected_results()
 
-        tester_results = {s.subspace: ResultSet(s) for s in self.test.get_result_specifications()}
+        tester_results = {
+            s.subspace: ResultSet(s) for s in self.test.get_result_specifications()
+        }
         for subspace, results in expected_results.items():
-            tester_results[subspace].add('expected', results)
+            tester_results[subspace].add("expected", results)
 
         tester_errors = {}
 
@@ -249,17 +362,24 @@ class TestRunner(object):
             self.test.pre_run(self.db, self.args)
             return_code = self._run_tester(tester)
             if return_code != 0:
-                util.get_logger().error('Test of type %s failed to complete successfully with random seed %d and %d operations\n' %
-                                        (self.args.test_name, self.args.seed, self.args.num_ops))
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "Test of type %s failed to complete successfully with random seed %d and %d operations\n"
+                    % (self.args.test_name, self.args.seed, self.args.num_ops)
+                )
                 return 2
 
             tester_errors[tester] = self.test.validate(self.db, self.args)
 
             for spec in self.test.get_result_specifications():
-                tester_results[spec.subspace].add(tester.name, self._get_results(spec.subspace))
+                tester_results[spec.subspace].add(
+                    tester.name, self._get_results(spec.subspace)
+                )
 
         return_code = self._validate_results(tester_errors, tester_results)
-        util.get_logger().info('Completed %s test with random seed %d and %d operations\n' % (self.args.test_name, self.args.seed, self.args.num_ops))
+        util.get_logger().info(
+            "Completed %s test with random seed %d and %d operations\n"
+            % (self.args.test_name, self.args.seed, self.args.num_ops)
+        )
 
         return return_code
 
@@ -268,38 +388,55 @@ class TestRunner(object):
         self._insert_instructions(test_instructions)
 
     def _generate_test(self):
-        util.get_logger().info('Generating %s test at seed %d with %d op(s) and %d concurrent tester(s)...' %
-                               (self.args.test_name, self.args.seed, self.args.num_ops, self.args.concurrency))
+        util.get_logger().info(
+            "Generating %s test at seed %d with %d op(s) and %d concurrent tester(s)..."
+            % (
+                self.args.test_name,
+                self.args.seed,
+                self.args.num_ops,
+                self.args.concurrency,
+            )
+        )
 
         random.seed(self.test_seed)
 
         if self.args.concurrency == 1:
             self.test.setup(self.args)
-            test_instructions = {fdb.Subspace((bytes(self.args.instruction_prefix, 'utf-8'),)): self.test.generate(self.args, 0)}
+            test_instructions = {
+                fdb.Subspace(
+                    (bytes(self.args.instruction_prefix, "utf-8"),)
+                ): self.test.generate(self.args, 0)
+            }
         else:
             test_instructions = {}
             main_thread = InstructionSet()
             for i in range(self.args.concurrency):
                 # thread_spec = fdb.Subspace(('thread_spec', i))
-                thread_spec = b'thread_spec%d' % i
+                thread_spec = b"thread_spec%d" % i
                 main_thread.push_args(thread_spec)
-                main_thread.append('START_THREAD')
+                main_thread.append("START_THREAD")
                 self.test.setup(self.args)
-                test_instructions[fdb.Subspace((thread_spec,))] = self.test.generate(self.args, i)
+                test_instructions[fdb.Subspace((thread_spec,))] = self.test.generate(
+                    self.args, i
+                )
 
-            test_instructions[fdb.Subspace((bytes(self.args.instruction_prefix, 'utf-8'),))] = main_thread
+            test_instructions[
+                fdb.Subspace((bytes(self.args.instruction_prefix, "utf-8"),))
+            ] = main_thread
 
         return test_instructions
 
     def _insert_instructions(self, test_instructions):
-        util.get_logger().info('\nInserting test into database...')
+        util.get_logger().info("\nInserting test into database...")
         del self.db[:]
 
         while True:
             tr = self.db.create_transaction()
             try:
                 tr.options.set_special_key_space_enable_writes()
-                del tr[b'\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/' : b'\xff\xff/management/tenant/map0']
+                del tr[
+                    b"\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/":b"\xff\xff/management/tenant/map0"
+                ]
                 tr.commit().wait()
                 break
             except fdb.FDBError as e:
@@ -309,11 +446,14 @@ class TestRunner(object):
             thread.insert_operations(self.db, subspace)
 
     def _run_tester(self, test):
-        params = test.cmd.split(' ') + [self.args.instruction_prefix, str(self.args.api_version)]
+        params = test.cmd.split(" ") + [
+            self.args.instruction_prefix,
+            str(self.args.api_version),
+        ]
         if self.args.cluster_file is not None:
             params += [self.args.cluster_file]
 
-        util.get_logger().info('\nRunning tester \'%s\'...' % ' '.join(params))
+        util.get_logger().info("\nRunning tester '%s'..." % " ".join(params))
         sys.stdout.flush()
         proc = subprocess.Popen(params)
         timed_out = Event()
@@ -327,7 +467,7 @@ class TestRunner(object):
             timer.start()
             ret_code = proc.wait()
         except Exception as e:
-            raise Exception('Unable to run tester (%s)' % e)
+            raise Exception("Unable to run tester (%s)" % e)
         finally:
             timer.cancel()
 
@@ -336,16 +476,20 @@ class TestRunner(object):
             if ret_code < 0:
                 signal_name = util.signal_number_to_name(-ret_code)
 
-            reason = 'exit code: %s' % (signal_name,)
+            reason = "exit code: %s" % (signal_name,)
             if timed_out.is_set():
-                reason = 'timed out after %d seconds' % (self.args.timeout,)
-            util.get_logger().error('\n\'%s\' did not complete succesfully (%s)' % (params[0], reason))
+                reason = "timed out after %d seconds" % (self.args.timeout,)
+            util.get_logger().error(
+                "\n'%s' did not complete succesfully (%s)" % (params[0], reason)
+            )
 
-        util.get_logger().info('')
+        util.get_logger().info("")
         return ret_code
 
     def _get_results(self, subspace, instruction_index=None):
-        util.get_logger().info('Reading results from \'%s\'...' % repr(util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace)))
+        util.get_logger().info(
+            "Reading results from '%s'..." % repr(util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace))
+        )
 
         results = []
         next_key = subspace.range().start
@@ -360,7 +504,7 @@ class TestRunner(object):
         return results
 
     def _validate_results(self, tester_errors, tester_results):
-        util.get_logger().info('')
+        util.get_logger().info("")
 
         num_incorrect = 0
         has_filtered_error = False
@@ -373,16 +517,28 @@ class TestRunner(object):
 
         for tester, errors in tester_errors.items():
             if len(errors) > 0:
-                util.get_logger().error('The %s tester reported errors:\n' % tester.name)
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "The %s tester reported errors:\n" % tester.name
+                )
                 for i, error in enumerate(errors):
-                    util.get_logger().error('  %d. %s' % (i + 1, error))
+                    util.get_logger().error("  %d. %s" % (i + 1, error))
 
-        log_message = '\nTest with seed %d and concurrency %d had %d incorrect result(s) and %d error(s) at API version %d' %\
-            (self.args.seed, self.args.concurrency, num_incorrect, num_errors, self.args.api_version)
+        log_message = (
+            "\nTest with seed %d and concurrency %d had %d incorrect result(s) and %d error(s) at API version %d"
+            % (
+                self.args.seed,
+                self.args.concurrency,
+                num_incorrect,
+                num_errors,
+                self.args.api_version,
+            )
+        )
         if num_errors == 0 and (num_incorrect == 0 or has_filtered_error):
             util.get_logger().info(log_message)
             if has_filtered_error:
-                util.get_logger().info("Test had permissible non-deterministic errors; disregarding results...")
+                util.get_logger().info(
+                    "Test had permissible non-deterministic errors; disregarding results..."
+                )
             return 0
         else:
             util.get_logger().error(log_message)
@@ -390,7 +546,7 @@ class TestRunner(object):
 
 
 def bisect(test_runner, args):
-    util.get_logger().info('')
+    util.get_logger().info("")
 
     lower_bound = 0
     upper_bound = args.num_ops
@@ -401,89 +557,188 @@ def bisect(test_runner, args):
 
         if lower_bound == upper_bound:
             if result != 0:
-                util.get_logger().error('Found minimal failing test with %d operations' % lower_bound)
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "Found minimal failing test with %d operations" % lower_bound
+                )
                 if args.print_test:
                     test_runner.print_test()
 
                 return 0
             elif upper_bound < args.num_ops:
-                util.get_logger().error('Error finding minimal failing test for seed %d. The failure may not be deterministic' % args.seed)
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "Error finding minimal failing test for seed %d. The failure may not be deterministic"
+                    % args.seed
+                )
                 return 1
             else:
-                util.get_logger().error('No failing test found for seed %d with %d ops. Try specifying a larger --num-ops parameter.'
-                                        % (args.seed, args.num_ops))
+                util.get_logger().error(
+                    "No failing test found for seed %d with %d ops. Try specifying a larger --num-ops parameter."
+                    % (args.seed, args.num_ops)
+                )
                 return 0
 
         elif result == 0:
-            util.get_logger().info('Test with %d operations succeeded\n' % test_runner.args.num_ops)
+            util.get_logger().info(
+                "Test with %d operations succeeded\n" % test_runner.args.num_ops
+            )
             lower_bound = test_runner.args.num_ops + 1
 
         else:
-            util.get_logger().info('Test with %d operations failed with error code %d\n' % (test_runner.args.num_ops, result))
+            util.get_logger().info(
+                "Test with %d operations failed with error code %d\n"
+                % (test_runner.args.num_ops, result)
+            )
             upper_bound = test_runner.args.num_ops
 
 
 def parse_args(argv):
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='FoundationDB Binding API Tester')
-    parser.add_argument('--test-name', default='scripted',
-                        help='The name of the test to run. Must be the name of a test specified in the tests folder. (default=\'scripted\')')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="FoundationDB Binding API Tester")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--test-name",
+        default="scripted",
+        help="The name of the test to run. Must be the name of a test specified in the tests folder. (default='scripted')",
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument(metavar='tester1', dest='test1', help='Name of the first tester to invoke')
-    parser.add_argument('--compare', metavar='tester2', nargs='?', type=str, default=None, const='python', dest='test2',
-                        help='When specified, a second tester will be run and compared against the first. This flag takes an optional argument '
-                             'for the second tester to invoke (default = \'python\').')
-    parser.add_argument('--print-test', action='store_true',
-                        help='Instead of running a test, prints the set of instructions generated for that test. Unless --all is specified, all '
-                             'setup, finalization, PUSH, and SWAP instructions will be excluded.')
-    parser.add_argument('--all', dest='print_all', action='store_true', help='Causes --print-test to print all instructions.')
-    parser.add_argument('--bisect', action='store_true',
-                        help='Run the specified test varying the number of operations until a minimal failing test is found. Does not work for '
-                             'concurrent tests.')
-    parser.add_argument('--insert-only', action='store_true', help='Insert the test instructions into the database, but do not run it.')
-    parser.add_argument('--concurrency', type=int, default=1, help='Number of concurrent test threads to run. (default = 1).')
-    parser.add_argument('--num-ops', type=int, default=100, help='The number of operations to generate per thread (default = 100)')
-    parser.add_argument('--seed', type=int, help='The random seed to use for generating the test')
-    parser.add_argument('--max-int-bits', type=int, default=None,
-                        help='Maximum number of bits to use for int types in testers. By default, the largest value supported by the testers being '
-                             'run will be chosen.')
-    parser.add_argument('--api-version', default=None, type=int,
-                        help='The API version that the testers should use. Not supported in scripted mode. (default = random version supported by '
-                             'all testers)')
-    parser.add_argument('--cluster-file', type=str, default=None, help='The cluster file for the cluster being connected to. (default None)')
-    parser.add_argument('--timeout', type=int, default=600, help='The timeout in seconds for running each individual tester. (default 600)')
-    parser.add_argument('--enable-client-trace-logging', nargs='?', type=str, default=None, const='.',
-                        help='Enables trace file output. This flag takes an optional argument specifying the output directory (default = \'.\').')
-    parser.add_argument('--instruction-prefix', type=str, default='test_spec',
-                        help='The prefix under which the main thread of test instructions are inserted (default=\'test_spec\').')
-    parser.add_argument('--output-subspace', type=str, default='tester_output',
-                        help='The string used to create the output subspace for the testers. The subspace will be of the form (<output_subspace>,). '
-                             '(default=\'tester_output\')')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        metavar="tester1", dest="test1", help="Name of the first tester to invoke"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--compare",
+        metavar="tester2",
+        nargs="?",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        const="python",
+        dest="test2",
+        help="When specified, a second tester will be run and compared against the first. This flag takes an optional argument "
+        "for the second tester to invoke (default = 'python').",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--print-test",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Instead of running a test, prints the set of instructions generated for that test. Unless --all is specified, all "
+        "setup, finalization, PUSH, and SWAP instructions will be excluded.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--all",
+        dest="print_all",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Causes --print-test to print all instructions.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--bisect",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Run the specified test varying the number of operations until a minimal failing test is found. Does not work for "
+        "concurrent tests.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--insert-only",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Insert the test instructions into the database, but do not run it.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--concurrency",
+        type=int,
+        default=1,
+        help="Number of concurrent test threads to run. (default = 1).",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-ops",
+        type=int,
+        default=100,
+        help="The number of operations to generate per thread (default = 100)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--seed", type=int, help="The random seed to use for generating the test"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--max-int-bits",
+        type=int,
+        default=None,
+        help="Maximum number of bits to use for int types in testers. By default, the largest value supported by the testers being "
+        "run will be chosen.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--api-version",
+        default=None,
+        type=int,
+        help="The API version that the testers should use. Not supported in scripted mode. (default = random version supported by "
+        "all testers)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--cluster-file",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        help="The cluster file for the cluster being connected to. (default None)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--timeout",
+        type=int,
+        default=600,
+        help="The timeout in seconds for running each individual tester. (default 600)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--enable-client-trace-logging",
+        nargs="?",
+        type=str,
+        default=None,
+        const=".",
+        help="Enables trace file output. This flag takes an optional argument specifying the output directory (default = '.').",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--instruction-prefix",
+        type=str,
+        default="test_spec",
+        help="The prefix under which the main thread of test instructions are inserted (default='test_spec').",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-subspace",
+        type=str,
+        default="tester_output",
+        help="The string used to create the output subspace for the testers. The subspace will be of the form (<output_subspace>,). "
+        "(default='tester_output')",
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--logging-level', type=str, default='INFO',
-                        choices=['ERROR', 'WARNING', 'INFO', 'DEBUG'], help='Specifies the level of detail in the tester output (default=\'INFO\').')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--logging-level",
+        type=str,
+        default="INFO",
+        choices=["ERROR", "WARNING", "INFO", "DEBUG"],
+        help="Specifies the level of detail in the tester output (default='INFO').",
+    )
 
     # SOMEDAY: this applies only to the scripted test. Should we invoke test files specifically (as in circus),
     # or invoke them here and allow tests to add arguments?
-    parser.add_argument('--no-threads', action='store_true', help='Disables the START_THREAD instruction in the scripted test.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-threads",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disables the START_THREAD instruction in the scripted test.",
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--no-directory-snapshot-ops', action='store_true', help='Disables snapshot operations for directory instructions.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-directory-snapshot-ops",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disables snapshot operations for directory instructions.",
+    )
 
-    parser.add_argument('--no-tenants', action='store_true', help='Disables tenant operations.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-tenants", action="store_true", help="Disables tenant operations."
+    )
 
     return parser.parse_args(argv)
 
 
 def validate_args(args):
     if args.insert_only and args.bisect:
-        raise Exception('--bisect cannot be used with --insert-only')
+        raise Exception("--bisect cannot be used with --insert-only")
     if args.print_all and not args.print_test:
-        raise Exception('cannot specify --all without --print-test')
+        raise Exception("cannot specify --all without --print-test")
     if args.bisect and not args.seed:
-        raise Exception('--seed must be specified if using --bisect')
+        raise Exception("--seed must be specified if using --bisect")
     if args.concurrency < 1:
-        raise Exception('--concurrency must be a positive integer')
+        raise Exception("--concurrency must be a positive integer")
     if args.concurrency > 1 and args.test2:
-        raise Exception('--compare cannot be used with concurrent tests')
+        raise Exception("--compare cannot be used with concurrent tests")
 
 
 def main(argv):
@@ -497,7 +752,7 @@ def main(argv):
         validate_args(args)
 
         if args.seed is None:
-            args.seed = random.randint(0, 0xffffffff)
+            args.seed = random.randint(0, 0xFFFFFFFF)
 
         random.seed(args.seed)
 
@@ -518,15 +773,15 @@ def main(argv):
         return test_runner.run_test()
 
     except Exception as e:
-        util.get_logger().error('\nERROR: %s' % e)
+        util.get_logger().error("\nERROR: %s" % e)
         util.get_logger().debug(traceback.format_exc())
         exit(3)
 
     except BaseException:
-        util.get_logger().error('\nERROR: %s' % sys.exc_info()[0])
+        util.get_logger().error("\nERROR: %s" % sys.exc_info()[0])
         util.get_logger().info(traceback.format_exc())
         exit(3)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main(sys.argv[1:]))

bindings/bindingtester/known_testers.py

@@ -23,12 +23,33 @@ import os
 from bindingtester import FDB_API_VERSION
 
 MAX_API_VERSION = FDB_API_VERSION
-COMMON_TYPES = ['null', 'bytes', 'string', 'int', 'uuid', 'bool', 'float', 'double', 'tuple']
-ALL_TYPES = COMMON_TYPES + ['versionstamp']
+COMMON_TYPES = [
+    "null",
+    "bytes",
+    "string",
+    "int",
+    "uuid",
+    "bool",
+    "float",
+    "double",
+    "tuple",
+]
+ALL_TYPES = COMMON_TYPES + ["versionstamp"]
 
 
 class Tester:
-    def __init__(self, name, cmd, max_int_bits=64, min_api_version=0, max_api_version=MAX_API_VERSION, threads_enabled=True, types=COMMON_TYPES, directory_snapshot_ops_enabled=True, tenants_enabled=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        cmd,
+        max_int_bits=64,
+        min_api_version=0,
+        max_api_version=MAX_API_VERSION,
+        threads_enabled=True,
+        types=COMMON_TYPES,
+        directory_snapshot_ops_enabled=True,
+        tenants_enabled=False,
+    ):
         self.name = name
         self.cmd = cmd
         self.max_int_bits = max_int_bits
@@ -40,31 +61,82 @@ class Tester:
         self.tenants_enabled = tenants_enabled
 
     def supports_api_version(self, api_version):
-        return api_version >= self.min_api_version and api_version <= self.max_api_version
+        return (
+            api_version >= self.min_api_version and api_version <= self.max_api_version
+        )
 
     @classmethod
     def get_test(cls, test_name_or_args):
         if test_name_or_args in testers:
             return testers[test_name_or_args]
         else:
-            return Tester(test_name_or_args.split(' ')[0], test_name_or_args)
+            return Tester(test_name_or_args.split(" ")[0], test_name_or_args)
 
 
 def _absolute_path(path):
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), '..', path)
+    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), "..", path)
 
 
-_java_cmd = 'java -ea -cp %s:%s com.apple.foundationdb.test.' % (
-    _absolute_path('java/foundationdb-client.jar'),
-    _absolute_path('java/foundationdb-tests.jar'))
+_java_cmd = "java -ea -cp %s:%s com.apple.foundationdb.test." % (
+    _absolute_path("java/foundationdb-client.jar"),
+    _absolute_path("java/foundationdb-tests.jar"),
+)
 
 # We could set min_api_version lower on some of these if the testers were updated to support them
 testers = {
-    'python': Tester('python', 'python ' + _absolute_path('python/tests/tester.py'), 2040, 23, MAX_API_VERSION, types=ALL_TYPES, tenants_enabled=True),
-    'python3': Tester('python3', 'python3 ' + _absolute_path('python/tests/tester.py'), 2040, 23, MAX_API_VERSION, types=ALL_TYPES, tenants_enabled=True),
-    'ruby': Tester('ruby', _absolute_path('ruby/tests/tester.rb'), 2040, 23, MAX_API_VERSION),
-    'java': Tester('java', _java_cmd + 'StackTester', 2040, 510, MAX_API_VERSION, types=ALL_TYPES, tenants_enabled=True),
-    'java_async': Tester('java', _java_cmd + 'AsyncStackTester', 2040, 510, MAX_API_VERSION, types=ALL_TYPES, tenants_enabled=True),
-    'go': Tester('go', _absolute_path('go/build/bin/_stacktester'), 2040, 200, MAX_API_VERSION, types=ALL_TYPES),
-    'flow': Tester('flow', _absolute_path('flow/bin/fdb_flow_tester'), 63, 500, MAX_API_VERSION, directory_snapshot_ops_enabled=False),
+    "python": Tester(
+        "python",
+        "python " + _absolute_path("python/tests/tester.py"),
+        2040,
+        23,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        types=ALL_TYPES,
+        tenants_enabled=True,
+    ),
+    "python3": Tester(
+        "python3",
+        "python3 " + _absolute_path("python/tests/tester.py"),
+        2040,
+        23,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        types=ALL_TYPES,
+        tenants_enabled=True,
+    ),
+    "ruby": Tester(
+        "ruby", _absolute_path("ruby/tests/tester.rb"), 2040, 23, MAX_API_VERSION
+    ),
+    "java": Tester(
+        "java",
+        _java_cmd + "StackTester",
+        2040,
+        510,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        types=ALL_TYPES,
+        tenants_enabled=True,
+    ),
+    "java_async": Tester(
+        "java",
+        _java_cmd + "AsyncStackTester",
+        2040,
+        510,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        types=ALL_TYPES,
+        tenants_enabled=True,
+    ),
+    "go": Tester(
+        "go",
+        _absolute_path("go/build/bin/_stacktester"),
+        2040,
+        200,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        types=ALL_TYPES,
+    ),
+    "flow": Tester(
+        "flow",
+        _absolute_path("flow/bin/fdb_flow_tester"),
+        63,
+        500,
+        MAX_API_VERSION,
+        directory_snapshot_ops_enabled=False,
+    ),
 }

bindings/bindingtester/tests/__init__.py

@@ -31,14 +31,18 @@ fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 
 
 class ResultSpecification(object):
-    def __init__(self, subspace, key_start_index=0, ordering_index=None, global_error_filter=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, subspace, key_start_index=0, ordering_index=None, global_error_filter=None
+    ):
         self.subspace = subspace
         self.key_start_index = key_start_index
         self.ordering_index = ordering_index
 
         if global_error_filter is not None:
-            error_str = b'|'.join([b'%d' % e for e in global_error_filter])
-            self.error_regex = re.compile(rb'\x01+ERROR\x00\xff*\x01' + error_str + rb'\x00')
+            error_str = b"|".join([b"%d" % e for e in global_error_filter])
+            self.error_regex = re.compile(
+                rb"\x01+ERROR\x00\xff*\x01" + error_str + rb"\x00"
+            )
         else:
             self.error_regex = None
 
@@ -82,22 +86,24 @@ class Test(object):
         return []
 
     def versionstamp_key(self, raw_bytes, version_pos):
-        if hasattr(self, 'api_version') and self.api_version < 520:
-            return raw_bytes + struct.pack('<H', version_pos)
+        if hasattr(self, "api_version") and self.api_version < 520:
+            return raw_bytes + struct.pack("<H", version_pos)
         else:
-            return raw_bytes + struct.pack('<L', version_pos)
+            return raw_bytes + struct.pack("<L", version_pos)
 
     def versionstamp_value(self, raw_bytes, version_pos=0):
-        if hasattr(self, 'api_version') and self.api_version < 520:
+        if hasattr(self, "api_version") and self.api_version < 520:
             if version_pos != 0:
-                raise ValueError('unable to set non-zero version position before 520 in values')
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "unable to set non-zero version position before 520 in values"
+                )
             return raw_bytes
         else:
-            return raw_bytes + struct.pack('<L', version_pos)
+            return raw_bytes + struct.pack("<L", version_pos)
 
     @classmethod
     def create_test(cls, name, subspace):
-        target = 'bindingtester.tests.%s' % name
+        target = "bindingtester.tests.%s" % name
         test_class = [s for s in cls.__subclasses__() if s.__module__ == target]
         if len(test_class) == 0:
             return None
@@ -123,15 +129,15 @@ class Instruction(object):
 
 class PushInstruction(Instruction):
     def __init__(self, argument):
-        self.operation = 'PUSH'
+        self.operation = "PUSH"
         self.argument = argument
-        self.value = fdb.tuple.pack(('PUSH', argument))
+        self.value = fdb.tuple.pack(("PUSH", argument))
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s %s' % (self.operation, self.argument)
+        return "%s %s" % (self.operation, self.argument)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '%r %r' % (self.operation, self.argument)
+        return "%r %r" % (self.operation, self.argument)
 
 
 class TestInstructions(object):
@@ -173,11 +179,11 @@ class InstructionSet(TestInstructions, list):
         self.core_test_end = len(self)
 
     def core_instructions(self):
-        return self[self.core_test_begin: self.core_test_end]
+        return self[self.core_test_begin : self.core_test_end]
 
     @fdb.transactional
     def _insert_operations_transactional(self, tr, subspace, start, count):
-        for i, instruction in enumerate(self[start: start + count]):
+        for i, instruction in enumerate(self[start : start + count]):
             tr[subspace.pack((start + i,))] = instruction.to_value()
 
     def insert_operations(self, db, subspace):
@@ -207,7 +213,9 @@ class ThreadedInstructionSet(TestInstructions):
 
     def create_thread(self, subspace=None, thread_instructions=None):
         if subspace in self.threads:
-            raise 'An instruction set with the subspace %r has already been created' % util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace)
+            raise "An instruction set with the subspace %r has already been created" % util.subspace_to_tuple(
+                subspace
+            )
 
         if thread_instructions == None:
             thread_instructions = InstructionSet()
@@ -216,4 +224,4 @@ class ThreadedInstructionSet(TestInstructions):
         return thread_instructions
 
 
-util.import_subclasses(__file__, 'bindingtester.tests')
+util.import_subclasses(__file__, "bindingtester.tests")

bindings/bindingtester/tests/directory.py

@@ -34,56 +34,67 @@ fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 
 
 class DirectoryTest(Test):
-
     def __init__(self, subspace):
         super(DirectoryTest, self).__init__(subspace)
-        self.stack_subspace = subspace['stack']
-        self.directory_log = subspace['directory_log']['directory']
-        self.subspace_log = subspace['directory_log']['subspace']
-        self.prefix_log = subspace['prefix_log']
+        self.stack_subspace = subspace["stack"]
+        self.directory_log = subspace["directory_log"]["directory"]
+        self.subspace_log = subspace["directory_log"]["subspace"]
+        self.prefix_log = subspace["prefix_log"]
 
         self.prepopulated_dirs = []
         self.next_path = 1
 
     def ensure_default_directory_subspace(self, instructions, path):
-        directory_util.create_default_directory_subspace(instructions, path, self.random)
+        directory_util.create_default_directory_subspace(
+            instructions, path, self.random
+        )
 
-        child = self.root.add_child(path, DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True))
+        child = self.root.add_child(
+            path, DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
         self.dir_list.append(child)
         self.dir_index = directory_util.DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX
 
     def generate_layer(self, allow_partition=True):
         if random.random() < 0.7:
-            return b''
+            return b""
         else:
             choice = random.randint(0, 3)
             if choice == 0 and allow_partition:
-                return b'partition'
+                return b"partition"
             elif choice == 1:
-                return b'test_layer'
+                return b"test_layer"
             else:
                 return self.random.random_string(random.randint(0, 5))
 
     def setup(self, args):
         self.dir_index = 0
-        self.random = test_util.RandomGenerator(args.max_int_bits, args.api_version, args.types)
+        self.random = test_util.RandomGenerator(
+            args.max_int_bits, args.api_version, args.types
+        )
 
     def generate(self, args, thread_number):
         instructions = InstructionSet()
 
-        op_choices = ['NEW_TRANSACTION', 'COMMIT']
+        op_choices = ["NEW_TRANSACTION", "COMMIT"]
 
-        general = ['DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE', 'DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER']
+        general = ["DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE", "DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER"]
 
         op_choices += general
 
-        directory_mutations = ['DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN', 'DIRECTORY_CREATE', 'DIRECTORY_MOVE', 'DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO',
-                               'DIRECTORY_REMOVE', 'DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS']
-        directory_reads = ['DIRECTORY_EXISTS', 'DIRECTORY_OPEN', 'DIRECTORY_LIST']
+        directory_mutations = [
+            "DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN",
+            "DIRECTORY_CREATE",
+            "DIRECTORY_MOVE",
+            "DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO",
+            "DIRECTORY_REMOVE",
+            "DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS",
+        ]
+        directory_reads = ["DIRECTORY_EXISTS", "DIRECTORY_OPEN", "DIRECTORY_LIST"]
 
-        directory_db_mutations = [x + '_DATABASE' for x in directory_mutations]
-        directory_db_reads = [x + '_DATABASE' for x in directory_reads]
-        directory_snapshot_reads = [x + '_SNAPSHOT' for x in directory_reads]
+        directory_db_mutations = [x + "_DATABASE" for x in directory_mutations]
+        directory_db_reads = [x + "_DATABASE" for x in directory_reads]
+        directory_snapshot_reads = [x + "_SNAPSHOT" for x in directory_reads]
 
         directory = []
         directory += directory_mutations
@@ -94,27 +105,47 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
         if not args.no_directory_snapshot_ops:
             directory += directory_snapshot_reads
 
-        subspace = ['DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY', 'DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY', 'DIRECTORY_RANGE', 'DIRECTORY_CONTAINS', 'DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE']
+        subspace = [
+            "DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY",
+            "DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY",
+            "DIRECTORY_RANGE",
+            "DIRECTORY_CONTAINS",
+            "DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE",
+        ]
 
-        instructions.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        instructions.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
 
-        default_path = 'default%d' % self.next_path
+        default_path = "default%d" % self.next_path
         self.next_path += 1
-        self.dir_list = directory_util.setup_directories(instructions, default_path, self.random)
+        self.dir_list = directory_util.setup_directories(
+            instructions, default_path, self.random
+        )
         self.root = self.dir_list[0]
 
         instructions.push_args(0)
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
         # Generate some directories that we are going to create in advance. This tests that other bindings
         # are compatible with the Python implementation
-        self.prepopulated_dirs = [(generate_path(min_length=1), self.generate_layer()) for i in range(5)]
+        self.prepopulated_dirs = [
+            (generate_path(min_length=1), self.generate_layer()) for i in range(5)
+        ]
 
         for path, layer in self.prepopulated_dirs:
             instructions.push_args(layer)
             instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(path))
-            instructions.append('DIRECTORY_OPEN')
-            self.dir_list.append(self.root.add_child(path, DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False, is_partition=(layer == b'partition'))))
+            instructions.append("DIRECTORY_OPEN")
+            self.dir_list.append(
+                self.root.add_child(
+                    path,
+                    DirectoryStateTreeNode(
+                        True,
+                        True,
+                        has_known_prefix=False,
+                        is_partition=(layer == b"partition"),
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
             # print('%d. Selected %s, dir=%s, dir_id=%s, has_known_prefix=%s, dir_list_len=%d' \
             #       % (len(instructions), 'DIRECTORY_OPEN', repr(self.dir_index), self.dir_list[-1].dir_id, False, len(self.dir_list)-1))
 
@@ -124,11 +155,14 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
             if random.random() < 0.5:
                 while True:
                     self.dir_index = random.randrange(0, len(self.dir_list))
-                    if not self.dir_list[self.dir_index].state.is_partition or not self.dir_list[self.dir_index].state.deleted:
+                    if (
+                        not self.dir_list[self.dir_index].state.is_partition
+                        or not self.dir_list[self.dir_index].state.deleted
+                    ):
                         break
 
                 instructions.push_args(self.dir_index)
-                instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+                instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
             dir_entry = self.dir_list[self.dir_index]
 
@@ -143,53 +177,74 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
             # print('%d. Selected %s, dir=%d, dir_id=%d, has_known_prefix=%d, dir_list_len=%d' \
             #       % (len(instructions), op, self.dir_index, dir_entry.dir_id, dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix, len(self.dir_list)))
 
-            if op.endswith('_DATABASE') or op.endswith('_SNAPSHOT'):
+            if op.endswith("_DATABASE") or op.endswith("_SNAPSHOT"):
                 root_op = op[0:-9]
             else:
                 root_op = op
 
-            if root_op == 'NEW_TRANSACTION':
+            if root_op == "NEW_TRANSACTION":
                 instructions.append(op)
 
-            elif root_op == 'COMMIT':
+            elif root_op == "COMMIT":
                 test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE":
                 path = generate_path()
-                instructions.push_args(generate_prefix(require_unique=False, is_partition=True))
+                instructions.push_args(
+                    generate_prefix(require_unique=False, is_partition=True)
+                )
                 instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(path))
                 instructions.append(op)
-                self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True, has_known_prefix=True))
+                self.dir_list.append(
+                    DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+                )
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER":
                 indices = []
 
-                prefixes = [generate_prefix(require_unique=args.concurrency == 1, is_partition=True) for i in range(2)]
+                prefixes = [
+                    generate_prefix(
+                        require_unique=args.concurrency == 1, is_partition=True
+                    )
+                    for i in range(2)
+                ]
                 for i in range(2):
                     instructions.push_args(prefixes[i])
                     instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(generate_path()))
-                    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE')
+                    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE")
                     indices.append(len(self.dir_list))
-                    self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True, has_known_prefix=True))
+                    self.dir_list.append(
+                        DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+                    )
 
                 instructions.push_args(random.choice([0, 1]))
                 instructions.push_args(*indices)
                 instructions.append(op)
                 self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer(prefixes[0]))
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN":
                 # Because allocated prefixes are non-deterministic, we cannot have overlapping
                 # transactions that allocate/remove these prefixes in a comparison test
-                if op.endswith('_DATABASE') and args.concurrency == 1:
+                if op.endswith("_DATABASE") and args.concurrency == 1:
                     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
                 path = generate_path()
                 # Partitions that use the high-contention allocator can result in non-determinism if they fail to commit,
                 # so we disallow them in comparison tests
-                op_args = test_util.with_length(path) + (self.generate_layer(allow_partition=args.concurrency > 1),)
-                directory_util.push_instruction_and_record_prefix(instructions, op, op_args, path, len(self.dir_list), self.random, self.prefix_log)
+                op_args = test_util.with_length(path) + (
+                    self.generate_layer(allow_partition=args.concurrency > 1),
+                )
+                directory_util.push_instruction_and_record_prefix(
+                    instructions,
+                    op,
+                    op_args,
+                    path,
+                    len(self.dir_list),
+                    self.random,
+                    self.prefix_log,
+                )
 
-                if not op.endswith('_DATABASE') and args.concurrency == 1:
+                if not op.endswith("_DATABASE") and args.concurrency == 1:
                     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
                 child_entry = dir_entry.get_descendent(path)
@@ -199,32 +254,49 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
                 child_entry.state.has_known_prefix = False
                 self.dir_list.append(dir_entry.add_child(path, child_entry))
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_CREATE':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_CREATE":
                 layer = self.generate_layer()
-                is_partition = layer == b'partition'
+                is_partition = layer == b"partition"
 
-                prefix = generate_prefix(require_unique=is_partition and args.concurrency == 1, is_partition=is_partition, min_length=0)
+                prefix = generate_prefix(
+                    require_unique=is_partition and args.concurrency == 1,
+                    is_partition=is_partition,
+                    min_length=0,
+                )
 
                 # Because allocated prefixes are non-deterministic, we cannot have overlapping
                 # transactions that allocate/remove these prefixes in a comparison test
-                if op.endswith('_DATABASE') and args.concurrency == 1:  # and allow_empty_prefix:
+                if (
+                    op.endswith("_DATABASE") and args.concurrency == 1
+                ):  # and allow_empty_prefix:
                     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
                 path = generate_path()
                 op_args = test_util.with_length(path) + (layer, prefix)
                 if prefix is None:
                     directory_util.push_instruction_and_record_prefix(
-                        instructions, op, op_args, path, len(self.dir_list), self.random, self.prefix_log)
+                        instructions,
+                        op,
+                        op_args,
+                        path,
+                        len(self.dir_list),
+                        self.random,
+                        self.prefix_log,
+                    )
                 else:
                     instructions.push_args(*op_args)
                     instructions.append(op)
 
-                if not op.endswith('_DATABASE') and args.concurrency == 1:  # and allow_empty_prefix:
+                if (
+                    not op.endswith("_DATABASE") and args.concurrency == 1
+                ):  # and allow_empty_prefix:
                     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
                 child_entry = dir_entry.get_descendent(path)
                 if child_entry is None:
-                    child_entry = DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=bool(prefix))
+                    child_entry = DirectoryStateTreeNode(
+                        True, True, has_known_prefix=bool(prefix)
+                    )
                 elif not bool(prefix):
                     child_entry.state.has_known_prefix = False
 
@@ -233,7 +305,7 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
 
                 self.dir_list.append(dir_entry.add_child(path, child_entry))
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_OPEN':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_OPEN":
                 path = generate_path()
                 instructions.push_args(self.generate_layer())
                 instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(path))
@@ -241,44 +313,58 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
 
                 child_entry = dir_entry.get_descendent(path)
                 if child_entry is None:
-                    self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False))
+                    self.dir_list.append(
+                        DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False)
+                    )
                 else:
                     self.dir_list.append(dir_entry.add_child(path, child_entry))
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_MOVE':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_MOVE":
                 old_path = generate_path()
                 new_path = generate_path()
-                instructions.push_args(*(test_util.with_length(old_path) + test_util.with_length(new_path)))
+                instructions.push_args(
+                    *(test_util.with_length(old_path) + test_util.with_length(new_path))
+                )
                 instructions.append(op)
 
                 child_entry = dir_entry.get_descendent(old_path)
                 if child_entry is None:
-                    self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False))
+                    self.dir_list.append(
+                        DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False)
+                    )
                 else:
                     self.dir_list.append(dir_entry.add_child(new_path, child_entry))
 
                 # Make sure that the default directory subspace still exists after moving the specified directory
-                if dir_entry.state.is_directory and not dir_entry.state.is_subspace and old_path == ('',):
+                if (
+                    dir_entry.state.is_directory
+                    and not dir_entry.state.is_subspace
+                    and old_path == ("",)
+                ):
                     self.ensure_default_directory_subspace(instructions, default_path)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO":
                 new_path = generate_path()
                 instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(new_path))
                 instructions.append(op)
 
                 child_entry = dir_entry.get_descendent(())
                 if child_entry is None:
-                    self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False))
+                    self.dir_list.append(
+                        DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, False, has_known_prefix=False)
+                    )
                 else:
                     self.dir_list.append(dir_entry.add_child(new_path, child_entry))
 
                 # Make sure that the default directory subspace still exists after moving the current directory
                 self.ensure_default_directory_subspace(instructions, default_path)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_REMOVE' or root_op == 'DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS':
+            elif (
+                root_op == "DIRECTORY_REMOVE" or root_op == "DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS"
+            ):
                 # Because allocated prefixes are non-deterministic, we cannot have overlapping
                 # transactions that allocate/remove these prefixes in a comparison test
-                if op.endswith('_DATABASE') and args.concurrency == 1:
+                if op.endswith("_DATABASE") and args.concurrency == 1:
                     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
                 path = ()
@@ -293,10 +379,14 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
                 dir_entry.delete(path)
 
                 # Make sure that the default directory subspace still exists after removing the specified directory
-                if path == () or (dir_entry.state.is_directory and not dir_entry.state.is_subspace and path == ('',)):
+                if path == () or (
+                    dir_entry.state.is_directory
+                    and not dir_entry.state.is_subspace
+                    and path == ("",)
+                ):
                     self.ensure_default_directory_subspace(instructions, default_path)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_LIST' or root_op == 'DIRECTORY_EXISTS':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_LIST" or root_op == "DIRECTORY_EXISTS":
                 path = ()
                 count = random.randint(0, 1)
                 if count == 1:
@@ -305,57 +395,65 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
                 instructions.push_args(count)
                 instructions.append(op)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY":
                 t = self.random.random_tuple(5)
                 instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(t))
                 instructions.append(op)
-                instructions.append('DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX')
+                instructions.append("DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX")
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY' or root_op == 'DIRECTORY_CONTAINS':
-                if not dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix or random.random() < 0.2 or root_op == 'DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY" or root_op == "DIRECTORY_CONTAINS":
+                if (
+                    not dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix
+                    or random.random() < 0.2
+                    or root_op == "DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY"
+                ):
                     t = self.random.random_tuple(5)
                     instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(t))
-                    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY')
+                    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY")
                     instructions.append(op)
                 else:
                     instructions.push_args(fdb.tuple.pack(self.random.random_tuple(5)))
                     instructions.append(op)
 
-            elif root_op == 'DIRECTORY_RANGE' or root_op == 'DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE':
+            elif root_op == "DIRECTORY_RANGE" or root_op == "DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE":
                 t = self.random.random_tuple(5)
                 instructions.push_args(*test_util.with_length(t))
                 instructions.append(op)
-                if root_op == 'DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE':
-                    self.dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True, dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix))
+                if root_op == "DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE":
+                    self.dir_list.append(
+                        DirectoryStateTreeNode(
+                            False, True, dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix
+                        )
+                    )
                 else:
                     test_util.to_front(instructions, 1)
-                    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX')
+                    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX")
                     test_util.to_front(instructions, 1)
-                    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX')
+                    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX")
 
         instructions.begin_finalization()
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
-        instructions.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        instructions.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
 
         for i, dir_entry in enumerate(self.dir_list):
             instructions.push_args(i)
-            instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+            instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
             if dir_entry.state.is_directory:
                 instructions.push_args(self.directory_log.key())
-                instructions.append('DIRECTORY_LOG_DIRECTORY')
+                instructions.append("DIRECTORY_LOG_DIRECTORY")
             if dir_entry.state.has_known_prefix and dir_entry.state.is_subspace:
                 # print('%d. Logging subspace: %d' % (i, dir_entry.dir_id))
                 instructions.push_args(self.subspace_log.key())
-                instructions.append('DIRECTORY_LOG_SUBSPACE')
+                instructions.append("DIRECTORY_LOG_SUBSPACE")
             if (i + 1) % 100 == 0:
                 test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
         instructions.push_args(self.stack_subspace.key())
-        instructions.append('LOG_STACK')
+        instructions.append("LOG_STACK")
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
         return instructions
@@ -363,10 +461,12 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
     def pre_run(self, db, args):
         for (path, layer) in self.prepopulated_dirs:
             try:
-                util.get_logger().debug('Prepopulating directory: %r (layer=%r)' % (path, layer))
+                util.get_logger().debug(
+                    "Prepopulating directory: %r (layer=%r)" % (path, layer)
+                )
                 fdb.directory.create_or_open(db, path, layer)
             except Exception as e:
-                util.get_logger().debug('Could not create directory %r: %r' % (path, e))
+                util.get_logger().debug("Could not create directory %r: %r" % (path, e))
                 pass
 
     def validate(self, db, args):
@@ -380,9 +480,14 @@ class DirectoryTest(Test):
 
     def get_result_specifications(self):
         return [
-            ResultSpecification(self.stack_subspace, key_start_index=1, ordering_index=1, global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021]),
+            ResultSpecification(
+                self.stack_subspace,
+                key_start_index=1,
+                ordering_index=1,
+                global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021],
+            ),
             ResultSpecification(self.directory_log, ordering_index=0),
-            ResultSpecification(self.subspace_log, ordering_index=0)
+            ResultSpecification(self.subspace_log, ordering_index=0),
         ]
 
