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This note attempts to describe the motivation for and design of an implementation of Fortran 90 (and later) array expression evaluation that minimizes the use of dynamically allocated temporary storage for the results of calls to transformational intrinsic functions, and making them more amenable to acceleration.

The transformational intrinsic functions of Fortran of interest to us here include:

Reductions to scalars (SUM(X), also ALL, ANY, COUNT, DOT_PRODUCT, IALL, IANY, IPARITY, MAXVAL, MINVAL, PARITY, PRODUCT)
Axial reductions (SUM(X,DIM=), &c.)
Location reductions to indices (MAXLOC, MINLOC, FINDLOC)
Axial location reductions (MAXLOC(DIM=, &c.)
TRANSPOSE(M) matrix transposition
RESHAPE without ORDER=
RESHAPE with ORDER=
CSHIFT and EOSHIFT with scalar SHIFT=
CSHIFT and EOSHIFT with array-valued SHIFT=
PACK and UNPACK
MATMUL

Other Fortran intrinsic functions are technically transformational (e.g., COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT) but not of interest for this note. The generic REDUCE is also not considered here.

Arrays as functions

A whole array can be viewed as a function that maps its indices to the values of its elements. Specifically, it is a map from a tuple of integers to its element type. The rank of the array is the number of elements in that tuple, and the shape of the array delimits the domain of the map.

REAL :: A(N,M) can be seen as a function mapping ordered pairs of integers (J,K) with 1<=J<=N and 1<=J<=M to real values.

Array expressions as functions

The same perspective can be taken of an array expression comprising intrinsic operators and elemental functions. Fortran doesn't allow one to apply subscripts directly to an expression, but expressions have rank and shape, and one can view array expressions as functions over index tuples by applying those indices to the arrays in the expression.

Consider B = A + 1.0 (assuming REAL :: A(N,M), B(N,M)). The right-hand side of that assignment could be evaluated into a temporary array T and then subscripted as it is copied into B.

REAL, ALLOCATABLE :: T(:,:)
ALLOCATE(T(N,M))
DO CONCURRENT(J=1:N,K=1:M)
  T(J,K)=A(J,K) + 1.0
END DO
DO CONCURRENT(J=1:N,K=1:M)
  B(J,K)=T(J,K)
END DO
DEALLOCATE(T(N,M))

But we can avoid the allocation, population, and deallocation of the temporary by treating the right-hand side expression as if it were a statement function F(J,K)=A(J,K)+1.0 and evaluating

DO CONCURRENT(J=1:N,K=1:M)
  A(J,K)=F(J,K)
END DO

In general, when a Fortran array assignment to a non-allocatable array does not include the left-hand side variable as an operand of the right-hand side expression, and any function calls on the right-hand side are elemental or scalar-valued, we can avoid the use of a temporary.

Transformational intrinsic functions as function composition

Many of the transformational intrinsic functions listed above can, when their array arguments are viewed as functions over their index tuples, be seen as compositions of those functions with functions of the "incoming" indices.

For example, the application of TRANSPOSE(A + 1.0) to the index tuple (J,K) becomes A(K,J) + 1.0.

Partial (axial) reductions can be similarly composed. The application of SUM(A,DIM=2) to the index J is the complete reduction SUM(A(J,:)).

Determination of rank and shape

An important part of evaluating array expressions without the use of temporary storage is determining the shape of the result prior to, or without, evaluating the elements of the result.

The shapes of array objects, results of elemental intrinsic functions, and results of intrinsic operations are obvious. But it is possible to determine the shapes of the results of many transformational intrinsic function calls as well.

SHAPE(SUM(X,DIM=d)) is SHAPE(X) with one element removed: PACK(SHAPE(X),[(j,j=1,RANK(X))]/=d) in general. (The DIM= argument is commonly a compile-time constant.)
SHAPE(MAXLOC(X)) is [RANK(X)].
SHAPE(MAXLOC(X,DIM=d)) is SHAPE(X) with one element removed.
SHAPE(TRANSPOSE(M)) is a reversal of SHAPE(M).
SHAPE(RESHAPE(..., SHAPE=S)) is S.
SHAPE(CSHIFT(X)) is SHAPE(X); same with EOSHIFT.
SHAPE(PACK(A,VECTOR=V)) is SHAPE(V)
SHAPE(PACK(A,MASK=m)) with non-scalar m and without VECTOR= is [COUNT(m)].
RANK(PACK(...)) is always 1.
SHAPE(UNPACK(MASK=M)) is SHAPE(M).
SHAPE(SHAPE(X)) is [RANK(X)].

This is useful because expression evaluations that do require temporaries to hold their results (due to the context in which the evaluation occurs) can be implemented with a separation of the allocation of the temporary array and the population of the array. The code that evaluates the expression, or that implements a transformational intrinsic in the runtime library, can be designed with an API that includes a pointer to the destination array as an argument.

Statements like ALLOCATE(A,SOURCE=expression) should thus be capable of evaluating their array expressions directly into the newly-allocated storage for the allocatable array. The implementation would generate code to calculate the shape, use it to allocate the memory and populate the descriptor, and then drive a loop nest around the expression to populate the array. In cases where the analyzed shape is known at compile time, we should be able to have the opportunity to avoid heap allocation in favor of stack storage, if the scope of the variable is local.

Automatic reallocation of allocatables

Fortran 2003 introduced the ability to assign non-conforming array expressions to ALLOCATABLE arrays with the implied semantics of reallocation to the new shape. The implementation of this feature also becomes more straightforward if our implementation of array expressions has decoupled calculation of shapes from the evaluation of the elements of the result.

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