foundationdb/flow/network.h

/*
 * network.h
 *
 * This source file is part of the FoundationDB open source project
 *
 * Copyright 2013-2018 Apple Inc. and the FoundationDB project authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#ifndef FLOW_OPENNETWORK_H
#define FLOW_OPENNETWORK_H
#include "flow/ProtocolVersion.h"
#pragma once

#include <array>
#include <regex>
#include <string>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <variant>
#include <atomic>
#include "boost/asio.hpp"
#ifndef TLS_DISABLED
#include "boost/asio/ssl.hpp"
#endif
#include "flow/Arena.h"
#include "flow/BooleanParam.h"
#include "flow/IRandom.h"
#include "flow/Trace.h"
#include "flow/WriteOnlySet.h"

enum class TaskPriority {
	Max = 1000000,
	RunLoop = 30000,
	ASIOReactor = 20001,
	RunCycleFunction = 20000,
	FlushTrace = 10500,
	WriteSocket = 10000,
	PollEIO = 9900,
	DiskIOComplete = 9150,
	LoadBalancedEndpoint = 9000,
	ReadSocket = 9000,
	AcceptSocket = 8950,
	Handshake = 8900,
	CoordinationReply = 8810,
	Coordination = 8800,
	FailureMonitor = 8700,
	ResolutionMetrics = 8700,
	Worker = 8660,
	ClusterControllerWorker = 8656,
	ClusterControllerRecruit = 8654,
	ClusterControllerRegister = 8652,
	ClusterController = 8650,
	MasterTLogRejoin = 8646,
	ProxyStorageRejoin = 8645,
	TLogQueuingMetrics = 8620,
	TLogPop = 8610,
	TLogPeekReply = 8600,
	TLogPeek = 8590,
	TLogCommitReply = 8580,
	TLogCommit = 8570,
	ReportLiveCommittedVersion = 8567,
	ProxyGetRawCommittedVersion = 8565,
	ProxyMasterVersionReply = 8560,
	ProxyCommitYield2 = 8557,
	ProxyTLogCommitReply = 8555,
	ProxyCommitYield1 = 8550,
	ProxyResolverReply = 8547,
	ProxyCommit = 8545,
	ProxyCommitBatcher = 8540,
	TLogConfirmRunningReply = 8530,
	TLogConfirmRunning = 8520,
	ProxyGRVTimer = 8510,
	GetConsistentReadVersion = 8500,
	GetLiveCommittedVersionReply = 8490,
	GetLiveCommittedVersion = 8480,
	UpdateRecoveryTransactionVersion = 8470,
	DefaultPromiseEndpoint = 8000,
	DefaultOnMainThread = 7500,
	DefaultDelay = 7010,
	DefaultYield = 7000,
	DiskRead = 5010,
	DefaultEndpoint = 5000,
	UnknownEndpoint = 4000,
	MoveKeys = 3550,
	DataDistributionLaunch = 3530,
	Ratekeeper = 3510,
	DataDistribution = 3502,
	DataDistributionLow = 3501,
	DataDistributionVeryLow = 3500,
	BlobManager = 3490,
	DiskWrite = 3010,
	UpdateStorage = 3000,
	CompactCache = 2900,
	TLogSpilledPeekReply = 2800,
	BlobWorkerReadChangeFeed = 2720,
	BlobWorkerUpdateFDB = 2710,
	BlobWorkerUpdateStorage = 2700,
	FetchKeys = 2500,
	RestoreApplierWriteDB = 2310,
	RestoreApplierReceiveMutations = 2300,
	RestoreLoaderFinishVersionBatch = 2220,
	RestoreLoaderSendMutations = 2210,
	RestoreLoaderLoadFiles = 2200,
	LowPriorityRead = 2100,
	Low = 2000,

	Min = 1000,
	Zero = 0
};

// These have been given long, annoying names to discourage their use.

