diff --git a/examples/futures.py b/examples/futures.py
index c60d9d74c6..e82d881691 100644
--- a/examples/futures.py
+++ b/examples/futures.py
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ class Inner(TypeRoutedAgent):
         super().__init__(name, router)
 
     @message_handler(MessageType)
-    async def on_new_message(
-        self, message: MessageType, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> MessageType:
-        assert require_response
+    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
         return MessageType(body=f"Inner: {message.body}", sender=self.name)
 
 
@@ -32,11 +29,8 @@ class Outer(TypeRoutedAgent):
         self._inner = inner
 
     @message_handler(MessageType)
-    async def on_new_message(
-        self, message: MessageType, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> MessageType:
-        assert require_response
-        inner_response = self._send_message(message, self._inner, require_response=True)
+    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
+        inner_response = self._send_message(message, self._inner)
         inner_message = await inner_response
         assert isinstance(inner_message, MessageType)
         return MessageType(body=f"Outer: {inner_message.body}", sender=self.name)
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 9417bb0084..b9a20b913d 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ select = ["E", "F", "W", "B", "Q", "I"]
 ignore = ["F401", "E501"]
 
 [tool.mypy]
-files = ["src", "examples"]
+files = ["src", "examples", "tests"]
 
 strict = true
 python_version = "3.10"
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ disallow_untyped_decorators = true
 disallow_any_unimported = true
 
 [tool.pyright]
-include = ["src", "examples"]
+include = ["src", "examples", "tests"]
 typeCheckingMode = "strict"
 reportUnnecessaryIsInstance = false
 reportMissingTypeStubs = false
diff --git a/src/agnext/agent_components/type_routed_agent.py b/src/agnext/agent_components/type_routed_agent.py
index af6042d87b..d6fa103099 100644
--- a/src/agnext/agent_components/type_routed_agent.py
+++ b/src/agnext/agent_components/type_routed_agent.py
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ ProducesT = TypeVar("ProducesT", covariant=True)
 def message_handler(
     *target_types: Type[ReceivesT],
 ) -> Callable[
-    [Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, bool, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]]],
-    Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, bool, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]],
+    [Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]]],
+    Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]],
 ]:
     def decorator(
-        func: Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, bool, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]],
-    ) -> Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, bool, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]]:
+        func: Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]],
+    ) -> Callable[[Any, ReceivesT, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, ProducesT | None]]:
         # Convert target_types to list and stash
         func._target_types = list(target_types)  # type: ignore
         return func
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TypeRoutedAgent(BaseAgent):
         super().__init__(name, router)
 
         # Self is already bound to the handlers
-        self._handlers: Dict[Type[Any], Callable[[Any, bool, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any | None]]] = {}
+        self._handlers: Dict[Type[Any], Callable[[Any, CancellationToken], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any | None]]] = {}
 
         router.add_agent(self)
 
@@ -49,17 +49,13 @@ class TypeRoutedAgent(BaseAgent):
     def subscriptions(self) -> Sequence[Type[Any]]:
         return list(self._handlers.keys())
 
-    async def on_message(
-        self, message: Any, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> Any | None:
+    async def on_message(self, message: Any, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> Any | None:
         key_type: Type[Any] = type(message)  # type: ignore
         handler = self._handlers.get(key_type)  # type: ignore
         if handler is not None:
-            return await handler(message, require_response, cancellation_token)
+            return await handler(message, cancellation_token)
         else:
-            return await self.on_unhandled_message(message, require_response, cancellation_token)
+            return await self.on_unhandled_message(message, cancellation_token)
 
-    async def on_unhandled_message(
-        self, message: Any, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> NoReturn:
+    async def on_unhandled_message(self, message: Any, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> NoReturn:
         raise CantHandleException(f"Unhandled message: {message}")
diff --git a/src/agnext/application_components/single_threaded_agent_runtime.py b/src/agnext/application_components/single_threaded_agent_runtime.py
index b21a382b87..9d9320c1b2 100644
--- a/src/agnext/application_components/single_threaded_agent_runtime.py
+++ b/src/agnext/application_components/single_threaded_agent_runtime.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import asyncio
 from asyncio import Future
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Awaitable, Dict, List, Sequence, Set, cast
+from typing import Any, Awaitable, Dict, List, Set
 
 from agnext.core.cancellation_token import CancellationToken
 from agnext.core.exceptions import MessageDroppedException
@@ -12,15 +12,13 @@ from ..core.agent_runtime import AgentRuntime
 