 
@@ -394,31 +499,40 @@ def generate_path(min_length=0):
     path = ()
     for i in range(length):
         if random.random() < 0.05:
-            path = path + ('',)
+            path = path + ("",)
         else:
-            path = path + (random.choice(['1', '2', '3']),)
+            path = path + (random.choice(["1", "2", "3"]),)
 
     return path
 
 
 def generate_prefix(require_unique=False, is_partition=False, min_length=1):
-    fixed_prefix = b'abcdefg'
+    fixed_prefix = b"abcdefg"
     if not require_unique and min_length == 0 and random.random() < 0.8:
         return None
-    elif require_unique or is_partition or min_length > len(fixed_prefix) or random.random() < 0.5:
+    elif (
+        require_unique
+        or is_partition
+        or min_length > len(fixed_prefix)
+        or random.random() < 0.5
+    ):
         if require_unique:
             min_length = max(min_length, 16)
 
         length = random.randint(min_length, min_length + 5)
         if length == 0:
-            return b''
+            return b""
 
         if not is_partition:
-            first = random.randint(ord('\x1d'), 255) % 255
-            return bytes([first] + [random.randrange(0, 256) for i in range(0, length - 1)])
+            first = random.randint(ord("\x1d"), 255) % 255
+            return bytes(
+                [first] + [random.randrange(0, 256) for i in range(0, length - 1)]
+            )
         else:
-            return bytes([random.randrange(ord('\x02'), ord('\x14')) for i in range(0, length)])
+            return bytes(
+                [random.randrange(ord("\x02"), ord("\x14")) for i in range(0, length)]
+            )
     else:
         prefix = fixed_prefix
-        generated = prefix[0:random.randrange(min_length, len(prefix))]
+        generated = prefix[0 : random.randrange(min_length, len(prefix))]
         return generated

bindings/bindingtester/tests/directory_hca.py

@@ -34,19 +34,25 @@ fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 class DirectoryHcaTest(Test):
     def __init__(self, subspace):
         super(DirectoryHcaTest, self).__init__(subspace)
-        self.coordination = subspace['coordination']
-        self.prefix_log = subspace['prefix_log']
+        self.coordination = subspace["coordination"]
+        self.prefix_log = subspace["prefix_log"]
         self.next_path = 1
 
     def setup(self, args):
-        self.random = test_util.RandomGenerator(args.max_int_bits, args.api_version, args.types)
-        self.transactions = [b'tr%d' % i for i in range(3)]  # SOMEDAY: parameterize this number?
+        self.random = test_util.RandomGenerator(
+            args.max_int_bits, args.api_version, args.types
+        )
+        self.transactions = [
+            b"tr%d" % i for i in range(3)
+        ]  # SOMEDAY: parameterize this number?
         self.barrier_num = 0
 
         self.max_directories_per_transaction = 30
         if args.api_version < 300:
             if args.concurrency > 8:
-                raise Exception('Directory HCA test does not support concurrency larger than 8 with API version less than 300')
+                raise Exception(
+                    "Directory HCA test does not support concurrency larger than 8 with API version less than 300"
+                )
 
             self.max_directories_per_transaction = 8.0 / args.concurrency
 
@@ -54,35 +60,39 @@ class DirectoryHcaTest(Test):
         for tr in self.transactions:
             if random.random() < 0.8 or args.api_version < 300:
                 instructions.push_args(tr)
-                instructions.append('USE_TRANSACTION')
+                instructions.append("USE_TRANSACTION")
                 test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
     def barrier(self, instructions, thread_number, thread_ending=False):
         if not thread_ending:
-            instructions.push_args(self.coordination[(self.barrier_num + 1)][thread_number].key(), b'')
-            instructions.append('SET_DATABASE')
-            instructions.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+            instructions.push_args(
+                self.coordination[(self.barrier_num + 1)][thread_number].key(), b""
+            )
+            instructions.append("SET_DATABASE")
+            instructions.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
 
         instructions.push_args(self.coordination[self.barrier_num][thread_number].key())
-        instructions.append('CLEAR_DATABASE')
-        instructions.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+        instructions.append("CLEAR_DATABASE")
+        instructions.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
         instructions.push_args(self.coordination[self.barrier_num].key())
-        instructions.append('WAIT_EMPTY')
+        instructions.append("WAIT_EMPTY")
 
         self.barrier_num += 1
 
     def generate(self, args, thread_number):
         instructions = InstructionSet()
 
-        instructions.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        instructions.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
 
-        default_path = 'default%d' % self.next_path
+        default_path = "default%d" % self.next_path
         self.next_path += 1
-        dir_list = directory_util.setup_directories(instructions, default_path, self.random)
+        dir_list = directory_util.setup_directories(
+            instructions, default_path, self.random
+        )
         num_dirs = len(dir_list)
 
         instructions.push_args(directory_util.DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX)
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
         instructions.setup_complete()
 
@@ -93,24 +103,44 @@ class DirectoryHcaTest(Test):
                 self.barrier(instructions, thread_number)
 
             instructions.push_args(random.choice(self.transactions))
-            instructions.append('USE_TRANSACTION')
+            instructions.append("USE_TRANSACTION")
 
             if thread_number == 0 and args.concurrency > 1:
                 num_directories = 1
             else:
-                num_directories = int(max(1, pow(random.random(), 4) * min(self.max_directories_per_transaction, args.num_ops - current_op)))
+                num_directories = int(
+                    max(
+                        1,
+                        pow(random.random(), 4)
+                        * min(
+                            self.max_directories_per_transaction,
+                            args.num_ops - current_op,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
 
             for i in range(num_directories):
                 path = (self.random.random_unicode_str(16),)
-                op_args = test_util.with_length(path) + (b'', None)
-                directory_util.push_instruction_and_record_prefix(instructions, 'DIRECTORY_CREATE',
-                                                                  op_args, path, num_dirs, self.random, self.prefix_log)
+                op_args = test_util.with_length(path) + (b"", None)
+                directory_util.push_instruction_and_record_prefix(
+                    instructions,
+                    "DIRECTORY_CREATE",
+                    op_args,
+                    path,
+                    num_dirs,
+                    self.random,
+                    self.prefix_log,
+                )
                 num_dirs += 1
 
             current_op += num_directories
 
             if args.concurrency > 1:
-                self.barrier(instructions, thread_number, thread_ending=(current_op >= args.num_ops))
+                self.barrier(
+                    instructions,
+                    thread_number,
+                    thread_ending=(current_op >= args.num_ops),
+                )
 
             if thread_number == 0:
                 self.commit_transactions(instructions, args)
@@ -121,7 +151,7 @@ class DirectoryHcaTest(Test):
     def pre_run(self, tr, args):
         if args.concurrency > 1:
             for i in range(args.concurrency):
-                tr[self.coordination[0][i]] = b''
+                tr[self.coordination[0][i]] = b""
 
     def validate(self, db, args):
         errors = []

bindings/bindingtester/tests/directory_state_tree.py

@@ -2,7 +2,16 @@ import sys
 
 
 class TreeNodeState:
-    def __init__(self, node, dir_id, is_directory, is_subspace, has_known_prefix, root, is_partition):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        node,
+        dir_id,
+        is_directory,
+        is_subspace,
+        has_known_prefix,
+        root,
+        is_partition,
+    ):
         self.dir_id = dir_id
         self.is_directory = is_directory
         self.is_subspace = is_subspace
@@ -42,17 +51,33 @@ class DirectoryStateTreeNode:
     @classmethod
     def get_layer(cls, node_subspace_prefix):
         if node_subspace_prefix not in DirectoryStateTreeNode.layers:
-            DirectoryStateTreeNode.layers[node_subspace_prefix] = DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=False)
+            DirectoryStateTreeNode.layers[
+                node_subspace_prefix
+            ] = DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=False)
 
         return DirectoryStateTreeNode.layers[node_subspace_prefix]
 
-    def __init__(self, is_directory, is_subspace, has_known_prefix=True, root=None, is_partition=False):
-        self.state = TreeNodeState(self, DirectoryStateTreeNode.dir_id + 1, is_directory, is_subspace, has_known_prefix,
-                                   root or self, is_partition)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        is_directory,
+        is_subspace,
+        has_known_prefix=True,
+        root=None,
+        is_partition=False,
+    ):
+        self.state = TreeNodeState(
+            self,
+            DirectoryStateTreeNode.dir_id + 1,
+            is_directory,
+            is_subspace,
+            has_known_prefix,
+            root or self,
+            is_partition,
+        )
         DirectoryStateTreeNode.dir_id += 1
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '{DirEntry %d: %d}' % (self.state.dir_id, self.state.has_known_prefix)
+        return "{DirEntry %d: %d}" % (self.state.dir_id, self.state.has_known_prefix)
 
     def _get_descendent(self, subpath, default):
         if not subpath:
@@ -81,7 +106,9 @@ class DirectoryStateTreeNode:
         child.state.root = self.state.root
         if DirectoryStateTreeNode.default_directory:
             # print('Adding child %r to default directory at %r' % (child, subpath))
-            child = DirectoryStateTreeNode.default_directory._add_child_impl(subpath, child)
+            child = DirectoryStateTreeNode.default_directory._add_child_impl(
+                subpath, child
+            )
             # print('Added %r' % child)
 
         # print('Adding child %r to directory at %r' % (child, subpath))
@@ -118,7 +145,9 @@ class DirectoryStateTreeNode:
         self.state.dir_id = min(other.state.dir_id, self.state.dir_id)
         self.state.is_directory = self.state.is_directory and other.state.is_directory
         self.state.is_subspace = self.state.is_subspace and other.state.is_subspace
-        self.state.has_known_prefix = self.state.has_known_prefix and other.state.has_known_prefix
+        self.state.has_known_prefix = (
+            self.state.has_known_prefix and other.state.has_known_prefix
+        )
         self.state.deleted = self.state.deleted or other.state.deleted
         self.state.is_partition = self.state.is_partition or other.state.is_partition
 
@@ -157,74 +186,164 @@ def validate_dir(dir, root):
 def run_test():
     all_entries = []
 
-    root = DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer('\xfe')
+    root = DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer("\xfe")
     all_entries.append(root)
 
-    default_dir = root.add_child(('default',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True))
+    default_dir = root.add_child(
+        ("default",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+    )
     DirectoryStateTreeNode.set_default_directory(default_dir)
     all_entries.append(default_dir)
 
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('1',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('1', '1'), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('2',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('3',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('5',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('3', '1'), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)))
-    all_entries.append(default_dir.add_child(('1', '3'), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)))
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("1",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("1", "1"), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("2",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("3",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("5",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("3", "1"), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        default_dir.add_child(
+            ("1", "3"), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
 
     entry = all_entries[-1]
     child_entries = []
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('1',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('2',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('3',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('4',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=False)))
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('5',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("1",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("2",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("3",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("4",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("5",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
 
-    all_entries.append(root.add_child(('1', '2'), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)))
-    all_entries.append(root.add_child(('2',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(root.add_child(('3',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(root.add_child(('1', '3',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
+    all_entries.append(
+        root.add_child(
+            ("1", "2"), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        root.add_child(
+            ("2",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        root.add_child(
+            ("3",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        root.add_child(
+            (
+                "1",
+                "3",
+            ),
+            DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True),
+        )
+    )
 
     # This directory was merged with the default, but both have readable prefixes
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('2',))
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("2",))
     assert entry.state.has_known_prefix
 
     entry = all_entries[-1]
-    all_entries.append(entry.add_child(('1',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    all_entries.append(entry.add_child(('2',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)))
-    all_entries.append(entry.add_child(('3',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)))
+    all_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("1",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("2",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=False)
+        )
+    )
+    all_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("3",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
 
     entry_to_move = all_entries[-1]
 
-    all_entries.append(entry.add_child(('5',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)))
-    child_entries.append(entry.add_child(('6',), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
+    all_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("5",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, False, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
+    child_entries.append(
+        entry.add_child(
+            ("6",), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
 
     all_entries.extend(child_entries)
 
     # This directory has an unknown prefix
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('1', '2'))
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("1", "2"))
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
 
     # This directory was default created and should have an unknown prefix
     # It will merge with the default directory's child, which is not a subspace
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('1',))
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("1",))
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
     assert not entry.state.is_subspace
 
     # Multiple merges will have made this prefix unreadable
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('2',))
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("2",))
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
 
     # Merge with default directory's child that has an unknown prefix
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('3',))
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("3",))
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
 
     # Merge with default directory's child that has an unknown prefix and merged children
-    entry = root.get_descendent(('1', '3'))
-    assert set(entry.state.children.keys()) == {'1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6'}
+    entry = root.get_descendent(("1", "3"))
+    assert set(entry.state.children.keys()) == {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"}
 
     # This child entry should be the combination of ['default', '3'], ['default', '1', '3'], and ['1', '3']
-    entry = entry.get_descendent(('3',))
+    entry = entry.get_descendent(("3",))
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
     assert not entry.state.is_subspace
 
@@ -247,17 +366,17 @@ def run_test():
     assert child_entries[5].state.has_known_prefix
     assert child_entries[5].state.is_subspace
 
-    entry = root.add_child(('3',), entry_to_move)
+    entry = root.add_child(("3",), entry_to_move)
     all_entries.append(entry)
 
     # Test moving an entry
     assert not entry.state.has_known_prefix
     assert not entry.state.is_subspace
-    assert list(entry.state.children.keys()) == ['1']
+    assert list(entry.state.children.keys()) == ["1"]
 
     for e in all_entries:
         validate_dir(e, root)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(run_test())

bindings/bindingtester/tests/directory_util.py

@@ -31,33 +31,37 @@ from bindingtester.tests.directory_state_tree import DirectoryStateTreeNode
 fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 
 DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX = 4
-DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX = b'default'
-DIRECTORY_ERROR_STRING = b'DIRECTORY_ERROR'
+DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX = b"default"
+DIRECTORY_ERROR_STRING = b"DIRECTORY_ERROR"
 
 
 def setup_directories(instructions, default_path, random):
     # Clients start with the default directory layer in the directory list
     DirectoryStateTreeNode.reset()
-    dir_list = [DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer(b'\xfe')]
+    dir_list = [DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer(b"\xfe")]
 
-    instructions.push_args(0, b'\xfe')
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE')
+    instructions.push_args(0, b"\xfe")
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE")
     dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True))
 
-    instructions.push_args(0, b'')
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE')
+    instructions.push_args(0, b"")
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE")
     dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode(False, True))
 
     instructions.push_args(1, 2, 1)
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER')
-    dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer(b'\xfe'))
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER")
+    dir_list.append(DirectoryStateTreeNode.get_layer(b"\xfe"))
 
     create_default_directory_subspace(instructions, default_path, random)
-    dir_list.append(dir_list[0].add_child((default_path,), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)))
+    dir_list.append(
+        dir_list[0].add_child(
+            (default_path,), DirectoryStateTreeNode(True, True, has_known_prefix=True)
+        )
+    )
     DirectoryStateTreeNode.set_default_directory(dir_list[-1])
 
     instructions.push_args(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX)
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_SET_ERROR_INDEX')
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_SET_ERROR_INDEX")
 
     return dir_list
 
@@ -65,41 +69,47 @@ def setup_directories(instructions, default_path, random):
 def create_default_directory_subspace(instructions, path, random):
     test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
     instructions.push_args(3)
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
     prefix = random.random_string(16)
-    instructions.push_args(1, path, b'', b'%s-%s' % (DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX, prefix))
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CREATE_DATABASE')
+    instructions.push_args(1, path, b"", b"%s-%s" % (DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX, prefix))
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CREATE_DATABASE")
 
     instructions.push_args(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX)
-    instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+    instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
 
-def push_instruction_and_record_prefix(instructions, op, op_args, path, dir_index, random, subspace):
-    if not op.endswith('_DATABASE'):
+def push_instruction_and_record_prefix(
+    instructions, op, op_args, path, dir_index, random, subspace
+):
+    if not op.endswith("_DATABASE"):
         instructions.push_args(1, *test_util.with_length(path))
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_EXISTS')
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_EXISTS")
 
     # This op must leave the stack in the state it is in at this point, with the exception
     # that it may leave an error on the stack
     instructions.push_args(*op_args)
     instructions.append(op)
 
-    if not op.endswith('_DATABASE'):
+    if not op.endswith("_DATABASE"):
         instructions.push_args(dir_index)
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
-        instructions.push_args(1, b'', random.random_string(16), b'')
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY')
-        test_util.to_front(instructions, 3)  # move the existence result up to the front of the stack
+        instructions.push_args(1, b"", random.random_string(16), b"")
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY")
+        test_util.to_front(
+            instructions, 3
+        )  # move the existence result up to the front of the stack
 
         t = util.subspace_to_tuple(subspace)
         instructions.push_args(len(t) + 3, *t)
 
-        instructions.append('TUPLE_PACK')  # subspace[<exists>][<packed_key>][random.random_string(16)] = b''
-        instructions.append('SET')
+        instructions.append(
+            "TUPLE_PACK"
+        )  # subspace[<exists>][<packed_key>][random.random_string(16)] = b''
+        instructions.append("SET")
 
         instructions.push_args(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_INDEX)
-        instructions.append('DIRECTORY_CHANGE')
+        instructions.append("DIRECTORY_CHANGE")
 
 
 def check_for_duplicate_prefixes(db, subspace):
@@ -116,27 +126,43 @@ def check_for_duplicate_prefixes(db, subspace):
         start_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_than(prefixes[-1].key)
 
         prefixes = [subspace[0].unpack(kv.key)[0] for kv in prefixes]
-        prefixes = [p for p in prefixes if not (p.startswith(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX) or p == DIRECTORY_ERROR_STRING)]
+        prefixes = [
+            p
+            for p in prefixes
+            if not (
+                p.startswith(DEFAULT_DIRECTORY_PREFIX) or p == DIRECTORY_ERROR_STRING
+            )
+        ]
         count += len(prefixes)
 
         prefixes = [last_prefix] + prefixes
         duplicates.update([p for i, p in enumerate(prefixes[1:]) if p == prefixes[i]])
         last_prefix = prefixes[-1]
 
-    util.get_logger().info('Checked %d directory prefixes for duplicates' % count)
-    return ['The prefix %r was allocated multiple times' % d[:-2] for d in set(duplicates)]
+    util.get_logger().info("Checked %d directory prefixes for duplicates" % count)
+    return [
+        "The prefix %r was allocated multiple times" % d[:-2] for d in set(duplicates)
+    ]
 
 
 def validate_hca_state(db):
-    hca = fdb.Subspace((b'\xfe', b'hca'), b'\xfe')
+    hca = fdb.Subspace((b"\xfe", b"hca"), b"\xfe")
     counters = hca[0]
     recent = hca[1]
 
-    last_counter = db.get_range(counters.range().start, counters.range().stop, limit=1, reverse=True)
-    [(start, reported_count)] = [(counters.unpack(kv.key)[0], struct.unpack('<q', kv.value)[0]) for kv in last_counter] or [(0, 0)]
+    last_counter = db.get_range(
+        counters.range().start, counters.range().stop, limit=1, reverse=True
+    )
+    [(start, reported_count)] = [
+        (counters.unpack(kv.key)[0], struct.unpack("<q", kv.value)[0])
+        for kv in last_counter
+    ] or [(0, 0)]
 
-    actual_count = len(db[recent[start]: recent.range().stop])
+    actual_count = len(db[recent[start] : recent.range().stop])
     if actual_count > reported_count:
-        return ['The HCA reports %d prefixes allocated in current window, but it actually allocated %d' % (reported_count, actual_count)]
+        return [
+            "The HCA reports %d prefixes allocated in current window, but it actually allocated %d"
+            % (reported_count, actual_count)
+        ]
 
     return []

bindings/bindingtester/tests/scripted.py

@@ -25,7 +25,12 @@ import fdb
 from bindingtester import FDB_API_VERSION
 from bindingtester import Result
 
-from bindingtester.tests import Test, Instruction, ThreadedInstructionSet, ResultSpecification
+from bindingtester.tests import (
+    Test,
+    Instruction,
+    ThreadedInstructionSet,
+    ResultSpecification,
+)
 from bindingtester.tests import test_util
 
 fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
@@ -34,16 +39,17 @@ fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 
 
 class ScriptedTest(Test):
-
     def __init__(self, subspace):
         super(ScriptedTest, self).__init__(subspace, FDB_API_VERSION, FDB_API_VERSION)
-        self.workspace = self.subspace['workspace']
-        self.results_subspace = self.subspace['results']
+        self.workspace = self.subspace["workspace"]
+        self.results_subspace = self.subspace["results"]
         # self.thread_subspace = self.subspace['threads'] # TODO: update START_THREAD so that we can create threads in subspaces
 
     def setup(self, args):
         if args.concurrency > 1:
-            raise Exception('Scripted tests cannot be run with a concurrency greater than 1')
+            raise Exception(
+                "Scripted tests cannot be run with a concurrency greater than 1"
+            )
 
         # SOMEDAY: this is only a limitation because we don't know how many operations the bisection should start with
         # it should be fixable.
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ class ScriptedTest(Test):
         # We also need to enable the commented out support for num_ops in this file and make it so the default value runs
         # the entire test
         if args.bisect:
-            raise Exception('Scripted tests cannot be bisected')
+            raise Exception("Scripted tests cannot be bisected")
 
         self.api_version = args.api_version
 
@@ -61,295 +67,367 @@ class ScriptedTest(Test):
         test_instructions = ThreadedInstructionSet()
         main_thread = test_instructions.create_thread()
 
-        foo = [self.workspace.pack((b'foo%d' % i,)) for i in range(0, 6)]
+        foo = [self.workspace.pack((b"foo%d" % i,)) for i in range(0, 6)]
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
         main_thread.push_args(1020)
-        main_thread.append('ON_ERROR')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
-        main_thread.append('GET_READ_VERSION')
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], b'bar')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
+        main_thread.append("ON_ERROR")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
+        main_thread.append("GET_READ_VERSION")
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], b"bar")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'bar')
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"bar")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
         main_thread.push_args(2000)
-        main_thread.append('ON_ERROR')
+        main_thread.append("ON_ERROR")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(2000))
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
         main_thread.push_args(0)
-        main_thread.append('ON_ERROR')
+        main_thread.append("ON_ERROR")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(2000))
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('DUP')
-        main_thread.append('DUP')
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'bar')
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR')
-        main_thread.append('GET_SNAPSHOT')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        main_thread.append("DUP")
+        main_thread.append("DUP")
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"bar")
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR")
+        main_thread.append("GET_SNAPSHOT")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('GET_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'bar')
+        main_thread.append("GET_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"bar")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.append('SET_READ_VERSION')
+        main_thread.append("SET_READ_VERSION")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('DUP')
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR')
+        main_thread.append("DUP")
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(1020))
 
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('GET_SNAPSHOT')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        main_thread.append("GET_SNAPSHOT")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR')
-        main_thread.append('COMMIT')
-        main_thread.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
-        main_thread.append('GET_COMMITTED_VERSION')
-        main_thread.append('RESET')
-        main_thread.append('EMPTY_STACK')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR")
+        main_thread.append("COMMIT")
+        main_thread.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
+        main_thread.append("GET_COMMITTED_VERSION")
+        main_thread.append("RESET")
+        main_thread.append("EMPTY_STACK")
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
-        main_thread.push_args(1, b'bar', foo[1], foo[2], b'bar2', foo[3], b'bar3', foo[4], b'bar4', foo[5], b'bar5')
-        main_thread.append('SWAP')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET_DATABASE')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
+        main_thread.push_args(
+            1,
+            b"bar",
+            foo[1],
+            foo[2],
+            b"bar2",
+            foo[3],
+            b"bar3",
+            foo[4],
+            b"bar4",
+            foo[5],
+            b"bar5",
+        )
+        main_thread.append("SWAP")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET_DATABASE")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.append('SET_READ_VERSION')
+        main_thread.append("SET_READ_VERSION")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[2])
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
-        main_thread.push_args(b'', 0, -1, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_KEY')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
+        main_thread.push_args(b"", 0, -1, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_KEY")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"")
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
-        main_thread.append('GET_READ_VERSION_SNAPSHOT')
-        main_thread.push_args(b'random', foo[1], foo[3], 0, 1, 1)
-        main_thread.append('POP')
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[2], b'bar2', foo[1], b'bar')))
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
+        main_thread.append("GET_READ_VERSION_SNAPSHOT")
+        main_thread.push_args(b"random", foo[1], foo[3], 0, 1, 1)
+        main_thread.append("POP")
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[2], b"bar2", foo[1], b"bar"))
+        )
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1], foo[3], 1, 1, 0)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_SNAPSHOT')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[2], b'bar2')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_SNAPSHOT")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[2], b"bar2")))
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1], foo[3], 0, 0, 4)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2"))
+        )
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
         main_thread.push_args(foo[3], foo[5])
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR_RANGE')
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 3, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_KEY')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR_RANGE")
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 3, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_KEY")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, foo[5])
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 1, 2, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_KEY_SNAPSHOT')
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 1, 2, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_KEY_SNAPSHOT")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, foo[5])
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[5], 0, -2, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_KEY_DATABASE')
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[5], 0, -2, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_KEY_DATABASE")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, foo[2])
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 2, 0, 2)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2"))
+        )
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 4, 0, 3)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_SNAPSHOT')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2', foo[5], b'bar5')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_SNAPSHOT")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread,
+            args,
+            fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2", foo[5], b"bar5")),
+        )
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 3, 1, -1)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[5], b'bar5', foo[4], b'bar4', foo[3], b'bar3')))
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 1, foo[1], 0, 3, 0, 0, -1, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_SELECTOR')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2')))
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 1, 0, foo[1], 1, 3, 0, 0, -1, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_SELECTOR_SNAPSHOT')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2', foo[5], b'bar5')))
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 1, foo[1], 1, 3, 0, 0, -1, b'')
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_SELECTOR_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2', foo[3], b'bar3')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread,
+            args,
+            fdb.tuple.pack((foo[5], b"bar5", foo[4], b"bar4", foo[3], b"bar3")),
+        )
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 1, foo[1], 0, 3, 0, 0, -1, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_SELECTOR")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2"))
+        )
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 1, 0, foo[1], 1, 3, 0, 0, -1, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_SELECTOR_SNAPSHOT")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread,
+            args,
+            fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2", foo[5], b"bar5")),
+        )
+        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], 0, 1, foo[1], 1, 3, 0, 0, -1, b"")
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_SELECTOR_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread,
+            args,
+            fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[2], b"bar2", foo[3], b"bar3")),
+        )
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key())
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH")
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 0, 0, -1)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'')
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.append('SET_READ_VERSION')
+        main_thread.append("SET_READ_VERSION")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1])
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'bar')
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"bar")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.push_args(foo[1], b'bar', foo[2], b'bar2', foo[3], b'bar3', foo[4], b'bar4', foo[5], b'bar5')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
-        main_thread.append('SET')
+        main_thread.push_args(
+            foo[1],
+            b"bar",
+            foo[2],
+            b"bar2",
+            foo[3],
+            b"bar3",
+            foo[4],
+            b"bar4",
+            foo[5],
+            b"bar5",
+        )
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
+        main_thread.append("SET")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
         main_thread.push_args(foo[2])
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR_DATABASE')
-        main_thread.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR_DATABASE")
+        main_thread.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 0, 0, -1)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[3], b'bar3', foo[4], b'bar4', foo[5], b'bar5')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread,
+            args,
+            fdb.tuple.pack(
+                (foo[1], b"bar", foo[3], b"bar3", foo[4], b"bar4", foo[5], b"bar5")
+            ),
+        )
 
         main_thread.push_args(foo[3], foo[5])
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR_RANGE_DATABASE')
-        main_thread.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR_RANGE_DATABASE")
+        main_thread.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 0, 0, -1)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b'bar', foo[5], b'bar5')))
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(
+            main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((foo[1], b"bar", foo[5], b"bar5"))
+        )
 
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key())
-        main_thread.append('CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE')
-        main_thread.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+        main_thread.append("CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE")
+        main_thread.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
         main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 0, 0, -1)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'')
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH_DATABASE")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"")
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        main_thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        main_thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1], foo[5], 0, 0, 0)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE')
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(2210))
         main_thread.push_args(foo[1], foo[5], 0, 0, 0)
-        main_thread.append('GET_RANGE_DATABASE')
+        main_thread.append("GET_RANGE_DATABASE")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(2210))
 
         self.append_range_test(main_thread, args, 100, 256)
         self.append_range_test(main_thread, args, 1000, 8)
 
-        main_thread.append('EMPTY_STACK')
-        tup = (0, b'foo', -1093, 'unicode\u9348test', 0xffffffff + 100, b'bar\x00\xff')
+        main_thread.append("EMPTY_STACK")
+        tup = (0, b"foo", -1093, "unicode\u9348test", 0xFFFFFFFF + 100, b"bar\x00\xff")
         main_thread.push_args(*test_util.with_length(tup))
-        main_thread.append('TUPLE_PACK')
-        main_thread.append('DUP')
+        main_thread.append("TUPLE_PACK")
+        main_thread.append("DUP")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack(tup))
-        main_thread.append('TUPLE_UNPACK')
+        main_thread.append("TUPLE_UNPACK")
         for item in reversed(tup):
             self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((item,)))
 
-        main_thread.push_args(0xffffffff, -100)
-        main_thread.append('SUB')
+        main_thread.push_args(0xFFFFFFFF, -100)
+        main_thread.append("SUB")
         main_thread.push_args(1)
-        main_thread.append('TUPLE_PACK')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((0xffffffff + 100,)))
+        main_thread.append("TUPLE_PACK")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, fdb.tuple.pack((0xFFFFFFFF + 100,)))
 
-        main_thread.append('EMPTY_STACK')
+        main_thread.append("EMPTY_STACK")
         main_thread.push_args(*test_util.with_length(tup))
-        main_thread.append('TUPLE_RANGE')
+        main_thread.append("TUPLE_RANGE")
         rng = fdb.tuple.range(tup)
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, rng.stop)
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, rng.start)
 
-        stampKey = b'stampedXXXXXXXXXXsuffix'
-        stampKeyIndex = stampKey.find(b'XXXXXXXXXX')
-        main_thread.push_args('SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_KEY', self.versionstamp_key(stampKey, stampKeyIndex), b'stampedBar')
-        main_thread.append('ATOMIC_OP')
-        main_thread.push_args('SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_VALUE', b'stampedValue', self.versionstamp_value(b'XXXXXXXXXX'))
-        main_thread.append('ATOMIC_OP')
+        stampKey = b"stampedXXXXXXXXXXsuffix"
+        stampKeyIndex = stampKey.find(b"XXXXXXXXXX")
+        main_thread.push_args(
+            "SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_KEY",
+            self.versionstamp_key(stampKey, stampKeyIndex),
+            b"stampedBar",
+        )
+        main_thread.append("ATOMIC_OP")
+        main_thread.push_args(
+            "SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_VALUE",
+            b"stampedValue",
+            self.versionstamp_value(b"XXXXXXXXXX"),
+        )
+        main_thread.append("ATOMIC_OP")
 
         if self.api_version >= 520:
-            stampValue = b'stampedXXXXXXXXXXsuffix'
-            stampValueIndex = stampValue.find(b'XXXXXXXXXX')
-            main_thread.push_args('SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_VALUE', b'stampedValue2', self.versionstamp_value(stampValue, stampValueIndex))
-            main_thread.append('ATOMIC_OP')
+            stampValue = b"stampedXXXXXXXXXXsuffix"
+            stampValueIndex = stampValue.find(b"XXXXXXXXXX")
+            main_thread.push_args(
+                "SET_VERSIONSTAMPED_VALUE",
+                b"stampedValue2",
+                self.versionstamp_value(stampValue, stampValueIndex),
+            )
+            main_thread.append("ATOMIC_OP")
 
-        main_thread.push_args(b'suffix')
-        main_thread.append('GET_VERSIONSTAMP')
+        main_thread.push_args(b"suffix")
+        main_thread.append("GET_VERSIONSTAMP")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
-        main_thread.push_args(b'stamped')
-        main_thread.append('CONCAT')
-        main_thread.append('CONCAT')
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'stampedBar')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
+        main_thread.push_args(b"stamped")
+        main_thread.append("CONCAT")
+        main_thread.append("CONCAT")
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"stampedBar")
 
-        main_thread.push_args(b'stampedValue', b'suffix')
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        main_thread.push_args(b'stamped')
-        main_thread.append('CONCAT')
-        main_thread.append('CONCAT')
-        main_thread.append('GET')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'stampedBar')
+        main_thread.push_args(b"stampedValue", b"suffix")
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        main_thread.push_args(b"stamped")
+        main_thread.append("CONCAT")
+        main_thread.append("CONCAT")
+        main_thread.append("GET")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"stampedBar")
 
         if self.api_version >= 520:
-            main_thread.push_args(b'stampedValue2')
-            main_thread.append('GET')
-            main_thread.append('GET')
-            self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'stampedBar')
+            main_thread.push_args(b"stampedValue2")
+            main_thread.append("GET")
+            main_thread.append("GET")
+            self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"stampedBar")
 
-        main_thread.append('GET_VERSIONSTAMP')
+        main_thread.append("GET_VERSIONSTAMP")
         test_util.blocking_commit(main_thread)
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
         self.add_result(main_thread, args, test_util.error_string(2021))
 
-        main_thread.push_args(b'sentinel')
-        main_thread.append('UNIT_TESTS')
-        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b'sentinel')
+        main_thread.push_args(b"sentinel")
+        main_thread.append("UNIT_TESTS")
+        self.add_result(main_thread, args, b"sentinel")
 
         if not args.no_threads:
-            wait_key = b'waitKey'
+            wait_key = b"waitKey"
             # threads = [self.thread_subspace[i] for i in range(0, 2)]
-            threads = [b'thread_spec%d' % i for i in range(0, 2)]
+            threads = [b"thread_spec%d" % i for i in range(0, 2)]
             for thread_spec in threads:
-                main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.pack((wait_key, thread_spec)), b'')
-                main_thread.append('SET_DATABASE')
-                main_thread.append('WAIT_FUTURE')
+                main_thread.push_args(self.workspace.pack((wait_key, thread_spec)), b"")
+                main_thread.append("SET_DATABASE")
+                main_thread.append("WAIT_FUTURE")
 
             for thread_spec in threads:
                 main_thread.push_args(thread_spec)
                 # if len(main_thread) < args.num_ops:
-                main_thread.append('START_THREAD')
+                main_thread.append("START_THREAD")
                 thread = test_instructions.create_thread(fdb.Subspace((thread_spec,)))
-                thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
-                thread.push_args(foo[1], foo[1], b'bar%s' % thread_spec, self.workspace.pack(
-                    (wait_key, thread_spec)), self.workspace.pack((wait_key, thread_spec)))
-                thread.append('GET')
-                thread.append('POP')
-                thread.append('SET')
-                thread.append('CLEAR')
+                thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
+                thread.push_args(
+                    foo[1],
+                    foo[1],
+                    b"bar%s" % thread_spec,
+                    self.workspace.pack((wait_key, thread_spec)),
+                    self.workspace.pack((wait_key, thread_spec)),
+                )
+                thread.append("GET")
+                thread.append("POP")
+                thread.append("SET")
+                thread.append("CLEAR")
                 test_util.blocking_commit(thread)
-                thread.append('POP')
-                thread.append('CLEAR_DATABASE')
+                thread.append("POP")
+                thread.append("CLEAR_DATABASE")
                 thread.push_args(self.workspace.pack((wait_key,)))
-                thread.append('WAIT_EMPTY')
+                thread.append("WAIT_EMPTY")
 
-                thread.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+                thread.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
                 thread.push_args(foo[1])
-                thread.append('GET')
-                self.add_result(thread, args, b'barthread_spec0', b'barthread_spec1')
+                thread.append("GET")
+                self.add_result(thread, args, b"barthread_spec0", b"barthread_spec1")
 
-        main_thread.append('EMPTY_STACK')
+        main_thread.append("EMPTY_STACK")
         # if len(main_thread) > args.num_ops:
         #     main_thread[args.num_ops:] = []
 
@@ -357,21 +435,32 @@ class ScriptedTest(Test):
 
     def get_result_specifications(self):
         return [
-            ResultSpecification(self.results_subspace, ordering_index=0, global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021])
+            ResultSpecification(
+                self.results_subspace,
+                ordering_index=0,
+                global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021],
+            )
         ]
 
     def get_expected_results(self):
         return {self.results_subspace: self.results}
 
     def append_range_test(self, instructions, args, num_pairs, kv_length):
-        instructions.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        instructions.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
 
         instructions.push_args(self.workspace.key())
-        instructions.append('CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH')
+        instructions.append("CLEAR_RANGE_STARTS_WITH")
 
         kvpairs = []
         for i in range(0, num_pairs * 2):
-            kvpairs.append(self.workspace.pack((b'foo', bytes([random.randint(0, 254) for i in range(0, kv_length)]))))
+            kvpairs.append(
+                self.workspace.pack(
+                    (
+                        b"foo",
+                        bytes([random.randint(0, 254) for i in range(0, kv_length)]),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
         kvpairs = list(set(kvpairs))
         if len(kvpairs) % 2 == 1:
@@ -380,30 +469,32 @@ class ScriptedTest(Test):
 
         instructions.push_args(*kvpairs)
         for i in range(0, len(kvpairs) // 2):
-            instructions.append('SET')
+            instructions.append("SET")
             if i % 100 == 99:
                 test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
-                self.add_result(instructions, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+                self.add_result(instructions, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
-        foo_range = self.workspace.range((b'foo',))
+        foo_range = self.workspace.range((b"foo",))
         instructions.push_args(foo_range.start, foo_range.stop, 0, 0, -1)
-        instructions.append('GET_RANGE')
+        instructions.append("GET_RANGE")
         self.add_result(instructions, args, fdb.tuple.pack(tuple(kvpairs)))
         instructions.push_args(self.workspace.key(), 0, 0, -1)
-        instructions.append('GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH')
+        instructions.append("GET_RANGE_STARTS_WITH")
         self.add_result(instructions, args, fdb.tuple.pack(tuple(kvpairs)))
-        instructions.push_args(foo_range.start, 0, 1, foo_range.stop, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, b'')
-        instructions.append('GET_RANGE_SELECTOR')
+        instructions.push_args(
+            foo_range.start, 0, 1, foo_range.stop, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, b""
+        )
+        instructions.append("GET_RANGE_SELECTOR")
         self.add_result(instructions, args, fdb.tuple.pack(tuple(kvpairs)))
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
-        self.add_result(instructions, args, b'RESULT_NOT_PRESENT')
+        self.add_result(instructions, args, b"RESULT_NOT_PRESENT")
 
     def add_result(self, instructions, args, *values):
         key = self.results_subspace.pack((len(self.results),))
         instructions.push_args(key)
-        instructions.append('SET_DATABASE')
+        instructions.append("SET_DATABASE")
 
         # if len(instructions) <= args.num_ops:
         self.results.append(Result(self.results_subspace, key, values))
 
-        instructions.append('POP')
+        instructions.append("POP")

bindings/bindingtester/tests/tuple.py

@@ -35,8 +35,10 @@ fdb.api_version(FDB_API_VERSION)
 class TupleTest(Test):
     def __init__(self, subspace):
         super(TupleTest, self).__init__(subspace)
-        self.workspace = self.subspace['workspace']  # The keys and values here must match between subsequent runs of the same test
-        self.stack_subspace = self.subspace['stack']
+        self.workspace = self.subspace[
+            "workspace"
+        ]  # The keys and values here must match between subsequent runs of the same test
+        self.stack_subspace = self.subspace["stack"]
 
     def setup(self, args):
         self.max_int_bits = args.max_int_bits
@@ -45,30 +47,32 @@ class TupleTest(Test):
     def generate(self, args, thread_number):
         instructions = InstructionSet()
 
-        min_value = -2**self.max_int_bits + 1
+        min_value = -(2**self.max_int_bits) + 1
         max_value = 2**self.max_int_bits - 1
 
-        instructions.append('NEW_TRANSACTION')
+        instructions.append("NEW_TRANSACTION")
 
         # Test integer encoding
         mutations = 0
         for i in range(0, self.max_int_bits + 1):
             for sign in [-1, 1]:
-                sign_str = '' if sign == 1 else '-'
+                sign_str = "" if sign == 1 else "-"
                 for offset in range(-10, 11):
                     val = (2**i) * sign + offset
                     if val >= min_value and val <= max_value:
                         if offset == 0:
-                            add_str = ''
+                            add_str = ""
                         elif offset > 0:
-                            add_str = '+%d' % offset
+                            add_str = "+%d" % offset
                         else:
-                            add_str = '%d' % offset
+                            add_str = "%d" % offset
 
                         instructions.push_args(1, val)
-                        instructions.append('TUPLE_PACK')
-                        instructions.push_args(self.workspace.pack(('%s2^%d%s' % (sign_str, i, add_str),)))
-                        instructions.append('SET')
+                        instructions.append("TUPLE_PACK")
+                        instructions.push_args(
+                            self.workspace.pack(("%s2^%d%s" % (sign_str, i, add_str),))
+                        )
+                        instructions.append("SET")
                         mutations += 1
 
             if mutations >= 5000:
@@ -79,7 +83,7 @@ class TupleTest(Test):
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
         instructions.push_args(self.stack_subspace.key())
-        instructions.append('LOG_STACK')
+        instructions.append("LOG_STACK")
 
         test_util.blocking_commit(instructions)
 
@@ -88,5 +92,10 @@ class TupleTest(Test):
     def get_result_specifications(self):
         return [
             ResultSpecification(self.workspace, global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021]),
-            ResultSpecification(self.stack_subspace, key_start_index=1, ordering_index=1, global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021]),
+            ResultSpecification(
+                self.stack_subspace,
+                key_start_index=1,
+                ordering_index=1,
+                global_error_filter=[1007, 1009, 1021],
+            ),
         ]

bindings/bindingtester/util.py

@@ -29,27 +29,27 @@ import fdb
 def initialize_logger_level(logging_level):
     logger = get_logger()
 
-    assert logging_level in ['DEBUG', 'INFO', 'WARNING', 'ERROR']
+    assert logging_level in ["DEBUG", "INFO", "WARNING", "ERROR"]
 
-    if logging_level == 'DEBUG':
+    if logging_level == "DEBUG":
         logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-    elif logging_level == 'INFO':
+    elif logging_level == "INFO":
         logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
-    elif logging_level == 'WARNING':
+    elif logging_level == "WARNING":
         logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
-    elif logging_level == 'ERROR':
+    elif logging_level == "ERROR":
         logger.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
 
 
 def get_logger():
-    return logging.getLogger('foundationdb.bindingtester')
+    return logging.getLogger("foundationdb.bindingtester")
 
 
 # Attempts to get the name associated with a process termination signal
 def signal_number_to_name(signal_num):
     name = []
     for key in signal.__dict__.keys():
-        if key.startswith('SIG') and getattr(signal, key) == signal_num:
+        if key.startswith("SIG") and getattr(signal, key) == signal_num:
             name.append(key)
     if len(name) == 1:
         return name[0]
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ def signal_number_to_name(signal_num):
 
 
 def import_subclasses(filename, module_path):
-    for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename), '*.py')):
+    for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename), "*.py")):
         fn = os.path.basename(f)
-        if fn == '__init__.py':
+        if fn == "__init__.py":
             continue
-        __import__('%s.%s' % (module_path, os.path.splitext(fn)[0]))
+        __import__("%s.%s" % (module_path, os.path.splitext(fn)[0]))
 
 
 # Attempts to unpack a subspace
@@ -73,4 +73,6 @@ def subspace_to_tuple(subspace):
         return fdb.tuple.unpack(subspace.key())
     except Exception as e:
         get_logger().debug(e)
-        raise Exception('The binding tester does not support subspaces with non-tuple raw prefixes')
+        raise Exception(
+            "The binding tester does not support subspaces with non-tuple raw prefixes"
+        )

bindings/c/generate_asm.py

@@ -27,10 +27,9 @@ import sys
 
 functions = {}
 
-func_re = re.compile(
-    "^\s*FDB_API_(?:CHANGED|REMOVED)\s*\(\s*([^,]*),\s*([^)]*)\).*")
+func_re = re.compile("^\s*FDB_API_(?:CHANGED|REMOVED)\s*\(\s*([^,]*),\s*([^)]*)\).*")
 
-with open(source, 'r') as srcfile:
+with open(source, "r") as srcfile:
     for line in srcfile:
         m = func_re.match(line)
         if m:
@@ -63,12 +62,12 @@ def write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, prefix):
         asmfile.write(".intel_syntax noprefix\n")
 
     i = 0
-    if os == 'linux' or os == 'freebsd':
+    if os == "linux" or os == "freebsd":
         asmfile.write("\n.data\n")
         for f in functions:
             asmfile.write("\t.extern fdb_api_ptr_%s\n" % f)
 
