forked from OSchip/llvm-project
541 lines
20 KiB
C++
541 lines
20 KiB
C++
//===- ICF.cpp ------------------------------------------------------------===//
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//
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// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
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// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
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//
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//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
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//
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// ICF is short for Identical Code Folding. This is a size optimization to
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// identify and merge two or more read-only sections (typically functions)
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// that happened to have the same contents. It usually reduces output size
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// by a few percent.
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//
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// In ICF, two sections are considered identical if they have the same
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// section flags, section data, and relocations. Relocations are tricky,
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// because two relocations are considered the same if they have the same
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// relocation types, values, and if they point to the same sections *in
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// terms of ICF*.
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//
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// Here is an example. If foo and bar defined below are compiled to the
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// same machine instructions, ICF can and should merge the two, although
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// their relocations point to each other.
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//
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// void foo() { bar(); }
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// void bar() { foo(); }
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//
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// If you merge the two, their relocations point to the same section and
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// thus you know they are mergeable, but how do you know they are
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// mergeable in the first place? This is not an easy problem to solve.
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//
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// What we are doing in LLD is to partition sections into equivalence
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// classes. Sections in the same equivalence class when the algorithm
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// terminates are considered identical. Here are details:
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//
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// 1. First, we partition sections using their hash values as keys. Hash
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// values contain section types, section contents and numbers of
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// relocations. During this step, relocation targets are not taken into
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// account. We just put sections that apparently differ into different
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// equivalence classes.
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//
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// 2. Next, for each equivalence class, we visit sections to compare
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// relocation targets. Relocation targets are considered equivalent if
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// their targets are in the same equivalence class. Sections with
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// different relocation targets are put into different equivalence
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// classes.
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//
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// 3. If we split an equivalence class in step 2, two relocations
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// previously target the same equivalence class may now target
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// different equivalence classes. Therefore, we repeat step 2 until a
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// convergence is obtained.
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//
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// 4. For each equivalence class C, pick an arbitrary section in C, and
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// merge all the other sections in C with it.
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//
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// For small programs, this algorithm needs 3-5 iterations. For large
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// programs such as Chromium, it takes more than 20 iterations.
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//
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// This algorithm was mentioned as an "optimistic algorithm" in [1],
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// though gold implements a different algorithm than this.
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//
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// We parallelize each step so that multiple threads can work on different
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// equivalence classes concurrently. That gave us a large performance
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// boost when applying ICF on large programs. For example, MSVC link.exe
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// or GNU gold takes 10-20 seconds to apply ICF on Chromium, whose output
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// size is about 1.5 GB, but LLD can finish it in less than 2 seconds on a
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// 2.8 GHz 40 core machine. Even without threading, LLD's ICF is still
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// faster than MSVC or gold though.
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//
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// [1] Safe ICF: Pointer Safe and Unwinding aware Identical Code Folding
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// in the Gold Linker
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// http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/36912.pdf
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//
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//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
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#include "ICF.h"
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#include "Config.h"
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#include "LinkerScript.h"
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#include "OutputSections.h"
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#include "SymbolTable.h"
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#include "Symbols.h"
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#include "SyntheticSections.h"
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#include "Writer.h"
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#include "lld/Common/Threads.h"
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#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
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#include "llvm/BinaryFormat/ELF.h"
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#include "llvm/Object/ELF.h"
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#include "llvm/Support/TimeProfiler.h"
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#include "llvm/Support/xxhash.h"
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#include <algorithm>
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#include <atomic>
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using namespace llvm;
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using namespace llvm::ELF;
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using namespace llvm::object;
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namespace lld {
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namespace elf {
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namespace {
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template <class ELFT> class ICF {
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public:
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void run();
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private:
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void segregate(size_t begin, size_t end, bool constant);
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template <class RelTy>
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bool constantEq(const InputSection *a, ArrayRef<RelTy> relsA,
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const InputSection *b, ArrayRef<RelTy> relsB);
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template <class RelTy>
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bool variableEq(const InputSection *a, ArrayRef<RelTy> relsA,
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const InputSection *b, ArrayRef<RelTy> relsB);
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bool equalsConstant(const InputSection *a, const InputSection *b);
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bool equalsVariable(const InputSection *a, const InputSection *b);
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size_t findBoundary(size_t begin, size_t end);
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void forEachClassRange(size_t begin, size_t end,
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llvm::function_ref<void(size_t, size_t)> fn);
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void forEachClass(llvm::function_ref<void(size_t, size_t)> fn);
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std::vector<InputSection *> sections;
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// We repeat the main loop while `Repeat` is true.