 
 @dataclass(kw_only=True)
-class BroadcastMessageEnvelope:
-    """A message envelope for broadcasting messages to all agents that can handle
+class PublishMessageEnvelope:
+    """A message envelope for publishing messages to all agents that can handle
     the message of the type T."""
 
     message: Any
-    future: Future[Sequence[Any] | None]
     cancellation_token: CancellationToken
     sender: Agent | None
-    require_response: bool
 
 
 @dataclass(kw_only=True)
@@ -31,9 +29,8 @@ class SendMessageEnvelope:
     message: Any
     sender: Agent | None
     recipient: Agent
-    future: Future[Any | None]
+    future: Future[Any]
     cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    require_response: bool
 
 
 @dataclass(kw_only=True)
@@ -46,20 +43,9 @@ class ResponseMessageEnvelope:
     recipient: Agent | None
 
 
-@dataclass(kw_only=True)
-class BroadcastResponseMessageEnvelope:
-    """A message envelope for sending a response to a message."""
-
-    message: Sequence[Any]
-    future: Future[Sequence[Any]]
-    recipient: Agent | None
-
-
 class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
     def __init__(self, *, before_send: InterventionHandler | None = None) -> None:
-        self._message_queue: List[
-            BroadcastMessageEnvelope | SendMessageEnvelope | ResponseMessageEnvelope | BroadcastResponseMessageEnvelope
-        ] = []
+        self._message_queue: List[PublishMessageEnvelope | SendMessageEnvelope | ResponseMessageEnvelope] = []
         self._per_type_subscribers: Dict[type, List[Agent]] = {}
         self._agents: Set[Agent] = set()
         self._before_send = before_send
@@ -77,7 +63,6 @@ class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
         message: Any,
         recipient: Agent,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         sender: Agent | None = None,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
     ) -> Future[Any | None]:
@@ -95,36 +80,31 @@ class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
                 future=future,
                 cancellation_token=cancellation_token,
                 sender=sender,
-                require_response=require_response,
             )
         )
 
         return future
 
-    # send message, require_response=False -> returns after delivery, gives None
-    # send message, require_response=True -> returns after handling, gives Response
-    def broadcast_message(
+    def publish_message(
         self,
         message: Any,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         sender: Agent | None = None,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
-    ) -> Future[Sequence[Any] | None]:
+    ) -> Future[None]:
         if cancellation_token is None:
             cancellation_token = CancellationToken()
 
-        future = asyncio.get_event_loop().create_future()
         self._message_queue.append(
-            BroadcastMessageEnvelope(
+            PublishMessageEnvelope(
                 message=message,
-                future=future,
                 cancellation_token=cancellation_token,
                 sender=sender,
-                require_response=require_response,
             )
         )
 
+        future = asyncio.get_event_loop().create_future()
+        future.set_result(None)
         return future
 
     async def _process_send(self, message_envelope: SendMessageEnvelope) -> None:
@@ -134,64 +114,41 @@ class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
         try:
             response = await recipient.on_message(
                 message_envelope.message,
-                require_response=message_envelope.require_response,
                 cancellation_token=message_envelope.cancellation_token,
             )
         except BaseException as e:
             message_envelope.future.set_exception(e)
             return
 
-        if not message_envelope.require_response and response is not None:
-            raise Exception("Recipient returned a response for a message that did not request a response")
-
-        if message_envelope.require_response and response is None:
-            raise Exception("Recipient did not return a response for a message that requested a response")
-
-        if message_envelope.require_response:
-            self._message_queue.append(
-                ResponseMessageEnvelope(
-                    message=response,
-                    future=message_envelope.future,
-                    sender=message_envelope.recipient,
-                    recipient=message_envelope.sender,
-                )
+        self._message_queue.append(
+            ResponseMessageEnvelope(
+                message=response,
+                future=message_envelope.future,
+                sender=message_envelope.recipient,
+                recipient=message_envelope.sender,
             )
-        else:
-            message_envelope.future.set_result(None)
+        )
 
-    async def _process_broadcast(self, message_envelope: BroadcastMessageEnvelope) -> None:
+    async def _process_publish(self, message_envelope: PublishMessageEnvelope) -> None:
         responses: List[Awaitable[Any]] = []
         for agent in self._per_type_subscribers.get(type(message_envelope.message), []):  # type: ignore
             future = agent.on_message(
                 message_envelope.message,
-                require_response=message_envelope.require_response,
                 cancellation_token=message_envelope.cancellation_token,
             )
             responses.append(future)
 
         try:
-            all_responses = await asyncio.gather(*responses)
-        except BaseException as e:
-            message_envelope.future.set_exception(e)
+            _all_responses = await asyncio.gather(*responses)
+        except BaseException:
+            # TODO log error
             return
 