-        if os == 'linux' or os == 'freebsd':
+        if os == "linux" or os == "freebsd":
             asmfile.write("\n.text\n")
             for f in functions:
                 if cpu == "ppc64le":
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ def write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, prefix):
     i = 0
     for f in functions:
         asmfile.write("\n.globl %s%s\n" % (prefix, f))
-        if cpu == 'aarch64' and os == 'osx':
+        if cpu == "aarch64" and os == "osx":
             asmfile.write(".p2align\t2\n")
         asmfile.write("%s%s:\n" % (prefix, f))
 
@@ -114,14 +113,14 @@ def write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, prefix):
         # 	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 8.3.1 20190311 (Red Hat 8.3.1-3)"
 
         if cpu == "aarch64":
-            if os == 'osx':
+            if os == "osx":
                 asmfile.write("\tadrp x8, _fdb_api_ptr_%s@GOTPAGE\n" % (f))
                 asmfile.write("\tldr x8, [x8, _fdb_api_ptr_%s@GOTPAGEOFF]\n" % (f))
-            elif os == 'linux':
+            elif os == "linux":
                 asmfile.write("\tadrp x8, :got:fdb_api_ptr_%s\n" % (f))
                 asmfile.write("\tldr x8, [x8, #:got_lo12:fdb_api_ptr_%s]\n" % (f))
             else:
-                assert False, '{} not supported for Arm yet'.format(os)
+                assert False, "{} not supported for Arm yet".format(os)
             asmfile.write("\tldr x8, [x8]\n")
             asmfile.write("\tbr x8\n")
         elif cpu == "ppc64le":
@@ -166,28 +165,31 @@ def write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, prefix):
             i = i + 1
         else:
             asmfile.write(
-                "\tmov r11, qword ptr [%sfdb_api_ptr_%s@GOTPCREL+rip]\n" % (prefix, f))
+                "\tmov r11, qword ptr [%sfdb_api_ptr_%s@GOTPCREL+rip]\n" % (prefix, f)
+            )
             asmfile.write("\tmov r11, qword ptr [r11]\n")
             asmfile.write("\tjmp r11\n")
 
 
-with open(asm, 'w') as asmfile:
-    with open(h, 'w') as hfile:
+with open(asm, "w") as asmfile:
+    with open(h, "w") as hfile:
         hfile.write(
-            "void fdb_api_ptr_unimpl() { fprintf(stderr, \"UNIMPLEMENTED FDB API FUNCTION\\n\"); abort(); }\n\n")
+            'void fdb_api_ptr_unimpl() { fprintf(stderr, "UNIMPLEMENTED FDB API FUNCTION\\n"); abort(); }\n\n'
+        )
         hfile.write(
-            "void fdb_api_ptr_removed() { fprintf(stderr, \"REMOVED FDB API FUNCTION\\n\"); abort(); }\n\n")
+            'void fdb_api_ptr_removed() { fprintf(stderr, "REMOVED FDB API FUNCTION\\n"); abort(); }\n\n'
+        )
 
-        if os == 'linux':
-            write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, '')
+        if os == "linux":
+            write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, "")
         elif os == "osx":
-            write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, '_')
+            write_unix_asm(asmfile, functions, "_")
         elif os == "windows":
             write_windows_asm(asmfile, functions)
 
         for f in functions:
             if os == "windows":
-                hfile.write("extern \"C\" ")
+                hfile.write('extern "C" ')
             hfile.write("void* fdb_api_ptr_%s = (void*)&fdb_api_ptr_unimpl;\n" % f)
             for v in functions[f]:
                 hfile.write("#define %s_v%d_PREV %s_v%d\n" % (f, v, f, v - 1))

bindings/c/test/fdb_c_shim_tests.py

@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ class TestEnv(LocalCluster):
             self.downloader.binary_path(version, "fdbcli"),
             1,
         )
-        self.set_env_var("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", "%s:%s" % (self.downloader.lib_dir(version), os.getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")))
+        self.set_env_var(
+            "LD_LIBRARY_PATH",
+            "%s:%s" % (self.downloader.lib_dir(version), os.getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")),
+        )
         client_lib = self.downloader.lib_path(version)
         assert client_lib.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(client_lib)
         self.client_lib_external = self.tmp_dir.joinpath("libfdb_c_external.so")
@@ -69,9 +72,13 @@ class TestEnv(LocalCluster):
 
     def exec_client_command(self, cmd_args, env_vars=None, expected_ret_code=0):
         print("Executing test command: {}".format(" ".join([str(c) for c in cmd_args])))
-        tester_proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd_args, stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, env=env_vars)
+        tester_proc = subprocess.Popen(
+            cmd_args, stdout=sys.stdout, stderr=sys.stderr, env=env_vars
+        )
         tester_retcode = tester_proc.wait()
-        assert tester_retcode == expected_ret_code, "Tester completed return code {}, but {} was expected".format(
+        assert (
+            tester_retcode == expected_ret_code
+        ), "Tester completed return code {}, but {} was expected".format(
             tester_retcode, expected_ret_code
         )
 
@@ -82,11 +89,17 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
         assert self.build_dir.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(args.build_dir)
         assert self.build_dir.is_dir(), "{} is not a directory".format(args.build_dir)
         self.unit_tests_bin = Path(args.unit_tests_bin).resolve()
-        assert self.unit_tests_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(self.unit_tests_bin)
+        assert self.unit_tests_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(
+            self.unit_tests_bin
+        )
         self.api_tester_bin = Path(args.api_tester_bin).resolve()
-        assert self.api_tester_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(self.api_tests_bin)
+        assert self.api_tester_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(
+            self.api_tests_bin
+        )
         self.shim_lib_tester_bin = Path(args.shim_lib_tester_bin).resolve()
-        assert self.shim_lib_tester_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(self.shim_lib_tester_bin)
+        assert self.shim_lib_tester_bin.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(
+            self.shim_lib_tester_bin
+        )
         self.api_test_dir = Path(args.api_test_dir).resolve()
         assert self.api_test_dir.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(self.api_test_dir)
         self.downloader = FdbBinaryDownloader(args.build_dir)
@@ -124,7 +137,9 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
         with TestEnv(self.build_dir, self.downloader, version) as test_env:
             cmd_args = self.build_c_api_tester_args(test_env, test_file)
             env_vars = os.environ.copy()
-            env_vars["FDB_LOCAL_CLIENT_LIBRARY_PATH"] = self.downloader.lib_path(version)
+            env_vars["FDB_LOCAL_CLIENT_LIBRARY_PATH"] = self.downloader.lib_path(
+                version
+            )
             test_env.exec_client_command(cmd_args, env_vars)
 
     def run_c_unit_tests(self, version):
@@ -132,9 +147,16 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
         print("C Unit Tests - version: {}".format(version))
         print("-" * 80)
         with TestEnv(self.build_dir, self.downloader, version) as test_env:
-            cmd_args = [self.unit_tests_bin, test_env.cluster_file, "fdb", test_env.client_lib_external]
+            cmd_args = [
+                self.unit_tests_bin,
+                test_env.cluster_file,
+                "fdb",
+                test_env.client_lib_external,
+            ]
             env_vars = os.environ.copy()
-            env_vars["FDB_LOCAL_CLIENT_LIBRARY_PATH"] = self.downloader.lib_path(version)
+            env_vars["FDB_LOCAL_CLIENT_LIBRARY_PATH"] = self.downloader.lib_path(
+                version
+            )
             test_env.exec_client_command(cmd_args, env_vars)
 
     def run_c_shim_lib_tester(
@@ -163,7 +185,11 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
             test_flags.append("use_external_lib")
         else:
             test_flags.append("use_local_lib")
-        print("C Shim Tests - version: {}, API version: {}, {}".format(version, api_version, ", ".join(test_flags)))
+        print(
+            "C Shim Tests - version: {}, API version: {}, {}".format(
+                version, api_version, ", ".join(test_flags)
+            )
+        )
         print("-" * 80)
         cmd_args = [
             self.shim_lib_tester_bin,
@@ -178,10 +204,17 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
                 ("dummy" if invalid_lib_path else self.downloader.lib_path(version)),
             ]
         if use_external_lib:
-            cmd_args = cmd_args + ["--disable-local-client", "--external-client-library", test_env.client_lib_external]
+            cmd_args = cmd_args + [
+                "--disable-local-client",
+                "--external-client-library",
+                test_env.client_lib_external,
+            ]
         env_vars = os.environ.copy()
         if set_ld_lib_path:
-            env_vars["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"] = "%s:%s" % (self.downloader.lib_dir(version), os.getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
+            env_vars["LD_LIBRARY_PATH"] = "%s:%s" % (
+                self.downloader.lib_dir(version),
+                os.getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"),
+            )
         if set_env_path:
             env_vars["FDB_LOCAL_CLIENT_LIBRARY_PATH"] = (
                 "dummy" if invalid_lib_path else self.downloader.lib_path(version)
@@ -206,7 +239,9 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
             self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(CURRENT_VERSION, test_env, set_env_path=True)
 
             # Test using the loaded client library as the local client
-            self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(CURRENT_VERSION, test_env, call_set_path=True, use_external_lib=False)
+            self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
+                CURRENT_VERSION, test_env, call_set_path=True, use_external_lib=False
+            )
 
             # Test setting an invalid client library path over an API call
             self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
@@ -227,15 +262,24 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
             )
 
             # Test calling a function that exists in the loaded library, but not for the selected API version
-            self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(CURRENT_VERSION, test_env, call_set_path=True, api_version=700)
+            self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
+                CURRENT_VERSION, test_env, call_set_path=True, api_version=700
+            )
 
         if self.test_prev_versions:
             # Test the API workload with the release version
             self.run_c_api_test(PREV_RELEASE_VERSION, DEFAULT_TEST_FILE)
 
-            with TestEnv(self.build_dir, self.downloader, PREV_RELEASE_VERSION) as test_env:
+            with TestEnv(
+                self.build_dir, self.downloader, PREV_RELEASE_VERSION
+            ) as test_env:
                 # Test using the loaded client library as the local client
-                self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(PREV_RELEASE_VERSION, test_env, call_set_path=True, use_external_lib=False)
+                self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
+                    PREV_RELEASE_VERSION,
+                    test_env,
+                    call_set_path=True,
+                    use_external_lib=False,
+                )
 
                 # Test the client library of the release version in combination with the dev API version
                 self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
@@ -248,7 +292,11 @@ class FdbCShimTests:
 
                 # Test calling a function that does not exist in the loaded library
                 self.run_c_shim_lib_tester(
-                    "7.0.0", test_env, call_set_path=True, api_version=700, expected_ret_code=IMPLIBSO_ERROR_CODE
+                    "7.0.0",
+                    test_env,
+                    call_set_path=True,
+                    api_version=700,
+                    expected_ret_code=IMPLIBSO_ERROR_CODE,
                 )
 
 
@@ -270,16 +318,28 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         required=True,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--unit-tests-bin", type=str, help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_unit_tests executable.", required=True
+        "--unit-tests-bin",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_unit_tests executable.",
+        required=True,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--api-tester-bin", type=str, help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_api_tester executable.", required=True
+        "--api-tester-bin",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_api_tester executable.",
+        required=True,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--shim-lib-tester-bin", type=str, help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_lib_tester executable.", required=True
+        "--shim-lib-tester-bin",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to the fdb_c_shim_lib_tester executable.",
+        required=True,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--api-test-dir", type=str, help="Path to a directory with api test definitions.", required=True
+        "--api-test-dir",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to a directory with api test definitions.",
+        required=True,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--disable-prev-version-tests",

bindings/python/fdb/impl.py

@@ -1348,12 +1348,7 @@ class Tenant(_TransactionCreator):
     def list_blobbified_ranges(self, begin, end, limit):
         return FutureKeyValueArray(
             self.capi.fdb_tenant_list_blobbified_ranges(
-                self.tpointer,
-                begin,
-                len(begin),
-                end,
-                len(end),
-                limit
+                self.tpointer, begin, len(begin), end, len(end), limit
             )
         )
 

bindings/python/fdb/tuple.py

@@ -364,7 +364,6 @@ if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
         s = s.lstrip("-0b")  # remove leading zeros and minus sign
         return len(s)
 
-
 else:
 
     def _bit_length(x):

bindings/python/tests/cancellation_timeout_tests.py

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ def retry_with_timeout(seconds):
                     tr = db.create_transaction()
 
         return wrapper
+
     return decorator
 
 
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ def test_cancellation(db):
         tr.cancel()
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('Basic cancellation unit test failed.')
+            raise TestError("Basic cancellation unit test failed.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def test_cancellation(db):
             tr.commit().wait()  # should not throw
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code == 1025:
-                raise TestError('Cancellation survived reset.')
+                raise TestError("Cancellation survived reset.")
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -81,13 +82,13 @@ def test_cancellation(db):
         tr.cancel()
         try:
             tr.on_error(fdb.FDBError(1007)).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('on_error() did not notice cancellation.')
+            raise TestError("on_error() did not notice cancellation.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('Cancellation did not survive on_error().')
+            raise TestError("Cancellation did not survive on_error().")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ def test_cancellation(db):
     # (4) Cancellation works with weird operations
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn4(tr):
-        tr[b'foo']
+        tr[b"foo"]
         tr.cancel()
         try:
             tr.get_read_version().wait()  # should throw
@@ -118,21 +119,21 @@ def test_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn1(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(1) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(1) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(1) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(1) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -143,18 +144,18 @@ def test_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn2(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(2) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(2) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         tr.reset()
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
 
     txn2(db)
@@ -163,16 +164,16 @@ def test_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn3(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(0)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(3) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(3) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         tr.reset()
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
 
     txn3(db)
@@ -180,41 +181,41 @@ def test_retry_limits(db):
     # (4) Retries accumulate when limits are turned off, and are respected retroactively
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn4(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         tr.reset()
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(2)
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(3)
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(4)
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(4)
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(4)
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -225,20 +226,20 @@ def test_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn5(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(2)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(5) Retry limit was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(5) Retry limit was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         try:
-            tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+            tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(5) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(5) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -253,19 +254,19 @@ def test_db_retry_limits(db):
     # (1) Basic retry limit
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn1(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(1) Retry limit from database was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(1) Retry limit from database was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(1) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(1) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -276,21 +277,21 @@ def test_db_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn2(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(2)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(2) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(2) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(2) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(2) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -303,19 +304,19 @@ def test_db_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn3(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(3) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(3) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(3) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(3) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -326,30 +327,30 @@ def test_db_retry_limits(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn4(tr):
         tr.options.set_retry_limit(1)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Retry limit from transaction was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         tr.reset()
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Retry limit from database was ignored.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Retry limit from database was ignored.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != err.code:
                 raise
         try:
             tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('(4) Transaction not cancelled after error.')
+            raise TestError("(4) Transaction not cancelled after error.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     # (6) Timeout will fire "retroactively"
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn6(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(1)
         tr.options.set_timeout(10)
         try:
@@ -451,11 +452,11 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     # (7) Transaction reset also resets time from which timeout is measured
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn7(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(1)
         start = time.time()
         tr.reset()
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_timeout(500)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should not throw, but could if commit were slow:
@@ -470,10 +471,10 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     # (8) on_error() does not reset time from which timeout is measured
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn8(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(1)
         tr.on_error(fdb.FDBError(1007)).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_timeout(100)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
@@ -487,9 +488,9 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     # (9) Timeouts can be unset
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn9(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_timeout(100)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_timeout(0)
         time.sleep(1)
         tr.commit().wait()  # should not throw
@@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     # (10) Unsetting a timeout after it has fired doesn't help
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn10(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.options.set_timeout(100)
         time.sleep(1)
         tr.options.set_timeout(0)
@@ -517,15 +518,17 @@ def test_timeouts(db):
     def txn11(tr):
         for i in range(2):
             tr.options.set_timeout(1500)
-            tr.set_read_version(0x7ffffffffffffff0)
-            _ = tr[b'foo']
+            tr.set_read_version(0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFF0)
+            _ = tr[b"foo"]
             try:
                 tr.commit().wait()
                 tr.reset()
             except fdb.FDBError as e:
                 if i == 0:
                     if e.code != 1009:  # future_version
-                        raise fdb.FDBError(1007)  # Something weird happened; raise a retryable error so we run this transaction again
+                        raise fdb.FDBError(
+                            1007
+                        )  # Something weird happened; raise a retryable error so we run this transaction again
                     else:
                         tr.on_error(e).wait()
                 elif i == 1 and e.code != 1031:
@@ -554,10 +557,10 @@ def test_db_timeouts(db):
     # (2) Timeout after on_error
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn2(tr):
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
         time.sleep(1)
-        _ = tr[b'foo']
+        _ = tr[b"foo"]
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
             raise TestError("(2) Timeout didn't fire.")
@@ -572,9 +575,9 @@ def test_db_timeouts(db):
     def txn3(tr):
         tr.options.set_timeout(1000)
         time.sleep(0.75)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        _ = tr[b'foo']
+        _ = tr[b"foo"]
         time.sleep(0.75)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
@@ -589,7 +592,7 @@ def test_db_timeouts(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn4(tr):
         tr.options.set_timeout(100)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(0.2)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
@@ -604,7 +607,7 @@ def test_db_timeouts(db):
     @retry_with_timeout(default_timeout)
     def txn5(tr):
         tr.options.set_timeout(100)
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(0.2)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
@@ -613,10 +616,10 @@ def test_db_timeouts(db):
             if e.code != 1031:
                 raise
         tr.reset()
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(0.2)
         tr.on_error(err).wait()  # should not throw
-        tr[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"foo"] = b"bar"
         time.sleep(0.8)
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
@@ -638,13 +641,13 @@ def test_combinations(db):
         tr.cancel()
         try:
             tr.on_error(fdb.FDBError(1007)).wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('on_error() did not notice cancellation.')
+            raise TestError("on_error() did not notice cancellation.")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise
         try:
             tr.commit().wait()  # should throw
-            raise TestError('Cancellation did not survive on_error().')
+            raise TestError("Cancellation did not survive on_error().")
         except fdb.FDBError as e:
             if e.code != 1025:
                 raise

bindings/python/tests/directory_extension.py

@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ import fdb.directory_impl
 from fdb import six
 
 ops_that_create_dirs = [
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_OPEN'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_MOVE'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO'),
-    six.u('DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE'),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_OPEN"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_MOVE"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO"),
+    six.u("DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE"),
 ]
 
 log_all = False
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def log_op(msg, force=False):
         print(msg)
 
 
-class DirectoryExtension():
+class DirectoryExtension:
     def __init__(self):
         self.dir_list = [fdb.directory]
         self.dir_index = 0
@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ class DirectoryExtension():
 
     def append_dir(self, inst, dir):
         if log_dirs or log_all:
-            print('pushed %s at %d (op=%s)' % (dir.__class__.__name__, len(self.dir_list), inst.op))
+            print(
+                "pushed %s at %d (op=%s)"
+                % (dir.__class__.__name__, len(self.dir_list), inst.op)
+            )
 
         self.dir_list.append(dir)
 
@@ -80,127 +83,159 @@ class DirectoryExtension():
                 print("%d. %s" % (inst.index, inst.op))
 
             directory = self.dir_list[self.dir_index]
-            if inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE'):
+            if inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_SUBSPACE"):
                 path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 raw_prefix = inst.pop()
-                log_op('created subspace at %r: %r' % (path, raw_prefix))
+                log_op("created subspace at %r: %r" % (path, raw_prefix))
                 self.append_dir(inst, fdb.Subspace(path, raw_prefix))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_LAYER"):
                 index1, index2, allow_manual_prefixes = inst.pop(3)
                 if self.dir_list[index1] is None or self.dir_list[index2] is None:
-                    log_op('create directory layer: None')
+                    log_op("create directory layer: None")
                     self.append_dir(inst, None)
                 else:
-                    log_op('create directory layer: node_subspace (%d) = %r, content_subspace (%d) = %r, allow_manual_prefixes = %d' %
-                           (index1, self.dir_list[index1].rawPrefix, index2, self.dir_list[index2].rawPrefix, allow_manual_prefixes))
-                    self.append_dir(inst, fdb.DirectoryLayer(self.dir_list[index1], self.dir_list[index2], allow_manual_prefixes == 1))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CHANGE'):
+                    log_op(
+                        "create directory layer: node_subspace (%d) = %r, content_subspace (%d) = %r, allow_manual_prefixes = %d"
+                        % (
+                            index1,
+                            self.dir_list[index1].rawPrefix,
+                            index2,
+                            self.dir_list[index2].rawPrefix,
+                            allow_manual_prefixes,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.append_dir(
+                        inst,
+                        fdb.DirectoryLayer(
+                            self.dir_list[index1],
+                            self.dir_list[index2],
+                            allow_manual_prefixes == 1,
+                        ),
+                    )
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CHANGE"):
                 self.dir_index = inst.pop()
                 if not self.dir_list[self.dir_index]:
                     self.dir_index = self.error_index
                 if log_dirs or log_all:
                     new_dir = self.dir_list[self.dir_index]
                     clazz = new_dir.__class__.__name__
-                    new_path = repr(new_dir._path) if hasattr(new_dir, '_path') else "<na>"
-                    print('changed directory to %d (%s @%r)' % (self.dir_index, clazz, new_path))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_SET_ERROR_INDEX'):
+                    new_path = (
+                        repr(new_dir._path) if hasattr(new_dir, "_path") else "<na>"
+                    )
+                    print(
+                        "changed directory to %d (%s @%r)"
+                        % (self.dir_index, clazz, new_path)
+                    )
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_SET_ERROR_INDEX"):
                 self.error_index = inst.pop()
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE_OR_OPEN"):
                 path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 layer = inst.pop()
-                log_op('create_or_open %r: layer=%r' % (directory.get_path() + path, layer))
-                d = directory.create_or_open(inst.tr, path, layer or b'')
+                log_op(
+                    "create_or_open %r: layer=%r" % (directory.get_path() + path, layer)
+                )
+                d = directory.create_or_open(inst.tr, path, layer or b"")
                 self.append_dir(inst, d)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CREATE'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CREATE"):
                 path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 layer, prefix = inst.pop(2)
-                log_op('create %r: layer=%r, prefix=%r' % (directory.get_path() + path, layer, prefix))
-                self.append_dir(inst, directory.create(inst.tr, path, layer or b'', prefix))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_OPEN'):
+                log_op(
+                    "create %r: layer=%r, prefix=%r"
+                    % (directory.get_path() + path, layer, prefix)
+                )
+                self.append_dir(
+                    inst, directory.create(inst.tr, path, layer or b"", prefix)
+                )
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_OPEN"):
                 path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 layer = inst.pop()
-                log_op('open %r: layer=%r' % (directory.get_path() + path, layer))
-                self.append_dir(inst, directory.open(inst.tr, path, layer or b''))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_MOVE'):
+                log_op("open %r: layer=%r" % (directory.get_path() + path, layer))
+                self.append_dir(inst, directory.open(inst.tr, path, layer or b""))
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_MOVE"):
                 old_path, new_path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack, 2)
-                log_op('move %r to %r' % (directory.get_path() + old_path, directory.get_path() + new_path))
+                log_op(
+                    "move %r to %r"
+                    % (directory.get_path() + old_path, directory.get_path() + new_path)
+                )
                 self.append_dir(inst, directory.move(inst.tr, old_path, new_path))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_MOVE_TO"):
                 new_absolute_path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
-                log_op('move %r to %r' % (directory.get_path(), new_absolute_path))
+                log_op("move %r to %r" % (directory.get_path(), new_absolute_path))
                 self.append_dir(inst, directory.move_to(inst.tr, new_absolute_path))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_REMOVE'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_REMOVE"):
                 count = inst.pop()
                 if count == 0:
-                    log_op('remove %r' % (directory.get_path(),))
+                    log_op("remove %r" % (directory.get_path(),))
                     directory.remove(inst.tr)
                 else:
                     path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
-                    log_op('remove %r' % (directory.get_path() + path,))
+                    log_op("remove %r" % (directory.get_path() + path,))
                     directory.remove(inst.tr, path)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_REMOVE_IF_EXISTS"):
                 count = inst.pop()
                 if count == 0:
-                    log_op('remove_if_exists %r' % (directory.get_path(),))
+                    log_op("remove_if_exists %r" % (directory.get_path(),))
                     directory.remove_if_exists(inst.tr)
                 else:
                     path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
-                    log_op('remove_if_exists %r' % (directory.get_path() + path,))
+                    log_op("remove_if_exists %r" % (directory.get_path() + path,))
                     directory.remove_if_exists(inst.tr, path)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_LIST'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_LIST"):
                 count = inst.pop()
                 if count == 0:
                     result = directory.list(inst.tr)
-                    log_op('list %r' % (directory.get_path(),))
+                    log_op("list %r" % (directory.get_path(),))
                 else:
                     path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                     result = directory.list(inst.tr, path)
-                    log_op('list %r' % (directory.get_path() + path,))
+                    log_op("list %r" % (directory.get_path() + path,))
 
                 inst.push(fdb.tuple.pack(tuple(result)))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_EXISTS'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_EXISTS"):
                 count = inst.pop()
                 if count == 0:
                     result = directory.exists(inst.tr)
-                    log_op('exists %r: %d' % (directory.get_path(), result))
+                    log_op("exists %r: %d" % (directory.get_path(), result))
                 else:
                     path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                     result = directory.exists(inst.tr, path)
-                    log_op('exists %r: %d' % (directory.get_path() + path, result))
+                    log_op("exists %r: %d" % (directory.get_path() + path, result))
 
                 if result:
                     inst.push(1)
                 else:
                     inst.push(0)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_PACK_KEY"):
                 key_tuple = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 inst.push(directory.pack(key_tuple))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_UNPACK_KEY"):
                 key = inst.pop()
-                log_op('unpack %r in subspace with prefix %r' % (key, directory.rawPrefix))
+                log_op(
+                    "unpack %r in subspace with prefix %r" % (key, directory.rawPrefix)
+                )
                 tup = directory.unpack(key)
                 for t in tup:
                     inst.push(t)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_RANGE'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_RANGE"):
                 tup = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
                 rng = directory.range(tup)
                 inst.push(rng.start)
                 inst.push(rng.stop)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_CONTAINS'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_CONTAINS"):
                 key = inst.pop()
                 result = directory.contains(key)
                 if result:
                     inst.push(1)
                 else:
                     inst.push(0)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_OPEN_SUBSPACE"):
                 path = self.pop_tuples(inst.stack)
-                log_op('open_subspace %r (at %r)' % (path, directory.key()))
+                log_op("open_subspace %r (at %r)" % (path, directory.key()))
                 self.append_dir(inst, directory.subspace(path))
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_LOG_SUBSPACE'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_LOG_SUBSPACE"):
                 prefix = inst.pop()
                 inst.tr[prefix + fdb.tuple.pack((self.dir_index,))] = directory.key()
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_LOG_DIRECTORY'):
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_LOG_DIRECTORY"):
                 prefix = inst.pop()
                 exists = directory.exists(inst.tr)
                 if exists:
@@ -208,18 +243,25 @@ class DirectoryExtension():
                 else:
                     children = ()
                 logSubspace = fdb.Subspace((self.dir_index,), prefix)
-                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u('path')]] = fdb.tuple.pack(directory.get_path())
-                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u('layer')]] = fdb.tuple.pack((directory.get_layer(),))
-                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u('exists')]] = fdb.tuple.pack((int(exists),))
-                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u('children')]] = fdb.tuple.pack(children)
-            elif inst.op == six.u('DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX'):
+                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u("path")]] = fdb.tuple.pack(
+                    directory.get_path()
+                )
+                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u("layer")]] = fdb.tuple.pack(
+                    (directory.get_layer(),)
+                )
+                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u("exists")]] = fdb.tuple.pack((int(exists),))
+                inst.tr[logSubspace[six.u("children")]] = fdb.tuple.pack(children)
+            elif inst.op == six.u("DIRECTORY_STRIP_PREFIX"):
                 s = inst.pop()
                 if not s.startswith(directory.key()):
-                    raise Exception('String %r does not start with raw prefix %r' % (s, directory.key()))
+                    raise Exception(
+                        "String %r does not start with raw prefix %r"
+                        % (s, directory.key())
+                    )
 
-                inst.push(s[len(directory.key()):])
+                inst.push(s[len(directory.key()) :])
             else:
-                raise Exception('Unknown op: %s' % inst.op)
+                raise Exception("Unknown op: %s" % inst.op)
         except Exception as e:
             if log_all or log_errors:
                 print(e)
@@ -228,4 +270,4 @@ class DirectoryExtension():
             if inst.op in ops_that_create_dirs:
                 self.append_dir(inst, None)
 
-            inst.push(b'DIRECTORY_ERROR')
+            inst.push(b"DIRECTORY_ERROR")

bindings/python/tests/size_limit_tests.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 import fdb
 import sys
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     fdb.api_version(fdb.LATEST_API_VERSION)
 
 
@@ -37,37 +37,37 @@ def setValueWithLimit(tr, key, value, limit):
 
 
 def test_size_limit_option(db):
-    value = b'a' * 1024
+    value = b"a" * 1024
 
-    setValue(db, b't1', value)
-    assert(value == db[b't1'])
+    setValue(db, b"t1", value)
+    assert value == db[b"t1"]
 
     try:
         db.options.set_transaction_size_limit(1000)
-        setValue(db, b't2', value)
-        assert(False)  # not reached
+        setValue(db, b"t2", value)
+        assert False  # not reached
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
-        assert(e.code == 2101)  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
+        assert e.code == 2101  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
 
     # Per transaction option overrides database option
     db.options.set_transaction_size_limit(1000000)
     try:
-        setValueWithLimit(db, b't3', value, 1000)
-        assert(False)  # not reached
+        setValueWithLimit(db, b"t3", value, 1000)
+        assert False  # not reached
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
-        assert(e.code == 2101)  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
+        assert e.code == 2101  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
 
     # DB default survives on_error reset
     db.options.set_transaction_size_limit(1000)
     tr = db.create_transaction()
     try:
-        tr[b't4'] = b'bar'
+        tr[b"t4"] = b"bar"
         tr.on_error(fdb.FDBError(1007)).wait()
-        setValue(tr, b't4', value)
+        setValue(tr, b"t4", value)
         tr.commit().wait()
-        assert(False)  # not reached
+        assert False  # not reached
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
-        assert(e.code == 2101)  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
+        assert e.code == 2101  # Transaction exceeds byte limit (2101)
 
     # Reset the size limit for future tests
     db.options.set_transaction_size_limit(10000000)
@@ -75,29 +75,29 @@ def test_size_limit_option(db):
 
 @fdb.transactional
 def test_get_approximate_size(tr):
-    tr[b'key1'] = b'value1'
+    tr[b"key1"] = b"value1"
     s1 = tr.get_approximate_size().wait()
 
-    tr[b'key2'] = b'value2'
+    tr[b"key2"] = b"value2"
     s2 = tr.get_approximate_size().wait()
-    assert(s1 < s2)
+    assert s1 < s2
 
-    tr.clear(b'key3')
+    tr.clear(b"key3")
     s3 = tr.get_approximate_size().wait()
-    assert(s2 < s3)
+    assert s2 < s3
 
-    tr.add_read_conflict_key(b'key3+')
+    tr.add_read_conflict_key(b"key3+")
     s4 = tr.get_approximate_size().wait()
-    assert(s3 < s4)
+    assert s3 < s4
 
-    tr.add_write_conflict_key(b'key4')
+    tr.add_write_conflict_key(b"key4")
     s5 = tr.get_approximate_size().wait()
-    assert(s4 < s5)
+    assert s4 < s5
 
 
 # Expect a cluster file as input. This test will write to the FDB cluster, so
 # be aware of potential side effects.
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     clusterFile = sys.argv[1]
     db = fdb.open(clusterFile)
     db.options.set_transaction_timeout(2000)  # 2 seconds

bindings/python/tests/tenant_tests.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import json
 import base64
 from fdb.tuple import pack
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     fdb.api_version(fdb.LATEST_API_VERSION)
 
 
@@ -41,61 +41,61 @@ def cleanup_tenant(db, tenant_name):
 
 
 def test_tenant_tuple_name(db):
-    tuplename = (b'test', b'level', b'hierarchy', 3, 1.24, 'str')
+    tuplename = (b"test", b"level", b"hierarchy", 3, 1.24, "str")
     cleanup_tenant(db, tuplename)
 
     fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, tuplename)
 
     tenant = db.open_tenant(tuplename)
-    tenant[b'foo'] = b'bar'
+    tenant[b"foo"] = b"bar"
 
-    assert tenant[b'foo'] == b'bar'
+    assert tenant[b"foo"] == b"bar"
 
-    del tenant[b'foo']
+    del tenant[b"foo"]
     fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, tuplename)
 
 
 def test_tenant_operations(db):
-    cleanup_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
-    cleanup_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    cleanup_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
+    cleanup_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
-    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
-    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
+    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
-    tenant_list = fdb.tenant_management.list_tenants(db, b'a', b'z', 10).to_list()
-    assert tenant_list[0].key == b'tenant1'
-    assert tenant_list[1].key == b'tenant2'
+    tenant_list = fdb.tenant_management.list_tenants(db, b"a", b"z", 10).to_list()
+    assert tenant_list[0].key == b"tenant1"
+    assert tenant_list[1].key == b"tenant2"
 
     t1_entry = tenant_list[0].value
     t1_json = json.loads(t1_entry)
-    p1 = base64.b64decode(t1_json['prefix']['base64'])
+    p1 = base64.b64decode(t1_json["prefix"]["base64"])
 
     t2_entry = tenant_list[1].value
     t2_json = json.loads(t2_entry)
-    p2 = base64.b64decode(t2_json['prefix']['base64'])
+    p2 = base64.b64decode(t2_json["prefix"]["base64"])
 
-    tenant1 = db.open_tenant(b'tenant1')
-    tenant2 = db.open_tenant(b'tenant2')
+    tenant1 = db.open_tenant(b"tenant1")
+    tenant2 = db.open_tenant(b"tenant2")
 
-    db[b'tenant_test_key'] = b'no_tenant'
-    tenant1[b'tenant_test_key'] = b'tenant1'
-    tenant2[b'tenant_test_key'] = b'tenant2'
+    db[b"tenant_test_key"] = b"no_tenant"
+    tenant1[b"tenant_test_key"] = b"tenant1"
+    tenant2[b"tenant_test_key"] = b"tenant2"
 
-    tenant1_entry = db[b'\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/tenant1']
+    tenant1_entry = db[b"\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/tenant1"]
     tenant1_json = json.loads(tenant1_entry)
-    prefix1 = base64.b64decode(tenant1_json['prefix']['base64'])
+    prefix1 = base64.b64decode(tenant1_json["prefix"]["base64"])
     assert prefix1 == p1
 
-    tenant2_entry = db[b'\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/tenant2']
+    tenant2_entry = db[b"\xff\xff/management/tenant/map/tenant2"]
     tenant2_json = json.loads(tenant2_entry)
-    prefix2 = base64.b64decode(tenant2_json['prefix']['base64'])
+    prefix2 = base64.b64decode(tenant2_json["prefix"]["base64"])
     assert prefix2 == p2
 
-    assert tenant1[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant1'
-    assert db[prefix1 + b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant1'
-    assert tenant2[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant2'
-    assert db[prefix2 + b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant2'
-    assert db[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'no_tenant'
+    assert tenant1[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant1"
+    assert db[prefix1 + b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant1"
+    assert tenant2[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant2"
+    assert db[prefix2 + b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant2"
+    assert db[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"no_tenant"
 
     tr1 = tenant1.create_transaction()
     try:
@@ -104,87 +104,95 @@ def test_tenant_operations(db):
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         tr1.on_error(e).wait()
 
-    assert tenant1[b'tenant_test_key'] == None
-    assert db[prefix1 + b'tenant_test_key'] == None
-    assert tenant2[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant2'
-    assert db[prefix2 + b'tenant_test_key'] == b'tenant2'
-    assert db[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'no_tenant'
+    assert tenant1[b"tenant_test_key"] == None
+    assert db[prefix1 + b"tenant_test_key"] == None
+    assert tenant2[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant2"
+    assert db[prefix2 + b"tenant_test_key"] == b"tenant2"
+    assert db[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"no_tenant"
 
-    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
+    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
     try:
-        tenant1[b'tenant_test_key']
+        tenant1[b"tenant_test_key"]
         assert False
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         assert e.code == 2131  # tenant not found
 
     del tenant2[:]
-    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
-    assert db[prefix1 + b'tenant_test_key'] == None
-    assert db[prefix2 + b'tenant_test_key'] == None
-    assert db[b'tenant_test_key'] == b'no_tenant'
+    assert db[prefix1 + b"tenant_test_key"] == None
+    assert db[prefix2 + b"tenant_test_key"] == None
+    assert db[b"tenant_test_key"] == b"no_tenant"
 
-    del db[b'tenant_test_key']
+    del db[b"tenant_test_key"]
 
-    assert db[b'tenant_test_key'] == None
+    assert db[b"tenant_test_key"] == None
 
 
 def test_tenant_operation_retries(db):
-    cleanup_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
-    cleanup_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    cleanup_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
+    cleanup_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
     # Test that the tenant creation only performs the existence check once
-    fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(db, b'tenant1', [], force_existence_check_maybe_committed=True)
+    fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(
+        db, b"tenant1", [], force_existence_check_maybe_committed=True
+    )
 
     # An attempt to create the tenant again should fail
     try:
-        fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
+        fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
         assert False
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         assert e.code == 2132  # tenant already exists
 
     # Using a transaction skips the existence check
     tr = db.create_transaction()
-    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(tr, b'tenant1')
+    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(tr, b"tenant1")
 
     # Test that a concurrent tenant creation doesn't interfere with the existence check logic
     tr = db.create_transaction()
     existence_check_marker = []
-    fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(tr, b'tenant2', existence_check_marker)
+    fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(tr, b"tenant2", existence_check_marker)
 
-    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    fdb.tenant_management.create_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
     tr = db.create_transaction()
     try:
-        fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(tr, b'tenant2', existence_check_marker)
+        fdb.tenant_management._create_tenant_impl(
+            tr, b"tenant2", existence_check_marker
+        )
         tr.commit().wait()
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         tr.on_error(e).wait()
 
     # Test that tenant deletion only performs the existence check once
-    fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(db, b'tenant1', [], force_existence_check_maybe_committed=True)
+    fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(
+        db, b"tenant1", [], force_existence_check_maybe_committed=True
+    )
 
     # An attempt to delete the tenant again should fail
     try:
-        fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b'tenant1')
+        fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b"tenant1")
         assert False
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         assert e.code == 2131  # tenant not found
 
     # Using a transaction skips the existence check
     tr = db.create_transaction()
-    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(tr, b'tenant1')
+    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(tr, b"tenant1")
 
     # Test that a concurrent tenant deletion doesn't interfere with the existence check logic
     tr = db.create_transaction()
     existence_check_marker = []
-    fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(tr, b'tenant2', existence_check_marker)
+    fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(tr, b"tenant2", existence_check_marker)
 
-    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b'tenant2')
+    fdb.tenant_management.delete_tenant(db, b"tenant2")
 
     tr = db.create_transaction()
     try:
-        fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(tr, b'tenant2', existence_check_marker)
+        fdb.tenant_management._delete_tenant_impl(
+            tr, b"tenant2", existence_check_marker
+        )
         tr.commit().wait()
     except fdb.FDBError as e:
         tr.on_error(e).wait()
@@ -198,7 +206,7 @@ def test_tenants(db):
 
 # Expect a cluster file as input. This test will write to the FDB cluster, so
 # be aware of potential side effects.
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     clusterFile = sys.argv[1]
     db = fdb.open(clusterFile)
     db.options.set_transaction_timeout(2000)  # 2 seconds

bindings/python/tests/tuple_tests.py

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ from fdb.six import u
 
 def randomUnicode():
     while True:
-        c = random.randint(0, 0xffff)
-        if unicodedata.category(unichr(c))[0] in 'LMNPSZ':
+        c = random.randint(0, 0xFFFF)
+        if unicodedata.category(unichr(c))[0] in "LMNPSZ":
             return unichr(c)
 
 
@@ -47,31 +47,63 @@ def randomElement():
     r = random.randint(0, 9)
     if r == 0:
         if random.random() < 0.5:
-            chars = [b'\x00', b'\x01', b'a', b'7', b'\xfe', b'\ff']
-            return b''.join([random.choice(chars) for c in _range(random.randint(0, 5))])
+            chars = [b"\x00", b"\x01", b"a", b"7", b"\xfe", b"\ff"]
+            return b"".join(
+                [random.choice(chars) for c in _range(random.randint(0, 5))]
+            )
         else:
-            return b''.join([six.int2byte(random.randint(0, 255)) for _ in _range(random.randint(0, 10))])
+            return b"".join(
+                [
+                    six.int2byte(random.randint(0, 255))
+                    for _ in _range(random.randint(0, 10))
+                ]
+            )
     elif r == 1:
         if random.random() < 0.5:
-            chars = [u('\x00'), u('\x01'), u('a'), u('7'), u('\xfe'), u('\ff'), u('\u0000'), u('\u0001'), u('\uffff'), u('\uff00'), u('\U0001f4a9')]
-            return u('').join([random.choice(chars) for c in _range(random.randint(0, 10))])
+            chars = [
+                u("\x00"),
+                u("\x01"),
+                u("a"),
+                u("7"),
+                u("\xfe"),
+                u("\ff"),
+                u("\u0000"),
+                u("\u0001"),
+                u("\uffff"),
+                u("\uff00"),
+                u("\U0001f4a9"),
+            ]
+            return u("").join(
+                [random.choice(chars) for c in _range(random.randint(0, 10))]
+            )
         else:
-            return u('').join([randomUnicode() for _ in _range(random.randint(0, 10))])
+            return u("").join([randomUnicode() for _ in _range(random.randint(0, 10))])
     elif r == 2:
-        return random.choice([-1, 1]) * min(2**random.randint(0, 2040) + random.randint(-10, 10), 2**2040 - 1)
+        return random.choice([-1, 1]) * min(
+            2 ** random.randint(0, 2040) + random.randint(-10, 10), 2**2040 - 1
+        )
     elif r == 3:
-        return random.choice([-1, 1]) * 2**random.randint(0, 64) + random.randint(-10, 10)
+        return random.choice([-1, 1]) * 2 ** random.randint(0, 64) + random.randint(
+            -10, 10
+        )
     elif r == 4:
         return None
     elif r == 5:
-        ret = random.choice([float('-nan'), float('-inf'), -0.0, 0.0, float('inf'), float('nan')])
+        ret = random.choice(
+            [float("-nan"), float("-inf"), -0.0, 0.0, float("inf"), float("nan")]
+        )
         if random.random() < 0.5:
             return SingleFloat(ret)
         else:
             return ret
     elif r == 6:
         is_double = random.random() < 0.5
-        byte_str = b''.join([six.int2byte(random.randint(0, 255)) for _ in _range(8 if is_double else 4)])
+        byte_str = b"".join(
+            [
+                six.int2byte(random.randint(0, 255))
+                for _ in _range(8 if is_double else 4)
+            ]
+        )
         if is_double:
             return struct.unpack(">d", byte_str)[0]
         else:
@@ -89,7 +121,7 @@ def randomTuple():
 
 
 def isprefix(a, b):
-    return compare(a, b[:len(a)]) == 0
+    return compare(a, b[: len(a)]) == 0
 
 
 def find_bad_sort(a, b):
@@ -133,7 +165,10 @@ def tupleTest(N=10000):
         problem = find_bad_sort(a, b)
         if problem:
             print("Bad sort:\n    %s\n    %s" % (problem[0], problem[1]))
-            print("Bytes:\n    %s\n    %s" % (repr(pack(problem[0])), repr(pack(problem[1]))))
+            print(
+                "Bytes:\n    %s\n    %s"
+                % (repr(pack(problem[0])), repr(pack(problem[1])))
+            )
             # print("Tuple order:\n    %s\n    %s" % (tupleorder(problem[0]), tupleorder(problem[1])))
             return False
         else:
@@ -148,38 +183,54 @@ def tupleTest(N=10000):
         t3 = randomTuple()
 
         if not compare(unpack(pack(t)), t) == 0:
-            print("unpack . pack /= identity:\n    Orig:  %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    New:   %s" % (t, repr(pack(t)), unpack(pack(t))))
+            print(
+                "unpack . pack /= identity:\n    Orig:  %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    New:   %s"
+                % (t, repr(pack(t)), unpack(pack(t)))
+            )
             return False
 
         r = range(t)
         if r.start <= pack(t) < r.stop:
-            print("element within own range:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Start: %s\n    Stop:  %s" %
-                  (t, repr(pack(t)), repr(r.start), repr(r.stop)))
+            print(
+                "element within own range:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Start: %s\n    Stop:  %s"
+                % (t, repr(pack(t)), repr(r.start), repr(r.stop))
+            )
         if not r.start <= pack(t2) < r.stop:
-            print("prefixed element not in range:\n    Tuple:    %s\n    Bytes:    %s\n    Prefixed: %s\n    Bytes:   %s" %
-                  (t, repr(pack(t)), t2, repr(pack(t2))))
+            print(
+                "prefixed element not in range:\n    Tuple:    %s\n    Bytes:    %s\n    Prefixed: %s\n    Bytes:   %s"
+                % (t, repr(pack(t)), t2, repr(pack(t2)))
+            )
             return False
 
         if not isprefix(t, t3):
             if r.start <= pack(t3) <= r.stop:
-                print("non-prefixed element in range:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s"
-                      % (t, repr(pack(t)), t3, repr(pack(t3))))
+                print(
+                    "non-prefixed element in range:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s"
+                    % (t, repr(pack(t)), t3, repr(pack(t3)))
+                )
                 return False
 
         if (compare(t, t3) < 0) != (pack(t) < pack(t3)):
-            print("Bad comparison:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s" % (t, repr(pack(t)), t3, repr(pack(t3))))
+            print(
+                "Bad comparison:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s"
+                % (t, repr(pack(t)), t3, repr(pack(t3)))
+            )
             return False
         if not pack(t) < pack(t2):
-            print("Prefix not before prefixed:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s" % (t, repr(pack(t)), t2, repr(pack(t2))))
+            print(
+                "Prefix not before prefixed:\n    Tuple: %s\n    Bytes: %s\n    Other: %s\n    Bytes: %s"
+                % (t, repr(pack(t)), t2, repr(pack(t2)))
+            )
             return False
 
     print("Tuple check %d OK" % N)
     return True
 
+
 # test:
 # a = ('\x00a', -2, 'b\x01', 12345, '')
 # assert(a==fdbtuple.unpack(fdbtuple.pack(a)))
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     assert tupleTest(10000)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/app.py