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std::atomic<bool> repeat;
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// The main loop counter.
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int cnt = 0;
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// We have two locations for equivalence classes. On the first iteration
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// of the main loop, Class[0] has a valid value, and Class[1] contains
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// garbage. We read equivalence classes from slot 0 and write to slot 1.
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// So, Class[0] represents the current class, and Class[1] represents
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// the next class. On each iteration, we switch their roles and use them
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// alternately.
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//
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// Why are we doing this? Recall that other threads may be working on
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// other equivalence classes in parallel. They may read sections that we
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// are updating. We cannot update equivalence classes in place because
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// it breaks the invariance that all possibly-identical sections must be
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// in the same equivalence class at any moment. In other words, the for
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// loop to update equivalence classes is not atomic, and that is
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// observable from other threads. By writing new classes to other
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// places, we can keep the invariance.
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//
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// Below, `Current` has the index of the current class, and `Next` has
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// the index of the next class. If threading is enabled, they are either
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// (0, 1) or (1, 0).
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//
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// Note on single-thread: if that's the case, they are always (0, 0)
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// because we can safely read the next class without worrying about race
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// conditions. Using the same location makes this algorithm converge
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// faster because it uses results of the same iteration earlier.
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int current = 0;
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int next = 0;
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};
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}
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// Returns true if section S is subject of ICF.
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static bool isEligible(InputSection *s) {
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if (!s->isLive() || s->keepUnique || !(s->flags & SHF_ALLOC))
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return false;
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// Don't merge writable sections. .data.rel.ro sections are marked as writable
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// but are semantically read-only.
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if ((s->flags & SHF_WRITE) && s->name != ".data.rel.ro" &&
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!s->name.startswith(".data.rel.ro."))
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return false;
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// SHF_LINK_ORDER sections are ICF'd as a unit with their dependent sections,
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// so we don't consider them for ICF individually.
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if (s->flags & SHF_LINK_ORDER)
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return false;
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// Don't merge synthetic sections as their Data member is not valid and empty.
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// The Data member needs to be valid for ICF as it is used by ICF to determine
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// the equality of section contents.
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if (isa<SyntheticSection>(s))
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return false;
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// .init and .fini contains instructions that must be executed to initialize
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// and finalize the process. They cannot and should not be merged.
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if (s->name == ".init" || s->name == ".fini")
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return false;
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// A user program may enumerate sections named with a C identifier using
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// __start_* and __stop_* symbols. We cannot ICF any such sections because
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// that could change program semantics.
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if (isValidCIdentifier(s->name))
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return false;
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return true;
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}
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// Split an equivalence class into smaller classes.
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template <class ELFT>
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void ICF<ELFT>::segregate(size_t begin, size_t end, bool constant) {
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// This loop rearranges sections in [Begin, End) so that all sections
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// that are equal in terms of equals{Constant,Variable} are contiguous
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// in [Begin, End).
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//
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// The algorithm is quadratic in the worst case, but that is not an
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// issue in practice because the number of the distinct sections in
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// each range is usually very small.
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while (begin < end) {
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// Divide [Begin, End) into two. Let Mid be the start index of the
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// second group.
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auto bound =
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std::stable_partition(sections.begin() + begin + 1,
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sections.begin() + end, [&](InputSection *s) {
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if (constant)
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return equalsConstant(sections[begin], s);
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return equalsVariable(sections[begin], s);
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});
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size_t mid = bound - sections.begin();
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// Now we split [Begin, End) into [Begin, Mid) and [Mid, End) by
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// updating the sections in [Begin, Mid). We use Mid as an equivalence
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// class ID because every group ends with a unique index.
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for (size_t i = begin; i < mid; ++i)
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sections[i]->eqClass[next] = mid;
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// If we created a group, we need to iterate the main loop again.
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if (mid != end)
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repeat = true;
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begin = mid;
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}
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}
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// Compare two lists of relocations.
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template <class ELFT>
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template <class RelTy>
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bool ICF<ELFT>::constantEq(const InputSection *secA, ArrayRef<RelTy> ra,
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const InputSection *secB, ArrayRef<RelTy> rb) {
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for (size_t i = 0; i < ra.size(); ++i) {
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if (ra[i].r_offset != rb[i].r_offset ||
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ra[i].getType(config->isMips64EL) != rb[i].getType(config->isMips64EL))
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return false;
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uint64_t addA = getAddend<ELFT>(ra[i]);
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uint64_t addB = getAddend<ELFT>(rb[i]);
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Symbol &sa = secA->template getFile<ELFT>()->getRelocTargetSym(ra[i]);
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Symbol &sb = secB->template getFile<ELFT>()->getRelocTargetSym(rb[i]);
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if (&sa == &sb) {
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if (addA == addB)
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continue;
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return false;
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}
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auto *da = dyn_cast<Defined>(&sa);
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auto *db = dyn_cast<Defined>(&sb);
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// Placeholder symbols generated by linker scripts look the same now but
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// may have different values later.
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if (!da || !db || da->scriptDefined || db->scriptDefined)
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return false;
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// When comparing a pair of relocations, if they refer to different symbols,
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// and either symbol is preemptible, the containing sections should be
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// considered different. This is because even if the sections are identical
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// in this DSO, they may not be after preemption.
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if (da->isPreemptible || db->isPreemptible)
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return false;
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// Relocations referring to absolute symbols are constant-equal if their
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// values are equal.
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if (!da->section && !db->section && da->value + addA == db->value + addB)
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continue;
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if (!da->section || !db->section)
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return false;
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if (da->section->kind() != db->section->kind())
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return false;
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// Relocations referring to InputSections are constant-equal if their
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// section offsets are equal.
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if (isa<InputSection>(da->section)) {
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if (da->value + addA == db->value + addB)
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continue;
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return false;
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}
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// Relocations referring to MergeInputSections are constant-equal if their
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// offsets in the output section are equal.
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auto *x = dyn_cast<MergeInputSection>(da->section);
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if (!x)
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return false;
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auto *y = cast<MergeInputSection>(db->section);
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if (x->getParent() != y->getParent())
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return false;
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uint64_t offsetA =
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sa.isSection() ? x->getOffset(addA) : x->getOffset(da->value) + addA;
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uint64_t offsetB =
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sb.isSection() ? y->getOffset(addB) : y->getOffset(db->value) + addB;
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if (offsetA != offsetB)
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return false;
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}
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return true;
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}
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// Compare "non-moving" part of two InputSections, namely everything
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// except relocation targets.
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template <class ELFT>
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bool ICF<ELFT>::equalsConstant(const InputSection *a, const InputSection *b) {
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if (a->numRelocations != b->numRelocations || a->flags != b->flags ||
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a->getSize() != b->getSize() || a->data() != b->data())
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return false;
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// If two sections have different output sections, we cannot merge them.
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assert(a->getParent() && b->getParent());
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if (a->getParent() != b->getParent())
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return false;
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if (a->areRelocsRela)
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return constantEq(a, a->template relas<ELFT>(), b,
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b->template relas<ELFT>());
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return constantEq(a, a->template rels<ELFT>(), b, b->template rels<ELFT>());
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}
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// Compare two lists of relocations. Returns true if all pairs of
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// relocations point to the same section in terms of ICF.
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template <class ELFT>
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template <class RelTy>
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bool ICF<ELFT>::variableEq(const InputSection *secA, ArrayRef<RelTy> ra,
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const InputSection *secB, ArrayRef<RelTy> rb) {
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assert(ra.size() == rb.size());
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for (size_t i = 0; i < ra.size(); ++i) {
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// The two sections must be identical.
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Symbol &sa = secA->template getFile<ELFT>()->getRelocTargetSym(ra[i]);
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Symbol &sb = secB->template getFile<ELFT>()->getRelocTargetSym(rb[i]);
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if (&sa == &sb)
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continue;
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auto *da = cast<Defined>(&sa);
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auto *db = cast<Defined>(&sb);
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// We already dealt with absolute and non-InputSection symbols in
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// constantEq, and for InputSections we have already checked everything
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// except the equivalence class.
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if (!da->section)
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continue;
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auto *x = dyn_cast<InputSection>(da->section);
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if (!x)
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continue;
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auto *y = cast<InputSection>(db->section);
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// Ineligible sections are in the special equivalence class 0.
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// They can never be the same in terms of the equivalence class.
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if (x->eqClass[current] == 0)
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return false;
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if (x->eqClass[current] != y->eqClass[current])
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return false;
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};
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return true;
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}
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// Compare "moving" part of two InputSections, namely relocation targets.
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template <class ELFT>
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bool ICF<ELFT>::equalsVariable(const InputSection *a, const InputSection *b) {
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if (a->areRelocsRela)
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return variableEq(a, a->template relas<ELFT>(), b,
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b->template relas<ELFT>());
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return variableEq(a, a->template rels<ELFT>(), b, b->template rels<ELFT>());
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}
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template <class ELFT> size_t ICF<ELFT>::findBoundary(size_t begin, size_t end) {
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uint32_t eqClass = sections[begin]->eqClass[current];
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for (size_t i = begin + 1; i < end; ++i)
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if (eqClass != sections[i]->eqClass[current])
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return i;
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return end;
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}
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// Sections in the same equivalence class are contiguous in Sections
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// vector. Therefore, Sections vector can be considered as contiguous
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// groups of sections, grouped by the class.
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//
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// This function calls Fn on every group within [Begin, End).
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template <class ELFT>
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void ICF<ELFT>::forEachClassRange(size_t begin, size_t end,
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llvm::function_ref<void(size_t, size_t)> fn) {
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while (begin < end) {
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size_t mid = findBoundary(begin, end);
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fn(begin, mid);
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begin = mid;
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}
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}
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// Call Fn on each equivalence class.
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template <class ELFT>
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void ICF<ELFT>::forEachClass(llvm::function_ref<void(size_t, size_t)> fn) {
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// If threading is disabled or the number of sections are
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// too small to use threading, call Fn sequentially.
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if (parallel::strategy.ThreadsRequested == 1 || sections.size() < 1024) {
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forEachClassRange(0, sections.size(), fn);
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++cnt;
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return;
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}
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current = cnt % 2;
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next = (cnt + 1) % 2;
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// Shard into non-overlapping intervals, and call Fn in parallel.
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// The sharding must be completed before any calls to Fn are made
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// so that Fn can modify the Chunks in its shard without causing data
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// races.
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const size_t numShards = 256;
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size_t step = sections.size() / numShards;
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size_t boundaries[numShards + 1];
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boundaries[0] = 0;
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boundaries[numShards] = sections.size();
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parallelForEachN(1, numShards, [&](size_t i) {
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boundaries[i] = findBoundary((i - 1) * step, sections.size());
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});
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parallelForEachN(1, numShards + 1, [&](size_t i) {
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if (boundaries[i - 1] < boundaries[i])
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forEachClassRange(boundaries[i - 1], boundaries[i], fn);
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});
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++cnt;
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}
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// Combine the hashes of the sections referenced by the given section into its
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// hash.
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template <class ELFT, class RelTy>
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static void combineRelocHashes(unsigned cnt, InputSection *isec,
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ArrayRef<RelTy> rels) {
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uint32_t hash = isec->eqClass[cnt % 2];
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for (RelTy rel : rels) {
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Symbol &s = isec->template getFile<ELFT>()->getRelocTargetSym(rel);
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if (auto *d = dyn_cast<Defined>(&s))
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if (auto *relSec = dyn_cast_or_null<InputSection>(d->section))
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hash += relSec->eqClass[cnt % 2];
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}
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// Set MSB to 1 to avoid collisions with non-hash IDs.
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isec->eqClass[(cnt + 1) % 2] = hash | (1U << 31);
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}
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static void print(const Twine &s) {
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if (config->printIcfSections)
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message(s);
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}
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// The main function of ICF.
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template <class ELFT> void ICF<ELFT>::run() {
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// Compute isPreemptible early. We may add more symbols later, so this loop
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// cannot be merged with the later computeIsPreemptible() pass which is used
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// by scanRelocations().
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for (Symbol *sym : symtab->symbols())
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sym->isPreemptible = computeIsPreemptible(*sym);
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// Collect sections to merge.
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for (InputSectionBase *sec : inputSections) {
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auto *s = cast<InputSection>(sec);
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if (isEligible(s))
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sections.push_back(s);
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}
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// Initially, we use hash values to partition sections.
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parallelForEach(sections, [&](InputSection *s) {
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s->eqClass[0] = xxHash64(s->data());
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});
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for (unsigned cnt = 0; cnt != 2; ++cnt) {
|
|
parallelForEach(sections, [&](InputSection *s) {
|
|
if (s->areRelocsRela)
|
|
combineRelocHashes<ELFT>(cnt, s, s->template relas<ELFT>());
|
|
else
|
|
combineRelocHashes<ELFT>(cnt, s, s->template rels<ELFT>());
|
|
});
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// From now on, sections in Sections vector are ordered so that sections
|
|
// in the same equivalence class are consecutive in the vector.
|
|
llvm::stable_sort(sections, [](const InputSection *a, const InputSection *b) {
|
|
return a->eqClass[0] < b->eqClass[0];
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
// Compare static contents and assign unique IDs for each static content.
|
|
forEachClass([&](size_t begin, size_t end) { segregate(begin, end, true); });
|
|
|
|
// Split groups by comparing relocations until convergence is obtained.
|
|
do {
|
|
repeat = false;
|
|
forEachClass(
|
|
[&](size_t begin, size_t end) { segregate(begin, end, false); });
|
|
} while (repeat);
|
|
|
|
log("ICF needed " + Twine(cnt) + " iterations");
|
|
|
|
// Merge sections by the equivalence class.
|
|
forEachClassRange(0, sections.size(), [&](size_t begin, size_t end) {
|
|
if (end - begin == 1)
|
|
return;
|
|
print("selected section " + toString(sections[begin]));
|
|
for (size_t i = begin + 1; i < end; ++i) {
|
|
print(" removing identical section " + toString(sections[i]));
|
|
sections[begin]->replace(sections[i]);
|
|
|
|
// At this point we know sections merged are fully identical and hence
|
|
// we want to remove duplicate implicit dependencies such as link order
|
|
// and relocation sections.
|
|
for (InputSection *isec : sections[i]->dependentSections)
|
|
isec->markDead();
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
|
|
// InputSectionDescription::sections is populated by processSectionCommands().
|
|
// ICF may fold some input sections assigned to output sections. Remove them.
|
|
for (BaseCommand *base : script->sectionCommands)
|
|
if (auto *sec = dyn_cast<OutputSection>(base))
|
|
for (BaseCommand *sub_base : sec->sectionCommands)
|
|
if (auto *isd = dyn_cast<InputSectionDescription>(sub_base))
|
|
llvm::erase_if(isd->sections,
|
|
[](InputSection *isec) { return !isec->isLive(); });
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// ICF entry point function.
|
|
template <class ELFT> void doIcf() {
|
|
llvm::TimeTraceScope timeScope("ICF");
|
|
ICF<ELFT>().run();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
template void doIcf<ELF32LE>();
|
|
template void doIcf<ELF32BE>();
|
|
template void doIcf<ELF64LE>();
|
|
template void doIcf<ELF64BE>();
|
|
|
|
} // namespace elf
|
|
} // namespace lld
|