-        if message_envelope.require_response:
-            self._message_queue.append(
-                BroadcastResponseMessageEnvelope(
-                    message=all_responses,
-                    future=cast(Future[Sequence[Any]], message_envelope.future),
-                    recipient=message_envelope.sender,
-                )
-            )
-        else:
-            message_envelope.future.set_result(None)
+        # TODO if responses are given for a publish
 
     async def _process_response(self, message_envelope: ResponseMessageEnvelope) -> None:
         message_envelope.future.set_result(message_envelope.message)
 
-    async def _process_broadcast_response(self, message_envelope: BroadcastResponseMessageEnvelope) -> None:
-        message_envelope.future.set_result(message_envelope.message)
-
     async def process_next(self) -> None:
         if len(self._message_queue) == 0:
             # Yield control to the event loop to allow other tasks to run
@@ -211,20 +168,19 @@ class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
                     message_envelope.message = temp_message
 
                 asyncio.create_task(self._process_send(message_envelope))
-            case BroadcastMessageEnvelope(
+            case PublishMessageEnvelope(
                 message=message,
                 sender=sender,
-                future=future,
             ):
                 if self._before_send is not None:
-                    temp_message = await self._before_send.on_broadcast(message, sender=sender)
+                    temp_message = await self._before_send.on_publish(message, sender=sender)
                     if temp_message is DropMessage or isinstance(temp_message, DropMessage):
-                        future.set_exception(MessageDroppedException())
+                        # TODO log message dropped
                         return
 
                     message_envelope.message = temp_message
 
-                asyncio.create_task(self._process_broadcast(message_envelope))
+                asyncio.create_task(self._process_publish(message_envelope))
             case ResponseMessageEnvelope(message=message, sender=sender, recipient=recipient, future=future):
                 if self._before_send is not None:
                     temp_message = await self._before_send.on_response(message, sender=sender, recipient=recipient)
@@ -236,16 +192,5 @@ class SingleThreadedAgentRuntime(AgentRuntime):
 
                 asyncio.create_task(self._process_response(message_envelope))
 
-            case BroadcastResponseMessageEnvelope(message=message, recipient=recipient, future=future):
-                if self._before_send is not None:
-                    temp_message_list = await self._before_send.on_broadcast_response(message, recipient=recipient)
-                    if temp_message_list is DropMessage or isinstance(temp_message_list, DropMessage):
-                        future.set_exception(MessageDroppedException())
-                        return
-
-                    message_envelope.message = list(temp_message_list)  # type: ignore
-
-                asyncio.create_task(self._process_broadcast_response(message_envelope))
-
         # Yield control to the message loop to allow other tasks to run
         await asyncio.sleep(0)
diff --git a/src/agnext/chat/agents/oai_assistant.py b/src/agnext/chat/agents/oai_assistant.py
index 8ee8980313..27c6d01d3d 100644
--- a/src/agnext/chat/agents/oai_assistant.py
+++ b/src/agnext/chat/agents/oai_assistant.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class OpenAIAssistantAgent(BaseChatAgent, TypeRoutedAgent):
     # TODO: use require_response
     @message_handler(TextMessage)
     async def on_chat_message_with_cancellation(
-        self, message: TextMessage, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
+        self, message: TextMessage, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
     ) -> None:
         print("---------------")
         print(f"{self.name} received message from {message.source}: {message.content}")
@@ -41,22 +41,13 @@ class OpenAIAssistantAgent(BaseChatAgent, TypeRoutedAgent):
         )
         self._current_session_window_length += 1
 
-        if require_response:
-            # TODO ?
-            ...
-
     @message_handler(Reset)
-    async def on_reset(self, message: Reset, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> None:
+    async def on_reset(self, message: Reset, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> None:
         # Reset the current session window.
         self._current_session_window_length = 0
 