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ from test_harness.config import config
 from test_harness.run import TestRunner
 from test_harness.summarize import SummaryTree
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     try:
-        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('TestHarness', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            "TestHarness", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+        )
         config.build_arguments(parser)
         args = parser.parse_args()
         config.extract_args(args)
@@ -17,9 +19,9 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
             exit(1)
     except Exception as e:
         _, _, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
-        error = SummaryTree('TestHarnessError')
-        error.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-        error.attributes['ErrorMessage'] = str(e)
-        error.attributes['Trace'] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
+        error = SummaryTree("TestHarnessError")
+        error.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+        error.attributes["ErrorMessage"] = str(e)
+        error.attributes["Trace"] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
         error.dump(sys.stdout)
         exit(1)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/config.py

@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class BuggifyOption:
         self.value = BuggifyOptionValue.RANDOM
         if val is not None:
             v = val.lower()
-            if v in ['on', '1', 'true']:
+            if v in ["on", "1", "true"]:
                 self.value = BuggifyOptionValue.ON
-            elif v in ['off', '0', 'false']:
+            elif v in ["off", "0", "false"]:
                 self.value = BuggifyOptionValue.OFF
-            elif v in ['random', 'rnd', 'r']:
+            elif v in ["random", "rnd", "r"]:
                 pass
             else:
-                assert False, 'Invalid value {} -- use true, false, or random'.format(v)
+                assert False, "Invalid value {} -- use true, false, or random".format(v)
 
 
 class ConfigValue:
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ class ConfigValue:
         self.name = name
         self.value = None
         self.kwargs = kwargs
-        if 'default' in self.kwargs:
-            self.value = self.kwargs['default']
+        if "default" in self.kwargs:
+            self.value = self.kwargs["default"]
 
     def get_arg_name(self) -> str:
-        if 'long_name' in self.kwargs:
-            return self.kwargs['long_name']
+        if "long_name" in self.kwargs:
+            return self.kwargs["long_name"]
         else:
             return self.name
 
@@ -49,26 +49,28 @@ class ConfigValue:
         kwargs = copy.copy(self.kwargs)
         long_name = self.name
         short_name = None
-        if 'long_name' in kwargs:
-            long_name = kwargs['long_name']
-            del kwargs['long_name']
-        if 'short_name' in kwargs:
-            short_name = kwargs['short_name']
-            del kwargs['short_name']
-        if 'action' in kwargs and kwargs['action'] in ['store_true', 'store_false']:
-            del kwargs['type']
-        long_name = long_name.replace('_', '-')
+        if "long_name" in kwargs:
+            long_name = kwargs["long_name"]
+            del kwargs["long_name"]
+        if "short_name" in kwargs:
+            short_name = kwargs["short_name"]
+            del kwargs["short_name"]
+        if "action" in kwargs and kwargs["action"] in ["store_true", "store_false"]:
+            del kwargs["type"]
+        long_name = long_name.replace("_", "-")
         if short_name is None:
             # line below is useful for debugging
             # print('add_argument(\'--{}\', [{{{}}}])'.format(long_name, ', '.join(['\'{}\': \'{}\''.format(k, v)
             #                                                                       for k, v in kwargs.items()])))
-            parser.add_argument('--{}'.format(long_name), **kwargs)
+            parser.add_argument("--{}".format(long_name), **kwargs)
         else:
             # line below is useful for debugging
             # print('add_argument(\'-{}\', \'--{}\', [{{{}}}])'.format(short_name, long_name,
             #                                                          ', '.join(['\'{}\': \'{}\''.format(k, v)
             #                                                                     for k, v in kwargs.items()])))
-            parser.add_argument('-{}'.format(short_name), '--{}'.format(long_name), **kwargs)
+            parser.add_argument(
+                "-{}".format(short_name), "--{}".format(long_name), **kwargs
+            )
 
     def get_value(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> tuple[str, Any]:
         return self.name, args.__getattribute__(self.get_arg_name())
@@ -102,122 +104,189 @@ class Config:
     * Changing the default value for all executables might not always be desirable. If it should be only changed for
       one executable Config.change_default should be used.
     """
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.random = random.Random()
         self.cluster_file: str | None = None
-        self.cluster_file_args = {'short_name': 'C', 'type': str, 'help': 'Path to fdb cluster file', 'required': False,
-                                  'env_name': 'JOSHUA_CLUSTER_FILE'}
+        self.cluster_file_args = {
+            "short_name": "C",
+            "type": str,
+            "help": "Path to fdb cluster file",
+            "required": False,
+            "env_name": "JOSHUA_CLUSTER_FILE",
+        }
         self.joshua_dir: str | None = None
-        self.joshua_dir_args = {'type': str, 'help': 'Where to write FDB data to', 'required': False,
-                                'env_name': 'JOSHUA_APP_DIR'}
+        self.joshua_dir_args = {
+            "type": str,
+            "help": "Where to write FDB data to",
+            "required": False,
+            "env_name": "JOSHUA_APP_DIR",
+        }
         self.stats: str | None = None
-        self.stats_args = {'type': str, 'help': 'A base64 encoded list of statistics (used to reproduce runs)',
-                           'required': False}
+        self.stats_args = {
+            "type": str,
+            "help": "A base64 encoded list of statistics (used to reproduce runs)",
+            "required": False,
+        }
         self.random_seed: int | None = None
-        self.random_seed_args = {'type': int,
-                                 'help': 'Force given seed given to fdbserver -- mostly useful for debugging',
-                                 'required': False}
+        self.random_seed_args = {
+            "type": int,
+            "help": "Force given seed given to fdbserver -- mostly useful for debugging",
+            "required": False,
+        }
         self.kill_seconds: int = 30 * 60
-        self.kill_seconds_args = {'help': 'Timeout for individual test'}
+        self.kill_seconds_args = {"help": "Timeout for individual test"}
         self.buggify_on_ratio: float = 0.8
-        self.buggify_on_ratio_args = {'help': 'Probability that buggify is turned on'}
+        self.buggify_on_ratio_args = {"help": "Probability that buggify is turned on"}
         self.write_run_times = False
-        self.write_run_times_args = {'help': 'Write back probabilities after each test run',
-                                     'action': 'store_true'}
+        self.write_run_times_args = {
+            "help": "Write back probabilities after each test run",
+            "action": "store_true",
+        }
         self.unseed_check_ratio: float = 0.05
-        self.unseed_check_ratio_args = {'help': 'Probability for doing determinism check'}
-        self.test_dirs: List[str] = ['slow', 'fast', 'restarting', 'rare', 'noSim']
-        self.test_dirs_args: dict = {'nargs': '*', 'help': 'test_directories to look for files in'}
-        self.trace_format: str = 'json'
-        self.trace_format_args = {'choices': ['json', 'xml'], 'help': 'What format fdb should produce'}
+        self.unseed_check_ratio_args = {
+            "help": "Probability for doing determinism check"
+        }
+        self.test_dirs: List[str] = ["slow", "fast", "restarting", "rare", "noSim"]
+        self.test_dirs_args: dict = {
+            "nargs": "*",
+            "help": "test_directories to look for files in",
+        }
+        self.trace_format: str = "json"
+        self.trace_format_args = {
+            "choices": ["json", "xml"],
+            "help": "What format fdb should produce",
+        }
         self.crash_on_error: bool = True
-        self.crash_on_error_args = {'long_name': 'no_crash', 'action': 'store_false',
-                                    'help': 'Don\'t crash on first error'}
+        self.crash_on_error_args = {
+            "long_name": "no_crash",
+            "action": "store_false",
+            "help": "Don't crash on first error",
+        }
         self.max_warnings: int = 10
-        self.max_warnings_args = {'short_name': 'W'}
+        self.max_warnings_args = {"short_name": "W"}
         self.max_errors: int = 10
-        self.max_errors_args = {'short_name': 'E'}
-        self.old_binaries_path: Path = Path('/app/deploy/global_data/oldBinaries/')
-        self.old_binaries_path_args = {'help': 'Path to the directory containing the old fdb binaries'}
-        self.tls_plugin_path: Path = Path('/app/deploy/runtime/.tls_5_1/FDBLibTLS.so')
-        self.tls_plugin_path_args = {'help': 'Path to the tls plugin used for binaries < 5.2.0'}
+        self.max_errors_args = {"short_name": "E"}
+        self.old_binaries_path: Path = Path("/app/deploy/global_data/oldBinaries/")
+        self.old_binaries_path_args = {
+            "help": "Path to the directory containing the old fdb binaries"
+        }
+        self.tls_plugin_path: Path = Path("/app/deploy/runtime/.tls_5_1/FDBLibTLS.so")
+        self.tls_plugin_path_args = {
+            "help": "Path to the tls plugin used for binaries < 5.2.0"
+        }
         self.disable_kaio: bool = False
         self.use_valgrind: bool = False
-        self.use_valgrind_args = {'action': 'store_true'}
-        self.buggify = BuggifyOption('random')
-        self.buggify_args = {'short_name': 'b', 'choices': ['on', 'off', 'random']}
+        self.use_valgrind_args = {"action": "store_true"}
+        self.buggify = BuggifyOption("random")
+        self.buggify_args = {"short_name": "b", "choices": ["on", "off", "random"]}
         self.pretty_print: bool = False
-        self.pretty_print_args = {'short_name': 'P', 'action': 'store_true'}
+        self.pretty_print_args = {"short_name": "P", "action": "store_true"}
         self.clean_up: bool = True
-        self.clean_up_args = {'long_name': 'no_clean_up', 'action': 'store_false'}
-        self.run_dir: Path = Path('tmp')
-        self.joshua_seed: int = random.randint(0, 2 ** 32 - 1)
-        self.joshua_seed_args = {'short_name': 's', 'help': 'A random seed', 'env_name': 'JOSHUA_SEED'}
+        self.clean_up_args = {"long_name": "no_clean_up", "action": "store_false"}
+        self.run_dir: Path = Path("tmp")
+        self.joshua_seed: int = random.randint(0, 2**32 - 1)
+        self.joshua_seed_args = {
+            "short_name": "s",
+            "help": "A random seed",
+            "env_name": "JOSHUA_SEED",
+        }
         self.print_coverage = False
-        self.print_coverage_args = {'action': 'store_true'}
-        self.binary = Path('bin') / ('fdbserver.exe' if os.name == 'nt' else 'fdbserver')
-        self.binary_args = {'help': 'Path to executable'}
+        self.print_coverage_args = {"action": "store_true"}
+        self.binary = Path("bin") / (
+            "fdbserver.exe" if os.name == "nt" else "fdbserver"
+        )
+        self.binary_args = {"help": "Path to executable"}
         self.hit_per_runs_ratio: int = 20000
-        self.hit_per_runs_ratio_args = {'help': 'Maximum test runs before each code probe hit at least once'}
-        self.output_format: str = 'xml'
-        self.output_format_args = {'short_name': 'O', 'choices': ['json', 'xml'],
-                                   'help': 'What format TestHarness should produce'}
-        self.include_test_files: str = r'.*'
-        self.include_test_files_args = {'help': 'Only consider test files whose path match against the given regex'}
-        self.exclude_test_files: str = r'.^'
-        self.exclude_test_files_args = {'help': 'Don\'t consider test files whose path match against the given regex'}
-        self.include_test_classes: str = r'.*'
-        self.include_test_classes_args = {'help': 'Only consider tests whose names match against the given regex'}
-        self.exclude_test_names: str = r'.^'
-        self.exclude_test_names_args = {'help': 'Don\'t consider tests whose names match against the given regex'}
+        self.hit_per_runs_ratio_args = {
+            "help": "Maximum test runs before each code probe hit at least once"
+        }
+        self.output_format: str = "xml"
+        self.output_format_args = {
+            "short_name": "O",
+            "choices": ["json", "xml"],
+            "help": "What format TestHarness should produce",
+        }
+        self.include_test_files: str = r".*"
+        self.include_test_files_args = {
+            "help": "Only consider test files whose path match against the given regex"
+        }
+        self.exclude_test_files: str = r".^"
+        self.exclude_test_files_args = {
+            "help": "Don't consider test files whose path match against the given regex"
+        }
+        self.include_test_classes: str = r".*"
+        self.include_test_classes_args = {
+            "help": "Only consider tests whose names match against the given regex"
+        }
+        self.exclude_test_names: str = r".^"
+        self.exclude_test_names_args = {
+            "help": "Don't consider tests whose names match against the given regex"
+        }
         self.details: bool = False
-        self.details_args = {'help': 'Print detailed results', 'short_name': 'c', 'action': 'store_true'}
+        self.details_args = {
+            "help": "Print detailed results",
+            "short_name": "c",
+            "action": "store_true",
+        }
         self.success: bool = False
-        self.success_args = {'help': 'Print successful results', 'action': 'store_true'}
-        self.cov_include_files: str = r'.*'
-        self.cov_include_files_args = {'help': 'Only consider coverage traces that originated in files matching regex'}
-        self.cov_exclude_files: str = r'.^'
-        self.cov_exclude_files_args = {'help': 'Ignore coverage traces that originated in files matching regex'}
+        self.success_args = {"help": "Print successful results", "action": "store_true"}
+        self.cov_include_files: str = r".*"
+        self.cov_include_files_args = {
+            "help": "Only consider coverage traces that originated in files matching regex"
+        }
+        self.cov_exclude_files: str = r".^"
+        self.cov_exclude_files_args = {
+            "help": "Ignore coverage traces that originated in files matching regex"
+        }
         self.max_stderr_bytes: int = 10000
         self.write_stats: bool = True
         self.read_stats: bool = True
         self.reproduce_prefix: str | None = None
-        self.reproduce_prefix_args = {'type': str, 'required': False,
-                                      'help': 'When printing the results, prepend this string to the command'}
+        self.reproduce_prefix_args = {
+            "type": str,
+            "required": False,
+            "help": "When printing the results, prepend this string to the command",
+        }
         self.long_running: bool = False
-        self.long_running_args = {'action': 'store_true'}
+        self.long_running_args = {"action": "store_true"}
         self._env_names: Dict[str, str] = {}
         self._config_map = self._build_map()
         self._read_env()
         self.random.seed(self.joshua_seed, version=2)
 
     def change_default(self, attr: str, default_val):
-        assert attr in self._config_map, 'Unknown config attribute {}'.format(attr)
+        assert attr in self._config_map, "Unknown config attribute {}".format(attr)
         self.__setattr__(attr, default_val)
-        self._config_map[attr].kwargs['default'] = default_val
+        self._config_map[attr].kwargs["default"] = default_val
 
     def _get_env_name(self, var_name: str) -> str:
-        return self._env_names.get(var_name, 'TH_{}'.format(var_name.upper()))
+        return self._env_names.get(var_name, "TH_{}".format(var_name.upper()))
 
     def dump(self):
         for attr in dir(self):
             obj = getattr(self, attr)
-            if attr == 'random' or attr.startswith('_') or callable(obj) or attr.endswith('_args'):
+            if (
+                attr == "random"
+                or attr.startswith("_")
+                or callable(obj)
+                or attr.endswith("_args")
+            ):
                 continue
-            print('config.{}: {} = {}'.format(attr, type(obj), obj))
+            print("config.{}: {} = {}".format(attr, type(obj), obj))
 
     def _build_map(self) -> OrderedDict[str, ConfigValue]:
         config_map: OrderedDict[str, ConfigValue] = collections.OrderedDict()
         for attr in dir(self):
             obj = getattr(self, attr)
-            if attr == 'random' or attr.startswith('_') or callable(obj):
+            if attr == "random" or attr.startswith("_") or callable(obj):
                 continue
-            if attr.endswith('_args'):
-                name = attr[0:-len('_args')]
+            if attr.endswith("_args"):
+                name = attr[0 : -len("_args")]
                 assert name in config_map
                 assert isinstance(obj, dict)
                 for k, v in obj.items():
-                    if k == 'env_name':
+                    if k == "env_name":
                         self._env_names[name] = v
                     else:
                         config_map[name].kwargs[k] = v
@@ -225,24 +294,29 @@ class Config:
                 # attribute_args has to be declared after the attribute
                 assert attr not in config_map
                 val_type = type(obj)
-                kwargs = {'type': val_type, 'default': obj}
+                kwargs = {"type": val_type, "default": obj}
                 config_map[attr] = ConfigValue(attr, **kwargs)
         return config_map
 
     def _read_env(self):
         for attr in dir(self):
             obj = getattr(self, attr)
-            if attr == 'random' or attr.startswith('_') or attr.endswith('_args') or callable(obj):
+            if (
+                attr == "random"
+                or attr.startswith("_")
+                or attr.endswith("_args")
+                or callable(obj)
+            ):
                 continue
             env_name = self._get_env_name(attr)
-            attr_type = self._config_map[attr].kwargs['type']
+            attr_type = self._config_map[attr].kwargs["type"]
             assert type(None) != attr_type
             e = os.getenv(env_name)
             if e is not None:
                 # Use the env var to supply the default value, so that if the
                 # environment variable is set and the corresponding command line
                 # flag is not, the environment variable has an effect.
-                self._config_map[attr].kwargs['default'] = attr_type(e)
+                self._config_map[attr].kwargs["default"] = attr_type(e)
 
     def build_arguments(self, parser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
         for val in self._config_map.values():
@@ -258,10 +332,12 @@ class Config:
 
 config = Config()
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     # test the config setup
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('TestHarness Config Tester',
-                                     formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "TestHarness Config Tester",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+    )
     config.build_arguments(parser)
     args = parser.parse_args()
     config.extract_args(args)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/fdb.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fdb.api_version(630)
 def str_to_tuple(s: str | None):
     if s is None:
         return s
-    return tuple(s.split(','))
+    return tuple(s.split(","))
 
 
 fdb_db = None
@@ -45,27 +45,39 @@ def chunkify(iterable, sz: int):
 
 
 @fdb.transactional
-def write_coverage_chunk(tr, path: Tuple[str, ...], metadata: Tuple[str, ...],
-                         coverage: List[Tuple[Coverage, bool]], initialized: bool) -> bool:
+def write_coverage_chunk(
+    tr,
+    path: Tuple[str, ...],
+    metadata: Tuple[str, ...],
+    coverage: List[Tuple[Coverage, bool]],
+    initialized: bool,
+) -> bool:
     cov_dir = fdb.directory.create_or_open(tr, path)
     if not initialized:
         metadata_dir = fdb.directory.create_or_open(tr, metadata)
-        v = tr[metadata_dir['initialized']]
+        v = tr[metadata_dir["initialized"]]
         initialized = v.present()
     for cov, covered in coverage:
         if not initialized or covered:
-            tr.add(cov_dir.pack((cov.file, cov.line, cov.comment, cov.rare)), struct.pack('<I', 1 if covered else 0))
+            tr.add(
+                cov_dir.pack((cov.file, cov.line, cov.comment, cov.rare)),
+                struct.pack("<I", 1 if covered else 0),
+            )
     return initialized
 
 
 @fdb.transactional
 def set_initialized(tr, metadata: Tuple[str, ...]):
     metadata_dir = fdb.directory.create_or_open(tr, metadata)
-    tr[metadata_dir['initialized']] = fdb.tuple.pack((True,))
+    tr[metadata_dir["initialized"]] = fdb.tuple.pack((True,))
 
 
-def write_coverage(cluster_file: str | None, cov_path: Tuple[str, ...], metadata: Tuple[str, ...],
-                   coverage: OrderedDict[Coverage, bool]):
+def write_coverage(
+    cluster_file: str | None,
+    cov_path: Tuple[str, ...],
+    metadata: Tuple[str, ...],
+    coverage: OrderedDict[Coverage, bool],
+):
     db = open_db(cluster_file)
     assert config.joshua_dir is not None
     initialized: bool = False
@@ -81,12 +93,14 @@ def _read_coverage(tr, cov_path: Tuple[str, ...]) -> OrderedDict[Coverage, int]:
     cov_dir = fdb.directory.create_or_open(tr, cov_path)
     for k, v in tr[cov_dir.range()]:
         file, line, comment, rare = cov_dir.unpack(k)
-        count = struct.unpack('<I', v)[0]
+        count = struct.unpack("<I", v)[0]
         res[Coverage(file, line, comment, rare)] = count
     return res
 
 
-def read_coverage(cluster_file: str | None, cov_path: Tuple[str, ...]) -> OrderedDict[Coverage, int]:
+def read_coverage(
+    cluster_file: str | None, cov_path: Tuple[str, ...]
+) -> OrderedDict[Coverage, int]:
     db = open_db(cluster_file)
     return _read_coverage(db, cov_path)
 
@@ -105,7 +119,7 @@ class Statistics:
 
     @fdb.transactional
     def open_stats_dir(self, tr, app_dir: Tuple[str]):
-        stats_dir = app_dir + ('runtime_stats',)
+        stats_dir = app_dir + ("runtime_stats",)
         return fdb.directory.create_or_open(tr, stats_dir)
 
     @fdb.transactional
@@ -113,14 +127,14 @@ class Statistics:
         result = collections.OrderedDict()
         for k, v in tr[self.stats_dir.range()]:
             test_name = self.stats_dir.unpack(k)[0]
-            runtime, run_count = struct.unpack('<II', v)
+            runtime, run_count = struct.unpack("<II", v)
             result[test_name] = TestStatistics(runtime, run_count)
         return result
 
     @fdb.transactional
     def _write_runtime(self, tr, test_name: str, time: int) -> None:
         key = self.stats_dir.pack((test_name,))
-        tr.add(key, struct.pack('<II', time, 1))
+        tr.add(key, struct.pack("<II", time, 1))
 
     def write_runtime(self, test_name: str, time: int) -> None:
         assert self.db is not None
@@ -128,8 +142,11 @@ class Statistics:
 
 
 class FDBStatFetcher(StatFetcher):
-    def __init__(self, tests: OrderedDict[str, TestDescription],
-                 joshua_dir: Tuple[str] = str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir)):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        tests: OrderedDict[str, TestDescription],
+        joshua_dir: Tuple[str] = str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir),
+    ):
         super().__init__(tests)
         self.statistics = Statistics(config.cluster_file, joshua_dir)
 

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/joshua.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ToSummaryTree(xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler):
         self.stack: List[SummaryTree] = []
 
     def result(self) -> SummaryTree:
-        assert len(self.stack) == 0 and self.root is not None, 'Parse Error'
+        assert len(self.stack) == 0 and self.root is not None, "Parse Error"
         return self.root
 
     def startElement(self, name, attrs):
@@ -46,65 +46,72 @@ def _print_summary(summary: SummaryTree, commands: Set[str]):
     is_valgrind_run = False
     if config.reproduce_prefix is not None:
         cmd.append(config.reproduce_prefix)
-    cmd.append('bin/fdbserver')
-    if 'TestFile' in summary.attributes:
-        file_name = summary.attributes['TestFile']
-        role = 'test' if test_harness.run.is_no_sim(Path(file_name)) else 'simulation'
-        cmd += ['-r', role, '-f', file_name]
-        if re.search(r'restarting\/.*-2\.', file_name):
+    cmd.append("bin/fdbserver")
+    if "TestFile" in summary.attributes:
+        file_name = summary.attributes["TestFile"]
+        role = "test" if test_harness.run.is_no_sim(Path(file_name)) else "simulation"
+        cmd += ["-r", role, "-f", file_name]
+        if re.search(r"restarting\/.*-2\.", file_name):
             cmd += ["--restarting"]
     else:
-        cmd += ['-r', 'simulation', '-f', '<ERROR>']
-    if 'RandomSeed' in summary.attributes:
-        cmd += ['-s', summary.attributes['RandomSeed']]
+        cmd += ["-r", "simulation", "-f", "<ERROR>"]
+    if "RandomSeed" in summary.attributes:
+        cmd += ["-s", summary.attributes["RandomSeed"]]
     else:
-        cmd += ['-s', '<Error>']
-    if 'BuggifyEnabled' in summary.attributes:
-        arg = 'on'
-        if summary.attributes['BuggifyEnabled'].lower() in ['0', 'off', 'false']:
-            arg = 'off'
-        cmd += ['-b', arg]
+        cmd += ["-s", "<Error>"]
+    if "BuggifyEnabled" in summary.attributes:
+        arg = "on"
+        if summary.attributes["BuggifyEnabled"].lower() in ["0", "off", "false"]:
+            arg = "off"
+        cmd += ["-b", arg]
     else:
-        cmd += ['b', '<ERROR>']
-    cmd += ['--crash', '--trace_format', config.trace_format]
+        cmd += ["b", "<ERROR>"]
+    cmd += ["--crash", "--trace_format", config.trace_format]
     # we want the command as the first attribute
-    attributes = {'Command': ' '.join(cmd)}
+    attributes = {"Command": " ".join(cmd)}
     for k, v in summary.attributes.items():
-        if k == 'Errors':
-            attributes['ErrorCount'] = v
+        if k == "Errors":
+            attributes["ErrorCount"] = v
         else:
             attributes[k] = v
     summary.attributes = attributes
     error_count = 0
     warning_count = 0
-    small_summary = SummaryTree('Test')
+    small_summary = SummaryTree("Test")
     small_summary.attributes = attributes
-    errors = SummaryTree('Errors')
-    warnings = SummaryTree('Warnings')
+    errors = SummaryTree("Errors")
+    warnings = SummaryTree("Warnings")
     buggifies: OrderedDict[str, List[int]] = collections.OrderedDict()
     for child in summary.children:
-        if 'Severity' in child.attributes and child.attributes['Severity'] == '40' and error_count < config.max_errors:
+        if (
+            "Severity" in child.attributes
+            and child.attributes["Severity"] == "40"
+            and error_count < config.max_errors
+        ):
             error_count += 1
-            if errors.name == 'ValgrindError':
+            if errors.name == "ValgrindError":
                 is_valgrind_run = True
             errors.append(child)
-        if 'Severity' in child.attributes and child.attributes[
-            'Severity'] == '30' and warning_count < config.max_warnings:
+        if (
+            "Severity" in child.attributes
+            and child.attributes["Severity"] == "30"
+            and warning_count < config.max_warnings
+        ):
             warning_count += 1
             warnings.append(child)
-        if child.name == 'BuggifySection':
-            file = child.attributes['File']
-            line = int(child.attributes['Line'])
+        if child.name == "BuggifySection":
+            file = child.attributes["File"]
+            line = int(child.attributes["Line"])
             buggifies.setdefault(file, []).append(line)
-    buggifies_elem = SummaryTree('Buggifies')
+    buggifies_elem = SummaryTree("Buggifies")
     for file, lines in buggifies.items():
         lines.sort()
-        if config.output_format == 'json':
-            buggifies_elem.attributes[file] = ' '.join(str(line) for line in lines)
+        if config.output_format == "json":
+            buggifies_elem.attributes[file] = " ".join(str(line) for line in lines)
         else:
-            child = SummaryTree('Buggify')
-            child.attributes['File'] = file
-            child.attributes['Lines'] = ' '.join(str(line) for line in lines)
+            child = SummaryTree("Buggify")
+            child.attributes["File"] = file
+            child.attributes["Lines"] = " ".join(str(line) for line in lines)
             small_summary.append(child)
     small_summary.children.append(buggifies_elem)
     if len(errors.children) > 0:
@@ -113,38 +120,51 @@ def _print_summary(summary: SummaryTree, commands: Set[str]):
         small_summary.children.append(warnings)
     if is_valgrind_run:
         idx = 0 if config.reproduce_prefix is None else 1
-        cmd.insert(idx, 'valgrind')
-    key = ' '.join(cmd)
+        cmd.insert(idx, "valgrind")
+    key = " ".join(cmd)
     count = 1
     while key in commands:
-        key = '{} # {}'.format(' '.join(cmd), count)
+        key = "{} # {}".format(" ".join(cmd), count)
         count += 1
     if config.details:
         key = str(len(commands))
         str_io = io.StringIO()
-        summary.dump(str_io, prefix=('  ' if config.pretty_print else ''))
-        if config.output_format == 'json':
-            sys.stdout.write('{}"Test{}": {}'.format('  ' if config.pretty_print else '',
-                                                     key, str_io.getvalue()))
+        summary.dump(str_io, prefix=("  " if config.pretty_print else ""))
+        if config.output_format == "json":
+            sys.stdout.write(
+                '{}"Test{}": {}'.format(
+                    "  " if config.pretty_print else "", key, str_io.getvalue()
+                )
+            )
         else:
             sys.stdout.write(str_io.getvalue())
         if config.pretty_print:
-            sys.stdout.write('\n' if config.output_format == 'xml' else ',\n')
+            sys.stdout.write("\n" if config.output_format == "xml" else ",\n")
         return key
     output = io.StringIO()
-    small_summary.dump(output, prefix=('  ' if config.pretty_print else ''))
-    if config.output_format == 'json':
-        sys.stdout.write('{}"{}": {}'.format('  ' if config.pretty_print else '', key, output.getvalue().strip()))
+    small_summary.dump(output, prefix=("  " if config.pretty_print else ""))
+    if config.output_format == "json":
+        sys.stdout.write(
+            '{}"{}": {}'.format(
+                "  " if config.pretty_print else "", key, output.getvalue().strip()
+            )
+        )
     else:
-        sys.stdout.write('{}{}'.format('  ' if config.pretty_print else '', output.getvalue().strip()))
-    sys.stdout.write('\n' if config.output_format == 'xml' else ',\n')
+        sys.stdout.write(
+            "{}{}".format(
+                "  " if config.pretty_print else "", output.getvalue().strip()
+            )
+        )
+    sys.stdout.write("\n" if config.output_format == "xml" else ",\n")
 
 
 def print_errors(ensemble_id: str):
     joshua_model.open(config.cluster_file)
     properties = joshua_model.get_ensemble_properties(ensemble_id)
     compressed = properties["compressed"] if "compressed" in properties else False
-    for rec in joshua_model.tail_results(ensemble_id, errors_only=(not config.success), compressed=compressed):
+    for rec in joshua_model.tail_results(
+        ensemble_id, errors_only=(not config.success), compressed=compressed
+    ):
         if len(rec) == 5:
             version_stamp, result_code, host, seed, output = rec
         elif len(rec) == 4:

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/results.py

@@ -25,10 +25,12 @@ class GlobalStatistics:
 class EnsembleResults:
     def __init__(self, cluster_file: str | None, ensemble_id: str):
         self.global_statistics = GlobalStatistics()
-        self.fdb_path = ('joshua', 'ensembles', 'results', 'application', ensemble_id)
-        self.coverage_path = self.fdb_path + ('coverage',)
+        self.fdb_path = ("joshua", "ensembles", "results", "application", ensemble_id)
+        self.coverage_path = self.fdb_path + ("coverage",)
         self.statistics = test_harness.fdb.Statistics(cluster_file, self.fdb_path)
-        coverage_dict: OrderedDict[Coverage, int] = test_harness.fdb.read_coverage(cluster_file, self.coverage_path)
+        coverage_dict: OrderedDict[Coverage, int] = test_harness.fdb.read_coverage(
+            cluster_file, self.coverage_path
+        )
         self.coverage: List[Tuple[Coverage, int]] = []
         self.min_coverage_hit: int | None = None
         self.ratio = self.global_statistics.total_test_runs / config.hit_per_runs_ratio
@@ -59,14 +61,16 @@ class EnsembleResults:
 
     def dump(self, prefix: str):
         errors = 0
-        out = SummaryTree('EnsembleResults')
-        out.attributes['TotalRuntime'] = str(self.global_statistics.total_cpu_time)
-        out.attributes['TotalTestRuns'] = str(self.global_statistics.total_test_runs)
-        out.attributes['TotalProbesHit'] = str(self.global_statistics.total_probes_hit)
-        out.attributes['MinProbeHit'] = str(self.min_coverage_hit)
-        out.attributes['TotalProbes'] = str(len(self.coverage))
-        out.attributes['MissedProbes'] = str(self.global_statistics.total_missed_probes)
-        out.attributes['MissedNonRareProbes'] = str(self.global_statistics.total_missed_nonrare_probes)
+        out = SummaryTree("EnsembleResults")
+        out.attributes["TotalRuntime"] = str(self.global_statistics.total_cpu_time)
+        out.attributes["TotalTestRuns"] = str(self.global_statistics.total_test_runs)
+        out.attributes["TotalProbesHit"] = str(self.global_statistics.total_probes_hit)
+        out.attributes["MinProbeHit"] = str(self.min_coverage_hit)
+        out.attributes["TotalProbes"] = str(len(self.coverage))
+        out.attributes["MissedProbes"] = str(self.global_statistics.total_missed_probes)
+        out.attributes["MissedNonRareProbes"] = str(
+            self.global_statistics.total_missed_nonrare_probes
+        )
 
         for cov, count in self.coverage:
             severity = 10
@@ -75,77 +79,92 @@ class EnsembleResults:
             if severity == 40:
                 errors += 1
             if (severity == 40 and errors <= config.max_errors) or config.details:
-                child = SummaryTree('CodeProbe')
-                child.attributes['Severity'] = str(severity)
-                child.attributes['File'] = cov.file
-                child.attributes['Line'] = str(cov.line)
-                child.attributes['Comment'] = '' if cov.comment is None else cov.comment
-                child.attributes['HitCount'] = str(count)
-                child.attributes['Rare'] = str(cov.rare)
+                child = SummaryTree("CodeProbe")
+                child.attributes["Severity"] = str(severity)
+                child.attributes["File"] = cov.file
+                child.attributes["Line"] = str(cov.line)
+                child.attributes["Comment"] = "" if cov.comment is None else cov.comment
+                child.attributes["HitCount"] = str(count)
+                child.attributes["Rare"] = str(cov.rare)
                 out.append(child)
 
         if config.details:
             for k, runtime, run_count in self.stats:
-                child = SummaryTree('Test')
-                child.attributes['Name'] = k
-                child.attributes['Runtime'] = str(runtime)
-                child.attributes['RunCount'] = str(run_count)
+                child = SummaryTree("Test")
+                child.attributes["Name"] = k
+                child.attributes["Runtime"] = str(runtime)
+                child.attributes["RunCount"] = str(run_count)
                 out.append(child)
         if errors > 0:
-            out.attributes['Errors'] = str(errors)
+            out.attributes["Errors"] = str(errors)
         str_io = io.StringIO()
         out.dump(str_io, prefix=prefix, new_line=config.pretty_print)
-        if config.output_format == 'xml':
+        if config.output_format == "xml":
             sys.stdout.write(str_io.getvalue())
         else:
-            sys.stdout.write('{}"EnsembleResults":{}{}'.format('  ' if config.pretty_print else '',
-                                                               '\n' if config.pretty_print else ' ',
-                                                               str_io.getvalue()))
+            sys.stdout.write(
+                '{}"EnsembleResults":{}{}'.format(
+                    "  " if config.pretty_print else "",
+                    "\n" if config.pretty_print else " ",
+                    str_io.getvalue(),
+                )
+            )
 
 
 def write_header(ensemble_id: str):
-    if config.output_format == 'json':
+    if config.output_format == "json":
         if config.pretty_print:
-            print('{')
-            print('  "{}": {},\n'.format('ID', json.dumps(ensemble_id.strip())))
+            print("{")
+            print('  "{}": {},\n'.format("ID", json.dumps(ensemble_id.strip())))
         else:
-            sys.stdout.write('{{{}: {},'.format('ID', json.dumps(ensemble_id.strip())))
-    elif config.output_format == 'xml':
-        sys.stdout.write('<Ensemble ID={}>'.format(quoteattr(ensemble_id.strip())))
+            sys.stdout.write("{{{}: {},".format("ID", json.dumps(ensemble_id.strip())))
+    elif config.output_format == "xml":
+        sys.stdout.write("<Ensemble ID={}>".format(quoteattr(ensemble_id.strip())))
         if config.pretty_print:
-            sys.stdout.write('\n')
+            sys.stdout.write("\n")
     else:
-        assert False, 'unknown output format {}'.format(config.output_format)
+        assert False, "unknown output format {}".format(config.output_format)
 
 
 def write_footer():
-    if config.output_format == 'xml':
-        sys.stdout.write('</Ensemble>\n')
-    elif config.output_format == 'json':
-        sys.stdout.write('}\n')
+    if config.output_format == "xml":
+        sys.stdout.write("</Ensemble>\n")
+    elif config.output_format == "json":
+        sys.stdout.write("}\n")
     else:
-        assert False, 'unknown output format {}'.format(config.output_format)
+        assert False, "unknown output format {}".format(config.output_format)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('TestHarness Results', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
-    config.change_default('pretty_print', True)
-    config.change_default('max_warnings', 0)
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "TestHarness Results", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+    )
+    config.change_default("pretty_print", True)
+    config.change_default("max_warnings", 0)
     config.build_arguments(parser)
-    parser.add_argument('ensemble_id', type=str, help='The ensemble to fetch the result for')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "ensemble_id", type=str, help="The ensemble to fetch the result for"
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args()
     config.extract_args(args)
     config.output_format = args.output_format
     write_header(args.ensemble_id)
     try:
         import test_harness.joshua
+
         test_harness.joshua.print_errors(args.ensemble_id)
     except ModuleNotFoundError:
-        child = SummaryTree('JoshuaNotFound')
-        child.attributes['Severity'] = '30'
-        child.attributes['Message'] = 'Could not import Joshua -- set PYTHONPATH to joshua checkout dir'
-        child.dump(sys.stdout, prefix=('  ' if config.pretty_print else ''), new_line=config.pretty_print)
+        child = SummaryTree("JoshuaNotFound")
+        child.attributes["Severity"] = "30"
+        child.attributes[
+            "Message"
+        ] = "Could not import Joshua -- set PYTHONPATH to joshua checkout dir"
+        child.dump(
+            sys.stdout,
+            prefix=("  " if config.pretty_print else ""),
+            new_line=config.pretty_print,
+        )
     results = EnsembleResults(config.cluster_file, args.ensemble_id)
-    results.dump('  ' if config.pretty_print else '')
+    results.dump("  " if config.pretty_print else "")
     write_footer()
     exit(0 if results.coverage_ok else 1)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/run.py

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ class TestRun:
             str(self.uid),
             "--log-directory",
             str(self.temp_path),
-            "--check-rocksdb"
+            "--check-rocksdb",
         ]
         subprocess.run(command, check=True)
 

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/summarize.py

@@ -13,7 +13,18 @@ import xml.sax.handler
 import xml.sax.saxutils
 
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Dict, TextIO, Callable, Optional, OrderedDict, Any, Tuple, Iterator, Iterable
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    Dict,
+    TextIO,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    OrderedDict,
+    Any,
+    Tuple,
+    Iterator,
+    Iterable,
+)
 
 from test_harness.config import config
 from test_harness.valgrind import parse_valgrind_output
@@ -39,7 +50,7 @@ class SummaryTree:
                 return children
         res: Dict[str, Any] = {}
         if add_name:
-            res['Type'] = self.name
+            res["Type"] = self.name
         for k, v in self.attributes.items():
             res[k] = v
         children = []
@@ -55,15 +66,15 @@ class SummaryTree:
             else:
                 children.append(child.to_dict())
         if len(children) > 0:
-            res['children'] = children
+            res["children"] = children
         return res
 
-    def to_json(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = ''):
-        res = json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=('  ' if config.pretty_print else None))
+    def to_json(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = ""):
+        res = json.dumps(self.to_dict(), indent=("  " if config.pretty_print else None))
         for line in res.splitlines(False):
-            out.write('{}{}\n'.format(prefix, line))
+            out.write("{}{}\n".format(prefix, line))
 
-    def to_xml(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = ''):
+    def to_xml(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = ""):
         # minidom doesn't support omitting the xml declaration which is a problem for joshua
         # However, our xml is very simple and therefore serializing manually is easy enough
         attrs = []
@@ -73,8 +84,8 @@ class SummaryTree:
         except OSError:
             pass
         for k, v in self.attributes.items():
-            attrs.append('{}={}'.format(k, xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr(v)))
-        elem = '{}<{}{}'.format(prefix, self.name, ('' if len(attrs) == 0 else ' '))
+            attrs.append("{}={}".format(k, xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr(v)))
+        elem = "{}<{}{}".format(prefix, self.name, ("" if len(attrs) == 0 else " "))
         out.write(elem)
         if config.pretty_print:
             curr_line_len = len(elem)
@@ -82,34 +93,40 @@ class SummaryTree:
                 attr_len = len(attrs[i])
                 if i == 0 or attr_len + curr_line_len + 1 <= print_width:
                     if i != 0:
-                        out.write(' ')
+                        out.write(" ")
                     out.write(attrs[i])
                     curr_line_len += attr_len
                 else:
-                    out.write('\n')
-                    out.write(' ' * len(elem))
+                    out.write("\n")
+                    out.write(" " * len(elem))
                     out.write(attrs[i])
                     curr_line_len = len(elem) + attr_len
         else:
-            out.write(' '.join(attrs))
+            out.write(" ".join(attrs))
         if len(self.children) == 0:
-            out.write('/>')
+            out.write("/>")
         else:
-            out.write('>')
+            out.write(">")
         for child in self.children:
             if config.pretty_print:
-                out.write('\n')
-            child.to_xml(out, prefix=('  {}'.format(prefix) if config.pretty_print else prefix))
+                out.write("\n")
+            child.to_xml(
+                out, prefix=("  {}".format(prefix) if config.pretty_print else prefix)
+            )
         if len(self.children) > 0:
-            out.write('{}{}</{}>'.format(('\n' if config.pretty_print else ''), prefix, self.name))
+            out.write(
+                "{}{}</{}>".format(
+                    ("\n" if config.pretty_print else ""), prefix, self.name
+                )
+            )
 
-    def dump(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = '', new_line: bool = True):
-        if config.output_format == 'json':
+    def dump(self, out: TextIO, prefix: str = "", new_line: bool = True):
+        if config.output_format == "json":
             self.to_json(out, prefix=prefix)
         else:
             self.to_xml(out, prefix=prefix)
         if new_line:
-            out.write('\n')
+            out.write("\n")
 
 
 ParserCallback = Callable[[Dict[str, str]], Optional[str]]
@@ -118,9 +135,13 @@ ParserCallback = Callable[[Dict[str, str]], Optional[str]]
 class ParseHandler:
     def __init__(self, out: SummaryTree):
         self.out = out
-        self.events: OrderedDict[Optional[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]], List[ParserCallback]] = collections.OrderedDict()
+        self.events: OrderedDict[
+            Optional[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]], List[ParserCallback]
+        ] = collections.OrderedDict()
 
-    def add_handler(self, attr: Tuple[str, Optional[str]], callback: ParserCallback) -> None:
+    def add_handler(
+        self, attr: Tuple[str, Optional[str]], callback: ParserCallback
+    ) -> None:
         self.events.setdefault(attr, []).append(callback)
 
     def _call(self, callback: ParserCallback, attrs: Dict[str, str]) -> str | None:
@@ -128,10 +149,10 @@ class ParseHandler:
             return callback(attrs)
         except Exception as e:
             _, _, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
-            child = SummaryTree('NonFatalParseError')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '30'
-            child.attributes['ErrorMessage'] = str(e)
-            child.attributes['Trace'] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
+            child = SummaryTree("NonFatalParseError")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "30"
+            child.attributes["ErrorMessage"] = str(e)
+            child.attributes["Trace"] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
             self.out.append(child)
             return None
 
@@ -193,7 +214,9 @@ class JsonParser(Parser):
 
 
 class Coverage:
-    def __init__(self, file: str, line: str | int, comment: str | None = None, rare: bool = False):
+    def __init__(
+        self, file: str, line: str | int, comment: str | None = None, rare: bool = False
+    ):
         self.file = file
         self.line = int(line)
         self.comment = comment
@@ -251,10 +274,10 @@ class TraceFiles:
         self.path: Path = path
         self.timestamps: List[int] = []
         self.runs: OrderedDict[int, List[Path]] = collections.OrderedDict()
-        trace_expr = re.compile(r'trace.*\.(json|xml)')
+        trace_expr = re.compile(r"trace.*\.(json|xml)")
         for file in self.path.iterdir():
             if file.is_file() and trace_expr.match(file.name) is not None:
-                ts = int(file.name.split('.')[6])
+                ts = int(file.name.split(".")[6])
                 if ts in self.runs:
                     self.runs[ts].append(file)
                 else:
@@ -289,10 +312,21 @@ class TraceFiles:
 
 
 class Summary:
-    def __init__(self, binary: Path, runtime: float = 0, max_rss: int | None = None,
-                 was_killed: bool = False, uid: uuid.UUID | None = None, expected_unseed: int | None = None,
-                 exit_code: int = 0, valgrind_out_file: Path | None = None, stats: str | None = None,
-                 error_out: str = None, will_restart: bool = False, long_running: bool = False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        binary: Path,
+        runtime: float = 0,
+        max_rss: int | None = None,
+        was_killed: bool = False,
+        uid: uuid.UUID | None = None,
+        expected_unseed: int | None = None,
+        exit_code: int = 0,
+        valgrind_out_file: Path | None = None,
+        stats: str | None = None,
+        error_out: str = None,
+        will_restart: bool = False,
+        long_running: bool = False,
+    ):
         self.binary = binary
         self.runtime: float = runtime
         self.max_rss: int | None = max_rss
@@ -300,7 +334,7 @@ class Summary:
         self.long_running = long_running
         self.expected_unseed: int | None = expected_unseed
         self.exit_code: int = exit_code
-        self.out: SummaryTree = SummaryTree('Test')
+        self.out: SummaryTree = SummaryTree("Test")
         self.test_begin_found: bool = False
         self.test_end_found: bool = False
         self.unseed: int | None = None
@@ -313,21 +347,21 @@ class Summary:
         self.test_count: int = 0
         self.tests_passed: int = 0
         self.error_out = error_out
-        self.stderr_severity: str = '40'
+        self.stderr_severity: str = "40"
         self.will_restart: bool = will_restart
         self.test_dir: Path | None = None
         self.is_negative_test = False
         self.negative_test_success = False
         self.max_trace_time = -1
-        self.max_trace_time_type = 'None'
+        self.max_trace_time_type = "None"
 
         if uid is not None:
-            self.out.attributes['TestUID'] = str(uid)
+            self.out.attributes["TestUID"] = str(uid)
         if stats is not None:
-            self.out.attributes['Statistics'] = stats
-        self.out.attributes['JoshuaSeed'] = str(config.joshua_seed)
-        self.out.attributes['WillRestart'] = '1' if self.will_restart else '0'
-        self.out.attributes['NegativeTest'] = '1' if self.is_negative_test else '0'
+            self.out.attributes["Statistics"] = stats
+        self.out.attributes["JoshuaSeed"] = str(config.joshua_seed)
+        self.out.attributes["WillRestart"] = "1" if self.will_restart else "0"
+        self.out.attributes["NegativeTest"] = "1" if self.is_negative_test else "0"
 
         self.handler = ParseHandler(self.out)
         self.register_handlers()
@@ -343,35 +377,39 @@ class Summary:
         trace_files = TraceFiles(trace_dir)
         if len(trace_files) == 0:
             self.error = True
-            child = SummaryTree('NoTracesFound')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-            child.attributes['Path'] = str(trace_dir.absolute())
-            child.attributes['Command'] = command
+            child = SummaryTree("NoTracesFound")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+            child.attributes["Path"] = str(trace_dir.absolute())
+            child.attributes["Command"] = command
             self.out.append(child)
             return
         self.summarize_files(trace_files[0])
         if config.joshua_dir is not None:
             import test_harness.fdb
-            test_harness.fdb.write_coverage(config.cluster_file,
-                                            test_harness.fdb.str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir) + ('coverage',),
-                                            test_harness.fdb.str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir) + ('coverage-metadata',),
-                                            self.coverage)
+
+            test_harness.fdb.write_coverage(
+                config.cluster_file,
+                test_harness.fdb.str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir) + ("coverage",),
+                test_harness.fdb.str_to_tuple(config.joshua_dir)
+                + ("coverage-metadata",),
+                self.coverage,
+            )
 
     def list_simfdb(self) -> SummaryTree:
-        res = SummaryTree('SimFDB')
-        res.attributes['TestDir'] = str(self.test_dir)
+        res = SummaryTree("SimFDB")
+        res.attributes["TestDir"] = str(self.test_dir)
         if self.test_dir is None:
             return res
-        simfdb = self.test_dir / Path('simfdb')
+        simfdb = self.test_dir / Path("simfdb")
         if not simfdb.exists():
-            res.attributes['NoSimDir'] = "simfdb doesn't exist"
+            res.attributes["NoSimDir"] = "simfdb doesn't exist"
             return res
         elif not simfdb.is_dir():
-            res.attributes['NoSimDir'] = 'simfdb is not a directory'
+            res.attributes["NoSimDir"] = "simfdb is not a directory"
             return res
         for file in simfdb.iterdir():
-            child = SummaryTree('Directory' if file.is_dir() else 'File')
-            child.attributes['Name'] = file.name
+            child = SummaryTree("Directory" if file.is_dir() else "File")
+            child.attributes["Name"] = file.name
             res.append(child)
         return res
 
@@ -382,67 +420,69 @@ class Summary:
     def done(self):
         if config.print_coverage:
             for k, v in self.coverage.items():
-                child = SummaryTree('CodeCoverage')
-                child.attributes['File'] = k.file
-                child.attributes['Line'] = str(k.line)
-                child.attributes['Rare'] = k.rare
+                child = SummaryTree("CodeCoverage")
+                child.attributes["File"] = k.file
+                child.attributes["Line"] = str(k.line)
+                child.attributes["Rare"] = k.rare
                 if not v:
-                    child.attributes['Covered'] = '0'
+                    child.attributes["Covered"] = "0"
                 if k.comment is not None and len(k.comment):
-                    child.attributes['Comment'] = k.comment
+                    child.attributes["Comment"] = k.comment
                 self.out.append(child)
         if self.warnings > config.max_warnings:
-            child = SummaryTree('WarningLimitExceeded')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '30'
-            child.attributes['WarningCount'] = str(self.warnings)
+            child = SummaryTree("WarningLimitExceeded")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "30"
+            child.attributes["WarningCount"] = str(self.warnings)
             self.out.append(child)
         if self.errors > config.max_errors:
-            child = SummaryTree('ErrorLimitExceeded')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-            child.attributes['ErrorCount'] = str(self.errors)
+            child = SummaryTree("ErrorLimitExceeded")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+            child.attributes["ErrorCount"] = str(self.errors)
             self.out.append(child)
             self.error = True
         if self.was_killed:
-            child = SummaryTree('ExternalTimeout')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
+            child = SummaryTree("ExternalTimeout")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
             if self.long_running:
                 # debugging info for long-running tests
-                child.attributes['LongRunning'] = '1'
-                child.attributes['Runtime'] = str(self.runtime)
+                child.attributes["LongRunning"] = "1"
+                child.attributes["Runtime"] = str(self.runtime)
             self.out.append(child)
             self.error = True
         if self.max_rss is not None:
-            self.out.attributes['PeakMemory'] = str(self.max_rss)
+            self.out.attributes["PeakMemory"] = str(self.max_rss)
         if self.valgrind_out_file is not None:
             try:
                 valgrind_errors = parse_valgrind_output(self.valgrind_out_file)
                 for valgrind_error in valgrind_errors:
-                    if valgrind_error.kind.startswith('Leak'):
+                    if valgrind_error.kind.startswith("Leak"):
                         continue
                     self.error = True
-                    child = SummaryTree('ValgrindError')
-                    child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-                    child.attributes['What'] = valgrind_error.what.what
-                    child.attributes['Backtrace'] = valgrind_error.what.backtrace
+                    child = SummaryTree("ValgrindError")
+                    child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+                    child.attributes["What"] = valgrind_error.what.what
+                    child.attributes["Backtrace"] = valgrind_error.what.backtrace
                     aux_count = 0
                     for aux in valgrind_error.aux:
-                        child.attributes['WhatAux{}'.format(aux_count)] = aux.what
-                        child.attributes['BacktraceAux{}'.format(aux_count)] = aux.backtrace
+                        child.attributes["WhatAux{}".format(aux_count)] = aux.what
+                        child.attributes[
+                            "BacktraceAux{}".format(aux_count)
+                        ] = aux.backtrace
                         aux_count += 1
                     self.out.append(child)
             except Exception as e:
                 self.error = True
-                child = SummaryTree('ValgrindParseError')
-                child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-                child.attributes['ErrorMessage'] = str(e)
+                child = SummaryTree("ValgrindParseError")
+                child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+                child.attributes["ErrorMessage"] = str(e)
                 _, _, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
-                child.attributes['Trace'] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
+                child.attributes["Trace"] = repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback))
                 self.out.append(child)
         if not self.test_end_found:
-            child = SummaryTree('TestUnexpectedlyNotFinished')
-            child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-            child.attributes['LastTraceTime'] = str(self.max_trace_time)
-            child.attributes['LastTraceType'] = self.max_trace_time_type
+            child = SummaryTree("TestUnexpectedlyNotFinished")
+            child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+            child.attributes["LastTraceTime"] = str(self.max_trace_time)
+            child.attributes["LastTraceType"] = self.max_trace_time_type
             self.out.append(child)
             self.error = True
         if self.error_out is not None and len(self.error_out) > 0:
@@ -450,234 +490,254 @@ class Summary:
             stderr_bytes = 0
             for line in lines:
                 if line.endswith(
-                        "WARNING: ASan doesn't fully support makecontext/swapcontext functions and may produce false positives in some cases!"):
+                    "WARNING: ASan doesn't fully support makecontext/swapcontext functions and may produce false positives in some cases!"
+                ):
                     # When running ASAN we expect to see this message. Boost coroutine should be using the correct asan annotations so that it shouldn't produce any false positives.
                     continue
                 if line.endswith("Warning: unimplemented fcntl command: 1036"):
                     # Valgrind produces this warning when F_SET_RW_HINT is used
                     continue
-                if self.stderr_severity == '40':
+                if self.stderr_severity == "40":
                     self.error = True
                 remaining_bytes = config.max_stderr_bytes - stderr_bytes
                 if remaining_bytes > 0:
-                    out_err = line[0:remaining_bytes] + ('...' if len(line) > remaining_bytes else '')
-                    child = SummaryTree('StdErrOutput')
-                    child.attributes['Severity'] = self.stderr_severity
-                    child.attributes['Output'] = out_err
+                    out_err = line[0:remaining_bytes] + (
+                        "..." if len(line) > remaining_bytes else ""
+                    )
+                    child = SummaryTree("StdErrOutput")
+                    child.attributes["Severity"] = self.stderr_severity
+                    child.attributes["Output"] = out_err
                     self.out.append(child)
                 stderr_bytes += len(line)
             if stderr_bytes > config.max_stderr_bytes:
-                child = SummaryTree('StdErrOutputTruncated')
-                child.attributes['Severity'] = self.stderr_severity
-                child.attributes['BytesRemaining'] = str(stderr_bytes - config.max_stderr_bytes)
+                child = SummaryTree("StdErrOutputTruncated")
+                child.attributes["Severity"] = self.stderr_severity
+                child.attributes["BytesRemaining"] = str(
+                    stderr_bytes - config.max_stderr_bytes
+                )
                 self.out.append(child)
 
-        self.out.attributes['Ok'] = '1' if self.ok() else '0'
-        self.out.attributes['Runtime'] = str(self.runtime)
+        self.out.attributes["Ok"] = "1" if self.ok() else "0"
+        self.out.attributes["Runtime"] = str(self.runtime)
         if not self.ok():
-            reason = 'Unknown'
+            reason = "Unknown"
             if self.error:
-                reason = 'ProducedErrors'
+                reason = "ProducedErrors"
             elif not self.test_end_found:
-                reason = 'TestDidNotFinish'
+                reason = "TestDidNotFinish"
             elif self.tests_passed == 0:
-                reason = 'NoTestsPassed'
+                reason = "NoTestsPassed"
             elif self.test_count != self.tests_passed:
-                reason = 'Expected {} tests to pass, but only {} did'.format(self.test_count, self.tests_passed)
-            self.out.attributes['FailReason'] = reason
+                reason = "Expected {} tests to pass, but only {} did".format(
+                    self.test_count, self.tests_passed
+                )
+            self.out.attributes["FailReason"] = reason
 
     def parse_file(self, file: Path):
         parser: Parser
-        if file.suffix == '.json':
+        if file.suffix == ".json":
             parser = JsonParser()
-        elif file.suffix == '.xml':
+        elif file.suffix == ".xml":
             parser = XmlParser()
         else:
-            child = SummaryTree('TestHarnessBug')
-            child.attributes['File'] = __file__
+            child = SummaryTree("TestHarnessBug")
+            child.attributes["File"] = __file__
             frame = inspect.currentframe()
             if frame is not None:
-                child.attributes['Line'] = str(inspect.getframeinfo(frame).lineno)
-            child.attributes['Details'] = 'Unexpected suffix {} for file {}'.format(file.suffix, file.name)
+                child.attributes["Line"] = str(inspect.getframeinfo(frame).lineno)
+            child.attributes["Details"] = "Unexpected suffix {} for file {}".format(
+                file.suffix, file.name
+            )
             self.error = True
             self.out.append(child)
             return
-        with file.open('r') as f:
+        with file.open("r") as f:
             try:
                 parser.parse(f, self.handler)
             except Exception as e:
-                child = SummaryTree('SummarizationError')
-                child.attributes['Severity'] = '40'
-                child.attributes['ErrorMessage'] = str(e)
+                child = SummaryTree("SummarizationError")
+                child.attributes["Severity"] = "40"
+                child.attributes["ErrorMessage"] = str(e)
                 self.out.append(child)
 
     def register_handlers(self):
         def remap_event_severity(attrs):
-            if 'Type' not in attrs or 'Severity' not in attrs:
+            if "Type" not in attrs or "Severity" not in attrs:
                 return None
-            k = (attrs['Type'], int(attrs['Severity']))
+            k = (attrs["Type"], int(attrs["Severity"]))
             if k in self.severity_map:
                 return str(self.severity_map[k])
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Severity', None), remap_event_severity)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Severity", None), remap_event_severity)
 
         def get_max_trace_time(attrs):
-            if 'Type' not in attrs:
+            if "Type" not in attrs:
                 return None
-            time = float(attrs['Time'])
+            time = float(attrs["Time"])
             if time >= self.max_trace_time:
                 self.max_trace_time = time
-                self.max_trace_time_type = attrs['Type']
+                self.max_trace_time_type = attrs["Type"]
             return None
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Time', None), get_max_trace_time)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Time", None), get_max_trace_time)
 
         def program_start(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
             if self.test_begin_found:
                 return
             self.test_begin_found = True
-            self.out.attributes['RandomSeed'] = attrs['RandomSeed']
-            self.out.attributes['SourceVersion'] = attrs['SourceVersion']
-            self.out.attributes['Time'] = attrs['ActualTime']
-            self.out.attributes['BuggifyEnabled'] = attrs['BuggifyEnabled']
-            self.out.attributes['DeterminismCheck'] = '0' if self.expected_unseed is None else '1'
-            if self.binary.name != 'fdbserver':
-                self.out.attributes['OldBinary'] = self.binary.name
-            if 'FaultInjectionEnabled' in attrs:
-                self.out.attributes['FaultInjectionEnabled'] = attrs['FaultInjectionEnabled']
+            self.out.attributes["RandomSeed"] = attrs["RandomSeed"]
+            self.out.attributes["SourceVersion"] = attrs["SourceVersion"]
+            self.out.attributes["Time"] = attrs["ActualTime"]
+            self.out.attributes["BuggifyEnabled"] = attrs["BuggifyEnabled"]
+            self.out.attributes["DeterminismCheck"] = (
+                "0" if self.expected_unseed is None else "1"
+            )
+            if self.binary.name != "fdbserver":
+                self.out.attributes["OldBinary"] = self.binary.name
+            if "FaultInjectionEnabled" in attrs:
+                self.out.attributes["FaultInjectionEnabled"] = attrs[
+                    "FaultInjectionEnabled"
+                ]
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'ProgramStart'), program_start)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "ProgramStart"), program_start)
 
         def negative_test_success(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
             self.negative_test_success = True
-            child = SummaryTree(attrs['Type'])
+            child = SummaryTree(attrs["Type"])
             for k, v in attrs:
-                if k != 'Type':
+                if k != "Type":
                     child.attributes[k] = v
             self.out.append(child)
             pass
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'NegativeTestSuccess'), negative_test_success)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "NegativeTestSuccess"), negative_test_success)
 
         def config_string(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            self.out.attributes['ConfigString'] = attrs['ConfigString']
+            self.out.attributes["ConfigString"] = attrs["ConfigString"]
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'SimulatorConfig'), config_string)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "SimulatorConfig"), config_string)
 
         def set_test_file(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            test_file = Path(attrs['TestFile'])
-            cwd = Path('.').absolute()
+            test_file = Path(attrs["TestFile"])
+            cwd = Path(".").absolute()
             try:
                 test_file = test_file.relative_to(cwd)
             except ValueError:
                 pass
-            self.out.attributes['TestFile'] = str(test_file)
+            self.out.attributes["TestFile"] = str(test_file)
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'Simulation'), set_test_file)
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'NonSimulationTest'), set_test_file)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "Simulation"), set_test_file)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "NonSimulationTest"), set_test_file)
 
         def set_elapsed_time(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
             if self.test_end_found:
                 return
             self.test_end_found = True
-            self.unseed = int(attrs['RandomUnseed'])
+            self.unseed = int(attrs["RandomUnseed"])
             if self.expected_unseed is not None and self.unseed != self.expected_unseed:
-                severity = 40 if ('UnseedMismatch', 40) not in self.severity_map \
-                    else self.severity_map[('UnseedMismatch', 40)]
+                severity = (
+                    40
+                    if ("UnseedMismatch", 40) not in self.severity_map
+                    else self.severity_map[("UnseedMismatch", 40)]
+                )
                 if severity >= 30:
-                    child = SummaryTree('UnseedMismatch')
-                    child.attributes['Unseed'] = str(self.unseed)
-                    child.attributes['ExpectedUnseed'] = str(self.expected_unseed)
-                    child.attributes['Severity'] = str(severity)
+                    child = SummaryTree("UnseedMismatch")
+                    child.attributes["Unseed"] = str(self.unseed)
+                    child.attributes["ExpectedUnseed"] = str(self.expected_unseed)
+                    child.attributes["Severity"] = str(severity)
                     if severity >= 40:
                         self.error = True
                     self.out.append(child)
-            self.out.attributes['SimElapsedTime'] = attrs['SimTime']
-            self.out.attributes['RealElapsedTime'] = attrs['RealTime']
+            self.out.attributes["SimElapsedTime"] = attrs["SimTime"]
+            self.out.attributes["RealElapsedTime"] = attrs["RealTime"]
             if self.unseed is not None:
-                self.out.attributes['RandomUnseed'] = str(self.unseed)
+                self.out.attributes["RandomUnseed"] = str(self.unseed)
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'ElapsedTime'), set_elapsed_time)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "ElapsedTime"), set_elapsed_time)
 
         def parse_warning(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
             self.warnings += 1
             if self.warnings > config.max_warnings:
                 return
-            child = SummaryTree(attrs['Type'])
+            child = SummaryTree(attrs["Type"])
             for k, v in attrs.items():
-                if k != 'Type':
+                if k != "Type":
                     child.attributes[k] = v
             self.out.append(child)
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Severity', '30'), parse_warning)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Severity", "30"), parse_warning)
 
         def parse_error(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            if 'ErrorIsInjectedFault' in attrs and attrs['ErrorIsInjectedFault'].lower() in ['1', 'true']:
+            if "ErrorIsInjectedFault" in attrs and attrs[
+                "ErrorIsInjectedFault"
+            ].lower() in ["1", "true"]:
                 # ignore injected errors. In newer fdb versions these will have a lower severity
                 return
             self.errors += 1
             self.error = True
             if self.errors > config.max_errors:
                 return
-            child = SummaryTree(attrs['Type'])
+            child = SummaryTree(attrs["Type"])
             for k, v in attrs.items():
                 child.attributes[k] = v
             self.out.append(child)
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Severity', '40'), parse_error)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Severity", "40"), parse_error)
 
         def coverage(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
             covered = True
-            if 'Covered' in attrs:
-                covered = int(attrs['Covered']) != 0
-            comment = ''
-            if 'Comment' in attrs:
-                comment = attrs['Comment']
+            if "Covered" in attrs:
+                covered = int(attrs["Covered"]) != 0
+            comment = ""
+            if "Comment" in attrs:
+                comment = attrs["Comment"]
             rare = False
-            if 'Rare' in attrs:
-                rare = bool(int(attrs['Rare']))
-            c = Coverage(attrs['File'], attrs['Line'], comment, rare)
+            if "Rare" in attrs:
+                rare = bool(int(attrs["Rare"]))
+            c = Coverage(attrs["File"], attrs["Line"], comment, rare)
             if covered or c not in self.coverage:
                 self.coverage[c] = covered
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'CodeCoverage'), coverage)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "CodeCoverage"), coverage)
 
         def expected_test_pass(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            self.test_count = int(attrs['Count'])
+            self.test_count = int(attrs["Count"])
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'TestsExpectedToPass'), expected_test_pass)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "TestsExpectedToPass"), expected_test_pass)
 
         def test_passed(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            if attrs['Passed'] == '1':
+            if attrs["Passed"] == "1":
                 self.tests_passed += 1
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'TestResults'), test_passed)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "TestResults"), test_passed)
 
         def remap_event_severity(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            self.severity_map[(attrs['TargetEvent'], int(attrs['OriginalSeverity']))] = int(attrs['NewSeverity'])
+            self.severity_map[
+                (attrs["TargetEvent"], int(attrs["OriginalSeverity"]))
+            ] = int(attrs["NewSeverity"])
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'RemapEventSeverity'), remap_event_severity)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "RemapEventSeverity"), remap_event_severity)
 
         def buggify_section(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            if attrs['Type'] == 'FaultInjected' or attrs.get('Activated', '0') == '1':
-                child = SummaryTree(attrs['Type'])
-                child.attributes['File'] = attrs['File']
-                child.attributes['Line'] = attrs['Line']
+            if attrs["Type"] == "FaultInjected" or attrs.get("Activated", "0") == "1":
+                child = SummaryTree(attrs["Type"])
+                child.attributes["File"] = attrs["File"]
+                child.attributes["Line"] = attrs["Line"]
                 self.out.append(child)
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'BuggifySection'), buggify_section)
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'FaultInjected'), buggify_section)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "BuggifySection"), buggify_section)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "FaultInjected"), buggify_section)
 
         def running_unit_test(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            child = SummaryTree('RunningUnitTest')
-            child.attributes['Name'] = attrs['Name']
-            child.attributes['File'] = attrs['File']
-            child.attributes['Line'] = attrs['Line']
+            child = SummaryTree("RunningUnitTest")
+            child.attributes["Name"] = attrs["Name"]
+            child.attributes["File"] = attrs["File"]
+            child.attributes["Line"] = attrs["Line"]
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'RunningUnitTest'), running_unit_test)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "RunningUnitTest"), running_unit_test)
 
         def stderr_severity(attrs: Dict[str, str]):
-            if 'NewSeverity' in attrs:
-                self.stderr_severity = attrs['NewSeverity']
+            if "NewSeverity" in attrs:
+                self.stderr_severity = attrs["NewSeverity"]
 
-        self.handler.add_handler(('Type', 'StderrSeverity'), stderr_severity)
+        self.handler.add_handler(("Type", "StderrSeverity"), stderr_severity)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/test_valgrind_parser.py

@@ -4,13 +4,17 @@ from test_harness.valgrind import parse_valgrind_output
 from pathlib import Path
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     errors = parse_valgrind_output(Path(sys.argv[1]))
     for valgrind_error in errors:
-        print('ValgrindError: what={}, kind={}'.format(valgrind_error.what.what, valgrind_error.kind))
-        print('Backtrace: {}'.format(valgrind_error.what.backtrace))
+        print(
+            "ValgrindError: what={}, kind={}".format(
+                valgrind_error.what.what, valgrind_error.kind
+            )
+        )
+        print("Backtrace: {}".format(valgrind_error.what.backtrace))
         counter = 0
         for aux in valgrind_error.aux:
-            print('Aux {}:'.format(counter))
-            print('  What: {}'.format(aux.what))
-            print('  Backtrace: {}'.format(aux.backtrace))
+            print("Aux {}:".format(counter))
+            print("  What: {}".format(aux.what))
+            print("  Backtrace: {}".format(aux.backtrace))

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/timeout.py

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ def files_matching(path: Path, pattern: Pattern, recurse: bool = True) -> List[P
     return res
 
 
-def dirs_with_files_matching(path: Path, pattern: Pattern, recurse: bool = True) -> List[Path]:
+def dirs_with_files_matching(
+    path: Path, pattern: Pattern, recurse: bool = True
+) -> List[Path]:
     res: List[Path] = []
     sub_directories: List[Path] = []
     has_file = False
@@ -36,25 +38,33 @@ def dirs_with_files_matching(path: Path, pattern: Pattern, recurse: bool = True)
     return res
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('TestHarness Timeout', formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "TestHarness Timeout", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+    )
     config.build_arguments(parser)
     args = parser.parse_args()
     config.extract_args(args)
     valgrind_files: List[Path] = []
     if config.use_valgrind:
-        valgrind_files = files_matching(Path.cwd(), re.compile(r'valgrind.*\.xml'))
+        valgrind_files = files_matching(Path.cwd(), re.compile(r"valgrind.*\.xml"))
 
-    for directory in dirs_with_files_matching(Path.cwd(), re.compile(r'trace.*\.(json|xml)'), recurse=True):
+    for directory in dirs_with_files_matching(
+        Path.cwd(), re.compile(r"trace.*\.(json|xml)"), recurse=True
+    ):
         trace_files = TraceFiles(directory)
         for files in trace_files.items():
             if config.use_valgrind:
                 for valgrind_file in valgrind_files:
-                    summary = Summary(Path('bin/fdbserver'), was_killed=True)
+                    summary = Summary(Path("bin/fdbserver"), was_killed=True)
                     summary.valgrind_out_file = valgrind_file
                     summary.summarize_files(files)
                     summary.out.dump(sys.stdout)
             else:
-                summary = Summary(Path('bin/fdbserver'), was_killed=True, long_running=config.long_running)
+                summary = Summary(
+                    Path("bin/fdbserver"),
+                    was_killed=True,
+                    long_running=config.long_running,
+                )
                 summary.summarize_files(files)
                 summary.out.dump(sys.stdout)

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/valgrind.py

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ from typing import List
 
 class ValgrindWhat:
     def __init__(self):
-        self.what: str = ''
-        self.backtrace: str = ''
+        self.what: str = ""
+        self.backtrace: str = ""
 
 
 class ValgrindError:
     def __init__(self):
         self.what: ValgrindWhat = ValgrindWhat()
-        self.kind: str = ''
+        self.kind: str = ""
         self.aux: List[ValgrindWhat] = []
 
 
@@ -73,62 +73,72 @@ class ValgrindHandler(xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler):
 
     def startElement(self, name, attrs):
         # pdb.set_trace()
-        if name == 'error':
+        if name == "error":
             self.stack.append(ValgrindError())
             self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.ERROR)
         if len(self.stack) == 0:
             return
-        if name == 'kind':
+        if name == "kind":
             self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.KIND)
-        elif name == 'what':
+        elif name == "what":
             self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.WHAT)
-        elif name == 'auxwhat':
-            assert self.state() in [ValgrindParseState.ERROR, ValgrindParseState.ERROR_AUX]
+        elif name == "auxwhat":
+            assert self.state() in [
+                ValgrindParseState.ERROR,
+                ValgrindParseState.ERROR_AUX,
+            ]
             self.state_stack.pop()
             self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.ERROR_AUX)
             self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.AUX_WHAT)
             self.stack[-1].aux.append(ValgrindWhat())
-        elif name == 'stack':
+        elif name == "stack":
             state = self.state()
             assert state in [ValgrindParseState.ERROR, ValgrindParseState.ERROR_AUX]
             if state == ValgrindParseState.ERROR:
                 self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.STACK)
             else:
                 self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.STACK_AUX)
-        elif name == 'ip':
+        elif name == "ip":
             state = self.state()
             assert state in [ValgrindParseState.STACK, ValgrindParseState.STACK_AUX]
             if state == ValgrindParseState.STACK:
                 self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.STACK_IP)
                 if len(self.stack[-1].what.backtrace) == 0:
-                    self.stack[-1].what.backtrace = 'addr2line -e fdbserver.debug -p -C -f -i '
+                    self.stack[
+                        -1
+                    ].what.backtrace = "addr2line -e fdbserver.debug -p -C -f -i "
                 else:
-                    self.stack[-1].what.backtrace += ' '
+                    self.stack[-1].what.backtrace += " "
             else:
                 self.state_stack.append(ValgrindParseState.STACK_IP_AUX)
                 if len(self.stack[-1].aux[-1].backtrace) == 0:
-                    self.stack[-1].aux[-1].backtrace = 'addr2line -e fdbserver.debug -p -C -f -i '
+                    self.stack[-1].aux[
+                        -1
+                    ].backtrace = "addr2line -e fdbserver.debug -p -C -f -i "
                 else:
-                    self.stack[-1].aux[-1].backtrace += ' '
+                    self.stack[-1].aux[-1].backtrace += " "
 
     def endElement(self, name):
         # pdb.set_trace()
-        if name == 'error':
+        if name == "error":
             self.result.append(self.stack.pop())
             self.state_stack.pop()
-        elif name == 'kind':
+        elif name == "kind":
             assert self.state() == ValgrindParseState.KIND
             self.state_stack.pop()
-        elif name == 'what':
+        elif name == "what":
             assert self.state() == ValgrindParseState.WHAT
             self.state_stack.pop()
-        elif name == 'auxwhat':
+        elif name == "auxwhat":
             assert self.state() == ValgrindParseState.AUX_WHAT
             self.state_stack.pop()
-        elif name == 'stack':
-            assert self.state() in [ValgrindParseState.STACK, ValgrindParseState.STACK_AUX]
+        elif name == "stack":
+            assert self.state() in [
+                ValgrindParseState.STACK,
+                ValgrindParseState.STACK_AUX,
+            ]
             self.state_stack.pop()
-        elif name == 'ip':
+        elif name == "ip":
             self.state_stack.pop()
             state = self.state()
             assert state in [ValgrindParseState.STACK, ValgrindParseState.STACK_AUX]
@@ -136,6 +146,6 @@ class ValgrindHandler(xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler):
 
 def parse_valgrind_output(valgrind_out_file: Path) -> List[ValgrindError]:
     handler = ValgrindHandler()
-    with valgrind_out_file.open('r') as f:
+    with valgrind_out_file.open("r") as f:
         xml.sax.parse(f, handler)
         return handler.result

contrib/TestHarness2/test_harness/version.py

@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ class Version:
         return hash(self.version_tuple())
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return format('{}.{}.{}'.format(self.major, self.minor, self.patch))
+        return format("{}.{}.{}".format(self.major, self.minor, self.patch))
 
     @staticmethod
     def of_binary(binary: Path):
-        parts = binary.name.split('-')
+        parts = binary.name.split("-")
         if len(parts) != 2:
             return Version.max_version()
         return Version.parse(parts[1])
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse(version: str):
-        version_tuple = version.split('.')
+        version_tuple = version.split(".")
         self = Version()
         self.major = int(version_tuple[0])
         if len(version_tuple) > 1:

contrib/alloc_instrumentation.py

@@ -25,16 +25,18 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 
 # Processes the stdout produced by defining ALLOC_INSTRUMENTATION_STDOUT in FastAlloc.h
 
-allocs = {} 
+allocs = {}
+
 
 class Allocation:
     def __init__(self, size, backtrace):
         self.size = size
         self.backtrace = backtrace
 
+
 def print_stacks(stack_count, sort_by_count):
     counts = defaultdict(int)
-    sizes = defaultdict(int) 
+    sizes = defaultdict(int)
     for id, allocation in allocs.items():
         counts[allocation.backtrace] += 1
         sizes[allocation.backtrace] += allocation.size
@@ -47,41 +49,93 @@ def print_stacks(stack_count, sort_by_count):
         ordered_list = ordered_list[-stack_count:]
 
     for size, backtrace in ordered_list:
-        print(str.format('bytes={0:<10} count={1:<8} {2}', sizes[backtrace], counts[backtrace], backtrace))
-    
-    print('-'*80)
+        print(
+            str.format(
+                "bytes={0:<10} count={1:<8} {2}",
+                sizes[backtrace],
+                counts[backtrace],
+                backtrace,
+            )
+        )
+
+    print("-" * 80)
+
 
 def process_line(line, quiet):
-    items = line.split('\t')
-    if items[0] == 'Alloc':
+    items = line.split("\t")
+    if items[0] == "Alloc":
         allocs[items[1]] = Allocation(size=int(items[2]), backtrace=items[3])
-    elif items[0] == 'Dealloc': 
+    elif items[0] == "Dealloc":
         allocs.pop(items[1], None)
     elif not quiet:
         print(line)
 
+
 def non_negative_int(value_str):
     value = int(value_str)
     if value < 0:
         raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError("%s is negative" % value)
     return value
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Parses the output from enabling ALLOC_INSTRUMENTATION in FoundationDB and reports information about the top memory users.')
-    parser.add_argument('input_file', type=str, help='Path to file(s) containing the output from a run of FoundationDB with ALLOC_INSTRUMENTATION enabled. If not specified, stdin will be used.', default='-', nargs='*')
-    parser.add_argument('-f', '--logging-frequency', type=non_negative_int, help='How frequently the top stacks will be logged, measured in lines of output processed. A value of 0 disables periodic logging. Defaults to 1,000,000.', default=1000000)
-    parser.add_argument('-p', '--periodic-stack-count', type=non_negative_int, help='How many stack traces to log when periodically logging output. A value of 0 results in all stacks being logged. Defaults to 15.', default=15)
-    parser.add_argument('-s', '--final-stack-count', type=non_negative_int, help='How many stack traces to log when finished processing output. A value of 0 results in all stacks being logged. Defaults to 0.', default=0)
-    parser.add_argument('-c', '--sort-by-count', action='store_true', default=False, help='If specified, stacks will be sorted by largest count rather than largest number of bytes.')
-    parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='store_true', default=False, help='If specified, lines from the input file that are not parsable by this tool will not be printed.')
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Parses the output from enabling ALLOC_INSTRUMENTATION in FoundationDB and reports information about the top memory users."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "input_file",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to file(s) containing the output from a run of FoundationDB with ALLOC_INSTRUMENTATION enabled. If not specified, stdin will be used.",
+        default="-",
+        nargs="*",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--logging-frequency",
+        type=non_negative_int,
+        help="How frequently the top stacks will be logged, measured in lines of output processed. A value of 0 disables periodic logging. Defaults to 1,000,000.",
+        default=1000000,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-p",
+        "--periodic-stack-count",
+        type=non_negative_int,
+        help="How many stack traces to log when periodically logging output. A value of 0 results in all stacks being logged. Defaults to 15.",
+        default=15,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-s",
+        "--final-stack-count",
+        type=non_negative_int,
+        help="How many stack traces to log when finished processing output. A value of 0 results in all stacks being logged. Defaults to 0.",
+        default=0,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-c",
+        "--sort-by-count",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="If specified, stacks will be sorted by largest count rather than largest number of bytes.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-q",
+        "--quiet",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="If specified, lines from the input file that are not parsable by this tool will not be printed.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     # Process each line, periodically reporting the top stacks by size
     for line_num, line in enumerate(fileinput.input(args.input_file)):
         process_line(line.rstrip(), args.quiet)
-        if args.logging_frequency and line_num and line_num % args.logging_frequency == 0:
+        if (
+            args.logging_frequency
+            and line_num
+            and line_num % args.logging_frequency == 0
+        ):
             print_stacks(args.periodic_stack_count, args.sort_by_count)
 
-    # Print all stacks 
+    # Print all stacks
     print_stacks(args.final_stack_count, args.sort_by_count)

contrib/alloc_instrumentation_traces.py

@@ -41,34 +41,33 @@ totalSize = 0
 lastTimestamp = ""
 
 for line in sys.stdin:
-  ev = json.loads(line.rstrip())
-  type = ev["Type"]
-  
-  if (type != 'MemSample'):
-    continue
-  bt = ev["Bt"]
+    ev = json.loads(line.rstrip())
+    type = ev["Type"]
 
-  if (bt == "na"):
-    continue
+    if type != "MemSample":
+        continue
+    bt = ev["Bt"]
 
-  timestamp = ev["Time"]
-  cnt = int(ev["Count"])
-  scnt = int(ev["SampleCount"])
-  size = int(ev["TotalSize"])
-  h = ev["Hash"]
+    if bt == "na":
+        continue
 
-  if (timestamp != lastTimestamp):
-    byCnt = []
-    bySize = []
-    totalSize = 0
-    lastTimestamp = timestamp
+    timestamp = ev["Time"]
+    cnt = int(ev["Count"])
+    scnt = int(ev["SampleCount"])
+    size = int(ev["TotalSize"])
+    h = ev["Hash"]
 
+    if timestamp != lastTimestamp:
+        byCnt = []
+        bySize = []
+        totalSize = 0
+        lastTimestamp = timestamp
 
-  # print(str(cnt) + " " + str(scnt) + " " + str(size) + " " + h)
+    # print(str(cnt) + " " + str(scnt) + " " + str(size) + " " + h)
 
-  byCnt.append( (cnt, scnt, size, h, bt) )
-  bySize.append( (size, cnt, size, h, bt) )
-  totalSize += size
+    byCnt.append((cnt, scnt, size, h, bt))
+    bySize.append((size, cnt, size, h, bt))
+    totalSize += size
 
 byCnt.sort(reverse=True)
 bySize.sort(reverse=True)
@@ -76,25 +75,45 @@ bySize.sort(reverse=True)
 btByHash = {}
 
 byte_suffix = ["Bytes", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]
+
+
 def byte_str(bytes):
-  suffix_idx = 0
-  while (bytes >= 1024 * 10):
-    suffix_idx += 1
-    bytes //= 1024
-  return str(bytes) + ' ' + byte_suffix[suffix_idx]
+    suffix_idx = 0
+    while bytes >= 1024 * 10:
+        suffix_idx += 1
+        bytes //= 1024
+    return str(bytes) + " " + byte_suffix[suffix_idx]
+
 
 print("By Size")
 print("-------\r\n")
 for x in bySize[:10]:
-  # print(str(x[0]) + ": " + x[3])
-  print(str(x[1]) + " / " + byte_str(x[0]) + " (" + byte_str(x[0] // x[1]) + " per alloc):\r\n" + x[4] + "\r\n")
-  btByHash[x[3]] = x[4]
+    # print(str(x[0]) + ": " + x[3])
+    print(
+        str(x[1])
+        + " / "
+        + byte_str(x[0])
+        + " ("
+        + byte_str(x[0] // x[1])
+        + " per alloc):\r\n"
+        + x[4]
+        + "\r\n"
+    )
+    btByHash[x[3]] = x[4]
 
 print()
 print("By Count")
 print("--------\r\n")
 for x in byCnt[:5]:
-  # print(str(x[0]) + ": " + x[3])
-  print(str(x[0]) + " / " + byte_str(x[2]) + " (" + byte_str(x[2] // x[0]) + " per alloc):\r\n" + x[4] + "\r\n")
-  btByHash[x[3]] = x[4]
-
+    # print(str(x[0]) + ": " + x[3])
+    print(
+        str(x[0])
+        + " / "
+        + byte_str(x[2])
+        + " ("
+        + byte_str(x[2] // x[0])
+        + " per alloc):\r\n"
+        + x[4]
+        + "\r\n"
+    )
+    btByHash[x[3]] = x[4]

contrib/apiversioner.py

@@ -27,61 +27,111 @@ import sys
 import traceback
 
 
-LOG_FORMAT = '%(created)f [%(levelname)s] %(message)s'
+LOG_FORMAT = "%(created)f [%(levelname)s] %(message)s"
 
-EXCLUDED_FILES = list(map(re.compile, [
-    # Output directories
-    r'\.git/.*', r'bin/.*', r'packages/.*', r'\.objs/.*', r'\.deps/.*', r'bindings/go/build/.*', r'documentation/sphinx/\.out/.*',
+EXCLUDED_FILES = list(
+    map(
+        re.compile,
+        [
+            # Output directories
+            r"\.git/.*",
+            r"bin/.*",
+            r"packages/.*",
+            r"\.objs/.*",
+            r"\.deps/.*",
+            r"bindings/go/build/.*",
+            r"documentation/sphinx/\.out/.*",
+            # Generated files
+            r".*\.g\.cpp$",
+            r".*\.g\.h$",
+            r"(^|.*/)generated.mk$",
+            r".*\.g\.S$",
+            r".*/MutationType\.java",
+            r".*/generated\.go",
+            # Binary files
+            r".*\.class$",
+            r".*\.o$",
+            r".*\.a$",
+            r".*[\.-]debug",
+            r".*\.so$",
+            r".*\.dylib$",
+            r".*\.dll$",
+            r".*\.tar[^/]*$",
+            r".*\.jar$",
+            r".*pyc$",
+            r"bindings/flow/bin/.*",
+            r".*\.pdf$",
+            r".*\.jp[e]*g",
+            r".*\.png",
+            r".*\.ico",
+            r"packaging/msi/art/.*",
+            # Project configuration files
+            r".*foundationdb\.VC\.db$",
+            r".*foundationdb\.VC\.VC\.opendb$",
+            r".*iml$",
+            # Source files from someone else
+            r"(^|.*/)Hash3\..*",
+            r"(^|.*/)sqlite.*",
+            r"bindings/go/godoc-resources/.*",
+            r"bindings/go/src/fdb/tuple/testdata/tuples.golden",
+            r"fdbcli/linenoise/.*",
+            r"contrib/rapidjson/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/rapidxml/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/zlib/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/sha1/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/xml2json.hpp$",
+            r"fdbrpc/libcoroutine/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/libeio/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/lib64/.*",
+            r"fdbrpc/generated-constants.cpp$",
+            # Miscellaneous
+            r"bindings/nodejs/node_modules/.*",
+            r"bindings/go/godoc/.*",
+            r".*trace.*xml$",
+            r".*log$",
+            r".*\.DS_Store$",
+            r"simfdb/\.*",
+            r".*~$",
+            r".*.swp$",
+        ],
+    )
+)
 
-    # Generated files
-    r'.*\.g\.cpp$', r'.*\.g\.h$', r'(^|.*/)generated.mk$', r'.*\.g\.S$',
-    r'.*/MutationType\.java', r'.*/generated\.go',
+SUSPECT_PHRASES = map(
+    re.compile,
+    [
+        r"#define\s+FDB_API_VERSION\s+(\d+)",
+        r"\.\s*selectApiVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)",
+        r"\.\s*APIVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)",
+        r"\.\s*MustAPIVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)",
+        r"header_version\s+=\s+(\d+)",
+        r"\.\s*apiVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)",
+        r"API_VERSION\s*=\s*(\d+)",
+        r"fdb_select_api_version\s*\((\d+)\)",
+    ],
+)
 
-    # Binary files
-    r'.*\.class$', r'.*\.o$', r'.*\.a$', r'.*[\.-]debug', r'.*\.so$', r'.*\.dylib$', r'.*\.dll$', r'.*\.tar[^/]*$', r'.*\.jar$', r'.*pyc$', r'bindings/flow/bin/.*',
-    r'.*\.pdf$', r'.*\.jp[e]*g', r'.*\.png', r'.*\.ico',
-    r'packaging/msi/art/.*',
-
-    # Project configuration files
-    r'.*foundationdb\.VC\.db$', r'.*foundationdb\.VC\.VC\.opendb$', r'.*iml$',
-
-    # Source files from someone else
-    r'(^|.*/)Hash3\..*', r'(^|.*/)sqlite.*',
-    r'bindings/go/godoc-resources/.*',
-    r'bindings/go/src/fdb/tuple/testdata/tuples.golden',
-    r'fdbcli/linenoise/.*',
-    r'contrib/rapidjson/.*', r'fdbrpc/rapidxml/.*', r'fdbrpc/zlib/.*', r'fdbrpc/sha1/.*',
-    r'fdbrpc/xml2json.hpp$', r'fdbrpc/libcoroutine/.*', r'fdbrpc/libeio/.*', r'fdbrpc/lib64/.*',
-    r'fdbrpc/generated-constants.cpp$',
-
-    # Miscellaneous
-    r'bindings/nodejs/node_modules/.*', r'bindings/go/godoc/.*', r'.*trace.*xml$', r'.*log$', r'.*\.DS_Store$', r'simfdb/\.*', r'.*~$', r'.*.swp$'
-]))
-
-SUSPECT_PHRASES = map(re.compile, [
-    r'#define\s+FDB_API_VERSION\s+(\d+)',
-    r'\.\s*selectApiVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)',
-    r'\.\s*APIVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)',
-    r'\.\s*MustAPIVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)',
-    r'header_version\s+=\s+(\d+)',
-    r'\.\s*apiVersion\s*\(\s*(\d+)\s*\)',
-    r'API_VERSION\s*=\s*(\d+)',
-    r'fdb_select_api_version\s*\((\d+)\)'
-])
-
-DIM_CODE = '\033[2m'
-BOLD_CODE = '\033[1m'
-RED_COLOR = '\033[91m'
-GREEN_COLOR = '\033[92m'
-END_COLOR = '\033[0m'
+DIM_CODE = "\033[2m"
+BOLD_CODE = "\033[1m"
+RED_COLOR = "\033[91m"
+GREEN_COLOR = "\033[92m"
+END_COLOR = "\033[0m"
 
 
 def positive_response(val):
-    return val.lower() in {'y', 'yes'}
+    return val.lower() in {"y", "yes"}
 
 
 # Returns: new line list + a dirty flag
-def rewrite_lines(lines, version_re, new_version, suspect_only=True, print_diffs=False, ask_confirm=False, grayscale=False):
+def rewrite_lines(
+    lines,
+    version_re,
+    new_version,
+    suspect_only=True,
+    print_diffs=False,
+    ask_confirm=False,
+    grayscale=False,
+):
     new_lines = []
     dirty = False
     new_str = str(new_version)
@@ -96,20 +146,48 @@ def rewrite_lines(lines, version_re, new_version, suspect_only=True, print_diffs
                 # Replace suspect code with new version.
                 start = m.start(group_index)
                 end = m.end(group_index)
-                new_line = new_line[:start + offset] + new_str + new_line[end + offset:]
+                new_line = (
+                    new_line[: start + offset] + new_str + new_line[end + offset :]
+                )
                 offset += len(new_str) - (end - start)
 
         if (print_diffs or ask_confirm) and line != new_line:
-            print('Rewrite:')
-            print('\n'.join(map(lambda pair: ' {:4d}: {}'.format(line_no - 1 + pair[0], pair[1]), enumerate(lines[line_no - 2:line_no]))))
-            print((DIM_CODE if grayscale else RED_COLOR) + '-{:4d}: {}'.format(line_no + 1, line) + END_COLOR)
-            print((BOLD_CODE if grayscale else GREEN_COLOR) + '+{:4d}: {}'.format(line_no + 1, new_line) + END_COLOR)
-            print('\n'.join(map(lambda pair: ' {:4d}: {}'.format(line_no + 2 + pair[0], pair[1]), enumerate(lines[line_no + 1:line_no + 3]))))
+            print("Rewrite:")
+            print(
+                "\n".join(
+                    map(
+                        lambda pair: " {:4d}: {}".format(
+                            line_no - 1 + pair[0], pair[1]
+                        ),
+                        enumerate(lines[line_no - 2 : line_no]),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+            print(
+                (DIM_CODE if grayscale else RED_COLOR)
+                + "-{:4d}: {}".format(line_no + 1, line)
+                + END_COLOR
+            )
+            print(
+                (BOLD_CODE if grayscale else GREEN_COLOR)
+                + "+{:4d}: {}".format(line_no + 1, new_line)
+                + END_COLOR
+            )
+            print(
+                "\n".join(
+                    map(
+                        lambda pair: " {:4d}: {}".format(
+                            line_no + 2 + pair[0], pair[1]
+                        ),
+                        enumerate(lines[line_no + 1 : line_no + 3]),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
 
             if ask_confirm:
-                text = input('Looks good (y/n)? ')
+                text = input("Looks good (y/n)? ")
                 if not positive_response(text):
-                    print('Okay, skipping.')
+                    print("Okay, skipping.")
                     new_line = line
 
         dirty = dirty or (new_line != line)
@@ -118,17 +196,27 @@ def rewrite_lines(lines, version_re, new_version, suspect_only=True, print_diffs
     return new_lines, dirty
 
 
-def address_file(base_path, file_path, version, new_version=None, suspect_only=False, show_diffs=False,
-                 rewrite=False, ask_confirm=True, grayscale=False, paths_only=False):
+def address_file(
+    base_path,
+    file_path,
+    version,
+    new_version=None,
+    suspect_only=False,
+    show_diffs=False,
+    rewrite=False,
+    ask_confirm=True,
+    grayscale=False,
+    paths_only=False,
+):
     if any(map(lambda x: x.match(file_path), EXCLUDED_FILES)):
-        logging.debug('skipping file %s as matches excluded list', file_path)
+        logging.debug("skipping file %s as matches excluded list", file_path)
         return True
 
     # Look for all instances of the version number where it is not part of a larger number
-    version_re = re.compile('(^|[^\\d])(' + str(version) + ')([^\\d]|$)')
+    version_re = re.compile("(^|[^\\d])(" + str(version) + ")([^\\d]|$)")
     try:
-        contents = open(os.path.join(base_path, file_path), 'r').read()
-        lines = contents.split('\n')
+        contents = open(os.path.join(base_path, file_path), "r").read()
+        lines = contents.split("\n")
         new_lines = lines
         dirty = False
 
@@ -139,81 +227,178 @@ def address_file(base_path, file_path, version, new_version=None, suspect_only=F
                 for suspect_phrase in SUSPECT_PHRASES:
                     for match in suspect_phrase.finditer(line):
                         curr_version = int(match.groups()[0])
-                        if (new_version is None and curr_version < version) or (new_version is not None and curr_version < new_version):
+                        if (new_version is None and curr_version < version) or (
+                            new_version is not None and curr_version < new_version
+                        ):
                             found = True
-                            logging.info('Old version: %s:%d:%s', file_path, line_no + 1, line)
+                            logging.info(
+                                "Old version: %s:%d:%s", file_path, line_no + 1, line
+                            )
 
             if found and new_version is not None and (show_diffs or rewrite):
-                new_lines, dirty = rewrite_lines(lines, version_re, new_version, True, print_diffs=True,
-                                                 ask_confirm=(rewrite and ask_confirm), grayscale=grayscale)
+                new_lines, dirty = rewrite_lines(
+                    lines,
+                    version_re,
+                    new_version,
+                    True,
+                    print_diffs=True,
+                    ask_confirm=(rewrite and ask_confirm),
+                    grayscale=grayscale,
+                )
 
         else:
-            matching_lines = filter(lambda pair: version_re.search(pair[1]), enumerate(lines))
+            matching_lines = filter(
+                lambda pair: version_re.search(pair[1]), enumerate(lines)
+            )
 
             # Look for lines with the version
             if matching_lines:
                 if paths_only:
-                    logging.info('File %s matches', file_path)
+                    logging.info("File %s matches", file_path)
                 else:
                     for line_no, line in matching_lines:
-                        logging.info('Match: %s:%d:%s', file_path, line_no + 1, line)
+                        logging.info("Match: %s:%d:%s", file_path, line_no + 1, line)
                     if new_version is not None and (show_diffs or rewrite):
-                        new_lines, dirty = rewrite_lines(lines, version_re, new_version, False, print_diffs=True,
-                                                         ask_confirm=(rewrite and ask_confirm), grayscale=grayscale)
+                        new_lines, dirty = rewrite_lines(
+                            lines,
+                            version_re,
+                            new_version,
+                            False,
+                            print_diffs=True,
+                            ask_confirm=(rewrite and ask_confirm),
+                            grayscale=grayscale,
+                        )
             else:
-                logging.debug('File %s does not match', file_path)
+                logging.debug("File %s does not match", file_path)
 
         if dirty and rewrite:
-            logging.info('Rewriting %s', os.path.join(base_path, file_path))
-            with open(os.path.join(base_path, file_path), 'w') as fout:
-                fout.write('\n'.join(new_lines))
+            logging.info("Rewriting %s", os.path.join(base_path, file_path))
+            with open(os.path.join(base_path, file_path), "w") as fout:
+                fout.write("\n".join(new_lines))
 
         return True
     except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError) as e:
-        logging.exception('Unable to read file %s due to OSError', os.path.join(base_path, file_path))
+        logging.exception(
+            "Unable to read file %s due to OSError", os.path.join(base_path, file_path)
+        )
         return False
 
 
-def address_path(path, version, new_version=None, suspect_only=False, show_diffs=False, rewrite=False, ask_confirm=True, grayscale=False, paths_only=False):
+def address_path(
+    path,
+    version,
+    new_version=None,
+    suspect_only=False,
+    show_diffs=False,
+    rewrite=False,
+    ask_confirm=True,
+    grayscale=False,
+    paths_only=False,
+):
     try:
         if os.path.exists(path):
             if os.path.isdir(path):
                 status = True
                 for dir_path, dir_names, file_names in os.walk(path):
                     for file_name in file_names:
-                        file_path = os.path.relpath(os.path.join(dir_path, file_name), path)
-                        status = address_file(path, file_path, version, new_version, suspect_only, show_diffs,
-                                              rewrite, ask_confirm, grayscale, paths_only) and status
+                        file_path = os.path.relpath(
+                            os.path.join(dir_path, file_name), path
+                        )
+                        status = (
+                            address_file(
+                                path,
+                                file_path,
+                                version,
+                                new_version,
+                                suspect_only,
+                                show_diffs,
+                                rewrite,
+                                ask_confirm,
+                                grayscale,
+                                paths_only,
+                            )
+                            and status
+                        )
                 return status
             else:
                 base_name, file_name = os.path.split(path)
-                return address_file(base_name, file_name, version, new_version, suspect_only, show_diffs, rewrite, ask_confirm, grayscale)
+                return address_file(
+                    base_name,
+                    file_name,
+                    version,
+                    new_version,
+                    suspect_only,
+                    show_diffs,
+                    rewrite,
+                    ask_confirm,
+                    grayscale,
+                )
         else:
-            logging.error('Path %s does not exist', path)
+            logging.error("Path %s does not exist", path)
             return False
     except OSError as e:
-        logging.exception('Unable to find all API versions due to OSError')
+        logging.exception("Unable to find all API versions due to OSError")
         return False
 
 
 def run(arg_list):
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='finds and rewrites the API version in FDB source files')
-    parser.add_argument('path', help='path to search for FDB source files')
-    parser.add_argument('version', type=int, help='current/old version to search for')
-    parser.add_argument('--new-version', type=int, default=None, help='new version to update to')
-    parser.add_argument('--suspect-only', action='store_true', default=False, help='only look for phrases trying to set the API version')
-    parser.add_argument('--show-diffs', action='store_true', default=False, help='show suggested diffs for fixing version')
-    parser.add_argument('--rewrite', action='store_true', default=False, help='rewrite offending files')
-    parser.add_argument('-y', '--skip-confirm', action='store_true', default=False, help='do not ask for confirmation before rewriting')
-    parser.add_argument('--grayscale', action='store_true', default=False,
-                        help='print diffs using grayscale output instead of red and green')
-    parser.add_argument('--paths-only', action='store_true', default=False, help='display only the path instead of the offending lines')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="finds and rewrites the API version in FDB source files"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("path", help="path to search for FDB source files")
+    parser.add_argument("version", type=int, help="current/old version to search for")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--new-version", type=int, default=None, help="new version to update to"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--suspect-only",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="only look for phrases trying to set the API version",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--show-diffs",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="show suggested diffs for fixing version",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--rewrite", action="store_true", default=False, help="rewrite offending files"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-y",
+        "--skip-confirm",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="do not ask for confirmation before rewriting",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--grayscale",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="print diffs using grayscale output instead of red and green",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--paths-only",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="display only the path instead of the offending lines",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args(arg_list)
-    return address_path(args.path, args.version, args.new_version, args.suspect_only, args.show_diffs,
-                        args.rewrite, not args.skip_confirm, args.grayscale, args.paths_only)
+    return address_path(
+        args.path,
+        args.version,
+        args.new_version,
+        args.suspect_only,
+        args.show_diffs,
+        args.rewrite,
+        not args.skip_confirm,
+        args.grayscale,
+        args.paths_only,
+    )
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     logging.basicConfig(format=LOG_FORMAT, level=logging.INFO)
     if not run(sys.argv[1:]):
         exit(1)

contrib/commit_debug.py

@@ -14,108 +14,119 @@ import json
 #
 # And then open Chrome, navigate to chrome://tracing , and load the tracing.json
 
+
 def parse_args():
     args = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    args.add_argument('path')
-    args.add_argument('output')
+    args.add_argument("path")
+    args.add_argument("output")
     return args.parse_args()
 
+
 # When encountering an event with this location, use this as the (b)egin or
 # (e)nd of a span with a better given name
 locationToPhase = {
-        "NativeAPI.commit.Before": [],
-        "CommitProxyServer.batcher": [("b", "Commit")],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.Before": [],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.GettingCommitVersion": [("b", "CommitVersion")],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.GotCommitVersion": [("e", "CommitVersion")],
-        "Resolver.resolveBatch.Before": [("b", "Resolver.PipelineWait")],
-        "Resolver.resolveBatch.AfterQueueSizeCheck": [],
-        "Resolver.resolveBatch.AfterOrderer": [("e", "Resolver.PipelineWait"), ("b", "Resolver.Conflicts")],
-        "Resolver.resolveBatch.After": [("e", "Resolver.Conflicts")],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterResolution": [("b", "Proxy.Processing")],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.ProcessingMutations": [],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterStoreCommits": [("e", "Proxy.Processing")],
-        "TLog.tLogCommit.BeforeWaitForVersion": [("b", "TLog.PipelineWait")],
-        "TLog.tLogCommit.Before": [("e", "TLog.PipelineWait")],
-        "TLog.tLogCommit.AfterTLogCommit": [("b", "TLog.FSync")],
-        "TLog.tLogCommit.After": [("e", "TLog.FSync")],
-        "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterLogPush": [("e", "Commit")],
-        "NativeAPI.commit.After": [],
+    "NativeAPI.commit.Before": [],
+    "CommitProxyServer.batcher": [("b", "Commit")],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.Before": [],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.GettingCommitVersion": [("b", "CommitVersion")],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.GotCommitVersion": [("e", "CommitVersion")],
+    "Resolver.resolveBatch.Before": [("b", "Resolver.PipelineWait")],
+    "Resolver.resolveBatch.AfterQueueSizeCheck": [],
+    "Resolver.resolveBatch.AfterOrderer": [
+        ("e", "Resolver.PipelineWait"),
+        ("b", "Resolver.Conflicts"),
+    ],
+    "Resolver.resolveBatch.After": [("e", "Resolver.Conflicts")],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterResolution": [("b", "Proxy.Processing")],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.ProcessingMutations": [],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterStoreCommits": [("e", "Proxy.Processing")],
+    "TLog.tLogCommit.BeforeWaitForVersion": [("b", "TLog.PipelineWait")],
+    "TLog.tLogCommit.Before": [("e", "TLog.PipelineWait")],
+    "TLog.tLogCommit.AfterTLogCommit": [("b", "TLog.FSync")],
+    "TLog.tLogCommit.After": [("e", "TLog.FSync")],
+    "CommitProxyServer.commitBatch.AfterLogPush": [("e", "Commit")],
+    "NativeAPI.commit.After": [],
 }
 
+
 class CommitDebugHandler(xml.sax.ContentHandler, object):
     def __init__(self, f):
         self._f = f
-        self._f.write('[ ') # Trace viewer adds the missing ] for us
+        self._f.write("[ ")  # Trace viewer adds the missing ] for us
         self._starttime = None
         self._data = dict()
 
     def _emit(self, d):
-        self._f.write(json.dumps(d) + ', ')
+        self._f.write(json.dumps(d) + ", ")
 
     def startElement(self, name, attrs):
         # I've flipped from using Async spans to Duration spans, because
         # I kept on running into issues with trace viewer believeing there
         # is no start or end of an emitted span even when there actually is.
 
-        if name == "Event" and attrs.get('Type') == "CommitDebug":
+        if name == "Event" and attrs.get("Type") == "CommitDebug":
             if self._starttime is None:
-                self._starttime = float(attrs['Time'])
+                self._starttime = float(attrs["Time"])
 
-            attr_id = attrs['ID']
+            attr_id = attrs["ID"]
             # Trace viewer doesn't seem to care about types, so use host as pid and port as tid
-            (pid, tid) = attrs['Machine'].split(':')
+            (pid, tid) = attrs["Machine"].split(":")
             traces = locationToPhase[attrs["Location"]]
             for (phase, name) in traces:
                 if phase == "b":
-                    self._data[(attrs['Machine'], name)] = float(attrs['Time'])
+                    self._data[(attrs["Machine"], name)] = float(attrs["Time"])
                 else:
-                    starttime = self._data.get((attrs['Machine'], name))
+                    starttime = self._data.get((attrs["Machine"], name))
                     if starttime is None:
                         return
                     trace = {
                         # ts and dur are in microseconds
                         "ts": (starttime - self._starttime) * 1000 * 1000 + 0.001,
-                        "dur": (float(attrs['Time']) - starttime) * 1000 * 1000,
+                        "dur": (float(attrs["Time"]) - starttime) * 1000 * 1000,
                         "cat": "commit",
                         "name": name,
                         "ph": "X",
                         "pid": pid,
-                        "tid": tid }
+                        "tid": tid,
+                    }
                     self._emit(trace)
 
 
 def do_file(args, handler, filename):
-    openfn = gzip.open if filename.endswith('.gz') else open
+    openfn = gzip.open if filename.endswith(".gz") else open
     try:
         with openfn(filename) as f:
             xml.sax.parse(f, handler)
     except xml.sax._exceptions.SAXParseException as e:
         print(e)
 
+
 def main():
     args = parse_args()
 
-    handler = CommitDebugHandler(open(args.output, 'w'))
+    handler = CommitDebugHandler(open(args.output, "w"))
 
     def xmliter(filename):
         for line in gzip.open(filename):
             if line.startswith("<Event"):
-                start = line.find("Time=")+6
+                start = line.find("Time=") + 6
                 end = line.find('"', start)
                 tx = float(line[start:end])
                 yield (tx, line)
 
     if os.path.isdir(args.path):
-        combined_xml = os.path.join(args.path, 'combined.xml.gz')
+        combined_xml = os.path.join(args.path, "combined.xml.gz")
         if not os.path.exists(combined_xml):
-            files = [xmliter(filename) for filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(args.path, "*.xml.gz"))]
+            files = [
+                xmliter(filename)
+                for filename in glob.glob(os.path.join(args.path, "*.xml.gz"))
+            ]
             merged = heapq.merge(*files)
-            with gzip.open(combined_xml, 'w') as f:
-                f.write('<Trace>')
+            with gzip.open(combined_xml, "w") as f:
+                f.write("<Trace>")
                 for line in merged:
                     f.write(line[1])
-                f.write('</Trace>')
+                f.write("</Trace>")
         do_file(args, handler, combined_xml)
     else:
         do_file(args, handler, args.path)
@@ -123,5 +134,5 @@ def main():
     return 0
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())

contrib/ddsketch_calc.py

@@ -28,12 +28,13 @@ import math as m
 
 # This class has methods that use cubic interpolation to quickly compute log
 # and inverse log. The coefficients A,B,C as well as correctingFactor are
-# all constants used for interpolating. 
+# all constants used for interpolating.
 
 # The implementation for interpolation was originally seen here in:
 # https://github.com/DataDog/sketches-java/
 # in the file CubicallyInterpolatedMapping.java
 
+
 class DDSketch(object):
     A = 6.0 / 35.0
     B = -3.0 / 5.0
@@ -59,14 +60,21 @@ class DDSketch(object):
     def reverseLog(self, index):
         exponent = m.floor(index)
         d0 = self.B * self.B - 3 * self.A * self.C
-        d1 = 2 * self.B * self.B * self.B - 9 * self.A * self.B * self.C - 27 * self.A * self.A * (index - exponent)
+        d1 = (
+            2 * self.B * self.B * self.B
+            - 9 * self.A * self.B * self.C
+            - 27 * self.A * self.A * (index - exponent)
+        )
         p = np.cbrt((d1 - np.sqrt(d1 * d1 - 4 * d0 * d0 * d0)) / 2)
-        significandPlusOne = - (self.B + p + d0 / p) / (3 * self.A) + 1
+        significandPlusOne = -(self.B + p + d0 / p) / (3 * self.A) + 1
         return np.ldexp(significandPlusOne / 2, exponent + 1)
 
     def getIndex(self, sample):
         return m.ceil(self.fastlog(sample) * self.multiplier) + self.offset
 
     def getValue(self, idx):
-        return self.reverseLog((idx - self.offset) / self.multiplier) * 2.0 / (1 + self.gamma)
-
+        return (
+            self.reverseLog((idx - self.offset) / self.multiplier)
+            * 2.0
+            / (1 + self.gamma)
+        )

contrib/ddsketch_compare.py

@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ def relative_entropy(p, q):
     difference = 0.0
     for i in range(len(p)):
         if p[i] != 0.0 and q[i] != 0.0:
-            difference += (p[i] * np.log2(p[i]/q[i]))
+            difference += p[i] * np.log2(p[i] / q[i])
     return difference
 
+
 # jensen-shannon divergence (or symmetric relative entropy)
 def relative_entropy_symmetric(dd1, dd2):
     # normalize p, q into distribution
@@ -44,13 +45,22 @@ def relative_entropy_symmetric(dd1, dd2):
 
     return 0.5 * relative_entropy(p, m) + 0.5 * relative_entropy(q, m)
 
+
 # setup cmdline args
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Compares two DDSketch distributions")
-parser.add_argument('--txn1', help='Transaction type for first file', required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--txn2', help='Transaction type for second file', required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--file1', help='Path to first ddsketch json', required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--file2', help="Path to second ddsketch json'", required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument("--op", help='Operation name', type=str)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--txn1", help="Transaction type for first file", required=True, type=str
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--txn2", help="Transaction type for second file", required=True, type=str
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--file1", help="Path to first ddsketch json", required=True, type=str
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--file2", help="Path to second ddsketch json'", required=True, type=str
+)
+parser.add_argument("--op", help="Operation name", type=str)
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 f1 = open(args.file1)
@@ -58,7 +68,10 @@ f2 = open(args.file2)
 data1 = json.load(f1)
 data2 = json.load(f2)
 
-if data1[args.txn1][args.op]["errorGuarantee"] != data2[args.txn2][args.op]["errorGuarantee"]:
+if (
+    data1[args.txn1][args.op]["errorGuarantee"]
+    != data2[args.txn2][args.op]["errorGuarantee"]
+):
     print("ERROR: The sketches have different error guarantees and cannot be compared!")
     exit()
 
@@ -67,4 +80,4 @@ b2 = data2[args.txn2][args.op]["buckets"]
 
 re = relative_entropy_symmetric(b1, b2)
 print("The similarity is: ", round(re, 8))
-print("1 means least alike, 0 means most alike")
+print("1 means least alike, 0 means most alike")

contrib/ddsketch_conversion.py

@@ -24,9 +24,15 @@ import ddsketch_calc as dd
 
 
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Converts values to DDSketch buckets")
-parser.add_argument('-e', '--error_guarantee', help='Error guarantee (default is 0.005)', required=False, type=float)
-parser.add_argument('-v', '--value', help="Value", required=False, type=int)
-parser.add_argument('-b', '--bucket', help='Bucket index', required=False, type=int)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-e",
+    "--error_guarantee",
+    help="Error guarantee (default is 0.005)",
+    required=False,
+    type=float,
+)
+parser.add_argument("-v", "--value", help="Value", required=False, type=int)
+parser.add_argument("-b", "--bucket", help="Bucket index", required=False, type=int)
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 error = 0.005
@@ -42,4 +48,4 @@ if args.value is not None:
 
 if args.bucket is not None:
     print("Value for bucket ", args.bucket)
-    print(sketch.getValue(args.bucket))
+    print(sketch.getValue(args.bucket))

contrib/export_graph.py

@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ import ddsketch_calc as dd
 
 # setup cmdline args
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Graphs DDSketch distribution")
-parser.add_argument('-t', '--txn', help='Transaction type (ex: g8ui)', required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--file', help='Path to ddsketch json', required=True, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--title', help='Title for the graph', required=False, type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--savefig', help='Will save the plot to a file if set', type=str)
-parser.add_argument('--op', help='Which OP to plot (casing matters)', type=str)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-t", "--txn", help="Transaction type (ex: g8ui)", required=True, type=str
+)
+parser.add_argument("--file", help="Path to ddsketch json", required=True, type=str)
+parser.add_argument("--title", help="Title for the graph", required=False, type=str)
+parser.add_argument("--savefig", help="Will save the plot to a file if set", type=str)
+parser.add_argument("--op", help="Which OP to plot (casing matters)", type=str)
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 
@@ -45,13 +47,13 @@ sketch = dd.DDSketch(error)
 
 # trim the tails of the distribution
 ls = [i for i, e in enumerate(buckets) if e != 0]
-actual_data = buckets[ls[0]:ls[-1]+1]
-indices = range(ls[0], ls[-1]+1)
+actual_data = buckets[ls[0] : ls[-1] + 1]
+indices = range(ls[0], ls[-1] + 1)
 actual_indices = [sketch.getValue(i) for i in indices]
 
 # configure the x-axis to make more sense
 fig, ax = plt.subplots()
-ax.ticklabel_format(useOffset=False, style='plain')
+ax.ticklabel_format(useOffset=False, style="plain")
 plt.plot(actual_indices, actual_data)
 plt.xlabel("Latency (in us)")
 plt.ylabel("Frequency count")
@@ -62,6 +64,6 @@ if args.title is not None:
 plt.title(plt_title)
 plt.xlim([actual_indices[0], actual_indices[-1]])
 if args.savefig is not None:
-    plt.savefig(args.savefig, format='png')
-else:   
-    plt.show()
+    plt.savefig(args.savefig, format="png")
+else:
+    plt.show()

contrib/gen_compile_db.py

@@ -4,30 +4,38 @@ import os
 import json
 import re
 
+
 def actorFile(actor: str, build: str, src: str):
     res = actor.replace(build, src, 1)
-    res = res.replace('actor.g.cpp', 'actor.cpp')
-    return res.replace('actor.g.h', 'actor.h')
+    res = res.replace("actor.g.cpp", "actor.cpp")
+    return res.replace("actor.g.h", "actor.h")
 
-def rreplace(s, old, new, occurrence = 1):
+
+def rreplace(s, old, new, occurrence=1):
     li = s.rsplit(old, occurrence)
     return new.join(li)
 
 
-def actorCommand(cmd: str, build:str, src: str):
-    r1 = re.compile('-c (.+)(actor\.g\.cpp)')
+def actorCommand(cmd: str, build: str, src: str):
+    r1 = re.compile("-c (.+)(actor\.g\.cpp)")
     m1 = r1.search(cmd)
     if m1 is None:
         return cmd
-    cmd1 = r1.sub('\\1actor.cpp', cmd)
+    cmd1 = r1.sub("\\1actor.cpp", cmd)
     return rreplace(cmd1, build, src)
 
 
-parser = ArgumentParser(description="Generates a new compile_commands.json for rtags+flow")
+parser = ArgumentParser(
+    description="Generates a new compile_commands.json for rtags+flow"
+)
 parser.add_argument("-b", help="Build directory", dest="builddir", default=os.getcwd())
 parser.add_argument("-s", help="Build directory", dest="srcdir", default=os.getcwd())
-parser.add_argument("-o", help="Output file", dest="out", default="processed_compile_commands.json")
-parser.add_argument("input", help="compile_commands.json", default="compile_commands.json", nargs="?")
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-o", help="Output file", dest="out", default="processed_compile_commands.json"
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "input", help="compile_commands.json", default="compile_commands.json", nargs="?"
+)
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 print("transform {} with build directory {}".format(args.input, args.builddir))
@@ -38,15 +46,17 @@ with open(args.input) as f:
 result = []
 
 for cmd in cmds:
-    additional_flags = ['-Wno-unknown-attributes']
-    cmd['command'] = cmd['command'].replace(' -DNO_INTELLISENSE ', ' {} '.format(' '.join(additional_flags)))
-    if cmd['file'].endswith('actor.g.cpp'):
+    additional_flags = ["-Wno-unknown-attributes"]
+    cmd["command"] = cmd["command"].replace(
+        " -DNO_INTELLISENSE ", " {} ".format(" ".join(additional_flags))
+    )
+    if cmd["file"].endswith("actor.g.cpp"):
         # here we need to rewrite the rule
-        cmd['command'] = actorCommand(cmd['command'], args.builddir, args.srcdir)
-        cmd['file'] = actorFile(cmd['file'], args.builddir, args.srcdir)
+        cmd["command"] = actorCommand(cmd["command"], args.builddir, args.srcdir)
+        cmd["file"] = actorFile(cmd["file"], args.builddir, args.srcdir)
         result.append(cmd)
     else:
         result.append(cmd)
 
-with open(args.out, 'w') as f:
+with open(args.out, "w") as f:
     json.dump(result, f, indent=4)

contrib/grv_proxy_model/grv_test.py

@@ -32,48 +32,76 @@ from priority import Priority
 from plot import Plotter
 
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-parser.add_argument('-w', '--workload', type=str, help='Name of workload to run')
-parser.add_argument('-r', '--ratekeeper', type=str, help='Name of ratekeeper model')
-parser.add_argument('-d', '--duration', type=int, default=240, help='Duration of simulated test, in seconds. Defaults to 240.')
-parser.add_argument('-L', '--limiter', type=str, default='Original', help='Name of limiter implementation. Defaults to \'Original\'.')
-parser.add_argument('-p', '--proxy', type=str, default='ProxyModel', help='Name of proxy implementation. Defaults to \'ProxyModel\'.')
-parser.add_argument('--list', action='store_true', default=False, help='List options for all models.')
-parser.add_argument('--no-graph', action='store_true', default=False, help='Disable graphical output.')
+parser.add_argument("-w", "--workload", type=str, help="Name of workload to run")
+parser.add_argument("-r", "--ratekeeper", type=str, help="Name of ratekeeper model")
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-d",
+    "--duration",
+    type=int,
+    default=240,
+    help="Duration of simulated test, in seconds. Defaults to 240.",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-L",
+    "--limiter",
+    type=str,
+    default="Original",
+    help="Name of limiter implementation. Defaults to 'Original'.",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "-p",
+    "--proxy",
+    type=str,
+    default="ProxyModel",
+    help="Name of proxy implementation. Defaults to 'ProxyModel'.",
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--list", action="store_true", default=False, help="List options for all models."
+)
+parser.add_argument(
+    "--no-graph", action="store_true", default=False, help="Disable graphical output."
+)
 
 args = parser.parse_args()
 
 
 def print_choices_list(context=None):
-    if context == 'workload' or context is None:
-        print('Workloads:')
+    if context == "workload" or context is None:
+        print("Workloads:")
         for w in workload_model.predefined_workloads.keys():
-            print('  %s' % w)
+            print("  %s" % w)
 
-    if context == 'ratekeeper' or context is None:
-        print('\nRatekeeper models:')
+    if context == "ratekeeper" or context is None:
+        print("\nRatekeeper models:")
         for r in ratekeeper_model.predefined_ratekeeper.keys():
-            print('  %s' % r)
+            print("  %s" % r)
 
-    proxy_model_classes = [c for c in [getattr(proxy_model, a) for a in dir(proxy_model)] if inspect.isclass(c)]
+    proxy_model_classes = [
+        c
+        for c in [getattr(proxy_model, a) for a in dir(proxy_model)]
+        if inspect.isclass(c)
+    ]
 
-    if context == 'proxy' or context is None:
-        print('\nProxy models:')
+    if context == "proxy" or context is None:
+        print("\nProxy models:")
         for p in proxy_model_classes:
             if issubclass(p, proxy_model.ProxyModel):
-                print('  %s' % p.__name__)
+                print("  %s" % p.__name__)
 
-    if context == 'limiter' or context is None:
-        print('\nProxy limiters:')
+    if context == "limiter" or context is None:
+        print("\nProxy limiters:")
         for p in proxy_model_classes:
             if issubclass(p, proxy_model.Limiter) and p != proxy_model.Limiter:
                 name = p.__name__
-                if name.endswith('Limiter'):
-                    name = name[0:-len('Limiter')]
-                print('  %s' % name)
+                if name.endswith("Limiter"):
+                    name = name[0 : -len("Limiter")]
+                print("  %s" % name)
 
 
 if args.workload is None or args.ratekeeper is None:
-    print('ERROR: A workload (-w/--workload) and ratekeeper model (-r/--ratekeeper) must be specified.\n')
+    print(
+        "ERROR: A workload (-w/--workload) and ratekeeper model (-r/--ratekeeper) must be specified.\n"
+    )
     print_choices_list()
     sys.exit(1)
 
@@ -88,26 +116,26 @@ def validate_class_type(var, name, superclass):
 
 
 if args.ratekeeper not in ratekeeper_model.predefined_ratekeeper:
-    print('Invalid ratekeeper model `%s\'' % args.ratekeeper)
-    print_choices_list('ratekeeper')
+    print("Invalid ratekeeper model `%s'" % args.ratekeeper)
+    print_choices_list("ratekeeper")
     sys.exit(1)
 
 if args.workload not in workload_model.predefined_workloads:
-    print('Invalid workload model `%s\'' % args.workload)
-    print_choices_list('workload')
+    print("Invalid workload model `%s'" % args.workload)
+    print_choices_list("workload")
     sys.exit(1)
 
 if not validate_class_type(proxy_model, args.proxy, proxy_model.ProxyModel):
-    print('Invalid proxy model `%s\'' % args.proxy)
-    print_choices_list('proxy')
+    print("Invalid proxy model `%s'" % args.proxy)
+    print_choices_list("proxy")
     sys.exit(1)
 
 limiter_name = args.limiter
 if not validate_class_type(proxy_model, limiter_name, proxy_model.Limiter):
-    limiter_name += 'Limiter'
+    limiter_name += "Limiter"
     if not validate_class_type(proxy_model, limiter_name, proxy_model.Limiter):
-        print('Invalid proxy limiter `%s\'' % args.limiter)
-        print_choices_list('limiter')
+        print("Invalid proxy limiter `%s'" % args.limiter)
+        print_choices_list("limiter")
         sys.exit(1)
 
 ratekeeper = ratekeeper_model.predefined_ratekeeper[args.ratekeeper]
@@ -119,19 +147,30 @@ proxy = getattr(proxy_model, args.proxy)(args.duration, ratekeeper, workload, li
 proxy.run()
 
 for priority in workload.priorities():
-    latencies = sorted([p for t in proxy.results.latencies[priority].values() for p in t])
+    latencies = sorted(
+        [p for t in proxy.results.latencies[priority].values() for p in t]
+    )
     total_started = sum(proxy.results.started[priority].values())
     still_queued = sum([r.count for r in proxy.request_queue if r.priority == priority])
 
     if len(latencies) > 0:
-        print('\n%s: %d requests in %d seconds (rate=%f). %d still queued.' % (priority, total_started, proxy.time, float(total_started) / proxy.time, still_queued))
-        print('  Median latency: %f' % latencies[len(latencies) // 2])
-        print('  90%% latency: %f' % latencies[int(0.9 * len(latencies))])
-        print('  99%% latency: %f' % latencies[int(0.99 * len(latencies))])
-        print('  99.9%% latency: %f' % latencies[int(0.999 * len(latencies))])
-        print('  Max latency: %f' % latencies[-1])
+        print(
+            "\n%s: %d requests in %d seconds (rate=%f). %d still queued."
+            % (
+                priority,
+                total_started,
+                proxy.time,
+                float(total_started) / proxy.time,
+                still_queued,
+            )
+        )
+        print("  Median latency: %f" % latencies[len(latencies) // 2])
+        print("  90%% latency: %f" % latencies[int(0.9 * len(latencies))])
+        print("  99%% latency: %f" % latencies[int(0.99 * len(latencies))])
+        print("  99.9%% latency: %f" % latencies[int(0.999 * len(latencies))])
+        print("  Max latency: %f" % latencies[-1])
 
-print('')
+print("")
 
 if not args.no_graph:
     plotter = Plotter(proxy.results)

contrib/grv_proxy_model/plot.py

@@ -48,62 +48,90 @@ class Plotter:
         for priority in self.results.started.keys():
             Plotter.add_plot(self.results.started[priority], time_resolution, priority)
 
-        plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
-        plt.ylabel('Released/s')
+        plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
+        plt.ylabel("Released/s")
         plt.legend()
 
         plt.subplot(3, 3, 2)
         for priority in self.results.queued.keys():
             Plotter.add_plot(self.results.queued[priority], time_resolution, priority)
 
-        plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
-        plt.ylabel('Requests/s')
+        plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
+        plt.ylabel("Requests/s")
         plt.legend()
 
         plt.subplot(3, 3, 3)
         for priority in self.results.unprocessed_queue_sizes.keys():
-            data = {k: max(v) for (k, v) in self.results.unprocessed_queue_sizes[priority].items()}
+            data = {
+                k: max(v)
+                for (k, v) in self.results.unprocessed_queue_sizes[priority].items()
+            }
             Plotter.add_plot(data, time_resolution, priority)
 
-        plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
-        plt.ylabel('Max queue size')
+        plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
+        plt.ylabel("Max queue size")
         plt.legend()
 
         num = 4
         for priority in self.results.latencies.keys():
             plt.subplot(3, 3, num)
-            median_latencies = {k: v[int(0.5 * len(v))] if len(v) > 0 else 0 for (k, v) in
-                                self.results.latencies[priority].items()}
-            percentile90_latencies = {k: v[int(0.9 * len(v))] if len(v) > 0 else 0 for (k, v) in
-                                      self.results.latencies[priority].items()}
-            max_latencies = {k: max(v) if len(v) > 0 else 0 for (k, v) in self.results.latencies[priority].items()}
+            median_latencies = {
+                k: v[int(0.5 * len(v))] if len(v) > 0 else 0
+                for (k, v) in self.results.latencies[priority].items()
+            }
+            percentile90_latencies = {
+                k: v[int(0.9 * len(v))] if len(v) > 0 else 0
+                for (k, v) in self.results.latencies[priority].items()
+            }
+            max_latencies = {
+                k: max(v) if len(v) > 0 else 0
+                for (k, v) in self.results.latencies[priority].items()
+            }
 
-            Plotter.add_plot(median_latencies, time_resolution, 'median')
-            Plotter.add_plot(percentile90_latencies, time_resolution, '90th percentile')
-            Plotter.add_plot(max_latencies, time_resolution, 'max')
+            Plotter.add_plot(median_latencies, time_resolution, "median")
+            Plotter.add_plot(percentile90_latencies, time_resolution, "90th percentile")
+            Plotter.add_plot(max_latencies, time_resolution, "max")
 
-            plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
-            plt.ylabel(str(priority) + ' Latency (s)')
-            plt.yscale('log')
+            plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
+            plt.ylabel(str(priority) + " Latency (s)")
+            plt.yscale("log")
             plt.legend()
             num += 1
 
         for priority in self.results.rate.keys():
             plt.subplot(3, 3, num)
             if len(self.results.rate[priority]) > 0:
-                Plotter.add_plot(self.results.rate[priority], time_resolution, 'Rate', use_avg=True)
+                Plotter.add_plot(
+                    self.results.rate[priority], time_resolution, "Rate", use_avg=True
+                )
             if len(self.results.released[priority]) > 0:
-                Plotter.add_plot(self.results.released[priority], time_resolution, 'Released', use_avg=True)
+                Plotter.add_plot(
+                    self.results.released[priority],
+                    time_resolution,
+                    "Released",
+                    use_avg=True,
+                )
             if len(self.results.limit[priority]) > 0:
-                Plotter.add_plot(self.results.limit[priority], time_resolution, 'Limit', use_avg=True)
+                Plotter.add_plot(
+                    self.results.limit[priority], time_resolution, "Limit", use_avg=True
+                )
             if len(self.results.limit_and_budget[priority]) > 0:
-                Plotter.add_plot(self.results.limit_and_budget[priority], time_resolution, 'Limit and budget',
-                                 use_avg=True)
+                Plotter.add_plot(
+                    self.results.limit_and_budget[priority],
+                    time_resolution,
+                    "Limit and budget",
+                    use_avg=True,
+                )
             if len(self.results.budget[priority]) > 0:
-                Plotter.add_plot(self.results.budget[priority], time_resolution, 'Budget', use_avg=True)
+                Plotter.add_plot(
+                    self.results.budget[priority],
+                    time_resolution,
+                    "Budget",
+                    use_avg=True,
+                )
 
-            plt.xlabel('Time (s)')
-            plt.ylabel('Value (' + str(priority) + ')')
+            plt.xlabel("Time (s)")
+            plt.ylabel("Value (" + str(priority) + ")")
             plt.legend()
             num += 1
 

contrib/grv_proxy_model/proxy_model.py

@@ -53,7 +53,16 @@ class Limiter:
             self.count = count
 
     class UpdateBudgetParams:
-        def __init__(self, time, num_started, num_started_at_priority, min_priority, last_batch, queue_empty, elapsed):
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            time,
+            num_started,
+            num_started_at_priority,
+            min_priority,
+            last_batch,
+            queue_empty,
+            elapsed,
+        ):
             self.time = time
             self.num_started = num_started
             self.num_started_at_priority = num_started_at_priority
@@ -129,7 +138,9 @@ class TimeLimiter(PositiveBudgetLimiter):
         self.locked_until = 0
 
     def can_start(self, params):
-        return params.time >= self.locked_until and PositiveBudgetLimiter.can_start(self, params)
+        return params.time >= self.locked_until and PositiveBudgetLimiter.can_start(
+            self, params
+        )
 
     def update_budget(self, params):
         # print('Start update budget: time=%f, limit=%f, locked_until=%f, num_started=%d, priority=%s, min_priority=%s, last_batch=%d' % (params.time, self.limit, self.locked_until, params.num_started, self.priority, params.min_priority, params.last_batch))
@@ -137,9 +148,14 @@ class TimeLimiter(PositiveBudgetLimiter):
         if params.min_priority >= self.priority or params.num_started < self.limit:
             self.limit -= params.num_started
         else:
-            self.limit = min(self.limit, max(self.limit - params.num_started, -params.last_batch))
-            self.locked_until = min(params.time + 2.0,
-                                    max(params.time, self.locked_until) + (params.num_started - self.limit) / self.rate)
+            self.limit = min(
+                self.limit, max(self.limit - params.num_started, -params.last_batch)
+            )
+            self.locked_until = min(
+                params.time + 2.0,
+                max(params.time, self.locked_until)
+                + (params.num_started - self.limit) / self.rate,
+            )
 