inline TaskPriority incrementPriority(TaskPriority p) {
	return static_cast<TaskPriority>(static_cast<uint64_t>(p) + 1);
}

inline TaskPriority decrementPriority(TaskPriority p) {
	return static_cast<TaskPriority>(static_cast<uint64_t>(p) - 1);
}

inline TaskPriority incrementPriorityIfEven(TaskPriority p) {
	return static_cast<TaskPriority>(static_cast<uint64_t>(p) | 1);
}

class Void;

struct Hostname {
	std::string host;
	std::string service; // decimal port number
	bool isTLS;

	Hostname(std::string host, std::string service, bool isTLS) : host(host), service(service), isTLS(isTLS) {}
	Hostname() : host(""), service(""), isTLS(false) {}

	bool operator==(const Hostname& r) const { return host == r.host && service == r.service && isTLS == r.isTLS; }
	bool operator!=(const Hostname& r) const { return !(*this == r); }
	bool operator<(const Hostname& r) const {
		if (isTLS != r.isTLS)
			return isTLS < r.isTLS;
		else if (host != r.host)
			return host < r.host;
		return service < r.service;
	}
	bool operator>(const Hostname& r) const { return r < *this; }
	bool operator<=(const Hostname& r) const { return !(*this > r); }
	bool operator>=(const Hostname& r) const { return !(*this < r); }

	// Allow hostnames in forms like following:
	//    hostname:1234
	//    host.name:1234
	//    host-name:1234
	//    host-name_part1.host-name_part2:1234:tls
	static bool isHostname(const std::string& s) {
		std::regex validation("^([\\w\\-]+\\.?)+:([\\d]+){1,}(:tls)?$");
		std::regex ipv4Validation("^([\\d]{1,3}\\.?){4,}:([\\d]+){1,}(:tls)?$");
		return !std::regex_match(s, ipv4Validation) && std::regex_match(s, validation);
	}

	static Hostname parse(const std::string& s);

	std::string toString() const { return host + ":" + service + (isTLS ? ":tls" : ""); }
};

struct IPAddress {
	typedef boost::asio::ip::address_v6::bytes_type IPAddressStore;
	static_assert(std::is_same<IPAddressStore, std::array<uint8_t, 16>>::value,
	              "IPAddressStore must be std::array<uint8_t, 16>");

public:
	// Represents both IPv4 and IPv6 address. For IPv4 addresses,
	// only the first 32bits are relevant and rest are initialized to
	// 0.
	IPAddress() : addr(uint32_t(0)) {}
	explicit IPAddress(const IPAddressStore& v6addr) : addr(v6addr) {}
	explicit IPAddress(uint32_t v4addr) : addr(v4addr) {}

	bool isV6() const { return std::holds_alternative<IPAddressStore>(addr); }
	bool isV4() const { return !isV6(); }
	bool isValid() const;

	// Returns raw v4/v6 representation of address. Caller is responsible
	// to call these functions safely.
	uint32_t toV4() const { return std::get<uint32_t>(addr); }
	const IPAddressStore& toV6() const { return std::get<IPAddressStore>(addr); }

	std::string toString() const;
	static Optional<IPAddress> parse(std::string const& str);

	bool operator==(const IPAddress& addr) const;
	bool operator!=(const IPAddress& addr) const;
	bool operator<(const IPAddress& addr) const;

	template <class Ar>
	void serialize(Ar& ar) {
		if constexpr (is_fb_function<Ar>) {
			serializer(ar, addr);
		} else {
			if (Ar::isDeserializing) {
				bool v6;
				serializer(ar, v6);
				if (v6) {
					IPAddressStore store;
					serializer(ar, store);
					addr = store;
				} else {
					uint32_t res;
					serializer(ar, res);
					addr = res;
				}
			} else {
				bool v6 = isV6();
				serializer(ar, v6);
				if (v6) {
					auto res = toV6();
					serializer(ar, res);
				} else {
					auto res = toV4();
					serializer(ar, res);
				}
			}
		}
	}

private:
	std::variant<uint32_t, IPAddressStore> addr;
};

template <>
struct Traceable<IPAddress> : std::true_type {
	static std::string toString(const IPAddress& value) { return value.toString(); }
};

FDB_DECLARE_BOOLEAN_PARAM(NetworkAddressFromHostname);

struct NetworkAddress {
	constexpr static FileIdentifier file_identifier = 14155727;
	// A NetworkAddress identifies a particular running server (i.e. a TCP endpoint).
	IPAddress ip;
	uint16_t port;
	uint16_t flags;
	bool fromHostname;

	enum { FLAG_PRIVATE = 1, FLAG_TLS = 2 };

	NetworkAddress()
	  : ip(IPAddress(0)), port(0), flags(FLAG_PRIVATE), fromHostname(NetworkAddressFromHostname::False) {}
	NetworkAddress(const IPAddress& address,
	               uint16_t port,
	               bool isPublic,
	               bool isTLS,
	               NetworkAddressFromHostname fromHostname = NetworkAddressFromHostname::False)
	  : ip(address), port(port), flags((isPublic ? 0 : FLAG_PRIVATE) | (isTLS ? FLAG_TLS : 0)),
	    fromHostname(fromHostname) {}
	NetworkAddress(uint32_t ip,
	               uint16_t port,
	               bool isPublic,
	               bool isTLS,
	               NetworkAddressFromHostname fromHostname = NetworkAddressFromHostname::False)
	  : NetworkAddress(IPAddress(ip), port, isPublic, isTLS, fromHostname) {}

	NetworkAddress(uint32_t ip, uint16_t port)
	  : NetworkAddress(ip, port, false, false, NetworkAddressFromHostname::False) {}
	NetworkAddress(const IPAddress& ip, uint16_t port)
	  : NetworkAddress(ip, port, false, false, NetworkAddressFromHostname::False) {}

	bool operator==(NetworkAddress const& r) const { return ip == r.ip && port == r.port && flags == r.flags; }
	bool operator!=(NetworkAddress const& r) const { return !(*this == r); }
	bool operator<(NetworkAddress const& r) const {
		if (flags != r.flags)
			return flags < r.flags;
		else if (ip != r.ip)
			return ip < r.ip;
		return port < r.port;
	}
	bool operator>(NetworkAddress const& r) const { return r < *this; }
	bool operator<=(NetworkAddress const& r) const { return !(*this > r); }
	bool operator>=(NetworkAddress const& r) const { return !(*this < r); }

	bool isValid() const { return ip.isValid() || port != 0; }
	bool isPublic() const { return !(flags & FLAG_PRIVATE); }
	bool isTLS() const { return (flags & FLAG_TLS) != 0; }
	bool isV6() const { return ip.isV6(); }

	size_t hash() const {
		size_t result = 0;
		if (ip.isV6()) {
			uint16_t* ptr = (uint16_t*)ip.toV6().data();
			result = ((size_t)ptr[5] << 32) | ((size_t)ptr[6] << 16) | ptr[7];
		} else {
			result = ip.toV4();
		}
		return (result << 16) + port;
	}

	static NetworkAddress parse(std::string const&); // May throw connection_string_invalid
	static Optional<NetworkAddress> parseOptional(std::string const&);
	static std::vector<NetworkAddress> parseList(std::string const&);
	std::string toString() const;

	template <class Ar>
	void serialize(Ar& ar) {
		if constexpr (is_fb_function<Ar>) {
			serializer(ar, ip, port, flags, fromHostname);
		} else {
			if (ar.isDeserializing && !ar.protocolVersion().hasIPv6()) {
				uint32_t ipV4;
				serializer(ar, ipV4, port, flags);
				ip = IPAddress(ipV4);
			} else {
				serializer(ar, ip, port, flags);
			}
			if (ar.protocolVersion().hasNetworkAddressHostnameFlag()) {
				serializer(ar, fromHostname);
			}
		}
	}
};

template <>
struct Traceable<NetworkAddress> : std::true_type {
	static std::string toString(const NetworkAddress& value) { return value.toString(); }
};

namespace std {
template <>
struct hash<NetworkAddress> {
	size_t operator()(const NetworkAddress& na) const { return na.hash(); }
};
} // namespace std

struct NetworkAddressList {
	NetworkAddress address;
	Optional<NetworkAddress> secondaryAddress{};

	bool operator==(NetworkAddressList const& r) const {
		return address == r.address && secondaryAddress == r.secondaryAddress;
	}
	bool operator!=(NetworkAddressList const& r) const {
		return address != r.address || secondaryAddress != r.secondaryAddress;
	}
	bool operator<(NetworkAddressList const& r) const {
		if (address != r.address)
			return address < r.address;
		return secondaryAddress < r.secondaryAddress;
	}

	NetworkAddress getTLSAddress() const {
		if (!secondaryAddress.present() || address.isTLS()) {
			return address;
		}
		return secondaryAddress.get();
	}

	std::string toString() const {
		if (!secondaryAddress.present()) {
			return address.toString();
		}
		return address.toString() + ", " + secondaryAddress.get().toString();
	}

	bool contains(const NetworkAddress& r) const {
		return address == r || (secondaryAddress.present() && secondaryAddress.get() == r);
	}

	template <class Ar>
	void serialize(Ar& ar) {
		serializer(ar, address, secondaryAddress);
	}
};

std::string toIPVectorString(std::vector<uint32_t> ips);
std::string toIPVectorString(const std::vector<IPAddress>& ips);
std::string formatIpPort(const IPAddress& ip, uint16_t port);

template <class T>
class Future;
template <class T>
class Promise;

// Metrics which represent various network properties
struct NetworkMetrics {
	enum { SLOW_EVENT_BINS = 16 };
	uint64_t countSlowEvents[SLOW_EVENT_BINS] = {};

	double secSquaredSubmit = 0;
	double secSquaredDiskStall = 0;

	struct PriorityStats {
		TaskPriority priority;

		bool active = false;
		double duration = 0;
		double timer = 0;
		double windowedTimer = 0;
		double maxDuration = 0;

		PriorityStats(TaskPriority priority) : priority(priority) {}
	};

	std::unordered_map<TaskPriority, struct PriorityStats> activeTrackers;
	double lastRunLoopBusyness; // network thread busyness (measured every 5s by default)
	std::atomic<double>
	    networkBusyness; // network thread busyness which is returned to the the client (measured every 1s by default)

	// starvation trackers which keeps track of different task priorities
	std::vector<struct PriorityStats> starvationTrackers;
	struct PriorityStats starvationTrackerNetworkBusyness;

	static const std::vector<int> starvationBins;

	NetworkMetrics()
	  : lastRunLoopBusyness(0), networkBusyness(0),
	    starvationTrackerNetworkBusyness(PriorityStats(static_cast<TaskPriority>(starvationBins.at(0)))) {
		for (int priority : starvationBins) { // initalize starvation trackers with given priorities
			starvationTrackers.emplace_back(static_cast<TaskPriority>(priority));
		}
	}

	// Since networkBusyness is atomic we need to redefine copy assignment operator
	NetworkMetrics& operator=(const NetworkMetrics& rhs) {
		for (int i = 0; i < SLOW_EVENT_BINS; i++) {
			countSlowEvents[i] = rhs.countSlowEvents[i];
		}
		secSquaredSubmit = rhs.secSquaredSubmit;
		secSquaredDiskStall = rhs.secSquaredDiskStall;
		activeTrackers = rhs.activeTrackers;
		lastRunLoopBusyness = rhs.lastRunLoopBusyness;
		networkBusyness = rhs.networkBusyness.load();
		starvationTrackers = rhs.starvationTrackers;
		starvationTrackerNetworkBusyness = rhs.starvationTrackerNetworkBusyness;
		return *this;
	}
};

struct FlowLock;

struct NetworkInfo {
	NetworkMetrics metrics;
	double oldestAlternativesFailure = 0;
	double newestAlternativesFailure = 0;
	double lastAlternativesFailureSkipDelay = 0;

	std::map<std::pair<IPAddress, uint16_t>, std::pair<int, double>> serverTLSConnectionThrottler;
	FlowLock* handshakeLock;

	NetworkInfo();
};

class IEventFD : public ReferenceCounted<IEventFD> {
public:
	virtual ~IEventFD() {}
	virtual int getFD() = 0;
	virtual Future<int64_t> read() = 0;
};

// forward declare SendBuffer, declared in serialize.h
class SendBuffer;

class IConnection {
public:
	// IConnection is reference-counted (use Reference<IConnection>), but the caller must explicitly call close()
	virtual void addref() = 0;
	virtual void delref() = 0;

	// Closes the underlying connection eventually if it is not already closed.
	virtual void close() = 0;

	virtual Future<Void> acceptHandshake() = 0;

	virtual Future<Void> connectHandshake() = 0;

	// Precondition: write() has been called and last returned 0
	// returns when write() can write at least one byte (or may throw an error if the connection dies)
	virtual Future<Void> onWritable() = 0;

	// Precondition: read() has been called and last returned 0
	// returns when read() can read at least one byte (or may throw an error if the connection dies)
	virtual Future<Void> onReadable() = 0;

	// Reads as many bytes as possible from the read buffer into [begin,end) and returns the number of bytes read (might
	// be 0) (or may throw an error if the connection dies)
	virtual int read(uint8_t* begin, uint8_t* end) = 0;

	// Writes as many bytes as possible from the given SendBuffer chain into the write buffer and returns the number of
	// bytes written (might be 0) (or may throw an error if the connection dies) The SendBuffer chain cannot be empty,
	// and the limit must be positive. Important non-obvious behavior:  The caller is committing to write the contents
	// of the buffer chain up to the limit.  If all of those bytes could not be sent in this call to write() then
	// further calls must be made to write the remainder.  An IConnection implementation can make decisions based on the
	// entire byte set that the caller was attempting to write even if it is unable to write all of it immediately. Due
	// to limitations of TLSConnection, callers must also avoid reallocations that reduce the amount of written data in
	// the first buffer in the chain.
	virtual int write(SendBuffer const* buffer, int limit = std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) = 0;

	// Returns the network address and port of the other end of the connection.  In the case of an incoming connection,
	// this may not be an address we can connect to!
	virtual NetworkAddress getPeerAddress() const = 0;

	virtual UID getDebugID() const = 0;
};

class IListener {
public:
	virtual void addref() = 0;
	virtual void delref() = 0;

	// Returns one incoming connection when it is available.  Do not cancel unless you are done with the listener!
	virtual Future<Reference<IConnection>> accept() = 0;

	virtual NetworkAddress getListenAddress() const = 0;
};

typedef void* flowGlobalType;
typedef NetworkAddress (*NetworkAddressFuncPtr)();
typedef NetworkAddressList (*NetworkAddressesFuncPtr)();

class TLSConfig;
class INetwork;
extern INetwork* g_network;
extern INetwork* newNet2(const TLSConfig& tlsConfig, bool useThreadPool = false, bool useMetrics = false);

class INetwork {
public:
	// This interface abstracts the physical or simulated network, event loop and hardware that FoundationDB is running
	// on. Note that there are tools for disk access, scheduling, etc as well as networking, and that almost all access
	//   to the network should be through FlowTransport, not directly through these low level interfaces!

	enum enumGlobal {
		enFailureMonitor = 0,
		enFlowTransport = 1,
		enTDMetrics = 2,
		enNetworkConnections = 3,
		enNetworkAddressFunc = 4,
		enFileSystem = 5,
		enASIOService = 6,
		enEventFD = 7,
		enRunCycleFunc = 8,
		enASIOTimedOut = 9,
		enBlobCredentialFiles = 10,
		enNetworkAddressesFunc = 11,
		enClientFailureMonitor = 12,
		enSQLiteInjectedError = 13,
		enGlobalConfig = 14,
		enChaosMetrics = 15,
		enDiskFailureInjector = 16,
		enBitFlipper = 17,
		COUNT // Add new fields before this enumerator
	};

	virtual void longTaskCheck(const char* name) {}

	virtual double now() const = 0;
	// Provides a clock that advances at a similar rate on all connected endpoints
	// FIXME: Return a fixed point Time class

	virtual double timer() = 0;
	// A wrapper for directly getting the system time. The time returned by now() only updates in the run loop,
	// so it cannot be used to measure times of functions that do not have wait statements.

	virtual double timer_monotonic() = 0;
	// Similar to timer, but monotonic

	virtual Future<class Void> delay(double seconds, TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// The given future will be set after seconds have elapsed

	virtual Future<class Void> orderedDelay(double seconds, TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// The given future will be set after seconds have elapsed, delays with the same time and TaskPriority will be
	// executed in the order they were issues

	virtual Future<class Void> yield(TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// The given future will be set immediately or after higher-priority tasks have executed

	virtual bool check_yield(TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// Returns true if a call to yield would result in a delay

	virtual TaskPriority getCurrentTask() const = 0;
	// Gets the taskID/priority of the current task

	virtual void setCurrentTask(TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// Sets the taskID/priority of the current task, without yielding

	virtual flowGlobalType global(int id) const = 0;
	virtual void setGlobal(size_t id, flowGlobalType v) = 0;

	virtual void stop() = 0;
	// Terminate the program

	virtual void addStopCallback(std::function<void()> fn) = 0;
	// Calls `fn` when stop() is called.
	// addStopCallback can be called more than once, and each added `fn` will be run once.

	virtual bool isSimulated() const = 0;
	// Returns true if this network is a local simulation

	virtual bool isOnMainThread() const = 0;
	// Returns true if the current thread is the main thread

	virtual void onMainThread(Promise<Void>&& signal, TaskPriority taskID) = 0;
	// Executes signal.send(Void()) on a/the thread belonging to this network

	virtual THREAD_HANDLE startThread(THREAD_FUNC_RETURN (*func)(void*),
	                                  void* arg,
	                                  int stackSize = 0,
	                                  const char* name = nullptr) = 0;
	// Starts a thread and returns a handle to it

	virtual void run() = 0;
	// Devotes this thread to running the network (generally until stop())

	virtual void initMetrics() {}
	// Metrics must be initialized after FlowTransport::createInstance has been called

	// TLS must be initialized before using the network
	enum ETLSInitState { NONE = 0, CONFIG = 1, CONNECT = 2, LISTEN = 3 };
	virtual void initTLS(ETLSInitState targetState = CONFIG) {}

	virtual const TLSConfig& getTLSConfig() const = 0;
	// Return the TLS Configuration

	virtual void getDiskBytes(std::string const& directory, int64_t& free, int64_t& total) = 0;
	// Gets the number of free and total bytes available on the disk which contains directory

	virtual bool isAddressOnThisHost(NetworkAddress const& addr) const = 0;
	// Returns true if it is reasonably certain that a connection to the given address would be a fast loopback
	// connection

	// If the network has not been run and this function has not been previously called, returns true. Otherwise,
	// returns false.
	virtual bool checkRunnable() = 0;

#ifdef ENABLE_SAMPLING
	// Returns the shared memory data structure used to store actor lineages.
	virtual ActorLineageSet& getActorLineageSet() = 0;
#endif

	virtual ProtocolVersion protocolVersion() const = 0;

	// Shorthand for transport().getLocalAddress()
	static NetworkAddress getLocalAddress() {
		flowGlobalType netAddressFuncPtr =
		    reinterpret_cast<flowGlobalType>(g_network->global(INetwork::enNetworkAddressFunc));
		return (netAddressFuncPtr) ? reinterpret_cast<NetworkAddressFuncPtr>(netAddressFuncPtr)() : NetworkAddress();
	}

	// Shorthand for transport().getLocalAddresses()
	static NetworkAddressList getLocalAddresses() {
		flowGlobalType netAddressesFuncPtr =
		    reinterpret_cast<flowGlobalType>(g_network->global(INetwork::enNetworkAddressesFunc));
		return (netAddressesFuncPtr) ? reinterpret_cast<NetworkAddressesFuncPtr>(netAddressesFuncPtr)()
		                             : NetworkAddressList();
	}

	NetworkInfo networkInfo;

protected:
	INetwork() {}

	~INetwork() {} // Please don't try to delete through this interface!
};

class IUDPSocket {
public:
	//  see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol - the max size of a UDP packet
	// This is enforced in simulation
	constexpr static size_t MAX_PACKET_SIZE = 65535;
	virtual ~IUDPSocket();
	virtual void addref() = 0;
	virtual void delref() = 0;

	virtual void close() = 0;
	virtual Future<int> send(uint8_t const* begin, uint8_t const* end) = 0;
	virtual Future<int> sendTo(uint8_t const* begin, uint8_t const* end, NetworkAddress const& peer) = 0;
	virtual Future<int> receive(uint8_t* begin, uint8_t* end) = 0;
	virtual Future<int> receiveFrom(uint8_t* begin, uint8_t* end, NetworkAddress* sender) = 0;
	virtual void bind(NetworkAddress const& addr) = 0;

	virtual UID getDebugID() const = 0;
	virtual NetworkAddress localAddress() const = 0;
	virtual boost::asio::ip::udp::socket::native_handle_type native_handle() = 0;
};

class INetworkConnections {
public:
	// Methods for making and accepting network connections.  Logically this is part of the INetwork abstraction
	// that abstracts all interaction with the physical world; it is separated out to make it easy for e.g. transport
	// security to override only these operations without having to delegate everything in INetwork.

	// Make an outgoing connection to the given address.  May return an error or block indefinitely in case of
	// connection problems!
	virtual Future<Reference<IConnection>> connect(NetworkAddress toAddr, const std::string& host = "") = 0;

	virtual Future<Reference<IConnection>> connectExternal(NetworkAddress toAddr, const std::string& host = "") = 0;

	// Make an outgoing udp connection and connect to the passed address.
	virtual Future<Reference<IUDPSocket>> createUDPSocket(NetworkAddress toAddr) = 0;
	// Make an outgoing udp connection without establishing a connection
	virtual Future<Reference<IUDPSocket>> createUDPSocket(bool isV6 = false) = 0;

	virtual void addMockTCPEndpoint(const std::string& host,
	                                const std::string& service,
	                                const std::vector<NetworkAddress>& addresses) = 0;
	virtual void removeMockTCPEndpoint(const std::string& host, const std::string& service) = 0;
	virtual void parseMockDNSFromString(const std::string& s) = 0;
	virtual std::string convertMockDNSToString() = 0;
	// Resolve host name and service name (such as "http" or can be a plain number like "80") to a list of 1 or more
	// NetworkAddresses
	virtual Future<std::vector<NetworkAddress>> resolveTCPEndpoint(const std::string& host,
	                                                               const std::string& service) = 0;
	// Resolve host name and service name. This one should only be used when resolving asynchronously is impossible. For
	// all other cases, resolveTCPEndpoint() should be preferred.
	virtual std::vector<NetworkAddress> resolveTCPEndpointBlocking(const std::string& host,
	                                                               const std::string& service) = 0;

	// Convenience function to resolve host/service and connect to one of its NetworkAddresses randomly
	// isTLS has to be a parameter here because it is passed to connect() as part of the toAddr object.
	virtual Future<Reference<IConnection>> connect(const std::string& host,
	                                               const std::string& service,
	                                               bool isTLS = false);

	// Listen for connections on the given local address
	virtual Reference<IListener> listen(NetworkAddress localAddr) = 0;

	static INetworkConnections* net() {
		return static_cast<INetworkConnections*>((void*)g_network->global(INetwork::enNetworkConnections));
	}
	// Returns the interface that should be used to make and accept socket connections
};

// Chaos Metrics - We periodically log chaosMetrics to make sure that chaos events are happening
// Only includes DiskDelays which encapsulates all type delays and BitFlips for now
// Expand as per need
struct ChaosMetrics {

	ChaosMetrics() { clear(); }

	void clear() {
		memset(this, 0, sizeof(ChaosMetrics));
		startTime = g_network ? g_network->now() : 0;
	}

	unsigned int diskDelays;
	unsigned int bitFlips;
	double startTime;

	void getFields(TraceEvent* e) {
		std::pair<const char*, unsigned int> metrics[] = { { "DiskDelays", diskDelays }, { "BitFlips", bitFlips } };
		if (e != nullptr) {
			for (auto& m : metrics) {
				char c = m.first[0];
				if (c != 0) {
					e->detail(m.first, m.second);
				}
			}
		}
	}
};

// This class supports injecting two type of disk failures
// 1. Stalls: Every interval seconds, the disk will stall and no IO will complete for x seconds, where x is a randomly
// chosen interval
// 2. Slowdown: Random slowdown is injected to each disk operation for specified period of time
struct DiskFailureInjector {
	static DiskFailureInjector* injector() {
		auto res = g_network->global(INetwork::enDiskFailureInjector);
		if (!res) {
			res = new DiskFailureInjector();
			g_network->setGlobal(INetwork::enDiskFailureInjector, res);
		}
		return static_cast<DiskFailureInjector*>(res);
	}

	void setDiskFailure(double interval, double stallFor, double throttleFor) {
		stallInterval = interval;
		stallPeriod = stallFor;
		stallUntil = std::max(stallUntil, g_network->now() + stallFor);
		// random stall duration in ms (chosen once)
		// TODO: make this delay configurable
		stallDuration = 0.001 * deterministicRandom()->randomInt(1, 5);
		throttlePeriod = throttleFor;
		throttleUntil = std::max(throttleUntil, g_network->now() + throttleFor);
		TraceEvent("SetDiskFailure")
		    .detail("Now", g_network->now())
		    .detail("StallInterval", interval)
		    .detail("StallPeriod", stallFor)
		    .detail("StallUntil", stallUntil)
		    .detail("ThrottlePeriod", throttleFor)
		    .detail("ThrottleUntil", throttleUntil);
	}

	double getStallDelay() {
		// If we are in a stall period and a stallInterval was specified, determine the
		// delay to be inserted
		if (((stallUntil - g_network->now()) > 0.0) && stallInterval) {
			auto timeElapsed = fmod(g_network->now(), stallInterval);
			return std::max(0.0, stallDuration - timeElapsed);
		}
		return 0.0;
	}

	double getThrottleDelay() {
		// If we are in the throttle period, insert a random delay (in ms)
		// TODO: make this delay configurable
		if ((throttleUntil - g_network->now()) > 0.0)
			return (0.001 * deterministicRandom()->randomInt(1, 3));

		return 0.0;
	}

	double getDiskDelay() { return getStallDelay() + getThrottleDelay(); }

private: // members
	double stallInterval = 0.0; // how often should the disk be stalled (0 meaning once, 10 meaning every 10 secs)
	double stallPeriod; // Period of time disk stalls will be injected for
	double stallUntil; // End of disk stall period
	double stallDuration; // Duration of each stall
	double throttlePeriod; // Period of time the disk will be slowed down for
	double throttleUntil; // End of disk slowdown period

private: // construction
	DiskFailureInjector() = default;
	DiskFailureInjector(DiskFailureInjector const&) = delete;
};

struct BitFlipper {
	static BitFlipper* flipper() {
		auto res = g_network->global(INetwork::enBitFlipper);
		if (!res) {
			res = new BitFlipper();
			g_network->setGlobal(INetwork::enBitFlipper, res);
		}
		return static_cast<BitFlipper*>(res);
	}

	double getBitFlipPercentage() { return bitFlipPercentage; }

	void setBitFlipPercentage(double percentage) { bitFlipPercentage = percentage; }

private: // members
	double bitFlipPercentage = 0.0;

private: // construction
	BitFlipper() = default;
	BitFlipper(BitFlipper const&) = delete;
};
#endif