     @message_handler(RespondNow)
-    async def on_respond_now(
-        self, message: RespondNow, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> TextMessage | None:
-        if not require_response:
-            return None
-
+    async def on_respond_now(self, message: RespondNow, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> TextMessage:
         # Create a run and wait until it finishes.
         run = await self._client.beta.threads.runs.create_and_poll(
             thread_id=self._thread_id,
diff --git a/src/agnext/chat/agents/random_agent.py b/src/agnext/chat/agents/random_agent.py
index f96a2d949d..1df2e17db6 100644
--- a/src/agnext/chat/agents/random_agent.py
+++ b/src/agnext/chat/agents/random_agent.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class RandomResponseAgent(BaseChatAgent, TypeRoutedAgent):
     # TODO: use require_response
     @message_handler(RespondNow)
     async def on_chat_message_with_cancellation(
-        self, message: RespondNow, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
+        self, message: RespondNow, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
     ) -> TextMessage:
         # Generate a random response.
         response_body = random.choice(
diff --git a/src/agnext/chat/patterns/group_chat.py b/src/agnext/chat/patterns/group_chat.py
index 0120522d9b..08a6f762d0 100644
--- a/src/agnext/chat/patterns/group_chat.py
+++ b/src/agnext/chat/patterns/group_chat.py
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ class GroupChat(BaseChatAgent):
         agent_sublists = [agent.subscriptions for agent in self._agents]
         return [Reset, RespondNow] + [item for sublist in agent_sublists for item in sublist]
 
-    async def on_message(
-        self, message: Any, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> Any | None:
+    async def on_message(self, message: Any, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> Any | None:
         if isinstance(message, Reset):
             # Reset the history.
             self._history = []
@@ -48,10 +46,8 @@ class GroupChat(BaseChatAgent):
             # TODO reset...
             return self._output.get_output()
 
-        # TODO: should we do nothing here?
-        # Perhaps it should be saved into the message history?
-        if not require_response:
-            return None
+        # TODO: how should we handle the group chat receiving a message while in the middle of a conversation?
+        # Should this class disallow it?
 
         self._history.append(message)
         round = 0
@@ -67,14 +63,13 @@ class GroupChat(BaseChatAgent):
                 _ = await self._send_message(
                     self._history[-1],
                     agent,
-                    require_response=False,
                     cancellation_token=cancellation_token,
                 )
+                # TODO handle if response is not None
 
             response = await self._send_message(
                 RespondNow(),
                 speaker,
-                require_response=True,
                 cancellation_token=cancellation_token,
             )
 
@@ -88,4 +83,5 @@ class GroupChat(BaseChatAgent):
 
         output = self._output.get_output()
         self._output.reset()
+        self._history.clear()
         return output
diff --git a/src/agnext/chat/patterns/orchestrator.py b/src/agnext/chat/patterns/orchestrator.py
index fbf597a97f..ca0902945c 100644
--- a/src/agnext/chat/patterns/orchestrator.py
+++ b/src/agnext/chat/patterns/orchestrator.py
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ class Orchestrator(BaseChatAgent, TypeRoutedAgent):
     async def on_chat_message(
         self,
         message: ChatMessage,
-        require_response: bool,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken,
     ) -> ChatMessage | None:
         # A task is received.
diff --git a/src/agnext/core/agent.py b/src/agnext/core/agent.py
index 038ffd2a33..2fd60ec638 100644
--- a/src/agnext/core/agent.py
+++ b/src/agnext/core/agent.py
@@ -11,6 +11,4 @@ class Agent(Protocol):
     @property
     def subscriptions(self) -> Sequence[type]: ...
 
-    async def on_message(
-        self, message: Any, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> Any | None: ...
+    async def on_message(self, message: Any, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> Any | None: ...
diff --git a/src/agnext/core/agent_runtime.py b/src/agnext/core/agent_runtime.py
index 67f558c6f6..7bd4875fe9 100644
--- a/src/agnext/core/agent_runtime.py
+++ b/src/agnext/core/agent_runtime.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from asyncio import Future
-from typing import Any, Protocol, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Protocol
 
 from agnext.core.agent import Agent
 from agnext.core.cancellation_token import CancellationToken
@@ -16,17 +16,15 @@ class AgentRuntime(Protocol):
         message: Any,
         recipient: Agent,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         sender: Agent | None = None,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
-    ) -> Future[Any | None]: ...
+    ) -> Future[Any]: ...
 
-    # Returns the response of all handling agents
-    def broadcast_message(
+    # No responses from publishing
+    def publish_message(
         self,
         message: Any,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         sender: Agent | None = None,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
-    ) -> Future[Sequence[Any] | None]: ...
+    ) -> Future[None]: ...
diff --git a/src/agnext/core/base_agent.py b/src/agnext/core/base_agent.py
index 9560328ac2..38c13ab879 100644
--- a/src/agnext/core/base_agent.py
+++ b/src/agnext/core/base_agent.py
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ class BaseAgent(ABC, Agent):
         return []
 
     @abstractmethod
-    async def on_message(
-        self, message: Any, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken
-    ) -> Any | None: ...
+    async def on_message(self, message: Any, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> Any | None: ...
 