         # print('End update budget: time=%f, limit=%f, locked_until=%f, num_started=%d, priority=%s, min_priority=%s' % (params.time, self.limit, self.locked_until, params.num_started, self.priority, params.min_priority))
 
@@ -161,7 +177,11 @@ class TimePositiveBudgetLimiter(PositiveBudgetLimiter):
         # print('Start update budget: time=%f, limit=%f, locked_until=%f, num_started=%d, priority=%s, min_priority=%s, last_batch=%d' % (params.time, self.limit, self.locked_until, params.num_started, self.priority, params.min_priority, params.last_batch))
 
         if params.num_started > self.limit:
-            self.locked_until = min(params.time + 2.0, max(params.time, self.locked_until) + (params.num_started - self.limit) / self.rate)
+            self.locked_until = min(
+                params.time + 2.0,
+                max(params.time, self.locked_until)
+                + (params.num_started - self.limit) / self.rate,
+            )
             self.limit = 0
         else:
             self.limit -= params.num_started
@@ -187,7 +207,9 @@ class SmoothingLimiter(OriginalLimiter):
 
     def update_limit(self, params):
         self.limit = 2.0 * (
-            self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time) - self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time))
+            self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time)
+            - self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time)
+        )
 
     def can_start(self, params):
         return params.num_started + params.count <= self.limit
@@ -203,15 +225,22 @@ class SmoothingBudgetLimiter(SmoothingLimiter):
         self.budget = 0
 
     def update_limit(self, params):
-        release_rate = (
-            self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time) - self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time))
+        release_rate = self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(
+            params.time
+        ) - self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time)
         # self.smooth_filled.set_total(params.time, 1 if release_rate > 0 else 0)
         self.limit = 2.0 * release_rate
 
-        self.proxy_model.results.rate[self.priority][params.time] = self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time)
-        self.proxy_model.results.released[self.priority][params.time] = self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time)
+        self.proxy_model.results.rate[self.priority][
+            params.time
+        ] = self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time)
+        self.proxy_model.results.released[self.priority][
+            params.time
+        ] = self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time)
         self.proxy_model.results.limit[self.priority][params.time] = self.limit
-        self.proxy_model.results.limit_and_budget[self.priority][params.time] = self.limit + self.budget
+        self.proxy_model.results.limit_and_budget[self.priority][params.time] = (
+            self.limit + self.budget
+        )
         self.proxy_model.results.budget[self.priority][params.time] = self.budget
 
         # self.budget = max(0, self.budget + params.elapsed * self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time))
@@ -222,10 +251,16 @@ class SmoothingBudgetLimiter(SmoothingLimiter):
         # print('Update limit: time=%f, priority=%s, limit=%f, rate=%f, released=%f, budget=%f' % (params.time, self.priority, self.limit, self.smooth_rate_limit.smooth_total(params.time), self.smooth_released.smooth_rate(params.time), self.budget))
 
     def can_start(self, params):
-        return params.num_started + params.count <= self.limit + self.budget  # or params.num_started + params.count <= self.budget
+        return (
+            params.num_started + params.count <= self.limit + self.budget
+        )  # or params.num_started + params.count <= self.budget
 
     def update_budget(self, params):
-        self.budget = max(0, self.budget + (self.limit - params.num_started_at_priority) / 2 * params.elapsed)
+        self.budget = max(
+            0,
+            self.budget
+            + (self.limit - params.num_started_at_priority) / 2 * params.elapsed,
+        )
 
         if params.queue_empty:
             self.budget = min(10, self.budget)
@@ -248,14 +283,19 @@ class ProxyModel:
             self.budget = {p: {} for p in priorities}
 
         def init_result(self, priorities, starting_value, duration):
-            return {p: {s: copy.copy(starting_value) for s in range(0, duration)} for p in priorities}
+            return {
+                p: {s: copy.copy(starting_value) for s in range(0, duration)}
+                for p in priorities
+            }
 
     def __init__(self, duration, ratekeeper_model, workload_model, Limiter):
         self.time = 0
         self.log_time = 0
         self.duration = duration
-        self.priority_limiters = {priority: Limiter(priority, ratekeeper_model, self) for priority in
-                                  workload_model.priorities()}
+        self.priority_limiters = {
+            priority: Limiter(priority, ratekeeper_model, self)
+            for priority in workload_model.priorities()
+        }
         self.workload_model = workload_model
         self.request_scheduled = {p: False for p in self.workload_model.priorities()}
 
@@ -270,8 +310,15 @@ class ProxyModel:
         for priority in self.workload_model.priorities():
             next_request = self.workload_model.next_request(self.time, priority)
             assert next_request is not None
-            heapq.heappush(self.tasks, Task(next_request.time,
-                                            lambda next_request=next_request: self.receive_request(next_request)))
+            heapq.heappush(
+                self.tasks,
+                Task(
+                    next_request.time,
+                    lambda next_request=next_request: self.receive_request(
+                        next_request
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
             self.request_scheduled[priority] = True
 
         while True:  # or len(self.request_queue) > 0:
@@ -299,7 +346,10 @@ class ProxyModel:
 
         next_request = self.workload_model.next_request(self.time, request.priority)
         if next_request is not None and next_request.time < self.duration:
-            heapq.heappush(self.tasks, Task(next_request.time, lambda: self.receive_request(next_request)))
+            heapq.heappush(
+                self.tasks,
+                Task(next_request.time, lambda: self.receive_request(next_request)),
+            )
         else:
             self.request_scheduled[request.priority] = False
 
@@ -317,17 +367,30 @@ class ProxyModel:
             request = self.request_queue[0]
 
             if not self.priority_limiters[request.priority].can_start(
-                    Limiter.CanStartParams(self.time, current_started, request.count)):
+                Limiter.CanStartParams(self.time, current_started, request.count)
+            ):
                 break
 
             min_priority = request.priority
             last_batch = request.count
 
-            if self.workload_model.request_completed(request) and not self.request_scheduled[request.priority]:
-                next_request = self.workload_model.next_request(self.time, request.priority)
+            if (
+                self.workload_model.request_completed(request)
+                and not self.request_scheduled[request.priority]
+            ):
+                next_request = self.workload_model.next_request(
+                    self.time, request.priority
+                )
                 assert next_request is not None
-                heapq.heappush(self.tasks, Task(next_request.time,
-                                                lambda next_request=next_request: self.receive_request(next_request)))
+                heapq.heappush(
+                    self.tasks,
+                    Task(
+                        next_request.time,
+                        lambda next_request=next_request: self.receive_request(
+                            next_request
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                )
                 self.request_scheduled[request.priority] = True
 
             current_started += request.count
@@ -335,7 +398,9 @@ class ProxyModel:
 
             heapq.heappop(self.request_queue)
             self.results.started[request.priority][int(self.time)] += request.count
-            self.results.latencies[request.priority][int(self.time)].append(self.time - request.time)
+            self.results.latencies[request.priority][int(self.time)].append(
+                self.time - request.time
+            )
 
         if len(self.request_queue) == 0:
             min_priority = Priority.BATCH
@@ -343,15 +408,27 @@ class ProxyModel:
         for priority, limiter in self.priority_limiters.items():
             started_at_priority = sum([v for p, v in started.items() if p <= priority])
             limiter.update_budget(
-                Limiter.UpdateBudgetParams(self.time, current_started, started_at_priority, min_priority, last_batch,
-                                           len(self.request_queue) == 0 or self.request_queue[0].priority > priority,
-                                           elapsed))
+                Limiter.UpdateBudgetParams(
+                    self.time,
+                    current_started,
+                    started_at_priority,
+                    min_priority,
+                    last_batch,
+                    len(self.request_queue) == 0
+                    or self.request_queue[0].priority > priority,
+                    elapsed,
+                )
+            )
 
         for priority in self.workload_model.priorities():
             self.results.unprocessed_queue_sizes[priority][int(self.time)].append(
-                self.workload_model.workload_models[priority].outstanding)
+                self.workload_model.workload_models[priority].outstanding
+            )
 
         current_time = self.time
 
         delay = 0.001
-        heapq.heappush(self.tasks, Task(self.time + delay, lambda: self.process_requests(current_time)))
+        heapq.heappush(
+            self.tasks,
+            Task(self.time + delay, lambda: self.process_requests(current_time)),
+        )

contrib/grv_proxy_model/rate_model.py

@@ -82,7 +82,12 @@ class DistributionRateModel(RateModel):
         self.rate = None
 
     def get_rate(self, time):
-        if self.frequency == 0 or int((time - self.last_change) / self.frequency) > int(self.last_change / self.frequency) or self.rate is None:
+        if (
+            self.frequency == 0
+            or int((time - self.last_change) / self.frequency)
+            > int(self.last_change / self.frequency)
+            or self.rate is None
+        ):
             self.last_change = time
             self.rate = self.distribution()
 

contrib/grv_proxy_model/ratekeeper_model.py

@@ -33,37 +33,44 @@ class RatekeeperModel:
 
 predefined_ratekeeper = {}
 
-predefined_ratekeeper['default200_batch100'] = RatekeeperModel(
+predefined_ratekeeper["default200_batch100"] = RatekeeperModel(
     {
         Priority.SYSTEM: rate_model.UnlimitedRateModel(),
         Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.FixedRateModel(200),
-        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(100)
-    })
+        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(100),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_ratekeeper['default_sawtooth'] = RatekeeperModel(
+predefined_ratekeeper["default_sawtooth"] = RatekeeperModel(
     {
         Priority.SYSTEM: rate_model.UnlimitedRateModel(),
         Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.SawtoothRateModel(10, 200, 1),
-        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0)
-    })
+        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_ratekeeper['default_uniform_random'] = RatekeeperModel(
+predefined_ratekeeper["default_uniform_random"] = RatekeeperModel(
     {
         Priority.SYSTEM: rate_model.UnlimitedRateModel(),
-        Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.DistributionRateModel(lambda: numpy.random.uniform(10, 200), 1),
-        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0)
-    })
+        Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.DistributionRateModel(
+            lambda: numpy.random.uniform(10, 200), 1
+        ),
+        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_ratekeeper['default_trickle'] = RatekeeperModel(
+predefined_ratekeeper["default_trickle"] = RatekeeperModel(
     {
         Priority.SYSTEM: rate_model.UnlimitedRateModel(),
         Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.FixedRateModel(3),
-        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0)
-    })
+        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_ratekeeper['default1000'] = RatekeeperModel(
+predefined_ratekeeper["default1000"] = RatekeeperModel(
     {
         Priority.SYSTEM: rate_model.UnlimitedRateModel(),
         Priority.DEFAULT: rate_model.FixedRateModel(1000),
-        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(500)
-    })
+        Priority.BATCH: rate_model.FixedRateModel(500),
+    }
+)

contrib/grv_proxy_model/smoother.py

@@ -50,4 +50,6 @@ class Smoother:
         elapsed = time - self.time
         if elapsed > 0:
             self.time = time
-            self.estimate += (self.total - self.estimate) * (1 - math.exp(-elapsed / self.folding_time))
+            self.estimate += (self.total - self.estimate) * (
+                1 - math.exp(-elapsed / self.folding_time)
+            )

contrib/grv_proxy_model/workload_model.py

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ class Request:
 
 
 class PriorityWorkloadModel:
-    def __init__(self, priority, rate_model, batch_model, generator, max_outstanding=1e9):
+    def __init__(
+        self, priority, rate_model, batch_model, generator, max_outstanding=1e9
+    ):
         self.priority = priority
         self.rate_model = rate_model
         self.batch_model = batch_model
@@ -127,89 +129,105 @@ class DistributionRequestGenerator(RequestGenerator):
 
 predefined_workloads = {}
 
-predefined_workloads['slow_exponential'] = WorkloadModel(
+predefined_workloads["slow_exponential"] = WorkloadModel(
     {
-        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.DEFAULT,
-                                                rate_model.FixedRateModel(100),
-                                                DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                                DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.exponential),
-                                                max_outstanding=100
-                                                )
-    })
+        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.DEFAULT,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(100),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.exponential),
+            max_outstanding=100,
+        )
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_workloads['fixed_uniform'] = WorkloadModel(
+predefined_workloads["fixed_uniform"] = WorkloadModel(
     {
-        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.SYSTEM,
-                                               rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
-                                               DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                               DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                               max_outstanding=10
-                                               ),
-        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.DEFAULT,
-                                                rate_model.FixedRateModel(95),
-                                                DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 10),
-                                                DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                                max_outstanding=200
-                                                ),
-        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.BATCH,
-                                              rate_model.FixedRateModel(1),
-                                              DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.uniform, 500),
-                                              DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                              max_outstanding=200
-                                              )
-    })
+        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.SYSTEM,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=10,
+        ),
+        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.DEFAULT,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(95),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 10),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.BATCH,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(1),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.uniform, 500),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_workloads['batch_starvation'] = WorkloadModel(
+predefined_workloads["batch_starvation"] = WorkloadModel(
     {
-        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.SYSTEM,
-                                               rate_model.FixedRateModel(1),
-                                               DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                               DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                               max_outstanding=10
-                                               ),
-        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.DEFAULT,
-                                                rate_model.IntervalRateModel([(0, 50), (60, 150), (120, 90)]),
-                                                DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                                DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                                max_outstanding=200
-                                                ),
-        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.BATCH,
-                                              rate_model.FixedRateModel(100),
-                                              DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                              DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                              max_outstanding=200
-                                              )
-    })
+        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.SYSTEM,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(1),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=10,
+        ),
+        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.DEFAULT,
+            rate_model.IntervalRateModel([(0, 50), (60, 150), (120, 90)]),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.BATCH,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(100),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+    }
+)
 
-predefined_workloads['default_low_high_low'] = WorkloadModel(
+predefined_workloads["default_low_high_low"] = WorkloadModel(
     {
-        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.SYSTEM,
-                                               rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
-                                               DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                               DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                               max_outstanding=10
-                                               ),
-        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.DEFAULT,
-                                                rate_model.IntervalRateModel([(0, 100), (60, 300), (120, 100)]),
-                                                DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                                DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                                max_outstanding=200
-                                                ),
-        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.BATCH,
-                                              rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
-                                              DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                              DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
-                                              max_outstanding=200
-                                              )
-    })
+        Priority.SYSTEM: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.SYSTEM,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=10,
+        ),
+        Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.DEFAULT,
+            rate_model.IntervalRateModel([(0, 100), (60, 300), (120, 100)]),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+        Priority.BATCH: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+            Priority.BATCH,
+            rate_model.FixedRateModel(0),
+            DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+            DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.uniform),
+            max_outstanding=200,
+        ),
+    }
+)
 
 for rate in [83, 100, 180, 190, 200]:
-    predefined_workloads['default%d' % rate] = WorkloadModel(
+    predefined_workloads["default%d" % rate] = WorkloadModel(
         {
-            Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(Priority.DEFAULT,
-                                                    rate_model.FixedRateModel(rate),
-                                                    DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
-                                                    DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.exponential),
-                                                    max_outstanding=1000
-                                                    )
-        })
+            Priority.DEFAULT: PriorityWorkloadModel(
+                Priority.DEFAULT,
+                rate_model.FixedRateModel(rate),
+                DistributionBatchGenerator(Distribution.fixed, 1),
+                DistributionRequestGenerator(Distribution.exponential),
+                max_outstanding=1000,
+            )
+        }
+    )

contrib/local_cluster/lib/__init__.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ def _setup_logs():
     logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
     logger.handlers.clear()
-    
+
     log_format = logging.Formatter(
         "%(asctime)s | %(name)20s :: %(levelname)-8s :: %(message)s"
     )

contrib/monitoring/fdb_c_version.py

@@ -34,57 +34,70 @@ def get_version_string(library_path):
     try:
         lib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(library_path)
     except Exception as e:
-        error('Could not load library %r: %s' % (library_path, str(e)))
+        error("Could not load library %r: %s" % (library_path, str(e)))
 
     lib.fdb_get_error.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
 
     try:
         r = lib.fdb_select_api_version_impl(410, 410)
         if r != 0:
-            error('Error setting API version: %s (%d)' % (lib.fdb_get_error(r), r))
+            error("Error setting API version: %s (%d)" % (lib.fdb_get_error(r), r))
     except Exception as e:
-        error('Error calling fdb_select_api_version_impl: %s' % str(e))
+        error("Error calling fdb_select_api_version_impl: %s" % str(e))
 
     try:
         lib.fdb_get_client_version.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
-        version_str = lib.fdb_get_client_version().decode('utf-8')
+        version_str = lib.fdb_get_client_version().decode("utf-8")
     except Exception as e:
-        error('Error getting version information from client library: %s' % str(e))
+        error("Error getting version information from client library: %s" % str(e))
 
-    version_components = version_str.split(',')
-    package_version = '.'.join(version_components[0].split('.')[0:2])
+    version_components = version_str.split(",")
+    package_version = ".".join(version_components[0].split(".")[0:2])
 
-    version_str = 'FoundationDB Client %s (v%s)\n' % (package_version, version_components[0])
-    version_str += 'source version %s\n' % version_components[1]
-    version_str += 'protocol %s' % version_components[2]
+    version_str = "FoundationDB Client %s (v%s)\n" % (
+        package_version,
+        version_components[0],
+    )
+    version_str += "source version %s\n" % version_components[1]
+    version_str += "protocol %s" % version_components[2]
 
     return version_str
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    if platform.system() == 'Linux':
-        default_lib = 'libfdb_c.so'
-        platform_name = 'Linux'
-        dlopen = 'dlopen'
-    elif platform.system() == 'Windows':
-        default_lib = 'fdb_c.dll'
-        platform_name = 'Windows'
-        dlopen = 'LoadLibrary'
-    elif platform.system() == 'Darwin':
-        default_lib = 'libfdb_c.dylib'
-        platform_name = 'macOS'
-        dlopen = 'dlopen'
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if platform.system() == "Linux":
+        default_lib = "libfdb_c.so"
+        platform_name = "Linux"
+        dlopen = "dlopen"
+    elif platform.system() == "Windows":
+        default_lib = "fdb_c.dll"
+        platform_name = "Windows"
+        dlopen = "LoadLibrary"
+    elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
+        default_lib = "libfdb_c.dylib"
+        platform_name = "macOS"
+        dlopen = "dlopen"
     else:
-        error('Unsupported platform: %s' % platform.system())
+        error("Unsupported platform: %s" % platform.system())
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Prints version information for an FDB client library (e.g. %s). Must be run on a library built for the current platform (%s).' % (default_lib, platform_name))
-    parser.add_argument('library_path', type=str, help='Path to the client library. If not specified, the library will be searched for according to the procedures for %s on the current platform (%s).' % (dlopen, platform_name), default=None, nargs='?')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Prints version information for an FDB client library (e.g. %s). Must be run on a library built for the current platform (%s)."
+        % (default_lib, platform_name)
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "library_path",
+        type=str,
+        help="Path to the client library. If not specified, the library will be searched for according to the procedures for %s on the current platform (%s)."
+        % (dlopen, platform_name),
+        default=None,
+        nargs="?",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     if args.library_path is None:
         args.library_path = default_lib
     elif not os.path.isfile(args.library_path):
-        error('Library does not exist: %r' % args.library_path)
+        error("Library does not exist: %r" % args.library_path)
 
     print(get_version_string(args.library_path))

contrib/serialize-check/script/renormalize.py

@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ class CompilationDatabase:
             if not any(
                 (prefix in key)
                 for prefix in [
-                     "flow/",
-                     "fdbcli/",
-                     "fdbserver/",
+                    "flow/",
+                    "fdbcli/",
+                    "fdbserver/",
                     "fdbclient/",
-                     "fdbrpc/",
+                    "fdbrpc/",
                 ]
             ):
                 continue

contrib/transaction_profiling_analyzer/transaction_profiling_analyzer.py

@@ -50,9 +50,18 @@ PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_3 = 0x0FDB00B063010001
 PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_0 = 0x0FDB00B070010001
 PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_1 = 0x0FDB00B071010000
 PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_2 = 0x0FDB00B072000000
-supported_protocol_versions = frozenset([PROTOCOL_VERSION_5_2, PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_0, PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_1,
-                                         PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_2, PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_3, PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_0,
-                                         PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_1, PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_2])
+supported_protocol_versions = frozenset(
+    [
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_5_2,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_0,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_1,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_2,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_6_3,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_0,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_1,
+        PROTOCOL_VERSION_7_2,
+    ]
+)
 
 fdb.api_version(520)
 
@@ -86,8 +95,11 @@ class ByteBuffer(object):
 
     def get_bytes(self, n):
         if self._offset + n > len(self.val):
-            raise IndexError("Request to read %d bytes with only %d remaining" % (n, self.get_remaining_bytes()))
-        ret = self.val[self._offset:self._offset + n]
+            raise IndexError(
+                "Request to read %d bytes with only %d remaining"
+                % (n, self.get_remaining_bytes())
+            )
+        ret = self.val[self._offset : self._offset + n]
         self._offset += n
         return ret
 
@@ -115,7 +127,11 @@ class ByteBuffer(object):
         return [self.get_key_range() for _ in range(0, length)]
 
     def get_mutation(self):
-        return Mutation(ord(self.get_bytes(1)), self.get_bytes_with_length(), self.get_bytes_with_length())
+        return Mutation(
+            ord(self.get_bytes(1)),
+            self.get_bytes_with_length(),
+            self.get_bytes_with_length(),
+        )
 
     def get_mutation_list(self):
         length = self.get_int()
@@ -348,7 +364,9 @@ class ClientTransactionInfo:
                         self.error_get_ranges = []
                     self.error_get_ranges.append(error_get_range)
             elif event == 6:
-                error_commit = ErrorCommitInfo(bb, protocol_version, full_output=full_output)
+                error_commit = ErrorCommitInfo(
+                    bb, protocol_version, full_output=full_output
+                )
                 if not type_filter or "error_commit" in type_filter:
                     if not self.error_commits:
                         self.error_commits = []
@@ -357,8 +375,15 @@ class ClientTransactionInfo:
                 raise Exception("Unknown event type %d" % event)
 
     def has_types(self):
-        return self.get_version or self.gets or self.get_ranges or self.commit \
-            or self.error_gets or self.error_get_ranges or self.error_commits
+        return (
+            self.get_version
+            or self.gets
+            or self.get_ranges
+            or self.commit
+            or self.error_gets
+            or self.error_get_ranges
+            or self.error_commits
+        )
 
     def to_json(self):
         return json.dumps(self, cls=ObjJsonEncoder, sort_keys=True)
@@ -367,31 +392,44 @@ class ClientTransactionInfo:
 class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
     max_num_chunks_to_store = 1000  # Each chunk would be 100 KB in size
 
-    def __init__(self, db, full_output=True, type_filter=None, min_timestamp=None, max_timestamp=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        db,
+        full_output=True,
+        type_filter=None,
+        min_timestamp=None,
+        max_timestamp=None,
+    ):
         self.db = db
         self.full_output = full_output
         self.type_filter = type_filter
         self.min_timestamp = min_timestamp
         self.max_timestamp = max_timestamp
-        '''
+        """
         Keys look like this
             FF               - 2 bytes \xff\x02
             SSSSSSSSSS       - 10 bytes Version Stamp
             RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR - 16 bytes Transaction id
             NNNN             - 4 Bytes Chunk number
             TTTT             - 4 Bytes Total number of chunks
-        '''
-        sample_key = "FF/fdbClientInfo/client_latency/SSSSSSSSSS/RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR/NNNNTTTT/"
+        """
+        sample_key = (
+            "FF/fdbClientInfo/client_latency/SSSSSSSSSS/RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR/NNNNTTTT/"
+        )
 
-        self.client_latency_start = b'\xff\x02/fdbClientInfo/client_latency/'
-        self.client_latency_start_key_selector = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_than(self.client_latency_start)
-        self.client_latency_end_key_selector = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_or_equal(strinc(self.client_latency_start))
-        self.version_stamp_start_idx = sample_key.index('S')
-        self.version_stamp_end_idx = sample_key.rindex('S')
-        self.tr_id_start_idx = sample_key.index('R')
-        self.tr_id_end_idx = sample_key.rindex('R')
-        self.chunk_num_start_idx = sample_key.index('N')
-        self.num_chunks_start_idx = sample_key.index('T')
+        self.client_latency_start = b"\xff\x02/fdbClientInfo/client_latency/"
+        self.client_latency_start_key_selector = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_than(
+            self.client_latency_start
+        )
+        self.client_latency_end_key_selector = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_or_equal(
+            strinc(self.client_latency_start)
+        )
+        self.version_stamp_start_idx = sample_key.index("S")
+        self.version_stamp_end_idx = sample_key.rindex("S")
+        self.tr_id_start_idx = sample_key.index("R")
+        self.tr_id_end_idx = sample_key.rindex("R")
+        self.chunk_num_start_idx = sample_key.index("N")
+        self.num_chunks_start_idx = sample_key.index("T")
 
         self.tr_info_map = {}
         self.num_chunks_stored = 0
@@ -404,14 +442,22 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
             self.num_transactions_discarded += 1
 
     def parse_key(self, k):
-        version_stamp_bytes = k[self.version_stamp_start_idx:self.version_stamp_end_idx + 1]
-        tr_id = k[self.tr_id_start_idx:self.tr_id_end_idx + 1]
-        num_chunks = struct.unpack(">i", k[self.num_chunks_start_idx:self.num_chunks_start_idx + 4])[0]
-        chunk_num = struct.unpack(">i", k[self.chunk_num_start_idx:self.chunk_num_start_idx + 4])[0]
+        version_stamp_bytes = k[
+            self.version_stamp_start_idx : self.version_stamp_end_idx + 1
+        ]
+        tr_id = k[self.tr_id_start_idx : self.tr_id_end_idx + 1]
+        num_chunks = struct.unpack(
+            ">i", k[self.num_chunks_start_idx : self.num_chunks_start_idx + 4]
+        )[0]
+        chunk_num = struct.unpack(
+            ">i", k[self.chunk_num_start_idx : self.chunk_num_start_idx + 4]
+        )[0]
         return version_stamp_bytes, tr_id, num_chunks, chunk_num
 
     def get_key_prefix_for_version_stamp(self, version_stamp):
-        return self.client_latency_start + struct.pack(">Q", version_stamp) + b'\x00\x00'
+        return (
+            self.client_latency_start + struct.pack(">Q", version_stamp) + b"\x00\x00"
+        )
 
     @fdb.transactional
     def find_version_for_timestamp(self, tr, timestamp, start):
@@ -427,30 +473,40 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
         """
         tr.options.set_read_system_keys()
         tr.options.set_read_lock_aware()
-        timekeeper_prefix = b'\xff\x02/timeKeeper/map/'
+        timekeeper_prefix = b"\xff\x02/timeKeeper/map/"
         timestamp_packed = fdb.tuple.pack((timestamp,))
         if start:
             start_key = timekeeper_prefix
-            end_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_than(timekeeper_prefix + timestamp_packed)
+            end_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_than(
+                timekeeper_prefix + timestamp_packed
+            )
             reverse = True
         else:
-            start_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_or_equal(timekeeper_prefix + timestamp_packed)
+            start_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_or_equal(
+                timekeeper_prefix + timestamp_packed
+            )
             end_key = fdb.KeySelector.first_greater_or_equal(strinc(timekeeper_prefix))
             reverse = False
         for k, v in tr.snapshot.get_range(start_key, end_key, limit=1, reverse=reverse):
             return fdb.tuple.unpack(v)[0]
-        return 0 if start else 0x8000000000000000  # we didn't find any timekeeper data so find the max range
+        return (
+            0 if start else 0x8000000000000000
+        )  # we didn't find any timekeeper data so find the max range
 
     def fetch_transaction_info(self):
         if self.min_timestamp:
-            start_version = self.find_version_for_timestamp(self.db, self.min_timestamp, True)
+            start_version = self.find_version_for_timestamp(
+                self.db, self.min_timestamp, True
+            )
             logger.debug("Using start version %s" % start_version)
             start_key = self.get_key_prefix_for_version_stamp(start_version)
         else:
             start_key = self.client_latency_start_key_selector
 
         if self.max_timestamp:
-            end_version = self.find_version_for_timestamp(self.db, self.max_timestamp, False)
+            end_version = self.find_version_for_timestamp(
+                self.db, self.max_timestamp, False
+            )
             logger.debug("Using end version %s" % end_version)
             end_key = self.get_key_prefix_for_version_stamp(end_version)
         else:
@@ -460,7 +516,11 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
         invalid_transaction_infos = 0
 
         def build_client_transaction_info(v):
-            return ClientTransactionInfo(ByteBuffer(v), full_output=self.full_output, type_filter=self.type_filter)
+            return ClientTransactionInfo(
+                ByteBuffer(v),
+                full_output=self.full_output,
+                type_filter=self.type_filter,
+            )
 
         more = True
         tr = self.db.create_transaction()
@@ -471,8 +531,9 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
             buffer = []
             try:
                 logger.debug("Querying [%s:%s]" % (start_key, end_key))
-                transaction_info_range = tr.snapshot.get_range(start_key, end_key,
-                                                               streaming_mode=fdb.impl.StreamingMode.want_all)
+                transaction_info_range = tr.snapshot.get_range(
+                    start_key, end_key, streaming_mode=fdb.impl.StreamingMode.want_all
+                )
                 for k, v in transaction_info_range:
                     found += 1
                     # logger.debug(k)
@@ -498,26 +559,38 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
                         if chunk_num == 1:
                             # first chunk
                             assert tr_id not in self.tr_info_map
-                            self.tr_info_map[tr_id] = [TrInfoChunk(num_chunks, chunk_num, k, v)]
+                            self.tr_info_map[tr_id] = [
+                                TrInfoChunk(num_chunks, chunk_num, k, v)
+                            ]
                             self.num_chunks_stored += 1
                             self._check_and_adjust_chunk_cache_size()
                         else:
                             if tr_id not in self.tr_info_map:
                                 logger.error(
-                                    "Got a middle chunk without getting beginning part. Discarding transaction id: %s\n" % tr_id)
+                                    "Got a middle chunk without getting beginning part. Discarding transaction id: %s\n"
+                                    % tr_id
+                                )
                                 continue
                             c_list = self.tr_info_map[tr_id]
-                            if c_list[-1].num_chunks != num_chunks or c_list[-1].chunk_num != chunk_num - 1:
+                            if (
+                                c_list[-1].num_chunks != num_chunks
+                                or c_list[-1].chunk_num != chunk_num - 1
+                            ):
                                 self.tr_info_map.pop(tr_id)
                                 self.num_chunks_stored -= len(c_list)
-                                raise Exception("Chunk numbers do not match for Transaction id: %s" % tr_id)
+                                raise Exception(
+                                    "Chunk numbers do not match for Transaction id: %s"
+                                    % tr_id
+                                )
                             c_list.append(TrInfoChunk(num_chunks, chunk_num, k, v))
                             self.num_chunks_stored += 1
                             if num_chunks == chunk_num:
                                 self.tr_info_map.pop(tr_id)
                                 self.num_chunks_stored -= len(c_list)
                                 try:
-                                    info = build_client_transaction_info(b''.join([chunk.value for chunk in c_list]))
+                                    info = build_client_transaction_info(
+                                        b"".join([chunk.value for chunk in c_list])
+                                    )
                                     if info.has_types():
                                         buffer.append(info)
                                 except UnsupportedProtocolVersionError:
@@ -528,7 +601,10 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
                                 transaction_infos += 1
                             self._check_and_adjust_chunk_cache_size()
                     if transaction_infos % 1000 == 0:
-                        print("Processed %d transactions, %d invalid" % (transaction_infos, invalid_transaction_infos))
+                        print(
+                            "Processed %d transactions, %d invalid"
+                            % (transaction_infos, invalid_transaction_infos)
+                        )
                 if found == 0:
                     more = False
             except fdb.FDBError as e:
@@ -540,12 +616,16 @@ class TransactionInfoLoader(object):
             for item in buffer:
                 yield item
 
-        print("Processed %d transactions, %d invalid\n" % (transaction_infos, invalid_transaction_infos))
+        print(
+            "Processed %d transactions, %d invalid\n"
+            % (transaction_infos, invalid_transaction_infos)
+        )
 
 
 def has_sortedcontainers():
     try:
         import sortedcontainers
+
         return True
     except ImportError:
         logger.warn("Can't find sortedcontainers so disabling ReadCounter")
@@ -555,6 +635,7 @@ def has_sortedcontainers():
 def has_dateparser():
     try:
         import dateparser
+
         return True
     except ImportError:
         logger.warn("Can't find dateparser so disabling human date parsing")
@@ -564,8 +645,9 @@ def has_dateparser():
 class ReadCounter(object):
     def __init__(self):
         from sortedcontainers import SortedDict
+
         self.reads = SortedDict()
-        self.reads[b''] = [0, 0]
+        self.reads[b""] = [0, 0]
 
         self.read_counts = {}
         self.hit_count = 0
@@ -574,7 +656,9 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
         for get in transaction_info.gets:
             self._insert_read(get.key, None)
         for get_range in transaction_info.get_ranges:
-            self._insert_read(get_range.key_range.start_key, get_range.key_range.end_key)
+            self._insert_read(
+                get_range.key_range.start_key, get_range.key_range.end_key
+            )
 
     def _insert_read(self, start_key, end_key):
         self.read_counts.setdefault((start_key, end_key), 0)
@@ -584,7 +668,7 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
         if end_key is not None:
             self.reads.setdefault(end_key, [0, 0])[1] += 1
         else:
-            self.reads.setdefault(start_key + b'\x00', [0, 0])[1] += 1
+            self.reads.setdefault(start_key + b"\x00", [0, 0])[1] += 1
 
     def get_total_reads(self):
         return sum([v for v in self.read_counts.values()])
@@ -596,22 +680,32 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
         return True
 
     def get_top_k_reads(self, num, filter_addresses, shard_finder=None):
-        count_pairs = sorted([(v, k) for (k, v) in self.read_counts.items()], reverse=True, key=lambda item: item[0])
+        count_pairs = sorted(
+            [(v, k) for (k, v) in self.read_counts.items()],
+            reverse=True,
+            key=lambda item: item[0],
+        )
         if not filter_addresses:
             count_pairs = count_pairs[0:num]
 
         if shard_finder:
             results = []
             for (count, (start, end)) in count_pairs:
-                results.append((start, end, count, shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(start)))
+                results.append(
+                    (start, end, count, shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(start))
+                )
 
             shard_finder.wait_for_shard_addresses(results, 0, 3)
 
             if filter_addresses:
                 filter_addresses = set(filter_addresses)
-                results = [r for r in results if filter_addresses.issubset(set(r[3]))][0:num]
+                results = [r for r in results if filter_addresses.issubset(set(r[3]))][
+                    0:num
+                ]
         else:
-            results = [(start, end, count) for (count, (start, end)) in count_pairs[0:num]]
+            results = [
+                (start, end, count) for (count, (start, end)) in count_pairs[0:num]
+            ]
 
         return results
 
@@ -630,9 +724,13 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
                     addresses = shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(start)
                 else:
                     addresses = None
-                output_range_counts.append((start, end, started_count, total_count, shard_count, addresses))
+                output_range_counts.append(
+                    (start, end, started_count, total_count, shard_count, addresses)
+                )
             else:
-                output_range_counts.append((start, end, started_count, total_count, None, None))
+                output_range_counts.append(
+                    (start, end, started_count, total_count, None, None)
+                )
 
         this_range_start_key = None
         last_end = None
@@ -644,7 +742,9 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
             open_count -= end_count
 
             if opened_this_range >= range_size:
-                add_boundary(this_range_start_key, start_key, opened_this_range, count_this_range)
+                add_boundary(
+                    this_range_start_key, start_key, opened_this_range, count_this_range
+                )
                 count_this_range = open_count
                 opened_this_range = 0
                 this_range_start_key = None
@@ -660,9 +760,11 @@ class ReadCounter(object):
                 last_end = start_key
 
         if last_end is None:
-            last_end = b'\xff'
+            last_end = b"\xff"
         if count_this_range > 0:
-            add_boundary(this_range_start_key, last_end, opened_this_range, count_this_range)
+            add_boundary(
+                this_range_start_key, last_end, opened_this_range, count_this_range
+            )
 
         shard_finder.wait_for_shard_addresses(output_range_counts, 0, 5)
         return output_range_counts
@@ -677,7 +779,7 @@ class ShardFinder(object):
         self.refresh_tr()
 
         self.outstanding = []
-        self.boundary_keys = list(fdb.locality.get_boundary_keys(db, b'', b'\xff\xff'))
+        self.boundary_keys = list(fdb.locality.get_boundary_keys(db, b"", b"\xff\xff"))
         self.shard_cache = {}
 
     def _get_boundary_keys(self, begin, end):
@@ -734,16 +836,24 @@ class ShardFinder(object):
             if item[addr_idx] is not None:
                 while True:
                     try:
-                        ranges[index] = item[0:addr_idx] + ([a.decode('ascii') for a in item[addr_idx].wait()],) \
-                            + item[addr_idx + 1:]
+                        ranges[index] = (
+                            item[0:addr_idx]
+                            + ([a.decode("ascii") for a in item[addr_idx].wait()],)
+                            + item[addr_idx + 1 :]
+                        )
                         break
                     except fdb.FDBError:
-                        ranges[index] = item[0:addr_idx] + (self.get_addresses_for_key(item[key_idx]),) \
-                            + item[addr_idx + 1:]
+                        ranges[index] = (
+                            item[0:addr_idx]
+                            + (self.get_addresses_for_key(item[key_idx]),)
+                            + item[addr_idx + 1 :]
+                        )
 
 
 class WriteCounter(object):
-    mutation_types_to_consider = frozenset([MutationType.SET_VALUE, MutationType.ADD_VALUE])
+    mutation_types_to_consider = frozenset(
+        [MutationType.SET_VALUE, MutationType.ADD_VALUE]
+    )
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.writes = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
@@ -767,7 +877,9 @@ class WriteCounter(object):
                     addresses = shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(start)
                 else:
                     addresses = None
-                output_range_counts.append((start, end, count, None, shard_count, addresses))
+                output_range_counts.append(
+                    (start, end, count, None, shard_count, addresses)
+                )
             else:
                 output_range_counts.append((start, end, count, None, None, None))
 
@@ -798,13 +910,17 @@ class WriteCounter(object):
         if shard_finder:
             results = []
             for (count, key) in count_pairs:
-                results.append((key, None, count, shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(key)))
+                results.append(
+                    (key, None, count, shard_finder.get_addresses_for_key(key))
+                )
 
             shard_finder.wait_for_shard_addresses(results, 0, 3)
 
             if filter_addresses:
                 filter_addresses = set(filter_addresses)
-                results = [r for r in results if filter_addresses.issubset(set(r[3]))][0:num]
+                results = [r for r in results if filter_addresses.issubset(set(r[3]))][
+                    0:num
+                ]
         else:
             results = [(key, None, count) for (count, key) in count_pairs[0:num]]
 
@@ -819,40 +935,101 @@ def connect(cluster_file=None):
 def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="TransactionProfilingAnalyzer")
     parser.add_argument("-C", "--cluster-file", type=str, help="Cluster file")
-    parser.add_argument("--full-output", action="store_true", help="Print full output from mutations")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-get-version", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include get_version type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-get", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include get type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-get-range", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-reads", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include get and get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-commit", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include commit type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-error-get", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include error_get type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-error-get-range", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include error_get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
-    parser.add_argument("--filter-error-commit", action="store_true",
-                        help="Include error_commit type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--full-output", action="store_true", help="Print full output from mutations"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-get-version",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include get_version type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-get",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include get type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-get-range",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-reads",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include get and get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-commit",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include commit type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-error-get",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include error_get type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-error-get-range",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include error_get_range type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--filter-error-commit",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Include error_commit type. If no filter args are given all will be returned.",
+    )
     start_time_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
-    start_time_group.add_argument("--min-timestamp", type=int, help="Don't return events older than this epoch time")
-    start_time_group.add_argument("-s", "--start-time", type=str,
-                                  help="Don't return events older than this parsed time")
+    start_time_group.add_argument(
+        "--min-timestamp",
+        type=int,
+        help="Don't return events older than this epoch time",
+    )
+    start_time_group.add_argument(
+        "-s",
+        "--start-time",
+        type=str,
+        help="Don't return events older than this parsed time",
+    )
     end_time_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
-    end_time_group.add_argument("--max-timestamp", type=int, help="Don't return events newer than this epoch time")
-    end_time_group.add_argument("-e", "--end-time", type=str, help="Don't return events older than this parsed time")
-    parser.add_argument("--num-buckets", type=int,
-                        help="The number of buckets to partition the key-space into for operation counts", default=100)
-    parser.add_argument("--top-requests", type=int,
-                        help="If specified will output this many top keys for reads or writes", default=0)
-    parser.add_argument("--exclude-ports", action="store_true",
-                        help="Print addresses without the port number. Only works in versions older than 6.3, and is required in versions older than 6.2.")
-    parser.add_argument("--single-shard-ranges-only", action="store_true",
-                        help="Only print range boundaries that exist in a single shard")
-    parser.add_argument("-a", "--filter-address", action="append",
-                        help="Only print range boundaries that include the given address. This option can used multiple times to include more than one address in the filter, in which case all addresses must match.")
+    end_time_group.add_argument(
+        "--max-timestamp",
+        type=int,
+        help="Don't return events newer than this epoch time",
+    )
+    end_time_group.add_argument(
+        "-e",
+        "--end-time",
+        type=str,
+        help="Don't return events older than this parsed time",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-buckets",
+        type=int,
+        help="The number of buckets to partition the key-space into for operation counts",
+        default=100,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--top-requests",
+        type=int,
+        help="If specified will output this many top keys for reads or writes",
+        default=0,
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--exclude-ports",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Print addresses without the port number. Only works in versions older than 6.3, and is required in versions older than 6.2.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--single-shard-ranges-only",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Only print range boundaries that exist in a single shard",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a",
+        "--filter-address",
+        action="append",
+        help="Only print range boundaries that include the given address. This option can used multiple times to include more than one address in the filter, in which case all addresses must match.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -872,13 +1049,15 @@ def main():
     if args.filter_error_commit:
         type_filter.add("error_commit")
 
-    if (not type_filter or "commit" in type_filter):
+    if not type_filter or "commit" in type_filter:
         write_counter = WriteCounter() if args.num_buckets else None
     else:
         write_counter = None
 
-    if (not type_filter or "get" in type_filter or "get_range" in type_filter):
-        read_counter = ReadCounter() if (has_sortedcontainers() and args.num_buckets) else None
+    if not type_filter or "get" in type_filter or "get_range" in type_filter:
+        read_counter = (
+            ReadCounter() if (has_sortedcontainers() and args.num_buckets) else None
+        )
     else:
         read_counter = None
 
@@ -890,6 +1069,7 @@ def main():
         if not has_dateparser():
             raise Exception("Can't find dateparser needed to parse human dates")
         import dateparser
+
         min_timestamp = int(dateparser.parse(args.start_time).timestamp())
     else:
         raise Exception("Must specify start time")
@@ -900,21 +1080,31 @@ def main():
         if not has_dateparser():
             raise Exception("Can't find dateparser needed to parse human dates")
         import dateparser
+
         max_timestamp = int(dateparser.parse(args.end_time).timestamp())
     else:
         raise Exception("Must specify end time")
 
     now = time.time()
     if max_timestamp > now:
-        raise Exception("max_timestamp is %d seconds in the future" % (max_timestamp - now))
+        raise Exception(
+            "max_timestamp is %d seconds in the future" % (max_timestamp - now)
+        )
     if min_timestamp > now:
-        raise Exception("min_timestamp is %d seconds in the future" % (min_timestamp - now))
+        raise Exception(
+            "min_timestamp is %d seconds in the future" % (min_timestamp - now)
+        )
 
     logger.info("Loading transactions from %d to %d" % (min_timestamp, max_timestamp))
 
     db = connect(cluster_file=args.cluster_file)
-    loader = TransactionInfoLoader(db, full_output=full_output, type_filter=type_filter,
-                                   min_timestamp=min_timestamp, max_timestamp=max_timestamp)
+    loader = TransactionInfoLoader(
+        db,
+        full_output=full_output,
+        type_filter=type_filter,
+        min_timestamp=min_timestamp,
+        max_timestamp=max_timestamp,
+    )
 
     for info in loader.fetch_transaction_info():
         if info.has_types():
@@ -932,12 +1122,21 @@ def main():
             for (idx, (start, end, count, addresses)) in enumerate(top):
                 running_count += count
                 if end is not None:
-                    op_str = 'Range %r - %r' % (start, end)
+                    op_str = "Range %r - %r" % (start, end)
                 else:
-                    op_str = 'Key %r' % start
+                    op_str = "Key %r" % start
 
-                print(" %d. %s\n    %d sampled %s (%.2f%%, %.2f%% cumulative)" % (
-                    idx + 1, op_str, count, context, 100 * count / total, 100 * running_count / total))
+                print(
+                    " %d. %s\n    %d sampled %s (%.2f%%, %.2f%% cumulative)"
+                    % (
+                        idx + 1,
+                        op_str,
+                        count,
+                        context,
+                        100 * count / total,
+                        100 * running_count / total,
+                    )
+                )
                 print("    shard addresses: %s\n" % ", ".join(addresses))
 
         else:
@@ -945,8 +1144,15 @@ def main():
 
     def print_range_boundaries(range_boundaries, context):
         omit_start = None
-        for (idx, (start, end, start_count, total_count, shard_count, addresses)) in enumerate(range_boundaries):
-            omit = args.single_shard_ranges_only and shard_count is not None and shard_count > 1
+        for (
+            idx,
+            (start, end, start_count, total_count, shard_count, addresses),
+        ) in enumerate(range_boundaries):
+            omit = (
+                args.single_shard_ranges_only
+                and shard_count is not None
+                and shard_count > 1
+            )
             if args.filter_address:
                 if not addresses:
                     omit = True
@@ -965,15 +1171,30 @@ def main():
                     omit_start = None
 
                 if total_count is None:
-                    count_str = '%d sampled %s' % (start_count, context)
+                    count_str = "%d sampled %s" % (start_count, context)
                 else:
-                    count_str = '%d sampled %s (%d intersecting)' % (start_count, context, total_count)
+                    count_str = "%d sampled %s (%d intersecting)" % (
+                        start_count,
+                        context,
+                        total_count,
+                    )
                 if not shard_count:
                     print(" %d. [%s, %s]\n     %s\n" % (idx + 1, start, end, count_str))
                 else:
-                    addresses_string = "; addresses=%s" % ', '.join(addresses) if addresses else ''
-                    print(" %d. [%s, %s]\n     %s spanning %d shard(s)%s\n" % (
-                        idx + 1, start, end, count_str, shard_count, addresses_string))
+                    addresses_string = (
+                        "; addresses=%s" % ", ".join(addresses) if addresses else ""
+                    )
+                    print(
+                        " %d. [%s, %s]\n     %s spanning %d shard(s)%s\n"
+                        % (
+                            idx + 1,
+                            start,
+                            end,
+                            count_str,
+                            shard_count,
+                            addresses_string,
+                        )
+                    )
             elif omit_start is None:
                 omit_start = idx
 
@@ -985,14 +1206,19 @@ def main():
 
     shard_finder = ShardFinder(db, args.exclude_ports)
 
-    print("NOTE: shard locations are current and may not reflect where an operation was performed in the past\n")
+    print(
+        "NOTE: shard locations are current and may not reflect where an operation was performed in the past\n"
+    )
 
     if write_counter:
         if args.top_requests:
-            top_writes = write_counter.get_top_k_writes(args.top_requests, args.filter_address,
-                                                        shard_finder=shard_finder)
+            top_writes = write_counter.get_top_k_writes(
+                args.top_requests, args.filter_address, shard_finder=shard_finder
+            )
 
-        range_boundaries = write_counter.get_range_boundaries(args.num_buckets, shard_finder=shard_finder)
+        range_boundaries = write_counter.get_range_boundaries(
+            args.num_buckets, shard_finder=shard_finder
+        )
         num_writes = write_counter.get_total_writes()
 
         if args.top_requests or range_boundaries:
@@ -1018,9 +1244,13 @@ def main():
 
     if read_counter:
         if args.top_requests:
-            top_reads = read_counter.get_top_k_reads(args.top_requests, args.filter_address, shard_finder=shard_finder)
+            top_reads = read_counter.get_top_k_reads(
+                args.top_requests, args.filter_address, shard_finder=shard_finder
+            )
 
-        range_boundaries = read_counter.get_range_boundaries(args.num_buckets, shard_finder=shard_finder)
+        range_boundaries = read_counter.get_range_boundaries(
+            args.num_buckets, shard_finder=shard_finder
+        )
         num_reads = read_counter.get_total_reads()
 
         if args.top_requests or range_boundaries:

contrib/transaction_profiling_analyzer/transaction_profiling_analyzer_tests.py

@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ class RangeCounterTest(unittest.TestCase):
         rc._insert_range("a", "b")
         rc._insert_range("b", "c")
         assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 1)}), rc.ranges
-        assert rc.get_count_for_key('a') == 1
-        assert rc.get_count_for_key('b') == 1
-        assert rc.get_count_for_key('c') == 0
+        assert rc.get_count_for_key("a") == 1
+        assert rc.get_count_for_key("b") == 1
+        assert rc.get_count_for_key("c") == 0
 
     def test_two_duplicates(self):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
@@ -64,25 +64,33 @@ class RangeCounterTest(unittest.TestCase):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
         rc._insert_range("b", "c")
         rc._insert_range("a", "d")
-        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}), rc.ranges
+        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict(
+            {"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}
+        ), rc.ranges
 
     def test_wholly_inside(self):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
         rc._insert_range("a", "d")
         rc._insert_range("b", "c")
-        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}), rc.ranges
+        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict(
+            {"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}
+        ), rc.ranges
 
     def test_intersect_before(self):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
         rc._insert_range("b", "d")
         rc._insert_range("a", "c")
-        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}), rc.ranges
+        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict(
+            {"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}
+        ), rc.ranges
 
     def test_intersect_after(self):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
         rc._insert_range("a", "c")
         rc._insert_range("b", "d")
-        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}), rc.ranges
+        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict(
+            {"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("d", 1)}
+        ), rc.ranges
 
     def test_wide(self):
         rc = RangeCounter(1)
@@ -90,7 +98,17 @@ class RangeCounterTest(unittest.TestCase):
         rc._insert_range("e", "g")
         rc._insert_range("i", "k")
         rc._insert_range("b", "j")
-        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict({"a": ("b", 1), "b": ("c", 2), "c": ("e", 1), "e": ("g", 2), "g": ("i", 1), "i": ("j", 2), "j": ("k", 1)}), rc.ranges
+        assert rc.ranges == SortedDict(
+            {
+                "a": ("b", 1),
+                "b": ("c", 2),
+                "c": ("e", 1),
+                "e": ("g", 2),
+                "g": ("i", 1),
+                "i": ("j", 2),
+                "j": ("k", 1),
+            }
+        ), rc.ranges
 
     def test_random(self):
         letters = string.ascii_lowercase
@@ -102,7 +120,11 @@ class RangeCounterTest(unittest.TestCase):
             def test_correct():
                 for (k, v) in count_dict.items():
                     rc_count = rc.get_count_for_key(k)
-                assert rc_count == v, "Counts for %s mismatch. Expected %d got %d" % (k, v, rc_count)
+                assert rc_count == v, "Counts for %s mismatch. Expected %d got %d" % (
+                    k,
+                    v,
+                    rc_count,
+                )
 
             for _ in range(0, 100):
                 i = random.randint(0, len(letters) - 1)

documentation/sphinx/conf.py

@@ -17,44 +17,47 @@ import os
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('extensions'))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath("extensions"))
 
 # -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
 
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
 extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.todo',
-    'sphinx.ext.ifconfig',
-    'brokenrole',
-    'relativelink',
-    'rubydomain',
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.todo",
+    "sphinx.ext.ifconfig",
+    "brokenrole",
+    "relativelink",
+    "rubydomain",
 ]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
 templates_path = []
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The encoding of source files.
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u'FoundationDB'
-copyright = u'2013-2022 Apple, Inc and the FoundationDB project authors'
+project = "FoundationDB"
+copyright = "2013-2022 Apple, Inc and the FoundationDB project authors"
 
-version_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), '..', '..', '..', 'versions.target')
+version_path = os.path.join(
+    os.path.dirname(sys.executable), "..", "..", "..", "versions.target"
+)
 if os.path.exists(version_path):
     # Load the version information from 'versions.target'
     import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+
     tree = ET.parse(version_path)
     root = tree.getroot()
 
@@ -63,10 +66,14 @@ if os.path.exists(version_path):
     # built documents.
     #
     # The short X.Y version.
-    version = root.find(".//{http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003}PackageName").text
+    version = root.find(
+        ".//{http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003}PackageName"
+    ).text
     # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
     # FoundationDB special note: also see guide-common.rst.inc and update the link to the EC2 template
-    release = root.find(".//{http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003}Version").text
+    release = root.find(
+        ".//{http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003}Version"
+    ).text
 else:
     # Version and release will be overridden by sphinx command line
     version = None
@@ -75,34 +82,34 @@ else:
 
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
-language = 'en'
+language = "en"
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
 exclude_patterns = []
 
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
-#default_role = None
+# default_role = None
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
+# add_function_parentheses = True
 
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
+# add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-#modindex_common_prefix = []
+# modindex_common_prefix = []
 
 # If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
 todo_include_todos = False
@@ -111,7 +118,7 @@ todo_include_todos = False
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = 'bootstrap'
+html_theme = "bootstrap"
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
 html_theme_path = sphinx_bootstrap_theme.get_html_theme_path()
@@ -120,16 +127,16 @@ html_theme_path = sphinx_bootstrap_theme.get_html_theme_path()
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
 html_theme_options = {
-    'globaltoc_depth': 2,
-    'globaltoc_includehidden': "true",
-    'navbar_links': [
+    "globaltoc_depth": 2,
+    "globaltoc_includehidden": "true",
+    "navbar_links": [
         ("Site Map", "contents"),
     ],
-    'source_link_position': "footer",
+    "source_link_position": "footer",
 }
 
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-#html_short_title = None
+# html_short_title = None
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
@@ -137,7 +144,7 @@ html_theme_options = {
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-#html_favicon = None
+# html_favicon = None
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
@@ -146,21 +153,21 @@ html_static_path = []
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+html_last_updated_fmt = "%b %d, %Y"
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
+# html_use_smartypants = True
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
 html_sidebars = {
-    '**': ['localtoc.html'],
-    'contents': [],
+    "**": ["localtoc.html"],
+    "contents": [],
 }
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
 html_domain_indices = False
@@ -169,10 +176,10 @@ html_domain_indices = False
 html_use_index = False
 
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-#html_split_index = False
+# html_split_index = False
 
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-#html_show_sourcelink = True
+# html_show_sourcelink = True
 
 # If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
 html_show_sphinx = False
@@ -181,10 +188,10 @@ html_show_sphinx = False
 html_show_copyright = True
 
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-#html_file_suffix = None
+# html_file_suffix = None
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'FoundationDB'
+htmlhelp_basename = "FoundationDB"
 
 # Disable permalinks
 html_permalinks = False
@@ -193,42 +200,45 @@ html_permalinks = False
 # -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-
-# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-
-# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#'preamble': '',
+    # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
+    #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
+    #'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
+    #'preamble': '',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
 latex_documents = [
-  ('index', 'FoundationDB.tex', u'FoundationDB Documentation',
-   u'FoundationDB', 'manual'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "FoundationDB.tex",
+        "FoundationDB Documentation",
+        "FoundationDB",
+        "manual",
+    ),
 ]
 
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
 # the title page.
-#latex_logo = None
+# latex_logo = None
 
 # For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
 # not chapters.
-#latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_use_parts = False
 
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
@@ -236,12 +246,11 @@ latex_documents = [
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
 man_pages = [
-    ('index', 'foundationdb', u'FoundationDB Documentation',
-     [u'FoundationDB'], 1)
+    ("index", "foundationdb", "FoundationDB Documentation", ["FoundationDB"], 1)
 ]
 
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
@@ -250,19 +259,25 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  ('index', 'FoundationDB', u'FoundationDB Documentation',
-   u'FoundationDB', 'FoundationDB', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        "index",
+        "FoundationDB",
+        "FoundationDB Documentation",
+        "FoundationDB",
+        "FoundationDB",
+        "One line description of project.",
+        "Miscellaneous",
+    ),
 ]
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
 
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
 
 
 ########### Check for inappropriate use of the default role ##########

documentation/sphinx/extensions/brokenrole.py

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 # This source file is part of the FoundationDB open source project
 #
 # Copyright 2013-2018 Apple Inc. and the FoundationDB project authors
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
+
 def setup(app):
-    app.add_role('broken', broken_role)
+    app.add_role("broken", broken_role)
+
 
 def broken_role(name, rawtext, text, lineno, inliner, options=None, content=None):
     options = options or {}
     content = content or []
-    msg = inliner.reporter.error('Broken role invoked', line=lineno)
-    prb = inliner.problematic(rawtext,rawtext,msg)
-    return [prb],[msg]
+    msg = inliner.reporter.error("Broken role invoked", line=lineno)
+    prb = inliner.problematic(rawtext, rawtext, msg)
+    return [prb], [msg]

documentation/sphinx/extensions/relativelink.py

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 # This source file is part of the FoundationDB open source project
 #
 # Copyright 2013-2018 Apple Inc. and the FoundationDB project authors
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -29,20 +29,41 @@ from sphinx.addnodes import toctree
 
 # Name <relative/path>_
 
+
 def setup(app):
     import sphinx.environment
     from docutils import nodes
 
     old_resolve = sphinx.environment.BuildEnvironment.resolve_toctree
-    def resolve_toctree(self, docname, builder, toctree, prune=True, maxdepth=0,
-                            titles_only=False, collapse=False, includehidden=False):
-        result = old_resolve(self, docname, builder, toctree, prune=True, maxdepth=0,
-                            titles_only=False, collapse=False, includehidden=False)
+
+    def resolve_toctree(
+        self,
+        docname,
+        builder,
+        toctree,
+        prune=True,
+        maxdepth=0,
+        titles_only=False,
+        collapse=False,
+        includehidden=False,
+    ):
+        result = old_resolve(
+            self,
+            docname,
+            builder,
+            toctree,
+            prune=True,
+            maxdepth=0,
+            titles_only=False,
+            collapse=False,
+            includehidden=False,
+        )
         if result == None:
             return result
 
-        for node in result.traverse( nodes.reference ):
-            if not node['internal'] and node['refuri'].startswith("relative://"):
-                node['refuri'] = node['refuri'][len("relative://"):]
+        for node in result.traverse(nodes.reference):
+            if not node["internal"] and node["refuri"].startswith("relative://"):
+                node["refuri"] = node["refuri"][len("relative://") :]
         return result
+
     sphinx.environment.BuildEnvironment.resolve_toctree = resolve_toctree

fdbcli/tests/fdbcli_tests.py

@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ def run_fdbcli_command(*args):
         string: Console output from fdbcli
     """
     commands = command_template + ["{}".format(" ".join(args))]
-    process = subprocess.run(
-        commands, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, env=fdbcli_env
-    )
+    process = subprocess.run(commands, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, env=fdbcli_env)
     return process.stdout.decode("utf-8").strip()
 
 
@@ -1081,8 +1079,8 @@ def tenant_get(logger):
     assert lines[3].strip() == "lock state: unlocked"
     # id = lines[0].strip().removeprefix("id: ")
     # Workaround until Python 3.9+ for removeprefix
-    id = lines[0].strip()[len("id: "):]
-    
+    id = lines[0].strip()[len("id: ") :]
+
     id_output = run_fdbcli_command("tenant getId {}".format(id))
     assert id_output == output
 
@@ -1117,7 +1115,7 @@ def tenant_get(logger):
     assert lines[4].strip() == "tenant group: tenant_group2"
     # id2 = lines[0].strip().removeprefix("id: ")
     # Workaround until Python 3.9+ for removeprefix
-    id2 = lines[0].strip()[len("id: "):]
+    id2 = lines[0].strip()[len("id: ") :]
 
     id_output = run_fdbcli_command("tenant getId {}".format(id2))
     assert id_output == output
@@ -1144,6 +1142,7 @@ def tenant_get(logger):
     id_output = run_fdbcli_command("tenant getId {} JSON".format(id2))
     assert id_output == output
 
+
 @enable_logging()
 def tenant_configure(logger):
     setup_tenants(["tenant"])

fdbrpc/actorFuzz.py

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Context:
         return self.random.randint(100000, 999999)
 
 
-class InfiniteLoop (Exception):
+class InfiniteLoop(Exception):
     pass
 
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def indent(cx):
     return "\t" * cx.indent
 
 
-class F (object):
+class F(object):
     def unreachable(self):
         return False
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class F (object):
         return False
 
 
-class hashF (F):
+class hashF(F):
     def __init__(self, cx):
         self.cx = cx
         self.uniqueID = cx.uniqueID()
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class compoundF(F):
         return any(c.containsbreak() for c in self.children)
 
 
-class loopF (F):
+class loopF(F):
     def __init__(self, cx):
         self.cx = cx
         ccx = copy.copy(cx)
@@ -128,13 +128,18 @@ class loopF (F):
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.forever:
-            return (indent(self.cx) + "loop {\n" +
-                    str(self.body) +
-                    indent(self.cx) + "}\n")
+            return (
+                indent(self.cx) + "loop {\n" + str(self.body) + indent(self.cx) + "}\n"
+            )
         else:
-            return (indent(self.cx) + "state int i%d; for(i%d = 0; i%d < 5; i%d++) {\n" % ((self.uniqueID,) * 4) +
-                    str(self.body) +
-                    indent(self.cx) + "}\n")
+            return (
+                indent(self.cx)
+                + "state int i%d; for(i%d = 0; i%d < 5; i%d++) {\n"
+                % ((self.uniqueID,) * 4)
+                + str(self.body)
+                + indent(self.cx)
+                + "}\n"
+            )
 
     def eval(self, ecx):
         if self.forever:
@@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ class loopF (F):
         return self.forever and not self.body.containsbreak()
 
 
-class rangeForF (F):
+class rangeForF(F):
     def __init__(self, cx):
         self.cx = cx
         ccx = copy.copy(cx)
@@ -170,17 +175,24 @@ class rangeForF (F):
 
     def __str__(self):
         return (
-            indent(self.cx) +
-            ("\n" + indent(self.cx)).join([
-                "state std::vector<int> V;",
-                "V.push_back(1);",
-                "V.push_back(2);",
-                "V.push_back(3);",
-                "for( auto i : V ) {\n",
-            ]).replace("V", "list%d" % self.uniqueID) +
-            indent(self.cx) + "\t(void)i;\n" + # Suppress -Wunused-variable warning in generated code
-            str(self.body) +
-            indent(self.cx) + "}\n")
+            indent(self.cx)
+            + ("\n" + indent(self.cx))
+            .join(
+                [
+                    "state std::vector<int> V;",
+                    "V.push_back(1);",
+                    "V.push_back(2);",
+                    "V.push_back(3);",
+                    "for( auto i : V ) {\n",
+                ]
+            )
+            .replace("V", "list%d" % self.uniqueID)
+            + indent(self.cx)
+            + "\t(void)i;\n"
+            + str(self.body)  # Suppress -Wunused-variable warning in generated code
+            + indent(self.cx)
+            + "}\n"
+        )
 
     def eval(self, ecx):
         for i in range(1, 4):
@@ -196,7 +208,7 @@ class rangeForF (F):
         return False
 
 
-class ifF (F):
+class ifF(F):
     def __init__(self, cx):
         self.cx = cx
         ccx = copy.copy(cx)
@@ -206,16 +218,20 @@ class ifF (F):
         if cx.random.random() < 0.5:
             ccx = copy.copy(cx)
             ccx.indent += 1
-            self.elsebody = compoundF(ccx, [hashF(ccx)] + [fuzzCode(ccx)(ccx)] + [hashF(ccx)])
+            self.elsebody = compoundF(
+                ccx, [hashF(ccx)] + [fuzzCode(ccx)(ccx)] + [hashF(ccx)]
+            )
         else:
             self.elsebody = None
 
     def __str__(self):
-        s = (indent(self.cx) + "if ( (++ifstate&1) == %d ) {\n" % self.toggle +
-             str(self.ifbody))
+        s = (
+            indent(self.cx)
+            + "if ( (++ifstate&1) == %d ) {\n" % self.toggle
+            + str(self.ifbody)
+        )
         if self.elsebody:
-            s += (indent(self.cx) + "} else {\n" +
-                  str(self.elsebody))
+            s += indent(self.cx) + "} else {\n" + str(self.elsebody)
         s += indent(self.cx) + "}\n"
         return s
 
@@ -230,13 +246,17 @@ class ifF (F):
             return OK
 
     def unreachable(self):
-        return self.elsebody and self.ifbody.unreachable() and self.elsebody.unreachable()
+        return (
+            self.elsebody and self.ifbody.unreachable() and self.elsebody.unreachable()
+        )
 
     def containsbreak(self):
-        return self.ifbody.containsbreak() or (self.elsebody and self.elsebody.containsbreak())
+        return self.ifbody.containsbreak() or (
+            self.elsebody and self.elsebody.containsbreak()
+        )
 
 
-class tryF (F):
+class tryF(F):
     def __init__(self, cx):
         self.cx = cx
         ccx = copy.copy(cx)
@@ -247,12 +267,16 @@ class tryF (F):
         self.catch = compoundF(ccx, [hashF(ccx)] + [fuzzCode(ccx)(ccx)] + [hashF(ccx)])
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return (indent(self.cx) + "try {\n" +
-                str(self.body) +
-                indent(self.cx) + "} catch (...) {\n" +
-                str(self.catch) +
-                indent(self.cx) + "}\n"
-                )
+        return (
+            indent(self.cx)
+            + "try {\n"
+            + str(self.body)
+            + indent(self.cx)
+            + "} catch (...) {\n"
+            + str(self.catch)
+            + indent(self.cx)
+            + "}\n"
+        )
 
     def eval(self, ecx):
         ecx.infinityCheck()
@@ -312,14 +336,16 @@ class waitF(F):
 
     def __str__(self):
         return (
-            indent(self.cx) + "int input = waitNext( inputStream );\n" +
-            indent(self.cx) + "outputStream.send( input + %d );\n" % self.uniqueID
+            indent(self.cx)
+            + "int input = waitNext( inputStream );\n"
+            + indent(self.cx)
+            + "outputStream.send( input + %d );\n" % self.uniqueID
         )
 
     def eval(self, ecx):
         ecx.infinityCheck()
         input = ecx.inp()
-        ecx.out((input + self.uniqueID) & 0xffffffff)
+        ecx.out((input + self.uniqueID) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
         return OK
 
 
@@ -343,7 +369,7 @@ class throwF2(throwF):
         return indent(self.cx) + "throw_operation_failed();\n"
 
     def unreachable(self):
-        return False         # The actor compiler doesn't know the function never returns
+        return False  # The actor compiler doesn't know the function never returns
 
 
 class throwF3(throwF):
@@ -351,7 +377,7 @@ class throwF3(throwF):
         return indent(self.cx) + "wait( error ); // throw operation_failed()\n"
 
     def unreachable(self):
-        return False         # The actor compiler doesn't know that 'error' always contains an error
+        return False  # The actor compiler doesn't know that 'error' always contains an error
 
 
 class returnF(F):
@@ -373,10 +399,10 @@ class returnF(F):
 
 def fuzzCode(cx):
     choices = [loopF, rangeForF, tryF, doubleF, ifF]
-    if (cx.indent < 2):
+    if cx.indent < 2:
         choices = choices * 2
     choices += [waitF, returnF]
-    if (cx.inLoop):
+    if cx.inLoop:
         choices += [breakF, continueF]
     choices = choices * 3 + [throwF, throwF2, throwF3]
     return cx.random.choice(choices)
@@ -387,12 +413,17 @@ def randomActor(index):
         cx = Context()
         cx.indent += 1
         actor = fuzzCode(cx)(cx)
-        actor = compoundF(cx, [actor, returnF(cx)])   # Add a return at the end if the end is reachable
+        actor = compoundF(
+            cx, [actor, returnF(cx)]
+        )  # Add a return at the end if the end is reachable
         name = "actorFuzz%d" % index
-        text = ("ACTOR Future<int> %s( FutureStream<int> inputStream, PromiseStream<int> outputStream, Future<Void> error ) {\n" % name
-                + "\tstate int ifstate = 0;\n"
-                + str(actor)
-                + "}")
+        text = (
+            "ACTOR Future<int> %s( FutureStream<int> inputStream, PromiseStream<int> outputStream, Future<Void> error ) {\n"
+            % name
+            + "\tstate int ifstate = 0;\n"
+            + str(actor)
+            + "}"
+        )
         ecx = actor.ecx = ExecContext((i + 1) * 1000 for i in range(1000000))
         try:
             result = actor.eval(ecx)
@@ -411,7 +442,8 @@ def randomActor(index):
 
         return actor
 
-header='''
+
+header = """
 /*
  * ActorFuzz.actor.cpp
  *
@@ -432,15 +464,18 @@ header='''
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-'''
+"""
 
 
 testCaseCount = 30
 outputFile = open("ActorFuzz.actor.cpp", "wt")
 print(header, file=outputFile)
-print('// THIS FILE WAS GENERATED BY actorFuzz.py; DO NOT MODIFY IT DIRECTLY\n', file=outputFile)
+print(
+    "// THIS FILE WAS GENERATED BY actorFuzz.py; DO NOT MODIFY IT DIRECTLY\n",
+    file=outputFile,
+)
 print('#include "fdbrpc/ActorFuzz.h"\n', file=outputFile)
-print('#ifndef WIN32\n', file=outputFile)
+print("#ifndef WIN32\n", file=outputFile)
 
 actors = [randomActor(i) for i in range(testCaseCount)]
 
@@ -449,8 +484,11 @@ for actor in actors:
 
 print("std::pair<int,int> actorFuzzTests() {\n\tint testsOK = 0;", file=outputFile)
 for actor in actors:
-    print('\ttestsOK += testFuzzActor( &%s, "%s", {%s} );' % (actor.name, actor.name, ','.join(str(e) for e in actor.ecx.output)),
-          file=outputFile)
+    print(
+        '\ttestsOK += testFuzzActor( &%s, "%s", {%s} );'
+        % (actor.name, actor.name, ",".join(str(e) for e in actor.ecx.output)),
+        file=outputFile,
+    )
 print("\treturn std::make_pair(testsOK, %d);\n}" % len(actors), file=outputFile)
-print('#endif // WIN32\n', file=outputFile)
+print("#endif // WIN32\n", file=outputFile)
 outputFile.close()

packaging/docker/samples/python/app/server.py

@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ import fdb
 
 app = Flask(__name__)
 
-fdb.api_version(int(os.getenv('FDB_API_VERSION')))
+fdb.api_version(int(os.getenv("FDB_API_VERSION")))
 db = fdb.open()
 
-COUNTER_KEY = fdb.tuple.pack(('counter',))
+COUNTER_KEY = fdb.tuple.pack(("counter",))
+
+
 def _increment_counter(tr):
     counter_value = tr[COUNTER_KEY]
     if counter_value == None:
@@ -36,14 +38,16 @@ def _increment_counter(tr):
     tr[COUNTER_KEY] = fdb.tuple.pack((counter,))
     return counter
 
-@app.route("/counter", methods=['GET'])
+
+@app.route("/counter", methods=["GET"])
 def get_counter():
     counter_value = db[COUNTER_KEY]
     if counter_value == None:
-        return '0'
+        return "0"
 
     return str(fdb.tuple.unpack(counter_value)[0])
 
-@app.route("/counter/increment", methods=['POST'])
+
+@app.route("/counter/increment", methods=["POST"])
 def increment_counter():
     return str(_increment_counter(db))

packaging/make_public.py

@@ -29,18 +29,20 @@ import errno
 import subprocess
 import os
 
+
 def invalidClusterFile(clusterFile):
-    print('ERROR: \'%s\' is not a valid cluster file' % clusterFile)
+    print("ERROR: '%s' is not a valid cluster file" % clusterFile)
     sys.exit(1)
 
+
 def getOrValidateAddress(address):
     if address is None:
         try:
             s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
-            s.connect(('www.foundationdb.org', 80))
+            s.connect(("www.foundationdb.org", 80))
             return s.getsockname()[0]
         except Exception as e:
-            print('ERROR: Could not determine an address')
+            print("ERROR: Could not determine an address")
             exit(1)
     else:
         try:
@@ -52,13 +54,14 @@ def getOrValidateAddress(address):
             if e.errno == errno.EADDRINUSE:
                 return address
             else:
-                print('ERROR: Address %s could not be bound' % address)
+                print("ERROR: Address %s could not be bound" % address)
                 exit(1)
 
+
 def makePublic(clusterFile, newAddress, makeTLS):
     newAddress = getOrValidateAddress(newAddress)
 
-    f = open(clusterFile, 'r')
+    f = open(clusterFile, "r")
     clusterStr = None
     for line in f:
         line = line.strip()
@@ -71,51 +74,79 @@ def makePublic(clusterFile, newAddress, makeTLS):
     if clusterStr is None:
         invalidClusterFile(clusterFile)
 
-    if not re.match('^[a-zA-Z0-9_]*:[a-zA-Z0-9]*@([0-9\\.]*:[0-9]*(:tls)?,)*[0-9\\.]*:[0-9]*(:tls)?$', clusterStr):
+    if not re.match(
+        "^[a-zA-Z0-9_]*:[a-zA-Z0-9]*@([0-9\\.]*:[0-9]*(:tls)?,)*[0-9\\.]*:[0-9]*(:tls)?$",
+        clusterStr,
+    ):
         invalidClusterFile(clusterFile)
-    if not re.match('^.*@(127\\.0\\.0\\.1:[0-9]*(:tls)?,)*127\\.0\\.0\\.1:[0-9]*(:tls)?$', clusterStr):
-        print('ERROR: Cannot modify cluster file whose coordinators are not at address 127.0.0.1')
+    if not re.match(
+        "^.*@(127\\.0\\.0\\.1:[0-9]*(:tls)?,)*127\\.0\\.0\\.1:[0-9]*(:tls)?$",
+        clusterStr,
+    ):
+        print(
+            "ERROR: Cannot modify cluster file whose coordinators are not at address 127.0.0.1"
+        )
         sys.exit(1)
 
     f.close()
 
-    f = open(clusterFile, 'w')
-    clusterStr = clusterStr.replace('127.0.0.1', newAddress)
+    f = open(clusterFile, "w")
+    clusterStr = clusterStr.replace("127.0.0.1", newAddress)
     if makeTLS:
         clusterStr = re.sub("([0-9]),", "\\1:tls,", clusterStr)
         if not clusterStr.endswith(":tls"):
             clusterStr += ":tls"
 
-    f.write(clusterStr + '\n')
+    f.write(clusterStr + "\n")
     f.close()
 
     return newAddress, clusterStr.count(":tls") != 0
 
+
 def restartServer():
-    subprocess.call(['service', 'foundationdb', 'restart'])
+    subprocess.call(["service", "foundationdb", "restart"])
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
 
-    if platform.system() != 'Linux':
-        print('ERROR: this script can only be run on Linux')
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    if platform.system() != "Linux":
+        print("ERROR: this script can only be run on Linux")
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Converts a cluster with a local address to one with a public address')
-    parser.add_argument('-C', dest='clusterFile', type=str,
-        help='The cluster file to be converted. If unspecified, the cluster file at /etc/foundationdb/fdb.cluster is used.',
-        default='/etc/foundationdb/fdb.cluster')
-    parser.add_argument('-a', dest='address', type=str,
-        help='The new IP address to use. By default, an interface with access to the internet is chosen.')
-    parser.add_argument('-t', dest='tls', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Convert addresses without TLS enabled to accepting TLS connections.')
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Converts a cluster with a local address to one with a public address"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-C",
+        dest="clusterFile",
+        type=str,
+        help="The cluster file to be converted. If unspecified, the cluster file at /etc/foundationdb/fdb.cluster is used.",
+        default="/etc/foundationdb/fdb.cluster",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a",
+        dest="address",
+        type=str,
+        help="The new IP address to use. By default, an interface with access to the internet is chosen.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-t",
+        dest="tls",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="Convert addresses without TLS enabled to accepting TLS connections.",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     if os.geteuid() != 0:
-        print('ERROR: this script must be run as root')
+        print("ERROR: this script must be run as root")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     address, hasTLS = makePublic(args.clusterFile, args.address, args.tls)
     restartServer()
 
-    print('%s is now using address %s%s' % (args.clusterFile, address, " (TLS enabled)" if hasTLS else ""))
+    print(
+        "%s is now using address %s%s"
+        % (args.clusterFile, address, " (TLS enabled)" if hasTLS else "")
+    )

tests/TestRunner/TestRunner.py

@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ def run_simulation_test(basedir, options):
         seed = int(options.seed, 0)
         if options.test_number:
             idx = int(options.test_number)
-            seed = ((seed + idx) % (2 ** 32 - 2)) + 1
+            seed = ((seed + idx) % (2**32 - 2)) + 1
         pargs.append("{}".format(seed))
     if options.testtype == "test":
         pargs.append("-C")
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def run_simulation_test(basedir, options):
         seed = int(options.seed, 0)
         if options.test_number:
             idx = int(options.test_number)
-            seed = ((seed + idx) % (2 ** 32 - 2)) + 1
+            seed = ((seed + idx) % (2**32 - 2)) + 1
     wd = os.path.join(test_dir, "test_{}".format(options.name.replace("/", "_")))
     os.mkdir(wd)
     return_codes = {}  # {command: return_code}
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ def run_simulation_test(basedir, options):
         if not first:
             tmp.append("-R")
             if seed is not None:
-                seed = (seed + 1) % (2 ** 32 - 2)
+                seed = (seed + 1) % (2**32 - 2)
         first = False
         if seed is not None:
             tmp.append("-s")

tests/TestRunner/authz_util.py

@@ -3,16 +3,25 @@ from typing import List
 import json
 import time
 
+
 def private_key_gen(kty: str, kid: str):
     assert kty == "EC" or kty == "RSA"
     if kty == "EC":
-        return JsonWebKey.generate_key(kty=kty, crv_or_size="P-256", is_private=True, options={"kid": kid})
+        return JsonWebKey.generate_key(
+            kty=kty, crv_or_size="P-256", is_private=True, options={"kid": kid}
+        )
     else:
-        return JsonWebKey.generate_key(kty=kty, crv_or_size=4096, is_private=True, options={"kid": kid})
+        return JsonWebKey.generate_key(
+            kty=kty, crv_or_size=4096, is_private=True, options={"kid": kid}
+        )
+
 
 def public_keyset_from_keys(keys: List):
-    keys = list(map(lambda key: key.as_dict(is_private=False, alg=alg_from_kty(key.kty)), keys))
-    return json.dumps({ "keys": keys })
+    keys = list(
+        map(lambda key: key.as_dict(is_private=False, alg=alg_from_kty(key.kty)), keys)
+    )
+    return json.dumps({"keys": keys})
+
 
 def alg_from_kty(kty: str):
     assert kty == "EC" or kty == "RSA"
@@ -21,6 +30,7 @@ def alg_from_kty(kty: str):
     else:
         return "RS256"
 
+
 def token_gen(private_key, claims, headers={}):
     if not headers:
         headers = {
@@ -31,6 +41,7 @@ def token_gen(private_key, claims, headers={}):
         }
     return jwt.encode(headers, claims, private_key)
 
+
 def token_claim_1h(tenant_id: int):
     # JWT claim that is valid for 1 hour since time of invocation
     now = time.time()

tests/TestRunner/binary_download.py

@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
         assert self.build_dir.exists(), "{} does not exist".format(build_dir)
         assert self.build_dir.is_dir(), "{} is not a directory".format(build_dir)
         self.platform = platform.machine()
-        assert self.platform in SUPPORTED_PLATFORMS, "Unsupported platform {}".format(self.platform)
+        assert self.platform in SUPPORTED_PLATFORMS, "Unsupported platform {}".format(
+            self.platform
+        )
         self.download_dir = self.build_dir.joinpath("tmp", "old_binaries")
         self.local_binary_repo = Path(LOCAL_OLD_BINARY_REPO)
         if not self.local_binary_repo.exists():
@@ -57,13 +59,17 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
 
     # Check if the binaries for the given version are available in the local old binaries repository
     def version_in_local_repo(self, version):
-        return (self.local_binary_repo is not None) and (self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(version).exists())
+        return (self.local_binary_repo is not None) and (
+            self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(version).exists()
+        )
 
     def binary_path(self, version, bin_name):
         if is_local_build_version(version):
             return self.build_dir.joinpath("bin", bin_name)
         elif self.version_in_local_repo(version):
-            return self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(version, "bin", "{}-{}".format(bin_name, version))
+            return self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(
+                version, "bin", "{}-{}".format(bin_name, version)
+            )
         else:
             return self.download_dir.joinpath(version, bin_name)
 
@@ -77,7 +83,9 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
         return self.lib_dir(version).joinpath("libfdb_c.so")
 
     # Download an old binary of a given version from a remote repository
-    def download_old_binary(self, version, target_bin_name, remote_bin_name, make_executable):
+    def download_old_binary(
+        self, version, target_bin_name, remote_bin_name, make_executable
+    ):
         local_file = self.download_dir.joinpath(version, target_bin_name)
         if local_file.exists():
             return
@@ -85,7 +93,9 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
         # Download to a temporary file and then replace the target file atomically
         # to avoid consistency errors in case of multiple tests are downloading the
         # same file in parallel
-        local_file_tmp = Path("{}.{}".format(str(local_file), random_alphanum_string(8)))
+        local_file_tmp = Path(
+            "{}.{}".format(str(local_file), random_alphanum_string(8))
+        )
         self.download_dir.joinpath(version).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         remote_file = "{}{}/{}".format(FDB_DOWNLOAD_ROOT, version, remote_bin_name)
         remote_sha256 = "{}.sha256".format(remote_file)
@@ -93,7 +103,9 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
 
         for attempt_cnt in range(MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS + 1):
             if attempt_cnt == MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS:
-                assert False, "Failed to download {} after {} attempts".format(local_file_tmp, MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS)
+                assert False, "Failed to download {} after {} attempts".format(
+                    local_file_tmp, MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS
+                )
             try:
                 print("Downloading '{}' to '{}'...".format(remote_file, local_file_tmp))
                 request.urlretrieve(remote_file, local_file_tmp)
@@ -111,7 +123,11 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
             if expected_checksum == actual_checkum:
                 print("Checksum OK")
                 break
-            print("Checksum mismatch. Expected: {} Actual: {}".format(expected_checksum, actual_checkum))
+            print(
+                "Checksum mismatch. Expected: {} Actual: {}".format(
+                    expected_checksum, actual_checkum
+                )
+            )
 
         os.rename(local_file_tmp, local_file)
         os.remove(local_sha256)
@@ -127,9 +143,15 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
             return
         # Avoid race conditions in case of parallel test execution by first copying to a temporary file
         # and then renaming it atomically
-        dest_file_tmp = Path("{}.{}".format(str(dest_lib_file), random_alphanum_string(8)))
-        src_lib_file = self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(version, "lib", "libfdb_c-{}.so".format(version))
-        assert src_lib_file.exists(), "Missing file {} in the local old binaries repository".format(src_lib_file)
+        dest_file_tmp = Path(
+            "{}.{}".format(str(dest_lib_file), random_alphanum_string(8))
+        )
+        src_lib_file = self.local_binary_repo.joinpath(
+            version, "lib", "libfdb_c-{}.so".format(version)
+        )
+        assert (
+            src_lib_file.exists()
+        ), "Missing file {} in the local old binaries repository".format(src_lib_file)
         self.download_dir.joinpath(version).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         shutil.copyfile(src_lib_file, dest_file_tmp)
         os.rename(dest_file_tmp, dest_lib_file)
@@ -144,7 +166,15 @@ class FdbBinaryDownloader:
             self.copy_clientlib_from_local_repo(version)
             return
 
-        self.download_old_binary(version, "fdbserver", "fdbserver.{}".format(self.platform), True)
-        self.download_old_binary(version, "fdbmonitor", "fdbmonitor.{}".format(self.platform), True)
-        self.download_old_binary(version, "fdbcli", "fdbcli.{}".format(self.platform), True)
-        self.download_old_binary(version, "libfdb_c.so", "libfdb_c.{}.so".format(self.platform), False)
+        self.download_old_binary(
+            version, "fdbserver", "fdbserver.{}".format(self.platform), True
+        )
+        self.download_old_binary(
+            version, "fdbmonitor", "fdbmonitor.{}".format(self.platform), True
+        )
+        self.download_old_binary(
+            version, "fdbcli", "fdbcli.{}".format(self.platform), True
+        )
+        self.download_old_binary(
+            version, "libfdb_c.so", "libfdb_c.{}.so".format(self.platform), False
+        )

tests/TestRunner/cluster_args.py

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ from argparse import ArgumentParser, RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
 
 
 def CreateTmpFdbClusterArgParser(description):
-    parser = ArgumentParser(formatter_class=RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
-                            description=description)
+    parser = ArgumentParser(
+        formatter_class=RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, description=description
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--build-dir",
         "-b",
@@ -26,13 +27,16 @@ def CreateTmpFdbClusterArgParser(description):
         "--disable-tenants",
         help="Do not enable tenant mode",
         action="store_true",
-        default=False
+        default=False,
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--blob-granules-enabled", help="Enable blob granules", action="store_true"
     )
     parser.add_argument(
-        "--tls-enabled", help="Enable TLS (with test-only certificates)", action="store_true")
+        "--tls-enabled",
+        help="Enable TLS (with test-only certificates)",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--server-cert-chain-len",
         help="Length of server TLS certificate chain including root CA. Negative value deliberately generates expired leaf certificate for TLS testing. Only takes effect with --tls-enabled.",

tests/TestRunner/test_util.py

@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ import time
 
 alphanum_letters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits
 
+
 def random_alphanum_string(length):
     return "".join(random.choice(alphanum_letters) for _ in range(length))
 
+
 # attach a post-run trace checker to cluster that runs for events between the time of scope entry and exit
 class ScopedTraceChecker:
     def __init__(self, cluster, checker_func, filename_substr: str = ""):
@@ -20,4 +22,6 @@ class ScopedTraceChecker:
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-        self.cluster.add_trace_check_from_to(self.checker_func, self.begin, time.time(), self.filename_substr)
+        self.cluster.add_trace_check_from_to(
+            self.checker_func, self.begin, time.time(), self.filename_substr
+        )

tests/TestRunner/tmp_cluster.py

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ class TempCluster(LocalCluster):
         if self.remove_at_exit:
             shutil.rmtree(self.tmp_dir)
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     script_desc = """
     This script automatically configures a temporary local cluster on the machine

tests/authorization/conftest.py

@@ -310,7 +310,11 @@ def tenant_id_from_name(db):
                 tenant = db.open_tenant(to_bytes(tenant_name))
                 return tenant.get_id().wait()  # returns int
             except fdb.FDBError as e:
-                print("retrying tenant id fetch after 0.5 second backoff due to {}".format(e))
+                print(
+                    "retrying tenant id fetch after 0.5 second backoff due to {}".format(
+                        e
+                    )
+                )
                 time.sleep(0.5)
 
     return fn
@@ -325,7 +329,9 @@ def token_claim_1h(tenant_id_from_name):
         return {
             "iss": "fdb-authz-tester",
             "sub": "authz-test",
-            "aud": ["tmp-cluster"] if random.choice([True, False]) else "tmp-cluster", # too expensive to parameterize just for this
+            "aud": ["tmp-cluster"]
+            if random.choice([True, False])
+            else "tmp-cluster",  # too expensive to parameterize just for this
             "iat": now,
             "nbf": now - 1,
             "exp": now + 60 * 60,

tests/python_tests/__init__.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import argparse
 
 class Result(object):
     def __init__(self):
-        self.id = random.randint(0, 2 ** 63)
+        self.id = random.randint(0, 2**63)
         self.kpis = {}
         self.errors = []