     # Returns the response of the message
     def _send_message(
@@ -39,9 +37,8 @@ class BaseAgent(ABC, Agent):
         message: Any,
         recipient: Agent,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
-    ) -> Future[Any | None]:
+    ) -> Future[Any]:
         if cancellation_token is None:
             cancellation_token = CancellationToken()
 
@@ -49,23 +46,18 @@ class BaseAgent(ABC, Agent):
             message,
             sender=self,
             recipient=recipient,
-            require_response=require_response,
             cancellation_token=cancellation_token,
         )
         cancellation_token.link_future(future)
         return future
 
-    # Returns the response of all handling agents
-    def _broadcast_message(
+    def _publish_message(
         self,
         message: Any,
         *,
-        require_response: bool = True,
         cancellation_token: CancellationToken | None = None,
-    ) -> Future[Sequence[Any] | None]:
+    ) -> Future[None]:
         if cancellation_token is None:
             cancellation_token = CancellationToken()
-        future = self._router.broadcast_message(
-            message, sender=self, require_response=require_response, cancellation_token=cancellation_token
-        )
+        future = self._router.publish_message(message, sender=self, cancellation_token=cancellation_token)
         return future
diff --git a/src/agnext/core/intervention.py b/src/agnext/core/intervention.py
index 5a002c3312..4ceb016f75 100644
--- a/src/agnext/core/intervention.py
+++ b/src/agnext/core/intervention.py
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ InterventionFunction = Callable[[Any], Any | Awaitable[type[DropMessage]]]
 
 class InterventionHandler(Protocol):
     async def on_send(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None, recipient: Agent) -> Any | type[DropMessage]: ...
-    async def on_broadcast(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]: ...
+    async def on_publish(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]: ...
     async def on_response(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent, recipient: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]: ...
-    async def on_broadcast_response(
+    async def on_publish_response(
         self, message: Sequence[Any], *, recipient: Agent | None
     ) -> Sequence[Any] | type[DropMessage]: ...
 
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ class DefaultInterventionHandler(InterventionHandler):
     async def on_send(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None, recipient: Agent) -> Any | type[DropMessage]:
         return message
 
-    async def on_broadcast(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]:
+    async def on_publish(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]:
         return message
 
     async def on_response(self, message: Any, *, sender: Agent, recipient: Agent | None) -> Any | type[DropMessage]:
         return message
 
-    async def on_broadcast_response(
+    async def on_publish_response(
         self, message: Sequence[Any], *, recipient: Agent | None
     ) -> Sequence[Any] | type[DropMessage]:
         return message
diff --git a/tests/test_cancellation.py b/tests/test_cancellation.py
index de256ce40b..5473261b52 100644
--- a/tests/test_cancellation.py
+++ b/tests/test_cancellation.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class LongRunningAgent(TypeRoutedAgent):
         self.cancelled = False
 
     @message_handler(MessageType)
-    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
+    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
         self.called = True
         sleep = asyncio.ensure_future(asyncio.sleep(100))
         cancellation_token.link_future(sleep)
@@ -42,10 +42,9 @@ class NestingLongRunningAgent(TypeRoutedAgent):
         self._nested_agent = nested_agent
 
     @message_handler(MessageType)
-    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
-        assert require_response == True
+    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
         self.called = True
-        response = self._send_message(message, self._nested_agent, require_response=require_response, cancellation_token=cancellation_token)
+        response = self._send_message(message, self._nested_agent, cancellation_token=cancellation_token)
         try:
             val = await response
             assert isinstance(val, MessageType)
diff --git a/tests/test_intervention.py b/tests/test_intervention.py
index 7750eedf74..c712db97fe 100644
--- a/tests/test_intervention.py
+++ b/tests/test_intervention.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class LoopbackAgent(TypeRoutedAgent):
 
 
     @message_handler(MessageType)
-    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, require_response: bool, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
+    async def on_new_message(self, message: MessageType, cancellation_token: CancellationToken) -> MessageType:
         self.num_calls += 1
         return message
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class LoopbackAgent(TypeRoutedAgent):
 async def test_intervention_count_messages() -> None:
 
     class DebugInterventionHandler(DefaultInterventionHandler):
-        def __init__(self):
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
             self.num_messages = 0
 
         async def on_send(self, message: MessageType, *, sender: Agent | None, recipient: Agent) -> MessageType: