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============================
Clang Compiler User's Manual
============================
.. include:: <isonum.txt>
.. contents::
:local:
Introduction
============
The Clang Compiler is an open-source compiler for the C family of
programming languages, aiming to be the best in class implementation of
these languages. Clang builds on the LLVM optimizer and code generator,
allowing it to provide high-quality optimization and code generation
support for many targets. For more general information, please see the
`Clang Web Site <https://clang.llvm.org>`_ or the `LLVM Web
Site <https://llvm.org>`_.
This document describes important notes about using Clang as a compiler
for an end-user, documenting the supported features, command line
options, etc. If you are interested in using Clang to build a tool that
processes code, please see :doc:`InternalsManual`. If you are interested in the
`Clang Static Analyzer <https://clang-analyzer.llvm.org>`_, please see its web
page.
Clang is one component in a complete toolchain for C family languages.
A separate document describes the other pieces necessary to
:doc:`assemble a complete toolchain <Toolchain>`.
Clang is designed to support the C family of programming languages,
which includes :ref:`C <c>`, :ref:`Objective-C <objc>`, :ref:`C++ <cxx>`, and
:ref:`Objective-C++ <objcxx>` as well as many dialects of those. For
language-specific information, please see the corresponding language
specific section:
- :ref:`C Language <c>`: K&R C, ANSI C89, ISO C90, ISO C94 (C89+AMD1), ISO
C99 (+TC1, TC2, TC3).
- :ref:`Objective-C Language <objc>`: ObjC 1, ObjC 2, ObjC 2.1, plus
variants depending on base language.
- :ref:`C++ Language <cxx>`
- :ref:`Objective C++ Language <objcxx>`
- :ref:`OpenCL Kernel Language <opencl>`: OpenCL C 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0,
and C++ for OpenCL 1.0 and 2021.
In addition to these base languages and their dialects, Clang supports a
broad variety of language extensions, which are documented in the
corresponding language section. These extensions are provided to be
compatible with the GCC, Microsoft, and other popular compilers as well
as to improve functionality through Clang-specific features. The Clang
driver and language features are intentionally designed to be as
compatible with the GNU GCC compiler as reasonably possible, easing
migration from GCC to Clang. In most cases, code "just works".
Clang also provides an alternative driver, :ref:`clang-cl`, that is designed
to be compatible with the Visual C++ compiler, cl.exe.
In addition to language specific features, Clang has a variety of
features that depend on what CPU architecture or operating system is
being compiled for. Please see the :ref:`Target-Specific Features and
Limitations <target_features>` section for more details.
The rest of the introduction introduces some basic :ref:`compiler
terminology <terminology>` that is used throughout this manual and
contains a basic :ref:`introduction to using Clang <basicusage>` as a
command line compiler.
.. _terminology:
Terminology
-----------
Front end, parser, backend, preprocessor, undefined behavior,
diagnostic, optimizer
.. _basicusage:
Basic Usage
-----------
Intro to how to use a C compiler for newbies.
compile + link compile then link debug info enabling optimizations
picking a language to use, defaults to C17 by default. Autosenses based
on extension. using a makefile
Command Line Options
====================
This section is generally an index into other sections. It does not go
into depth on the ones that are covered by other sections. However, the
first part introduces the language selection and other high level
options like :option:`-c`, :option:`-g`, etc.
Options to Control Error and Warning Messages
---------------------------------------------
.. option:: -Werror
Turn warnings into errors.
.. This is in plain monospaced font because it generates the same label as
.. -Werror, and Sphinx complains.
``-Werror=foo``
Turn warning "foo" into an error.
.. option:: -Wno-error=foo
Turn warning "foo" into a warning even if :option:`-Werror` is specified.
.. option:: -Wfoo
Enable warning "foo".
See the :doc:`diagnostics reference <DiagnosticsReference>` for a complete
list of the warning flags that can be specified in this way.
.. option:: -Wno-foo
Disable warning "foo".
.. option:: -w
Disable all diagnostics.
.. option:: -Weverything
:ref:`Enable all diagnostics. <diagnostics_enable_everything>`
.. option:: -pedantic
Warn on language extensions.
.. option:: -pedantic-errors
Error on language extensions.
.. option:: -Wsystem-headers
Enable warnings from system headers.
.. option:: -ferror-limit=123
Stop emitting diagnostics after 123 errors have been produced. The default is
20, and the error limit can be disabled with `-ferror-limit=0`.
.. option:: -ftemplate-backtrace-limit=123
Only emit up to 123 template instantiation notes within the template
instantiation backtrace for a single warning or error. The default is 10, and
the limit can be disabled with `-ftemplate-backtrace-limit=0`.
.. _cl_diag_formatting:
Formatting of Diagnostics
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Clang aims to produce beautiful diagnostics by default, particularly for
new users that first come to Clang. However, different people have
different preferences, and sometimes Clang is driven not by a human,
but by a program that wants consistent and easily parsable output. For
these cases, Clang provides a wide range of options to control the exact
output format of the diagnostics that it generates.
.. _opt_fshow-column:
**-f[no-]show-column**
Print column number in diagnostic.
This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang
prints the column number of a diagnostic. For example, when this is
enabled, Clang will print something like:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
When this is disabled, Clang will print "test.c:28: warning..." with
no column number.
The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the
line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.
.. _opt_fshow-source-location:
**-f[no-]show-source-location**
Print source file/line/column information in diagnostic.
This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang
prints the filename, line number and column number of a diagnostic.
For example, when this is enabled, Clang will print something like:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
When this is disabled, Clang will not print the "test.c:28:8: "
part.
.. _opt_fcaret-diagnostics:
**-f[no-]caret-diagnostics**
Print source line and ranges from source code in diagnostic.
This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang
prints the source line, source ranges, and caret when emitting a
diagnostic. For example, when this is enabled, Clang will print
something like:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
**-f[no-]color-diagnostics**
This option, which defaults to on when a color-capable terminal is
detected, controls whether or not Clang prints diagnostics in color.
When this option is enabled, Clang will use colors to highlight
specific parts of the diagnostic, e.g.,
.. nasty hack to not lose our dignity
.. raw:: html
<pre>
<b><span style="color:black">test.c:28:8: <span style="color:magenta">warning</span>: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]</span></b>
#endif bad
<span style="color:green">^</span>
<span style="color:green">//</span>
</pre>
When this is disabled, Clang will just print:
::
test.c:2:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
**-fansi-escape-codes**
Controls whether ANSI escape codes are used instead of the Windows Console
API to output colored diagnostics. This option is only used on Windows and
defaults to off.
.. option:: -fdiagnostics-format=clang/msvc/vi
Changes diagnostic output format to better match IDEs and command line tools.
This option controls the output format of the filename, line number,
and column printed in diagnostic messages. The options, and their
affect on formatting a simple conversion diagnostic, follow:
**clang** (default)
::
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
**msvc**
::
t.c(3,11) : warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
**vi**
::
t.c +3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-show-option:
**-f[no-]diagnostics-show-option**
Enable ``[-Woption]`` information in diagnostic line.
This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang
prints the associated :ref:`warning group <cl_diag_warning_groups>`
option name when outputting a warning diagnostic. For example, in
this output:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
Passing **-fno-diagnostics-show-option** will prevent Clang from
printing the [:ref:`-Wextra-tokens <opt_Wextra-tokens>`] information in
the diagnostic. This information tells you the flag needed to enable
or disable the diagnostic, either from the command line or through
:ref:`#pragma GCC diagnostic <pragma_GCC_diagnostic>`.
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-show-category:
.. option:: -fdiagnostics-show-category=none/id/name
Enable printing category information in diagnostic line.
This option, which defaults to "none", controls whether or not Clang
prints the category associated with a diagnostic when emitting it.
Each diagnostic may or many not have an associated category, if it
has one, it is listed in the diagnostic categorization field of the
diagnostic line (in the []'s).
For example, a format string warning will produce these three
renditions based on the setting of this option:
::
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat]
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat,1]
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat,Format String]
This category can be used by clients that want to group diagnostics
by category, so it should be a high level category. We want dozens
of these, not hundreds or thousands of them.
.. _opt_fsave-optimization-record:
.. option:: -f[no-]save-optimization-record[=<format>]
Enable optimization remarks during compilation and write them to a separate
file.
This option, which defaults to off, controls whether Clang writes
optimization reports to a separate file. By recording diagnostics in a file,
users can parse or sort the remarks in a convenient way.
By default, the serialization format is YAML.
The supported serialization formats are:
- .. _opt_fsave_optimization_record_yaml:
``-fsave-optimization-record=yaml``: A structured YAML format.
- .. _opt_fsave_optimization_record_bitstream:
``-fsave-optimization-record=bitstream``: A binary format based on LLVM
Bitstream.
The output file is controlled by :ref:`-foptimization-record-file <opt_foptimization-record-file>`.
In the absence of an explicit output file, the file is chosen using the
following scheme:
``<base>.opt.<format>``
where ``<base>`` is based on the output file of the compilation (whether
it's explicitly specified through `-o` or not) when used with `-c` or `-S`.
For example:
* ``clang -fsave-optimization-record -c in.c -o out.o`` will generate
``out.opt.yaml``
* ``clang -fsave-optimization-record -c in.c `` will generate
``in.opt.yaml``
When targeting (Thin)LTO, the base is derived from the output filename, and
the extension is not dropped.
When targeting ThinLTO, the following scheme is used:
``<base>.opt.<format>.thin.<num>.<format>``
Darwin-only: when used for generating a linked binary from a source file
(through an intermediate object file), the driver will invoke `cc1` to
generate a temporary object file. The temporary remark file will be emitted
next to the object file, which will then be picked up by `dsymutil` and
emitted in the .dSYM bundle. This is available for all formats except YAML.
For example:
``clang -fsave-optimization-record=bitstream in.c -o out`` will generate
* ``/var/folders/43/9y164hh52tv_2nrdxrj31nyw0000gn/T/a-9be59b.o``
* ``/var/folders/43/9y164hh52tv_2nrdxrj31nyw0000gn/T/a-9be59b.opt.bitstream``
* ``out``
* ``out.dSYM/Contents/Resources/Remarks/out``
Darwin-only: compiling for multiple architectures will use the following
scheme:
``<base>-<arch>.opt.<format>``
Note that this is incompatible with passing the
:ref:`-foptimization-record-file <opt_foptimization-record-file>` option.
.. _opt_foptimization-record-file:
**-foptimization-record-file**
Control the file to which optimization reports are written. This implies
:ref:`-fsave-optimization-record <opt_fsave-optimization-record>`.
On Darwin platforms, this is incompatible with passing multiple
``-arch <arch>`` options.
.. _opt_foptimization-record-passes:
**-foptimization-record-passes**
Only include passes which match a specified regular expression.
When optimization reports are being output (see
:ref:`-fsave-optimization-record <opt_fsave-optimization-record>`), this
option controls the passes that will be included in the final report.
If this option is not used, all the passes are included in the optimization
record.
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-show-hotness:
**-f[no-]diagnostics-show-hotness**
Enable profile hotness information in diagnostic line.
This option controls whether Clang prints the profile hotness associated
with diagnostics in the presence of profile-guided optimization information.
This is currently supported with optimization remarks (see
:ref:`Options to Emit Optimization Reports <rpass>`). The hotness information
allows users to focus on the hot optimization remarks that are likely to be
more relevant for run-time performance.
For example, in this output, the block containing the callsite of `foo` was
executed 3000 times according to the profile data:
::
s.c:7:10: remark: foo inlined into bar (hotness: 3000) [-Rpass-analysis=inline]
sum += foo(x, x - 2);
^
This option is implied when
:ref:`-fsave-optimization-record <opt_fsave-optimization-record>` is used.
Otherwise, it defaults to off.
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-hotness-threshold:
**-fdiagnostics-hotness-threshold**
Prevent optimization remarks from being output if they do not have at least
this hotness value.
This option, which defaults to zero, controls the minimum hotness an
optimization remark would need in order to be output by Clang. This is
currently supported with optimization remarks (see :ref:`Options to Emit
Optimization Reports <rpass>`) when profile hotness information in
diagnostics is enabled (see
:ref:`-fdiagnostics-show-hotness <opt_fdiagnostics-show-hotness>`).
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-fixit-info:
**-f[no-]diagnostics-fixit-info**
Enable "FixIt" information in the diagnostics output.
This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang
prints the information on how to fix a specific diagnostic
underneath it when it knows. For example, in this output:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
//
Passing **-fno-diagnostics-fixit-info** will prevent Clang from
printing the "//" line at the end of the message. This information
is useful for users who may not understand what is wrong, but can be
confusing for machine parsing.
.. _opt_fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info:
**-fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info**
Print machine parsable information about source ranges.
This option makes Clang print information about source ranges in a machine
parsable format after the file/line/column number information. The
information is a simple sequence of brace enclosed ranges, where each range
lists the start and end line/column locations. For example, in this output:
::
exprs.c:47:15:{47:8-47:14}{47:17-47:24}: error: invalid operands to binary expression ('int *' and '_Complex float')
P = (P-42) + Gamma*4;
~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~
The {}'s are generated by -fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info.
The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the
line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.
.. option:: -fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits
Print Fix-Its in a machine parseable form.
This option makes Clang print available Fix-Its in a machine
parseable format at the end of diagnostics. The following example
illustrates the format:
::
fix-it:"t.cpp":{7:25-7:29}:"Gamma"
The range printed is a half-open range, so in this example the
characters at column 25 up to but not including column 29 on line 7
in t.cpp should be replaced with the string "Gamma". Either the
range or the replacement string may be empty (representing strict
insertions and strict erasures, respectively). Both the file name
and the insertion string escape backslash (as "\\\\"), tabs (as
"\\t"), newlines (as "\\n"), double quotes(as "\\"") and
non-printable characters (as octal "\\xxx").
The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the
line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.
.. option:: -fno-elide-type
Turns off elision in template type printing.
The default for template type printing is to elide as many template
arguments as possible, removing those which are the same in both
template types, leaving only the differences. Adding this flag will
print all the template arguments. If supported by the terminal,
highlighting will still appear on differing arguments.
Default:
::
t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<[...], map<float, [...]>>>' to 'vector<map<[...], map<double, [...]>>>' for 1st argument;
-fno-elide-type:
::
t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<int, map<float, int>>>' to 'vector<map<int, map<double, int>>>' for 1st argument;
.. option:: -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree
Template type diffing prints a text tree.
For diffing large templated types, this option will cause Clang to
display the templates as an indented text tree, one argument per
line, with differences marked inline. This is compatible with
-fno-elide-type.
Default:
::
t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<[...], map<float, [...]>>>' to 'vector<map<[...], map<double, [...]>>>' for 1st argument;
With :option:`-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree`:
::
t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion for 1st argument;
vector<
map<
[...],
map<
[float != double],
[...]>>>
.. _cl_diag_warning_groups:
Individual Warning Groups
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
TODO: Generate this from tblgen. Define one anchor per warning group.
.. _opt_wextra-tokens:
.. option:: -Wextra-tokens
Warn about excess tokens at the end of a preprocessor directive.
This option, which defaults to on, enables warnings about extra
tokens at the end of preprocessor directives. For example:
::
test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
^
These extra tokens are not strictly conforming, and are usually best
handled by commenting them out.
.. option:: -Wambiguous-member-template
Warn about unqualified uses of a member template whose name resolves to
another template at the location of the use.
This option, which defaults to on, enables a warning in the
following code:
::
template<typename T> struct set{};
template<typename T> struct trait { typedef const T& type; };
struct Value {
template<typename T> void set(typename trait<T>::type value) {}
};
void foo() {
Value v;
v.set<double>(3.2);
}
C++ [basic.lookup.classref] requires this to be an error, but,
because it's hard to work around, Clang downgrades it to a warning
as an extension.
.. option:: -Wbind-to-temporary-copy
Warn about an unusable copy constructor when binding a reference to a
temporary.
This option enables warnings about binding a
reference to a temporary when the temporary doesn't have a usable
copy constructor. For example:
::
struct NonCopyable {
NonCopyable();
private:
NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&);
};
void foo(const NonCopyable&);
void bar() {
foo(NonCopyable()); // Disallowed in C++98; allowed in C++11.
}
::
struct NonCopyable2 {
NonCopyable2();
NonCopyable2(NonCopyable2&);
};
void foo(const NonCopyable2&);
void bar() {
foo(NonCopyable2()); // Disallowed in C++98; allowed in C++11.
}
Note that if ``NonCopyable2::NonCopyable2()`` has a default argument
whose instantiation produces a compile error, that error will still
be a hard error in C++98 mode even if this warning is turned off.
Options to Control Clang Crash Diagnostics
------------------------------------------
As unbelievable as it may sound, Clang does crash from time to time.
Generally, this only occurs to those living on the `bleeding
edge <https://llvm.org/releases/download.html#svn>`_. Clang goes to great
lengths to assist you in filing a bug report. Specifically, Clang
generates preprocessed source file(s) and associated run script(s) upon
a crash. These files should be attached to a bug report to ease
reproducibility of the failure. Below are the command line options to
control the crash diagnostics.
.. option:: -fno-crash-diagnostics
Disable auto-generation of preprocessed source files during a clang crash.
The -fno-crash-diagnostics flag can be helpful for speeding the process
of generating a delta reduced test case.
.. option:: -fcrash-diagnostics-dir=<dir>
Specify where to write the crash diagnostics files; defaults to the
usual location for temporary files.
Clang is also capable of generating preprocessed source file(s) and associated
run script(s) even without a crash. This is specially useful when trying to
generate a reproducer for warnings or errors while using modules.
.. option:: -gen-reproducer
Generates preprocessed source files, a reproducer script and if relevant, a
cache containing: built module pcm's and all headers needed to rebuild the
same modules.
.. _rpass:
Options to Emit Optimization Reports
------------------------------------
Optimization reports trace, at a high-level, all the major decisions
done by compiler transformations. For instance, when the inliner
decides to inline function ``foo()`` into ``bar()``, or the loop unroller
decides to unroll a loop N times, or the vectorizer decides to
vectorize a loop body.
Clang offers a family of flags which the optimizers can use to emit
a diagnostic in three cases:
1. When the pass makes a transformation (`-Rpass`).
2. When the pass fails to make a transformation (`-Rpass-missed`).
3. When the pass determines whether or not to make a transformation
(`-Rpass-analysis`).
NOTE: Although the discussion below focuses on `-Rpass`, the exact
same options apply to `-Rpass-missed` and `-Rpass-analysis`.
Since there are dozens of passes inside the compiler, each of these flags
take a regular expression that identifies the name of the pass which should
emit the associated diagnostic. For example, to get a report from the inliner,
compile the code with:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -O2 -Rpass=inline code.cc -o code
code.cc:4:25: remark: foo inlined into bar [-Rpass=inline]
int bar(int j) { return foo(j, j - 2); }
^
Note that remarks from the inliner are identified with `[-Rpass=inline]`.
To request a report from every optimization pass, you should use
`-Rpass=.*` (in fact, you can use any valid POSIX regular
expression). However, do not expect a report from every transformation
made by the compiler. Optimization remarks do not really make sense
outside of the major transformations (e.g., inlining, vectorization,
loop optimizations) and not every optimization pass supports this
feature.
Note that when using profile-guided optimization information, profile hotness
information can be included in the remarks (see
:ref:`-fdiagnostics-show-hotness <opt_fdiagnostics-show-hotness>`).
Current limitations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
1. Optimization remarks that refer to function names will display the
mangled name of the function. Since these remarks are emitted by the
back end of the compiler, it does not know anything about the input
language, nor its mangling rules.
2. Some source locations are not displayed correctly. The front end has
a more detailed source location tracking than the locations included
in the debug info (e.g., the front end can locate code inside macro
expansions). However, the locations used by `-Rpass` are
translated from debug annotations. That translation can be lossy,
which results in some remarks having no location information.
Options to Emit Resource Consumption Reports
--------------------------------------------
These are options that report execution time and consumed memory of different
compilations steps.
.. option:: -fproc-stat-report=
This option requests driver to print used memory and execution time of each
compilation step. The ``clang`` driver during execution calls different tools,
like compiler, assembler, linker etc. With this option the driver reports
total execution time, the execution time spent in user mode and peak memory
usage of each the called tool. Value of the option specifies where the report
is sent to. If it specifies a regular file, the data are saved to this file in
CSV format:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -fproc-stat-report=abc foo.c
$ cat abc
clang-11,"/tmp/foo-123456.o",92000,84000,87536
ld,"a.out",900,8000,53568
The data on each row represent:
* file name of the tool executable,
* output file name in quotes,
* total execution time in microseconds,
* execution time in user mode in microseconds,
* peak memory usage in Kb.
It is possible to specify this option without any value. In this case statistics
are printed on standard output in human readable format:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -fproc-stat-report foo.c
clang-11: output=/tmp/foo-855a8e.o, total=68.000 ms, user=60.000 ms, mem=86920 Kb
ld: output=a.out, total=8.000 ms, user=4.000 ms, mem=52320 Kb
The report file specified in the option is locked for write, so this option
can be used to collect statistics in parallel builds. The report file is not
cleared, new data is appended to it, thus making posible to accumulate build
statistics.
You can also use environment variables to control the process statistics reporting.
Setting ``CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT`` to ``1`` enables the feature, the report goes to
stdout in human readable format.
Setting ``CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT_FILE`` to a fully qualified file path makes it report
process statistics to the given file in the CSV format. Specifying a relative
path will likely lead to multiple files with the same name created in different
directories, since the path is relative to a changing working directory.
These environment variables are handy when you need to request the statistics
report without changing your build scripts or alter the existing set of compiler
options. Note that ``-fproc-stat-report`` take precedence over ``CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT``
and ``CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT_FILE``.
.. code-block:: console
$ export CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT=1
$ export CC_PRINT_PROC_STAT_FILE=~/project-build-proc-stat.csv
$ make
Other Options
-------------
Clang options that don't fit neatly into other categories.
.. option:: -fgnuc-version=
This flag controls the value of ``__GNUC__`` and related macros. This flag
does not enable or disable any GCC extensions implemented in Clang. Setting
the version to zero causes Clang to leave ``__GNUC__`` and other
GNU-namespaced macros, such as ``__GXX_WEAK__``, undefined.
.. option:: -MV
When emitting a dependency file, use formatting conventions appropriate
for NMake or Jom. Ignored unless another option causes Clang to emit a
dependency file.
When Clang emits a dependency file (e.g., you supplied the -M option)
most filenames can be written to the file without any special formatting.
Different Make tools will treat different sets of characters as "special"
and use different conventions for telling the Make tool that the character
is actually part of the filename. Normally Clang uses backslash to "escape"
a special character, which is the convention used by GNU Make. The -MV
option tells Clang to put double-quotes around the entire filename, which
is the convention used by NMake and Jom.
.. _configuration-files:
Configuration files
-------------------
Configuration files group command-line options and allow all of them to be
specified just by referencing the configuration file. They may be used, for
example, to collect options required to tune compilation for particular
target, such as -L, -I, -l, --sysroot, codegen options, etc.
The command line option `--config` can be used to specify configuration
file in a Clang invocation. For example:
::
clang --config /home/user/cfgs/testing.txt
clang --config debug.cfg
If the provided argument contains a directory separator, it is considered as
a file path, and options are read from that file. Otherwise the argument is
treated as a file name and is searched for sequentially in the directories:
- user directory,
- system directory,
- the directory where Clang executable resides.
Both user and system directories for configuration files are specified during
clang build using CMake parameters, CLANG_CONFIG_FILE_USER_DIR and
CLANG_CONFIG_FILE_SYSTEM_DIR respectively. The first file found is used. It is
an error if the required file cannot be found.
Another way to specify a configuration file is to encode it in executable name.
For example, if the Clang executable is named `armv7l-clang` (it may be a
symbolic link to `clang`), then Clang will search for file `armv7l.cfg` in the
directory where Clang resides.
If a driver mode is specified in invocation, Clang tries to find a file specific
for the specified mode. For example, if the executable file is named
`x86_64-clang-cl`, Clang first looks for `x86_64-cl.cfg` and if it is not found,
looks for `x86_64.cfg`.
If the command line contains options that effectively change target architecture
(these are -m32, -EL, and some others) and the configuration file starts with an
architecture name, Clang tries to load the configuration file for the effective
architecture. For example, invocation:
::
x86_64-clang -m32 abc.c
causes Clang search for a file `i368.cfg` first, and if no such file is found,
Clang looks for the file `x86_64.cfg`.
The configuration file consists of command-line options specified on one or
more lines. Lines composed of whitespace characters only are ignored as well as
lines in which the first non-blank character is `#`. Long options may be split
between several lines by a trailing backslash. Here is example of a
configuration file:
::
# Several options on line
-c --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
# Long option split between lines
-I/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0/../../../../\
include/c++/5.4.0
# other config files may be included
@linux.options
Files included by `@file` directives in configuration files are resolved
relative to the including file. For example, if a configuration file
`~/.llvm/target.cfg` contains the directive `@os/linux.opts`, the file
`linux.opts` is searched for in the directory `~/.llvm/os`.
To generate paths relative to the configuration file, the `<CFGDIR>` token may
be used. This will expand to the absolute path of the directory containing the
configuration file.
In cases where a configuration file is deployed alongside SDK contents, the
SDK directory can remain fully portable by using `<CFGDIR>` prefixed paths.
In this way, the user may only need to specify a root configuration file with
`--config` to establish every aspect of the SDK with the compiler:
::
--target=foo
-isystem <CFGDIR>/include
-L <CFGDIR>/lib
-T <CFGDIR>/ldscripts/link.ld
Language and Target-Independent Features
========================================
Controlling Errors and Warnings
-------------------------------
Clang provides a number of ways to control which code constructs cause
it to emit errors and warning messages, and how they are displayed to
the console.
Controlling How Clang Displays Diagnostics
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When Clang emits a diagnostic, it includes rich information in the
output, and gives you fine-grain control over which information is
printed. Clang has the ability to print this information, and these are
the options that control it:
#. A file/line/column indicator that shows exactly where the diagnostic
occurs in your code [:ref:`-fshow-column <opt_fshow-column>`,
:ref:`-fshow-source-location <opt_fshow-source-location>`].
#. A categorization of the diagnostic as a note, warning, error, or
fatal error.
#. A text string that describes what the problem is.
#. An option that indicates how to control the diagnostic (for
diagnostics that support it)
[:ref:`-fdiagnostics-show-option <opt_fdiagnostics-show-option>`].
#. A :ref:`high-level category <diagnostics_categories>` for the diagnostic
for clients that want to group diagnostics by class (for diagnostics
that support it)
[:ref:`-fdiagnostics-show-category <opt_fdiagnostics-show-category>`].
#. The line of source code that the issue occurs on, along with a caret
and ranges that indicate the important locations
[:ref:`-fcaret-diagnostics <opt_fcaret-diagnostics>`].
#. "FixIt" information, which is a concise explanation of how to fix the
problem (when Clang is certain it knows)
[:ref:`-fdiagnostics-fixit-info <opt_fdiagnostics-fixit-info>`].
#. A machine-parsable representation of the ranges involved (off by
default)
[:ref:`-fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info <opt_fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info>`].
For more information please see :ref:`Formatting of
Diagnostics <cl_diag_formatting>`.
Diagnostic Mappings
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
All diagnostics are mapped into one of these 6 classes:
- Ignored
- Note
- Remark
- Warning
- Error
- Fatal
.. _diagnostics_categories:
Diagnostic Categories
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Though not shown by default, diagnostics may each be associated with a
high-level category. This category is intended to make it possible to
triage builds that produce a large number of errors or warnings in a
grouped way.
Categories are not shown by default, but they can be turned on with the
:ref:`-fdiagnostics-show-category <opt_fdiagnostics-show-category>` option.
When set to "``name``", the category is printed textually in the
diagnostic output. When it is set to "``id``", a category number is
printed. The mapping of category names to category id's can be obtained
by running '``clang --print-diagnostic-categories``'.
Controlling Diagnostics via Command Line Flags
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
TODO: -W flags, -pedantic, etc
.. _pragma_gcc_diagnostic:
Controlling Diagnostics via Pragmas
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Clang can also control what diagnostics are enabled through the use of
pragmas in the source code. This is useful for turning off specific
warnings in a section of source code. Clang supports GCC's pragma for
compatibility with existing source code, as well as several extensions.
The pragma may control any warning that can be used from the command
line. Warnings may be set to ignored, warning, error, or fatal. The
following example code will tell Clang or GCC to ignore the -Wall
warnings:
.. code-block:: c
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wall"
In addition to all of the functionality provided by GCC's pragma, Clang
also allows you to push and pop the current warning state. This is
particularly useful when writing a header file that will be compiled by
other people, because you don't know what warning flags they build with.
In the below example :option:`-Wextra-tokens` is ignored for only a single line
of code, after which the diagnostics return to whatever state had previously
existed.
.. code-block:: c
#if foo
#endif foo // warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra-tokens"
#if foo
#endif foo // no warning
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
The push and pop pragmas will save and restore the full diagnostic state
of the compiler, regardless of how it was set. That means that it is
possible to use push and pop around GCC compatible diagnostics and Clang
will push and pop them appropriately, while GCC will ignore the pushes
and pops as unknown pragmas. It should be noted that while Clang
supports the GCC pragma, Clang and GCC do not support the exact same set
of warnings, so even when using GCC compatible #pragmas there is no
guarantee that they will have identical behaviour on both compilers.
In addition to controlling warnings and errors generated by the compiler, it is
possible to generate custom warning and error messages through the following
pragmas:
.. code-block:: c
// The following will produce warning messages
#pragma message "some diagnostic message"
#pragma GCC warning "TODO: replace deprecated feature"
// The following will produce an error message
#pragma GCC error "Not supported"
These pragmas operate similarly to the ``#warning`` and ``#error`` preprocessor
directives, except that they may also be embedded into preprocessor macros via
the C99 ``_Pragma`` operator, for example:
.. code-block:: c
#define STR(X) #X
#define DEFER(M,...) M(__VA_ARGS__)
#define CUSTOM_ERROR(X) _Pragma(STR(GCC error(X " at line " DEFER(STR,__LINE__))))
CUSTOM_ERROR("Feature not available");
Controlling Diagnostics in System Headers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Warnings are suppressed when they occur in system headers. By default,
an included file is treated as a system header if it is found in an
include path specified by ``-isystem``, but this can be overridden in
several ways.
The ``system_header`` pragma can be used to mark the current file as
being a system header. No warnings will be produced from the location of
the pragma onwards within the same file.
.. code-block:: c
#if foo
#endif foo // warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive
#pragma clang system_header
#if foo
#endif foo // no warning
The `--system-header-prefix=` and `--no-system-header-prefix=`
command-line arguments can be used to override whether subsets of an include
path are treated as system headers. When the name in a ``#include`` directive
is found within a header search path and starts with a system prefix, the
header is treated as a system header. The last prefix on the
command-line which matches the specified header name takes precedence.
For instance:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -Ifoo -isystem bar --system-header-prefix=x/ \
--no-system-header-prefix=x/y/
Here, ``#include "x/a.h"`` is treated as including a system header, even
if the header is found in ``foo``, and ``#include "x/y/b.h"`` is treated
as not including a system header, even if the header is found in
``bar``.
A ``#include`` directive which finds a file relative to the current
directory is treated as including a system header if the including file
is treated as a system header.
Controlling Deprecation Diagnostics in Clang-Provided C Runtime Headers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Clang is responsible for providing some of the C runtime headers that cannot be
provided by a platform CRT, such as implementation limits or when compiling in
freestanding mode. Define the ``_CLANG_DISABLE_CRT_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS`` macro
prior to including such a C runtime header to disable the deprecation warnings.
Note that the C Standard Library headers are allowed to transitively include
other standard library headers (see 7.1.2p5), and so the most appropriate use
of this macro is to set it within the build system using ``-D`` or before any
include directives in the translation unit.
.. code-block:: c
#define _CLANG_DISABLE_CRT_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS
#include <stdint.h> // Clang CRT deprecation warnings are disabled.
#include <stdatomic.h> // Clang CRT deprecation warnings are disabled.
.. _diagnostics_enable_everything:
Enabling All Diagnostics
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In addition to the traditional ``-W`` flags, one can enable **all** diagnostics
by passing :option:`-Weverything`. This works as expected with
:option:`-Werror`, and also includes the warnings from :option:`-pedantic`. Some
diagnostics contradict each other, therefore, users of :option:`-Weverything`
often disable many diagnostics such as `-Wno-c++98-compat` and `-Wno-c++-compat`
because they contradict recent C++ standards.
Since :option:`-Weverything` enables every diagnostic, we generally don't
recommend using it. `-Wall` `-Wextra` are a better choice for most projects.
Using :option:`-Weverything` means that updating your compiler is more difficult
because you're exposed to experimental diagnostics which might be of lower
quality than the default ones. If you do use :option:`-Weverything` then we
advise that you address all new compiler diagnostics as they get added to Clang,
either by fixing everything they find or explicitly disabling that diagnostic
with its corresponding `Wno-` option.
Note that when combined with :option:`-w` (which disables all warnings),
disabling all warnings wins.
Controlling Static Analyzer Diagnostics
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While not strictly part of the compiler, the diagnostics from Clang's
`static analyzer <https://clang-analyzer.llvm.org>`_ can also be
influenced by the user via changes to the source code. See the available
`annotations <https://clang-analyzer.llvm.org/annotations.html>`_ and the
analyzer's `FAQ
page <https://clang-analyzer.llvm.org/faq.html#exclude_code>`_ for more
information.
.. _usersmanual-precompiled-headers:
Precompiled Headers
-------------------
`Precompiled headers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precompiled_header>`_
are a general approach employed by many compilers to reduce compilation
time. The underlying motivation of the approach is that it is common for
the same (and often large) header files to be included by multiple
source files. Consequently, compile times can often be greatly improved
by caching some of the (redundant) work done by a compiler to process
headers. Precompiled header files, which represent one of many ways to
implement this optimization, are literally files that represent an
on-disk cache that contains the vital information necessary to reduce
some of the work needed to process a corresponding header file. While
details of precompiled headers vary between compilers, precompiled
headers have been shown to be highly effective at speeding up program
compilation on systems with very large system headers (e.g., macOS).
Generating a PCH File
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
To generate a PCH file using Clang, one invokes Clang with the
`-x <language>-header` option. This mirrors the interface in GCC
for generating PCH files:
.. code-block:: console
$ gcc -x c-header test.h -o test.h.gch
$ clang -x c-header test.h -o test.h.pch
Using a PCH File
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A PCH file can then be used as a prefix header when a :option:`-include`
option is passed to ``clang``:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -include test.h test.c -o test
The ``clang`` driver will first check if a PCH file for ``test.h`` is
available; if so, the contents of ``test.h`` (and the files it includes)
will be processed from the PCH file. Otherwise, Clang falls back to
directly processing the content of ``test.h``. This mirrors the behavior
of GCC.
.. note::
Clang does *not* automatically use PCH files for headers that are directly
included within a source file. For example:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -x c-header test.h -o test.h.pch
$ cat test.c
#include "test.h"
$ clang test.c -o test
In this example, ``clang`` will not automatically use the PCH file for
``test.h`` since ``test.h`` was included directly in the source file and not
specified on the command line using :option:`-include`.
Relocatable PCH Files
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
It is sometimes necessary to build a precompiled header from headers
that are not yet in their final, installed locations. For example, one
might build a precompiled header within the build tree that is then
meant to be installed alongside the headers. Clang permits the creation
of "relocatable" precompiled headers, which are built with a given path
(into the build directory) and can later be used from an installed
location.
To build a relocatable precompiled header, place your headers into a
subdirectory whose structure mimics the installed location. For example,
if you want to build a precompiled header for the header ``mylib.h``
that will be installed into ``/usr/include``, create a subdirectory
``build/usr/include`` and place the header ``mylib.h`` into that
subdirectory. If ``mylib.h`` depends on other headers, then they can be
stored within ``build/usr/include`` in a way that mimics the installed
location.
Building a relocatable precompiled header requires two additional
arguments. First, pass the ``--relocatable-pch`` flag to indicate that
the resulting PCH file should be relocatable. Second, pass
``-isysroot /path/to/build``, which makes all includes for your library
relative to the build directory. For example:
.. code-block:: console
# clang -x c-header --relocatable-pch -isysroot /path/to/build /path/to/build/mylib.h mylib.h.pch
When loading the relocatable PCH file, the various headers used in the
PCH file are found from the system header root. For example, ``mylib.h``
can be found in ``/usr/include/mylib.h``. If the headers are installed
in some other system root, the ``-isysroot`` option can be used provide
a different system root from which the headers will be based. For
example, ``-isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk`` will look for
``mylib.h`` in ``/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk/usr/include/mylib.h``.
Relocatable precompiled headers are intended to be used in a limited
number of cases where the compilation environment is tightly controlled
and the precompiled header cannot be generated after headers have been
installed.
.. _controlling-fp-behavior:
Controlling Floating Point Behavior
-----------------------------------
Clang provides a number of ways to control floating point behavior, including
with command line options and source pragmas. This section
describes the various floating point semantic modes and the corresponding options.
.. csv-table:: Floating Point Semantic Modes
:header: "Mode", "Values"
:widths: 15, 30, 30
"ffp-exception-behavior", "{ignore, strict, may_trap}",
"fenv_access", "{off, on}", "(none)"
"frounding-math", "{dynamic, tonearest, downward, upward, towardzero}"
"ffp-contract", "{on, off, fast, fast-honor-pragmas}"
"fdenormal-fp-math", "{IEEE, PreserveSign, PositiveZero}"
"fdenormal-fp-math-fp32", "{IEEE, PreserveSign, PositiveZero}"
"fmath-errno", "{on, off}"
"fhonor-nans", "{on, off}"
"fhonor-infinities", "{on, off}"
"fsigned-zeros", "{on, off}"
"freciprocal-math", "{on, off}"
"allow_approximate_fns", "{on, off}"
"fassociative-math", "{on, off}"
This table describes the option settings that correspond to the three
floating point semantic models: precise (the default), strict, and fast.
.. csv-table:: Floating Point Models
:header: "Mode", "Precise", "Strict", "Fast"
:widths: 25, 15, 15, 15
"except_behavior", "ignore", "strict", "ignore"
"fenv_access", "off", "on", "off"
"rounding_mode", "tonearest", "dynamic", "tonearest"
"contract", "on", "off", "fast"
"denormal_fp_math", "IEEE", "IEEE", "PreserveSign"
"denormal_fp32_math", "IEEE","IEEE", "PreserveSign"
"support_math_errno", "on", "on", "off"
"no_honor_nans", "off", "off", "on"
"no_honor_infinities", "off", "off", "on"
"no_signed_zeros", "off", "off", "on"
"allow_reciprocal", "off", "off", "on"
"allow_approximate_fns", "off", "off", "on"
"allow_reassociation", "off", "off", "on"
.. option:: -ffast-math
Enable fast-math mode. This option lets the
compiler make aggressive, potentially-lossy assumptions about
floating-point math. These include:
* Floating-point math obeys regular algebraic rules for real numbers (e.g.
``+`` and ``*`` are associative, ``x/y == x * (1/y)``, and
``(a + b) * c == a * c + b * c``),
* Operands to floating-point operations are not equal to ``NaN`` and
``Inf``, and
* ``+0`` and ``-0`` are interchangeable.
``-ffast-math`` also defines the ``__FAST_MATH__`` preprocessor
macro. Some math libraries recognize this macro and change their behavior.
With the exception of ``-ffp-contract=fast``, using any of the options
below to disable any of the individual optimizations in ``-ffast-math``
will cause ``__FAST_MATH__`` to no longer be set.
This option implies:
* ``-fno-honor-infinities``
* ``-fno-honor-nans``
* ``-fno-math-errno``
* ``-ffinite-math-only``
* ``-fassociative-math``
* ``-freciprocal-math``
* ``-fno-signed-zeros``
* ``-fno-trapping-math``
* ``-ffp-contract=fast``
.. option:: -fdenormal-fp-math=<value>
Select which denormal numbers the code is permitted to require.
Valid values are:
* ``ieee`` - IEEE 754 denormal numbers
* ``preserve-sign`` - the sign of a flushed-to-zero number is preserved in the sign of 0
* ``positive-zero`` - denormals are flushed to positive zero
Defaults to ``ieee``.
.. _opt_fstrict-float-cast-overflow:
**-f[no-]strict-float-cast-overflow**
When a floating-point value is not representable in a destination integer
type, the code has undefined behavior according to the language standard.
By default, Clang will not guarantee any particular result in that case.
With the 'no-strict' option, Clang will saturate towards the smallest and
largest representable integer values instead. NaNs will be converted to zero.
.. _opt_fmath-errno:
**-f[no-]math-errno**
Require math functions to indicate errors by setting errno.
The default varies by ToolChain. ``-fno-math-errno`` allows optimizations
that might cause standard C math functions to not set ``errno``.
For example, on some systems, the math function ``sqrt`` is specified
as setting ``errno`` to ``EDOM`` when the input is negative. On these
systems, the compiler cannot normally optimize a call to ``sqrt`` to use
inline code (e.g. the x86 ``sqrtsd`` instruction) without additional
checking to ensure that ``errno`` is set appropriately.
``-fno-math-errno`` permits these transformations.
On some targets, math library functions never set ``errno``, and so
``-fno-math-errno`` is the default. This includes most BSD-derived
systems, including Darwin.
.. _opt_ftrapping-math:
**-f[no-]trapping-math**
Control floating point exception behavior. ``-fno-trapping-math`` allows optimizations that assume that floating point operations cannot generate traps such as divide-by-zero, overflow and underflow.
- The option ``-ftrapping-math`` behaves identically to ``-ffp-exception-behavior=strict``.
- The option ``-fno-trapping-math`` behaves identically to ``-ffp-exception-behavior=ignore``. This is the default.
.. option:: -ffp-contract=<value>
Specify when the compiler is permitted to form fused floating-point
operations, such as fused multiply-add (FMA). Fused operations are
permitted to produce more precise results than performing the same
operations separately.
The C standard permits intermediate floating-point results within an
expression to be computed with more precision than their type would
normally allow. This permits operation fusing, and Clang takes advantage
of this by default. This behavior can be controlled with the ``FP_CONTRACT``
and ``clang fp contract`` pragmas. Please refer to the pragma documentation
for a description of how the pragmas interact with this option.
Valid values are:
* ``fast`` (fuse across statements disregarding pragmas, default for CUDA)
* ``on`` (fuse in the same statement unless dictated by pragmas, default for languages other than CUDA/HIP)
* ``off`` (never fuse)
* ``fast-honor-pragmas`` (fuse across statements unless dictated by pragmas, default for HIP)
.. _opt_fhonor-infinities:
**-f[no-]honor-infinities**
If both ``-fno-honor-infinities`` and ``-fno-honor-nans`` are used,
has the same effect as specifying ``-ffinite-math-only``.
.. _opt_fhonor-nans:
**-f[no-]honor-nans**
If both ``-fno-honor-infinities`` and ``-fno-honor-nans`` are used,
has the same effect as specifying ``-ffinite-math-only``.
.. _opt_fapprox-func:
**-f[no-]approx-func**
Allow certain math function calls (such as ``log``, ``sqrt``, ``pow``, etc)
to be replaced with an approximately equivalent set of instructions
or alternative math function calls. For example, a ``pow(x, 0.25)``
may be replaced with ``sqrt(sqrt(x))``, despite being an inexact result
in cases where ``x`` is ``-0.0`` or ``-inf``.
Defaults to ``-fno-approx-func``.
.. _opt_fsigned-zeros:
**-f[no-]signed-zeros**
Allow optimizations that ignore the sign of floating point zeros.
Defaults to ``-fno-signed-zeros``.
.. _opt_fassociative-math:
**-f[no-]associative-math**
Allow floating point operations to be reassociated.
Defaults to ``-fno-associative-math``.
.. _opt_freciprocal-math:
**-f[no-]reciprocal-math**
Allow division operations to be transformed into multiplication by a
reciprocal. This can be significantly faster than an ordinary division
but can also have significantly less precision. Defaults to
``-fno-reciprocal-math``.
.. _opt_funsafe-math-optimizations:
**-f[no-]unsafe-math-optimizations**
Allow unsafe floating-point optimizations. Also implies:
* ``-fassociative-math``
* ``-freciprocal-math``
* ``-fno-signed-zeroes``
* ``-fno-trapping-math``.
Defaults to ``-fno-unsafe-math-optimizations``.
.. _opt_ffinite-math-only:
**-f[no-]finite-math-only**
Allow floating-point optimizations that assume arguments and results are
not NaNs or +-Inf. This defines the ``__FINITE_MATH_ONLY__`` preprocessor macro.
Also implies:
* ``-fno-honor-infinities``
* ``-fno-honor-nans``
Defaults to ``-fno-finite-math-only``.
.. _opt_frounding-math:
**-f[no-]rounding-math**
Force floating-point operations to honor the dynamically-set rounding mode by default.
The result of a floating-point operation often cannot be exactly represented in the result type and therefore must be rounded. IEEE 754 describes different rounding modes that control how to perform this rounding, not all of which are supported by all implementations. C provides interfaces (``fesetround`` and ``fesetenv``) for dynamically controlling the rounding mode, and while it also recommends certain conventions for changing the rounding mode, these conventions are not typically enforced in the ABI. Since the rounding mode changes the numerical result of operations, the compiler must understand something about it in order to optimize floating point operations.
Note that floating-point operations performed as part of constant initialization are formally performed prior to the start of the program and are therefore not subject to the current rounding mode. This includes the initialization of global variables and local ``static`` variables. Floating-point operations in these contexts will be rounded using ``FE_TONEAREST``.
- The option ``-fno-rounding-math`` allows the compiler to assume that the rounding mode is set to ``FE_TONEAREST``. This is the default.
- The option ``-frounding-math`` forces the compiler to honor the dynamically-set rounding mode. This prevents optimizations which might affect results if the rounding mode changes or is different from the default; for example, it prevents floating-point operations from being reordered across most calls and prevents constant-folding when the result is not exactly representable.
.. option:: -ffp-model=<value>
Specify floating point behavior. ``-ffp-model`` is an umbrella
option that encompasses functionality provided by other, single
purpose, floating point options. Valid values are: ``precise``, ``strict``,
and ``fast``.
Details:
* ``precise`` Disables optimizations that are not value-safe on floating-point data, although FP contraction (FMA) is enabled (``-ffp-contract=on``). This is the default behavior.
* ``strict`` Enables ``-frounding-math`` and ``-ffp-exception-behavior=strict``, and disables contractions (FMA). All of the ``-ffast-math`` enablements are disabled. Enables ``STDC FENV_ACCESS``: by default ``FENV_ACCESS`` is disabled. This option setting behaves as though ``#pragma STDC FENV_ACESS ON`` appeared at the top of the source file.
* ``fast`` Behaves identically to specifying both ``-ffast-math`` and ``ffp-contract=fast``
Note: If your command line specifies multiple instances
of the ``-ffp-model`` option, or if your command line option specifies
``-ffp-model`` and later on the command line selects a floating point
option that has the effect of negating part of the ``ffp-model`` that
has been selected, then the compiler will issue a diagnostic warning
that the override has occurred.
.. option:: -ffp-exception-behavior=<value>
Specify the floating-point exception behavior.
Valid values are: ``ignore``, ``maytrap``, and ``strict``.
The default value is ``ignore``. Details:
* ``ignore`` The compiler assumes that the exception status flags will not be read and that floating point exceptions will be masked.
* ``maytrap`` The compiler avoids transformations that may raise exceptions that would not have been raised by the original code. Constant folding performed by the compiler is exempt from this option.
* ``strict`` The compiler ensures that all transformations strictly preserve the floating point exception semantics of the original code.
.. option:: -ffp-eval-method=<value>
Specify the floating-point evaluation method for intermediate results within
a single expression of the code.
Valid values are: ``source``, ``double``, and ``extended``.
For 64-bit targets, the default value is ``source``. For 32-bit x86 targets
however, in the case of NETBSD 6.99.26 and under, the default value is
``double``; in the case of NETBSD greater than 6.99.26, with NoSSE, the
default value is ``extended``, with SSE the default value is ``source``.
Details:
* ``source`` The compiler uses the floating-point type declared in the source program as the evaluation method.
* ``double`` The compiler uses ``double`` as the floating-point evaluation method for all float expressions of type that is narrower than ``double``.
* ``extended`` The compiler uses ``long double`` as the floating-point evaluation method for all float expressions of type that is narrower than ``long double``.
.. option:: -f[no-]protect-parens:
This option pertains to floating-point types, complex types with
floating-point components, and vectors of these types. Some arithmetic
expression transformations that are mathematically correct and permissible
according to the C and C++ language standards may be incorrect when dealing
with floating-point types, such as reassociation and distribution. Further,
the optimizer may ignore parentheses when computing arithmetic expressions
in circumstances where the parenthesized and unparenthesized expression
express the same mathematical value. For example (a+b)+c is the same
mathematical value as a+(b+c), but the optimizer is free to evaluate the
additions in any order regardless of the parentheses. When enabled, this
option forces the optimizer to honor the order of operations with respect
to parentheses in all circumstances.
Note that floating-point contraction (option `-ffp-contract=`) is disabled
when `-fprotect-parens` is enabled. Also note that in safe floating-point
modes, such as `-ffp-model=precise` or `-ffp-model=strict`, this option
has no effect because the optimizer is prohibited from making unsafe
transformations.
.. _FLT_EVAL_METHOD:
A note about ``__FLT_EVAL_METHOD__``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The macro ``__FLT_EVAL_METHOD__`` will expand to either the value set from the
command line option ``ffp-eval-method`` or to the value from the target info
setting. The ``__FLT_EVAL_METHOD__`` macro cannot expand to the correct
evaluation method in the presence of a ``#pragma`` which alters the evaluation
method. An error is issued if ``__FLT_EVAL_METHOD__`` is expanded inside a scope
modified by ``#pragma clang fp eval_method``.
.. _fp-constant-eval:
A note about Floating Point Constant Evaluation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In C, the only place floating point operations are guaranteed to be evaluated
during translation is in the initializers of variables of static storage
duration, which are all notionally initialized before the program begins
executing (and thus before a non-default floating point environment can be
entered). But C++ has many more contexts where floating point constant
evaluation occurs. Specifically: for static/thread-local variables,
first try evaluating the initializer in a constant context, including in the
constant floating point environment (just like in C), and then, if that fails,
fall back to emitting runtime code to perform the initialization (which might
in general be in a different floating point environment).
Consider this example when compiled with ``-frounding-math``
.. code-block:: console
constexpr float func_01(float x, float y) {
return x + y;
}
float V1 = func_01(1.0F, 0x0.000001p0F);
The C++ rule is that initializers for static storage duration variables are
first evaluated during translation (therefore, in the default rounding mode),
and only evaluated at runtime (and therefore in the runtime rounding mode) if
the compile-time evaluation fails. This is in line with the C rules;
C11 F.8.5 says: *All computation for automatic initialization is done (as if)
at execution time; thus, it is affected by any operative modes and raises
floating-point exceptions as required by IEC 60559 (provided the state for the
FENV_ACCESS pragma is ‘‘on’’). All computation for initialization of objects
that have static or thread storage duration is done (as if) at translation
time.* C++ generalizes this by adding another phase of initialization
(at runtime) if the translation-time initialization fails, but the
translation-time evaluation of the initializer of succeeds, it will be
treated as a constant initializer.
.. _controlling-code-generation:
Controlling Code Generation
---------------------------
Clang provides a number of ways to control code generation. The options
are listed below.
**-f[no-]sanitize=check1,check2,...**
Turn on runtime checks for various forms of undefined or suspicious
behavior.
This option controls whether Clang adds runtime checks for various
forms of undefined or suspicious behavior, and is disabled by
default. If a check fails, a diagnostic message is produced at
runtime explaining the problem. The main checks are:
- .. _opt_fsanitize_address:
``-fsanitize=address``:
:doc:`AddressSanitizer`, a memory error
detector.
- .. _opt_fsanitize_thread:
``-fsanitize=thread``: :doc:`ThreadSanitizer`, a data race detector.
- .. _opt_fsanitize_memory:
``-fsanitize=memory``: :doc:`MemorySanitizer`,
a detector of uninitialized reads. Requires instrumentation of all
program code.
- .. _opt_fsanitize_undefined:
``-fsanitize=undefined``: :doc:`UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer`,
a fast and compatible undefined behavior checker.
- ``-fsanitize=dataflow``: :doc:`DataFlowSanitizer`, a general data
flow analysis.
- ``-fsanitize=cfi``: :doc:`control flow integrity <ControlFlowIntegrity>`
checks. Requires ``-flto``.
- ``-fsanitize=safe-stack``: :doc:`safe stack <SafeStack>`
protection against stack-based memory corruption errors.
There are more fine-grained checks available: see
the :ref:`list <ubsan-checks>` of specific kinds of
undefined behavior that can be detected and the :ref:`list <cfi-schemes>`
of control flow integrity schemes.
The ``-fsanitize=`` argument must also be provided when linking, in
order to link to the appropriate runtime library.
It is not possible to combine more than one of the ``-fsanitize=address``,
``-fsanitize=thread``, and ``-fsanitize=memory`` checkers in the same
program.
**-f[no-]sanitize-recover=check1,check2,...**
**-f[no-]sanitize-recover[=all]**
Controls which checks enabled by ``-fsanitize=`` flag are non-fatal.
If the check is fatal, program will halt after the first error
of this kind is detected and error report is printed.
By default, non-fatal checks are those enabled by
:doc:`UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer`,
except for ``-fsanitize=return`` and ``-fsanitize=unreachable``. Some
sanitizers may not support recovery (or not support it by default
e.g. :doc:`AddressSanitizer`), and always crash the program after the issue
is detected.
Note that the ``-fsanitize-trap`` flag has precedence over this flag.
This means that if a check has been configured to trap elsewhere on the
command line, or if the check traps by default, this flag will not have
any effect unless that sanitizer's trapping behavior is disabled with
``-fno-sanitize-trap``.
For example, if a command line contains the flags ``-fsanitize=undefined
-fsanitize-trap=undefined``, the flag ``-fsanitize-recover=alignment``
will have no effect on its own; it will need to be accompanied by
``-fno-sanitize-trap=alignment``.
**-f[no-]sanitize-trap=check1,check2,...**
**-f[no-]sanitize-trap[=all]**
Controls which checks enabled by the ``-fsanitize=`` flag trap. This
option is intended for use in cases where the sanitizer runtime cannot
be used (for instance, when building libc or a kernel module), or where
the binary size increase caused by the sanitizer runtime is a concern.
This flag is only compatible with :doc:`control flow integrity
<ControlFlowIntegrity>` schemes and :doc:`UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer`
checks other than ``vptr``.
This flag is enabled by default for sanitizers in the ``cfi`` group.
.. option:: -fsanitize-ignorelist=/path/to/ignorelist/file
Disable or modify sanitizer checks for objects (source files, functions,
variables, types) listed in the file. See
:doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList` for file format description.
.. option:: -fno-sanitize-ignorelist
Don't use ignorelist file, if it was specified earlier in the command line.
**-f[no-]sanitize-coverage=[type,features,...]**
Enable simple code coverage in addition to certain sanitizers.
See :doc:`SanitizerCoverage` for more details.
**-f[no-]sanitize-address-outline-instrumentation**
Controls how address sanitizer code is generated. If enabled will always use
a function call instead of inlining the code. Turning this option on could
reduce the binary size, but might result in a worse run-time performance.
See :doc: `AddressSanitizer` for more details.
**-f[no-]sanitize-stats**
Enable simple statistics gathering for the enabled sanitizers.
See :doc:`SanitizerStats` for more details.
.. option:: -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error
Deprecated alias for ``-fsanitize-trap=undefined``.
.. option:: -fsanitize-cfi-cross-dso
Enable cross-DSO control flow integrity checks. This flag modifies
the behavior of sanitizers in the ``cfi`` group to allow checking
of cross-DSO virtual and indirect calls.
.. option:: -fsanitize-cfi-icall-generalize-pointers
Generalize pointers in return and argument types in function type signatures
checked by Control Flow Integrity indirect call checking. See
:doc:`ControlFlowIntegrity` for more details.
.. option:: -fstrict-vtable-pointers
Enable optimizations based on the strict rules for overwriting polymorphic
C++ objects, i.e. the vptr is invariant during an object's lifetime.
This enables better devirtualization. Turned off by default, because it is
still experimental.
.. option:: -fwhole-program-vtables
Enable whole-program vtable optimizations, such as single-implementation
devirtualization and virtual constant propagation, for classes with
:doc:`hidden LTO visibility <LTOVisibility>`. Requires ``-flto``.
.. option:: -fforce-emit-vtables
In order to improve devirtualization, forces emitting of vtables even in
modules where it isn't necessary. It causes more inline virtual functions
to be emitted.
.. option:: -fno-assume-sane-operator-new
Don't assume that the C++'s new operator is sane.
This option tells the compiler to do not assume that C++'s global
new operator will always return a pointer that does not alias any
other pointer when the function returns.
.. option:: -ftrap-function=[name]
Instruct code generator to emit a function call to the specified
function name for ``__builtin_trap()``.
LLVM code generator translates ``__builtin_trap()`` to a trap
instruction if it is supported by the target ISA. Otherwise, the
builtin is translated into a call to ``abort``. If this option is
set, then the code generator will always lower the builtin to a call
to the specified function regardless of whether the target ISA has a
trap instruction. This option is useful for environments (e.g.
deeply embedded) where a trap cannot be properly handled, or when
some custom behavior is desired.
.. option:: -ftls-model=[model]
Select which TLS model to use.
Valid values are: ``global-dynamic``, ``local-dynamic``,
``initial-exec`` and ``local-exec``. The default value is
``global-dynamic``. The compiler may use a different model if the
selected model is not supported by the target, or if a more
efficient model can be used. The TLS model can be overridden per
variable using the ``tls_model`` attribute.
.. option:: -femulated-tls
Select emulated TLS model, which overrides all -ftls-model choices.
In emulated TLS mode, all access to TLS variables are converted to
calls to __emutls_get_address in the runtime library.
.. option:: -mhwdiv=[values]
Select the ARM modes (arm or thumb) that support hardware division
instructions.
Valid values are: ``arm``, ``thumb`` and ``arm,thumb``.
This option is used to indicate which mode (arm or thumb) supports
hardware division instructions. This only applies to the ARM
architecture.
.. option:: -m[no-]crc
Enable or disable CRC instructions.
This option is used to indicate whether CRC instructions are to
be generated. This only applies to the ARM architecture.
CRC instructions are enabled by default on ARMv8.
.. option:: -mgeneral-regs-only
Generate code which only uses the general purpose registers.
This option restricts the generated code to use general registers
only. This only applies to the AArch64 architecture.
.. option:: -mcompact-branches=[values]
Control the usage of compact branches for MIPSR6.
Valid values are: ``never``, ``optimal`` and ``always``.
The default value is ``optimal`` which generates compact branches
when a delay slot cannot be filled. ``never`` disables the usage of
compact branches and ``always`` generates compact branches whenever
possible.
**-f[no-]max-type-align=[number]**
Instruct the code generator to not enforce a higher alignment than the given
number (of bytes) when accessing memory via an opaque pointer or reference.
This cap is ignored when directly accessing a variable or when the pointee
type has an explicit “aligned” attribute.
The value should usually be determined by the properties of the system allocator.
Some builtin types, especially vector types, have very high natural alignments;
when working with values of those types, Clang usually wants to use instructions
that take advantage of that alignment. However, many system allocators do
not promise to return memory that is more than 8-byte or 16-byte-aligned. Use
this option to limit the alignment that the compiler can assume for an arbitrary
pointer, which may point onto the heap.
This option does not affect the ABI alignment of types; the layout of structs and
unions and the value returned by the alignof operator remain the same.
This option can be overridden on a case-by-case basis by putting an explicit
“aligned” alignment on a struct, union, or typedef. For example:
.. code-block:: console
#include <immintrin.h>
// Make an aligned typedef of the AVX-512 16-int vector type.
typedef __v16si __aligned_v16si __attribute__((aligned(64)));
void initialize_vector(__aligned_v16si *v) {
// The compiler may assume that ‘v’ is 64-byte aligned, regardless of the
// value of -fmax-type-align.
}
.. option:: -faddrsig, -fno-addrsig
Controls whether Clang emits an address-significance table into the object
file. Address-significance tables allow linkers to implement `safe ICF
<https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36912.pdf>`_ without the false
positives that can result from other implementation techniques such as
relocation scanning. Address-significance tables are enabled by default
on ELF targets when using the integrated assembler. This flag currently
only has an effect on ELF targets.
**-f[no]-unique-internal-linkage-names**
Controls whether Clang emits a unique (best-effort) symbol name for internal
linkage symbols. When this option is set, compiler hashes the main source
file path from the command line and appends it to all internal symbols. If a
program contains multiple objects compiled with the same command-line source
file path, the symbols are not guaranteed to be unique. This option is
particularly useful in attributing profile information to the correct
function when multiple functions with the same private linkage name exist
in the binary.
It should be noted that this option cannot guarantee uniqueness and the
following is an example where it is not unique when two modules contain
symbols with the same private linkage name:
.. code-block:: console
$ cd $P/foo && clang -c -funique-internal-linkage-names name_conflict.c
$ cd $P/bar && clang -c -funique-internal-linkage-names name_conflict.c
$ cd $P && clang foo/name_conflict.o && bar/name_conflict.o
**-fbasic-block-sections=[labels, all, list=<arg>, none]**
Controls how Clang emits text sections for basic blocks. With values ``all``
and ``list=<arg>``, each basic block or a subset of basic blocks can be placed
in its own unique section. With the "labels" value, normal text sections are
emitted, but a ``.bb_addr_map`` section is emitted which includes address
offsets for each basic block in the program, relative to the parent function
address.
With the ``list=<arg>`` option, a file containing the subset of basic blocks
that need to placed in unique sections can be specified. The format of the
file is as follows. For example, ``list=spec.txt`` where ``spec.txt`` is the
following:
::
!foo
!!2
!_Z3barv
will place the machine basic block with ``id 2`` in function ``foo`` in a
unique section. It will also place all basic blocks of functions ``bar``
in unique sections.
Further, section clusters can also be specified using the ``list=<arg>``
option. For example, ``list=spec.txt`` where ``spec.txt`` contains:
::
!foo
!!1 !!3 !!5
!!2 !!4 !!6
will create two unique sections for function ``foo`` with the first
containing the odd numbered basic blocks and the second containing the
even numbered basic blocks.
Basic block sections allow the linker to reorder basic blocks and enables
link-time optimizations like whole program inter-procedural basic block
reordering.
Profile Guided Optimization
---------------------------
Profile information enables better optimization. For example, knowing that a
branch is taken very frequently helps the compiler make better decisions when
ordering basic blocks. Knowing that a function ``foo`` is called more
frequently than another function ``bar`` helps the inliner. Optimization
levels ``-O2`` and above are recommended for use of profile guided optimization.
Clang supports profile guided optimization with two different kinds of
profiling. A sampling profiler can generate a profile with very low runtime
overhead, or you can build an instrumented version of the code that collects
more detailed profile information. Both kinds of profiles can provide execution
counts for instructions in the code and information on branches taken and
function invocation.
Regardless of which kind of profiling you use, be careful to collect profiles
by running your code with inputs that are representative of the typical
behavior. Code that is not exercised in the profile will be optimized as if it
is unimportant, and the compiler may make poor optimization choices for code
that is disproportionately used while profiling.
Differences Between Sampling and Instrumentation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Although both techniques are used for similar purposes, there are important
differences between the two:
1. Profile data generated with one cannot be used by the other, and there is no
conversion tool that can convert one to the other. So, a profile generated
via ``-fprofile-instr-generate`` must be used with ``-fprofile-instr-use``.
Similarly, sampling profiles generated by external profilers must be
converted and used with ``-fprofile-sample-use``.
2. Instrumentation profile data can be used for code coverage analysis and
optimization.
3. Sampling profiles can only be used for optimization. They cannot be used for
code coverage analysis. Although it would be technically possible to use
sampling profiles for code coverage, sample-based profiles are too
coarse-grained for code coverage purposes; it would yield poor results.
4. Sampling profiles must be generated by an external tool. The profile
generated by that tool must then be converted into a format that can be read
by LLVM. The section on sampling profilers describes one of the supported
sampling profile formats.
Using Sampling Profilers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Sampling profilers are used to collect runtime information, such as
hardware counters, while your application executes. They are typically
very efficient and do not incur a large runtime overhead. The
sample data collected by the profiler can be used during compilation
to determine what the most executed areas of the code are.
Using the data from a sample profiler requires some changes in the way
a program is built. Before the compiler can use profiling information,
the code needs to execute under the profiler. The following is the
usual build cycle when using sample profilers for optimization:
1. Build the code with source line table information. You can use all the
usual build flags that you always build your application with. The only
requirement is that you add ``-gline-tables-only`` or ``-g`` to the
command line. This is important for the profiler to be able to map
instructions back to source line locations.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -gline-tables-only code.cc -o code
2. Run the executable under a sampling profiler. The specific profiler
you use does not really matter, as long as its output can be converted
into the format that the LLVM optimizer understands. Currently, there
exists a conversion tool for the Linux Perf profiler
(https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/), so these examples assume that you
are using Linux Perf to profile your code.
.. code-block:: console
$ perf record -b ./code
Note the use of the ``-b`` flag. This tells Perf to use the Last Branch
Record (LBR) to record call chains. While this is not strictly required,
it provides better call information, which improves the accuracy of
the profile data.
3. Convert the collected profile data to LLVM's sample profile format.
This is currently supported via the AutoFDO converter ``create_llvm_prof``.
It is available at https://github.com/google/autofdo. Once built and
installed, you can convert the ``perf.data`` file to LLVM using
the command:
.. code-block:: console
$ create_llvm_prof --binary=./code --out=code.prof
This will read ``perf.data`` and the binary file ``./code`` and emit
the profile data in ``code.prof``. Note that if you ran ``perf``
without the ``-b`` flag, you need to use ``--use_lbr=false`` when
calling ``create_llvm_prof``.
4. Build the code again using the collected profile. This step feeds
the profile back to the optimizers. This should result in a binary
that executes faster than the original one. Note that you are not
required to build the code with the exact same arguments that you
used in the first step. The only requirement is that you build the code
with ``-gline-tables-only`` and ``-fprofile-sample-use``.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -gline-tables-only -fprofile-sample-use=code.prof code.cc -o code
Sample Profile Formats
""""""""""""""""""""""
Since external profilers generate profile data in a variety of custom formats,
the data generated by the profiler must be converted into a format that can be
read by the backend. LLVM supports three different sample profile formats:
1. ASCII text. This is the easiest one to generate. The file is divided into
sections, which correspond to each of the functions with profile
information. The format is described below. It can also be generated from
the binary or gcov formats using the ``llvm-profdata`` tool.
2. Binary encoding. This uses a more efficient encoding that yields smaller
profile files. This is the format generated by the ``create_llvm_prof`` tool
in https://github.com/google/autofdo.
3. GCC encoding. This is based on the gcov format, which is accepted by GCC. It
is only interesting in environments where GCC and Clang co-exist. This
encoding is only generated by the ``create_gcov`` tool in
https://github.com/google/autofdo. It can be read by LLVM and
``llvm-profdata``, but it cannot be generated by either.
If you are using Linux Perf to generate sampling profiles, you can use the
conversion tool ``create_llvm_prof`` described in the previous section.
Otherwise, you will need to write a conversion tool that converts your
profiler's native format into one of these three.
Sample Profile Text Format
""""""""""""""""""""""""""
This section describes the ASCII text format for sampling profiles. It is,
arguably, the easiest one to generate. If you are interested in generating any
of the other two, consult the ``ProfileData`` library in LLVM's source tree
(specifically, ``include/llvm/ProfileData/SampleProfReader.h``).
.. code-block:: console
function1:total_samples:total_head_samples
offset1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn1:num fn2:num ... ]
offset2[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn3:num fn4:num ... ]
...
offsetN[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn5:num fn6:num ... ]
offsetA[.discriminator]: fnA:num_of_total_samples
offsetA1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn7:num fn8:num ... ]
offsetA1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn9:num fn10:num ... ]
offsetB[.discriminator]: fnB:num_of_total_samples
offsetB1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn11:num fn12:num ... ]
This is a nested tree in which the indentation represents the nesting level
of the inline stack. There are no blank lines in the file. And the spacing
within a single line is fixed. Additional spaces will result in an error
while reading the file.
Any line starting with the '#' character is completely ignored.
Inlined calls are represented with indentation. The Inline stack is a
stack of source locations in which the top of the stack represents the
leaf function, and the bottom of the stack represents the actual
symbol to which the instruction belongs.
Function names must be mangled in order for the profile loader to
match them in the current translation unit. The two numbers in the
function header specify how many total samples were accumulated in the
function (first number), and the total number of samples accumulated
in the prologue of the function (second number). This head sample
count provides an indicator of how frequently the function is invoked.
There are two types of lines in the function body.
- Sampled line represents the profile information of a source location.
``offsetN[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn5:num fn6:num ... ]``
- Callsite line represents the profile information of an inlined callsite.
``offsetA[.discriminator]: fnA:num_of_total_samples``
Each sampled line may contain several items. Some are optional (marked
below):
a. Source line offset. This number represents the line number
in the function where the sample was collected. The line number is
always relative to the line where symbol of the function is
defined. So, if the function has its header at line 280, the offset
13 is at line 293 in the file.
Note that this offset should never be a negative number. This could
happen in cases like macros. The debug machinery will register the
line number at the point of macro expansion. So, if the macro was
expanded in a line before the start of the function, the profile
converter should emit a 0 as the offset (this means that the optimizers
will not be able to associate a meaningful weight to the instructions
in the macro).
b. [OPTIONAL] Discriminator. This is used if the sampled program
was compiled with DWARF discriminator support
(http://wiki.dwarfstd.org/index.php?title=Path_Discriminators).
DWARF discriminators are unsigned integer values that allow the
compiler to distinguish between multiple execution paths on the
same source line location.
For example, consider the line of code ``if (cond) foo(); else bar();``.
If the predicate ``cond`` is true 80% of the time, then the edge
into function ``foo`` should be considered to be taken most of the
time. But both calls to ``foo`` and ``bar`` are at the same source
line, so a sample count at that line is not sufficient. The
compiler needs to know which part of that line is taken more
frequently.
This is what discriminators provide. In this case, the calls to
``foo`` and ``bar`` will be at the same line, but will have
different discriminator values. This allows the compiler to correctly
set edge weights into ``foo`` and ``bar``.
c. Number of samples. This is an integer quantity representing the
number of samples collected by the profiler at this source
location.
d. [OPTIONAL] Potential call targets and samples. If present, this
line contains a call instruction. This models both direct and
number of samples. For example,
.. code-block:: console
130: 7 foo:3 bar:2 baz:7
The above means that at relative line offset 130 there is a call
instruction that calls one of ``foo()``, ``bar()`` and ``baz()``,
with ``baz()`` being the relatively more frequently called target.
As an example, consider a program with the call chain ``main -> foo -> bar``.
When built with optimizations enabled, the compiler may inline the
calls to ``bar`` and ``foo`` inside ``main``. The generated profile
could then be something like this:
.. code-block:: console
main:35504:0
1: _Z3foov:35504
2: _Z32bari:31977
1.1: 31977
2: 0
This profile indicates that there were a total of 35,504 samples
collected in main. All of those were at line 1 (the call to ``foo``).
Of those, 31,977 were spent inside the body of ``bar``. The last line
of the profile (``2: 0``) corresponds to line 2 inside ``main``. No
samples were collected there.
Profiling with Instrumentation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Clang also supports profiling via instrumentation. This requires building a
special instrumented version of the code and has some runtime
overhead during the profiling, but it provides more detailed results than a
sampling profiler. It also provides reproducible results, at least to the
extent that the code behaves consistently across runs.
Here are the steps for using profile guided optimization with
instrumentation:
1. Build an instrumented version of the code by compiling and linking with the
``-fprofile-instr-generate`` option.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-generate code.cc -o code
2. Run the instrumented executable with inputs that reflect the typical usage.
By default, the profile data will be written to a ``default.profraw`` file
in the current directory. You can override that default by using option
``-fprofile-instr-generate=`` or by setting the ``LLVM_PROFILE_FILE``
environment variable to specify an alternate file. If non-default file name
is specified by both the environment variable and the command line option,
the environment variable takes precedence. The file name pattern specified
can include different modifiers: ``%p``, ``%h``, and ``%m``.
Any instance of ``%p`` in that file name will be replaced by the process
ID, so that you can easily distinguish the profile output from multiple
runs.
.. code-block:: console
$ LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="code-%p.profraw" ./code
The modifier ``%h`` can be used in scenarios where the same instrumented
binary is run in multiple different host machines dumping profile data
to a shared network based storage. The ``%h`` specifier will be substituted
with the hostname so that profiles collected from different hosts do not
clobber each other.
While the use of ``%p`` specifier can reduce the likelihood for the profiles
dumped from different processes to clobber each other, such clobbering can still
happen because of the ``pid`` re-use by the OS. Another side-effect of using
``%p`` is that the storage requirement for raw profile data files is greatly
increased. To avoid issues like this, the ``%m`` specifier can used in the profile
name. When this specifier is used, the profiler runtime will substitute ``%m``
with a unique integer identifier associated with the instrumented binary. Additionally,
multiple raw profiles dumped from different processes that share a file system (can be
on different hosts) will be automatically merged by the profiler runtime during the
dumping. If the program links in multiple instrumented shared libraries, each library
will dump the profile data into its own profile data file (with its unique integer
id embedded in the profile name). Note that the merging enabled by ``%m`` is for raw
profile data generated by profiler runtime. The resulting merged "raw" profile data
file still needs to be converted to a different format expected by the compiler (
see step 3 below).
.. code-block:: console
$ LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="code-%m.profraw" ./code
3. Combine profiles from multiple runs and convert the "raw" profile format to
the input expected by clang. Use the ``merge`` command of the
``llvm-profdata`` tool to do this.
.. code-block:: console
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata code-*.profraw
Note that this step is necessary even when there is only one "raw" profile,
since the merge operation also changes the file format.
4. Build the code again using the ``-fprofile-instr-use`` option to specify the
collected profile data.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-use=code.profdata code.cc -o code
You can repeat step 4 as often as you like without regenerating the
profile. As you make changes to your code, clang may no longer be able to
use the profile data. It will warn you when this happens.
Profile generation using an alternative instrumentation method can be
controlled by the GCC-compatible flags ``-fprofile-generate`` and
``-fprofile-use``. Although these flags are semantically equivalent to
their GCC counterparts, they *do not* handle GCC-compatible profiles.
They are only meant to implement GCC's semantics with respect to
profile creation and use. Flag ``-fcs-profile-generate`` also instruments
programs using the same instrumentation method as ``-fprofile-generate``.
.. option:: -fprofile-generate[=<dirname>]
The ``-fprofile-generate`` and ``-fprofile-generate=`` flags will use
an alternative instrumentation method for profile generation. When
given a directory name, it generates the profile file
``default_%m.profraw`` in the directory named ``dirname`` if specified.
If ``dirname`` does not exist, it will be created at runtime. ``%m`` specifier
will be substituted with a unique id documented in step 2 above. In other words,
with ``-fprofile-generate[=<dirname>]`` option, the "raw" profile data automatic
merging is turned on by default, so there will no longer any risk of profile
clobbering from different running processes. For example,
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-generate=yyy/zzz code.cc -o code
When ``code`` is executed, the profile will be written to the file
``yyy/zzz/default_xxxx.profraw``.
To generate the profile data file with the compiler readable format, the
``llvm-profdata`` tool can be used with the profile directory as the input:
.. code-block:: console
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata yyy/zzz/
If the user wants to turn off the auto-merging feature, or simply override the
the profile dumping path specified at command line, the environment variable
``LLVM_PROFILE_FILE`` can still be used to override
the directory and filename for the profile file at runtime.
.. option:: -fcs-profile-generate[=<dirname>]
The ``-fcs-profile-generate`` and ``-fcs-profile-generate=`` flags will use
the same instrumentation method, and generate the same profile as in the
``-fprofile-generate`` and ``-fprofile-generate=`` flags. The difference is
that the instrumentation is performed after inlining so that the resulted
profile has a better context sensitive information. They cannot be used
together with ``-fprofile-generate`` and ``-fprofile-generate=`` flags.
They are typically used in conjunction with ``-fprofile-use`` flag.
The profile generated by ``-fcs-profile-generate`` and ``-fprofile-generate``
can be merged by llvm-profdata. A use example:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-generate=yyy/zzz code.cc -o code
$ ./code
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata yyy/zzz/
The first few steps are the same as that in ``-fprofile-generate``
compilation. Then perform a second round of instrumentation.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-use=code.profdata -fcs-profile-generate=sss/ttt \
-o cs_code
$ ./cs_code
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=cs_code.profdata sss/ttt code.profdata
The resulted ``cs_code.prodata`` combines ``code.profdata`` and the profile
generated from binary ``cs_code``. Profile ``cs_code.profata`` can be used by
``-fprofile-use`` compilation.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-use=cs_code.profdata
The above command will read both profiles to the compiler at the identical
point of instrumentations.
.. option:: -fprofile-use[=<pathname>]
Without any other arguments, ``-fprofile-use`` behaves identically to
``-fprofile-instr-use``. Otherwise, if ``pathname`` is the full path to a
profile file, it reads from that file. If ``pathname`` is a directory name,
it reads from ``pathname/default.profdata``.
.. option:: -fprofile-update[=<method>]
Unless ``-fsanitize=thread`` is specified, the default is ``single``, which
uses non-atomic increments. The counters can be inaccurate under thread
contention. ``atomic`` uses atomic increments which is accurate but has
overhead. ``prefer-atomic`` will be transformed to ``atomic`` when supported
by the target, or ``single`` otherwise.
This option currently works with ``-fprofile-arcs`` and ``-fprofile-instr-generate``,
but not with ``-fprofile-generate``.
Disabling Instrumentation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In certain situations, it may be useful to disable profile generation or use
for specific files in a build, without affecting the main compilation flags
used for the other files in the project.
In these cases, you can use the flag ``-fno-profile-instr-generate`` (or
``-fno-profile-generate``) to disable profile generation, and
``-fno-profile-instr-use`` (or ``-fno-profile-use``) to disable profile use.
Note that these flags should appear after the corresponding profile
flags to have an effect.
.. note::
When none of the translation units inside a binary is instrumented, in the
case of Fuchsia the profile runtime will not be linked into the binary and
no profile will be produced, while on other platforms the profile runtime
will be linked and profile will be produced but there will not be any
counters.
Instrumenting only selected files or functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Sometimes it's useful to only instrument certain files or functions. For
example in automated testing infrastructure, it may be desirable to only
instrument files or functions that were modified by a patch to reduce the
overhead of instrumenting a full system.
This can be done using the ``-fprofile-list`` option.
.. option:: -fprofile-list=<pathname>
This option can be used to apply profile instrumentation only to selected
files or functions. ``pathname`` should point to a file in the
:doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList` format which selects which files and
functions to instrument.
.. code-block:: console
$ echo "fun:test" > fun.list
$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-generate -fprofile-list=fun.list code.cc -o code
The option can be specified multiple times to pass multiple files.
.. code-block:: console
$ echo "!fun:*test*" > fun.list
$ echo "src:code.cc" > src.list
% clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping -fprofile-list=fun.list -fprofile-list=code.list code.cc -o code
To filter individual functions or entire source files using ``fun:<name>`` or
``src:<file>`` respectively. To exclude a function or a source file, use
``!fun:<name>`` or ``!src:<file>`` respectively. The format also supports
wildcard expansion. The compiler generated functions are assumed to be located
in the main source file. It is also possible to restrict the filter to a
particular instrumentation type by using a named section.
.. code-block:: none
# all functions whose name starts with foo will be instrumented.
fun:foo*
# except for foo1 which will be excluded from instrumentation.
!fun:foo1
# every function in path/to/foo.cc will be instrumented.
src:path/to/foo.cc
# bar will be instrumented only when using backend instrumentation.
# Recognized section names are clang, llvm and csllvm.
[llvm]
fun:bar
When the file contains only excludes, all files and functions except for the
excluded ones will be instrumented. Otherwise, only the files and functions
specified will be instrumented.
Profile remapping
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When the program is compiled after a change that affects many symbol names,
pre-existing profile data may no longer match the program. For example:
* switching from libstdc++ to libc++ will result in the mangled names of all
functions taking standard library types to change
* renaming a widely-used type in C++ will result in the mangled names of all
functions that have parameters involving that type to change
* moving from a 32-bit compilation to a 64-bit compilation may change the
underlying type of ``size_t`` and similar types, resulting in changes to
manglings
Clang allows use of a profile remapping file to specify that such differences
in mangled names should be ignored when matching the profile data against the
program.
.. option:: -fprofile-remapping-file=<file>
Specifies a file containing profile remapping information, that will be
used to match mangled names in the profile data to mangled names in the
program.
The profile remapping file is a text file containing lines of the form
.. code-block:: text
fragmentkind fragment1 fragment2
where ``fragmentkind`` is one of ``name``, ``type``, or ``encoding``,
indicating whether the following mangled name fragments are
<`name <https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#mangle.name>`_>s,
<`type <https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#mangle.type>`_>s, or
<`encoding <https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#mangle.encoding>`_>s,
respectively.
Blank lines and lines starting with ``#`` are ignored.
For convenience, built-in <substitution>s such as ``St`` and ``Ss``
are accepted as <name>s (even though they technically are not <name>s).
For example, to specify that ``absl::string_view`` and ``std::string_view``
should be treated as equivalent when matching profile data, the following
remapping file could be used:
.. code-block:: text
# absl::string_view is considered equivalent to std::string_view
type N4absl11string_viewE St17basic_string_viewIcSt11char_traitsIcEE
# std:: might be std::__1:: in libc++ or std::__cxx11:: in libstdc++
name 3std St3__1
name 3std St7__cxx11
Matching profile data using a profile remapping file is supported on a
best-effort basis. For example, information regarding indirect call targets is
currently not remapped. For best results, you are encouraged to generate new
profile data matching the updated program, or to remap the profile data
using the ``llvm-cxxmap`` and ``llvm-profdata merge`` tools.
.. note::
Profile data remapping is currently only supported for C++ mangled names
following the Itanium C++ ABI mangling scheme. This covers all C++ targets
supported by Clang other than Windows.
GCOV-based Profiling
--------------------
GCOV is a test coverage program, it helps to know how often a line of code
is executed. When instrumenting the code with ``--coverage`` option, some
counters are added for each edge linking basic blocks.
At compile time, gcno files are generated containing information about
blocks and edges between them. At runtime the counters are incremented and at
exit the counters are dumped in gcda files.
The tool ``llvm-cov gcov`` will parse gcno, gcda and source files to generate
a report ``.c.gcov``.
.. option:: -fprofile-filter-files=[regexes]
Define a list of regexes separated by a semi-colon.
If a file name matches any of the regexes then the file is instrumented.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang --coverage -fprofile-filter-files=".*\.c$" foo.c
For example, this will only instrument files finishing with ``.c``, skipping ``.h`` files.
.. option:: -fprofile-exclude-files=[regexes]
Define a list of regexes separated by a semi-colon.
If a file name doesn't match all the regexes then the file is instrumented.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang --coverage -fprofile-exclude-files="^/usr/include/.*$" foo.c
For example, this will instrument all the files except the ones in ``/usr/include``.
If both options are used then a file is instrumented if its name matches any
of the regexes from ``-fprofile-filter-list`` and doesn't match all the regexes
from ``-fprofile-exclude-list``.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang --coverage -fprofile-exclude-files="^/usr/include/.*$" \
-fprofile-filter-files="^/usr/.*$"
In that case ``/usr/foo/oof.h`` is instrumented since it matches the filter regex and
doesn't match the exclude regex, but ``/usr/include/foo.h`` doesn't since it matches
the exclude regex.
Controlling Debug Information
-----------------------------
Controlling Size of Debug Information
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Debug info kind generated by Clang can be set by one of the flags listed
below. If multiple flags are present, the last one is used.
.. option:: -g0
Don't generate any debug info (default).
.. option:: -gline-tables-only
Generate line number tables only.
This kind of debug info allows to obtain stack traces with function names,
file names and line numbers (by such tools as ``gdb`` or ``addr2line``). It
doesn't contain any other data (e.g. description of local variables or
function parameters).
.. option:: -fstandalone-debug
Clang supports a number of optimizations to reduce the size of debug
information in the binary. They work based on the assumption that
the debug type information can be spread out over multiple
compilation units. For instance, Clang will not emit type
definitions for types that are not needed by a module and could be
replaced with a forward declaration. Further, Clang will only emit
type info for a dynamic C++ class in the module that contains the
vtable for the class.
The **-fstandalone-debug** option turns off these optimizations.
This is useful when working with 3rd-party libraries that don't come
with debug information. Note that Clang will never emit type
information for types that are not referenced at all by the program.
.. option:: -fno-standalone-debug
On Darwin **-fstandalone-debug** is enabled by default. The
**-fno-standalone-debug** option can be used to get to turn on the
vtable-based optimization described above.
.. option:: -fuse-ctor-homing
This optimization is similar to the optimizations that are enabled as part
of -fno-standalone-debug. Here, Clang only emits type info for a
non-trivial, non-aggregate C++ class in the modules that contain a
definition of one of its constructors. This relies on the additional
assumption that all classes that are not trivially constructible have a
non-trivial constructor that is used somewhere. The negation,
-fno-use-ctor-homing, ensures that constructor homing is not used.
This flag is not enabled by default, and needs to be used with -cc1 or
-Xclang.
.. option:: -g
Generate complete debug info.
.. option:: -feliminate-unused-debug-types
By default, Clang does not emit type information for types that are defined
but not used in a program. To retain the debug info for these unused types,
the negation **-fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types** can be used.
Controlling Macro Debug Info Generation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Debug info for C preprocessor macros increases the size of debug information in
the binary. Macro debug info generated by Clang can be controlled by the flags
listed below.
.. option:: -fdebug-macro
Generate debug info for preprocessor macros. This flag is discarded when
**-g0** is enabled.
.. option:: -fno-debug-macro
Do not generate debug info for preprocessor macros (default).
Controlling Debugger "Tuning"
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While Clang generally emits standard DWARF debug info (http://dwarfstd.org),
different debuggers may know how to take advantage of different specific DWARF
features. You can "tune" the debug info for one of several different debuggers.
.. option:: -ggdb, -glldb, -gsce, -gdbx
Tune the debug info for the ``gdb``, ``lldb``, Sony PlayStation\ |reg|
debugger, or ``dbx``, respectively. Each of these options implies **-g**.
(Therefore, if you want both **-gline-tables-only** and debugger tuning, the
tuning option must come first.)
Controlling LLVM IR Output
--------------------------
Controlling Value Names in LLVM IR
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Emitting value names in LLVM IR increases the size and verbosity of the IR.
By default, value names are only emitted in assertion-enabled builds of Clang.
However, when reading IR it can be useful to re-enable the emission of value
names to improve readability.
.. option:: -fdiscard-value-names
Discard value names when generating LLVM IR.
.. option:: -fno-discard-value-names
Do not discard value names when generating LLVM IR. This option can be used
to re-enable names for release builds of Clang.
Comment Parsing Options
-----------------------
Clang parses Doxygen and non-Doxygen style documentation comments and attaches
them to the appropriate declaration nodes. By default, it only parses
Doxygen-style comments and ignores ordinary comments starting with ``//`` and
``/*``.
.. option:: -Wdocumentation
Emit warnings about use of documentation comments. This warning group is off
by default.
This includes checking that ``\param`` commands name parameters that actually
present in the function signature, checking that ``\returns`` is used only on
functions that actually return a value etc.
.. option:: -Wno-documentation-unknown-command
Don't warn when encountering an unknown Doxygen command.
.. option:: -fparse-all-comments
Parse all comments as documentation comments (including ordinary comments
starting with ``//`` and ``/*``).
.. option:: -fcomment-block-commands=[commands]
Define custom documentation commands as block commands. This allows Clang to
construct the correct AST for these custom commands, and silences warnings
about unknown commands. Several commands must be separated by a comma
*without trailing space*; e.g. ``-fcomment-block-commands=foo,bar`` defines
custom commands ``\foo`` and ``\bar``.
It is also possible to use ``-fcomment-block-commands`` several times; e.g.
``-fcomment-block-commands=foo -fcomment-block-commands=bar`` does the same
as above.
.. _c:
C Language Features
===================
The support for standard C in clang is feature-complete except for the
C99 floating-point pragmas.
Extensions supported by clang
-----------------------------
See :doc:`LanguageExtensions`.
Differences between various standard modes
------------------------------------------
clang supports the -std option, which changes what language mode clang uses.
The supported modes for C are c89, gnu89, c94, c99, gnu99, c11, gnu11, c17,
gnu17, c2x, gnu2x, and various aliases for those modes. If no -std option is
specified, clang defaults to gnu17 mode. Many C99 and C11 features are
supported in earlier modes as a conforming extension, with a warning. Use
``-pedantic-errors`` to request an error if a feature from a later standard
revision is used in an earlier mode.
Differences between all ``c*`` and ``gnu*`` modes:
- ``c*`` modes define "``__STRICT_ANSI__``".
- Target-specific defines not prefixed by underscores, like ``linux``,
are defined in ``gnu*`` modes.
- Trigraphs default to being off in ``gnu*`` modes; they can be enabled
by the ``-trigraphs`` option.
- The parser recognizes ``asm`` and ``typeof`` as keywords in ``gnu*`` modes;
the variants ``__asm__`` and ``__typeof__`` are recognized in all modes.
- The parser recognizes ``inline`` as a keyword in ``gnu*`` mode, in
addition to recognizing it in the ``*99`` and later modes for which it is
part of the ISO C standard. The variant ``__inline__`` is recognized in all
modes.
- The Apple "blocks" extension is recognized by default in ``gnu*`` modes
on some platforms; it can be enabled in any mode with the ``-fblocks``
option.
Differences between ``*89`` and ``*94`` modes:
- Digraphs are not recognized in c89 mode.
Differences between ``*94`` and ``*99`` modes:
- The ``*99`` modes default to implementing ``inline`` / ``__inline__``
as specified in C99, while the ``*89`` modes implement the GNU version.
This can be overridden for individual functions with the ``__gnu_inline__``
attribute.
- The scope of names defined inside a ``for``, ``if``, ``switch``, ``while``,
or ``do`` statement is different. (example: ``if ((struct x {int x;}*)0) {}``.)
- ``__STDC_VERSION__`` is not defined in ``*89`` modes.
- ``inline`` is not recognized as a keyword in ``c89`` mode.
- ``restrict`` is not recognized as a keyword in ``*89`` modes.
- Commas are allowed in integer constant expressions in ``*99`` modes.
- Arrays which are not lvalues are not implicitly promoted to pointers
in ``*89`` modes.
- Some warnings are different.
Differences between ``*99`` and ``*11`` modes:
- Warnings for use of C11 features are disabled.
- ``__STDC_VERSION__`` is defined to ``201112L`` rather than ``199901L``.
Differences between ``*11`` and ``*17`` modes:
- ``__STDC_VERSION__`` is defined to ``201710L`` rather than ``201112L``.
GCC extensions not implemented yet
----------------------------------
clang tries to be compatible with gcc as much as possible, but some gcc
extensions are not implemented yet:
- clang does not support decimal floating point types (``_Decimal32`` and
friends) yet.
- clang does not support nested functions; this is a complex feature
which is infrequently used, so it is unlikely to be implemented
anytime soon. In C++11 it can be emulated by assigning lambda
functions to local variables, e.g:
.. code-block:: cpp
auto const local_function = [&](int parameter) {
// Do something
};
...
local_function(1);
- clang only supports global register variables when the register specified
is non-allocatable (e.g. the stack pointer). Support for general global
register variables is unlikely to be implemented soon because it requires
additional LLVM backend support.
- clang does not support static initialization of flexible array
members. This appears to be a rarely used extension, but could be
implemented pending user demand.
- clang does not support
``__builtin_va_arg_pack``/``__builtin_va_arg_pack_len``. This is
used rarely, but in some potentially interesting places, like the
glibc headers, so it may be implemented pending user demand. Note
that because clang pretends to be like GCC 4.2, and this extension
was introduced in 4.3, the glibc headers will not try to use this
extension with clang at the moment.
- clang does not support the gcc extension for forward-declaring
function parameters; this has not shown up in any real-world code
yet, though, so it might never be implemented.
This is not a complete list; if you find an unsupported extension
missing from this list, please send an e-mail to cfe-dev. This list
currently excludes C++; see :ref:`C++ Language Features <cxx>`. Also, this
list does not include bugs in mostly-implemented features; please see
the `bug
tracker <https://bugs.llvm.org/buglist.cgi?quicksearch=product%3Aclang+component%3A-New%2BBugs%2CAST%2CBasic%2CDriver%2CHeaders%2CLLVM%2BCodeGen%2Cparser%2Cpreprocessor%2CSemantic%2BAnalyzer>`_
for known existing bugs (FIXME: Is there a section for bug-reporting
guidelines somewhere?).
Intentionally unsupported GCC extensions
----------------------------------------
- clang does not support the gcc extension that allows variable-length
arrays in structures. This is for a few reasons: one, it is tricky to
implement, two, the extension is completely undocumented, and three,
the extension appears to be rarely used. Note that clang *does*
support flexible array members (arrays with a zero or unspecified
size at the end of a structure).
- GCC accepts many expression forms that are not valid integer constant
expressions in bit-field widths, enumerator constants, case labels,
and in array bounds at global scope. Clang also accepts additional
expression forms in these contexts, but constructs that GCC accepts due to
simplifications GCC performs while parsing, such as ``x - x`` (where ``x`` is a
variable) will likely never be accepted by Clang.
- clang does not support ``__builtin_apply`` and friends; this extension
is extremely obscure and difficult to implement reliably.
.. _c_ms:
Microsoft extensions
--------------------
clang has support for many extensions from Microsoft Visual C++. To enable these
extensions, use the ``-fms-extensions`` command-line option. This is the default
for Windows targets. Clang does not implement every pragma or declspec provided
by MSVC, but the popular ones, such as ``__declspec(dllexport)`` and ``#pragma
comment(lib)`` are well supported.
clang has a ``-fms-compatibility`` flag that makes clang accept enough
invalid C++ to be able to parse most Microsoft headers. For example, it
allows `unqualified lookup of dependent base class members
<https://clang.llvm.org/compatibility.html#dep_lookup_bases>`_, which is
a common compatibility issue with clang. This flag is enabled by default
for Windows targets.
``-fdelayed-template-parsing`` lets clang delay parsing of function template
definitions until the end of a translation unit. This flag is enabled by
default for Windows targets.
For compatibility with existing code that compiles with MSVC, clang defines the
``_MSC_VER`` and ``_MSC_FULL_VER`` macros. These default to the values of 1800
and 180000000 respectively, making clang look like an early release of Visual
C++ 2013. The ``-fms-compatibility-version=`` flag overrides these values. It
accepts a dotted version tuple, such as 19.00.23506. Changing the MSVC
compatibility version makes clang behave more like that version of MSVC. For
example, ``-fms-compatibility-version=19`` will enable C++14 features and define
``char16_t`` and ``char32_t`` as builtin types.
.. _cxx:
C++ Language Features
=====================
clang fully implements all of standard C++98 except for exported
templates (which were removed in C++11), all of standard C++11,
C++14, and C++17, and most of C++20.
See the `C++ support in Clang <https://clang.llvm.org/cxx_status.html>`_ page
for detailed information on C++ feature support across Clang versions.
Controlling implementation limits
---------------------------------
.. option:: -fbracket-depth=N
Sets the limit for nested parentheses, brackets, and braces to N. The
default is 256.
.. option:: -fconstexpr-depth=N
Sets the limit for recursive constexpr function invocations to N. The
default is 512.
.. option:: -fconstexpr-steps=N
Sets the limit for the number of full-expressions evaluated in a single
constant expression evaluation. The default is 1048576.
.. option:: -ftemplate-depth=N
Sets the limit for recursively nested template instantiations to N. The
default is 1024.
.. option:: -foperator-arrow-depth=N
Sets the limit for iterative calls to 'operator->' functions to N. The
default is 256.
.. _objc:
Objective-C Language Features
=============================
.. _objcxx:
Objective-C++ Language Features
===============================
.. _openmp:
OpenMP Features
===============
Clang supports all OpenMP 4.5 directives and clauses. See :doc:`OpenMPSupport`
for additional details.
Use `-fopenmp` to enable OpenMP. Support for OpenMP can be disabled with
`-fno-openmp`.
Use `-fopenmp-simd` to enable OpenMP simd features only, without linking
the runtime library; for combined constructs
(e.g. ``#pragma omp parallel for simd``) the non-simd directives and clauses
will be ignored. This can be disabled with `-fno-openmp-simd`.
Controlling implementation limits
---------------------------------
.. option:: -fopenmp-use-tls
Controls code generation for OpenMP threadprivate variables. In presence of
this option all threadprivate variables are generated the same way as thread
local variables, using TLS support. If `-fno-openmp-use-tls`
is provided or target does not support TLS, code generation for threadprivate
variables relies on OpenMP runtime library.
.. _opencl:
OpenCL Features
===============
Clang can be used to compile OpenCL kernels for execution on a device
(e.g. GPU). It is possible to compile the kernel into a binary (e.g. for AMDGPU)
that can be uploaded to run directly on a device (e.g. using
`clCreateProgramWithBinary
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/specs/opencl-1.1.pdf#111>`_) or
into generic bitcode files loadable into other toolchains.
Compiling to a binary using the default target from the installation can be done
as follows:
.. code-block:: console
$ echo "kernel void k(){}" > test.cl
$ clang test.cl
Compiling for a specific target can be done by specifying the triple corresponding
to the target, for example:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target nvptx64-unknown-unknown test.cl
$ clang -target amdgcn-amd-amdhsa -mcpu=gfx900 test.cl
Compiling to bitcode can be done as follows:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -c -emit-llvm test.cl
This will produce a file `test.bc` that can be used in vendor toolchains
to perform machine code generation.
Note that if compiled to bitcode for generic targets such as SPIR,
portable IR is produced that can be used with various vendor
tools as well as open source tools such as `SPIRV-LLVM Translator
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator>`_
to produce SPIR-V binary. More details are provided in `the offline
compilation from OpenCL kernel sources into SPIR-V using open source
tools
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenCL-Guide/blob/main/chapters/os_tooling.md>`_.
Clang currently supports OpenCL C language standards up to v2.0. Clang mainly
supports full profile. There is only very limited support of the embedded
profile.
Starting from clang 9 a C++ mode is available for OpenCL (see
:ref:`C++ for OpenCL <cxx_for_opencl>`).
OpenCL v3.0 support is complete but it remains in experimental state, see more
details about the experimental features in :doc:`OpenCLSupport` page.
OpenCL Specific Options
-----------------------
Most of the OpenCL build options from `the specification v2.0 section 5.8.4
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/specs/opencl-2.0.pdf#200>`_ are available.
Examples:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -cl-std=CL2.0 -cl-single-precision-constant test.cl
Many flags used for the compilation for C sources can also be passed while
compiling for OpenCL, examples: ``-c``, ``-O<1-4|s>``, ``-o``, ``-emit-llvm``, etc.
Some extra options are available to support special OpenCL features.
.. _opencl_cl_no_stdinc:
.. option:: -cl-no-stdinc
Allows to disable all extra types and functions that are not native to the compiler.
This might reduce the compilation speed marginally but many declarations from the
OpenCL standard will not be accessible. For example, the following will fail to
compile.
.. code-block:: console
$ echo "bool is_wg_uniform(int i){return get_enqueued_local_size(i)==get_local_size(i);}" > test.cl
$ clang -cl-std=CL2.0 -cl-no-stdinc test.cl
error: use of undeclared identifier 'get_enqueued_local_size'
error: use of undeclared identifier 'get_local_size'
More information about the standard types and functions is provided in :ref:`the
section on the OpenCL Header <opencl_header>`.
OpenCL Targets
--------------
OpenCL targets are derived from the regular Clang target classes. The OpenCL
specific parts of the target representation provide address space mapping as
well as a set of supported extensions.
Specific Targets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
There is a set of concrete HW architectures that OpenCL can be compiled for.
- For AMD target:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target amdgcn-amd-amdhsa -mcpu=gfx900 test.cl
- For Nvidia architectures:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target nvptx64-unknown-unknown test.cl
Generic Targets
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- A SPIR-V binary can be produced for 32 or 64 bit targets.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target spirv32 test.cl
$ clang -target spirv64 test.cl
More details can be found in :ref:`the SPIR-V support section <spir-v>`.
- SPIR is available as a generic target to allow portable bitcode to be produced
that can be used across GPU toolchains. The implementation follows `the SPIR
specification <https://www.khronos.org/spir>`_. There are two flavors
available for 32 and 64 bits.
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target spir test.cl -emit-llvm -c
$ clang -target spir64 test.cl -emit-llvm -c
All known OpenCL extensions are supported in the SPIR targets. Clang will
generate SPIR v1.2 compatible IR for OpenCL versions up to 2.0 and SPIR v2.0
for OpenCL v2.0 or C++ for OpenCL.
- x86 is used by some implementations that are x86 compatible and currently
remains for backwards compatibility (with older implementations prior to
SPIR target support). For "non-SPMD" targets which cannot spawn multiple
work-items on the fly using hardware, which covers practically all non-GPU
devices such as CPUs and DSPs, additional processing is needed for the kernels
to support multiple work-item execution. For this, a 3rd party toolchain,
such as for example `POCL <http://portablecl.org/>`_, can be used.
This target does not support multiple memory segments and, therefore, the fake
address space map can be added using the :ref:`-ffake-address-space-map
<opencl_fake_address_space_map>` flag.
.. _opencl_header:
OpenCL Header
-------------
By default Clang will include standard headers and therefore most of OpenCL
builtin functions and types are available during compilation. The
default declarations of non-native compiler types and functions can be disabled
by using flag :ref:`-cl-no-stdinc <opencl_cl_no_stdinc>`.
The following example demonstrates that OpenCL kernel sources with various
standard builtin functions can be compiled without the need for an explicit
includes or compiler flags.
.. code-block:: console
$ echo "bool is_wg_uniform(int i){return get_enqueued_local_size(i)==get_local_size(i);}" > test.cl
$ clang -cl-std=CL2.0 test.cl
More information about the default headers is provided in :doc:`OpenCLSupport`.
OpenCL Extensions
-----------------
Most of the ``cl_khr_*`` extensions to OpenCL C from `the official OpenCL
registry <https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/>`_ are available and
configured per target depending on the support available in the specific
architecture.
It is possible to alter the default extensions setting per target using
``-cl-ext`` flag. (See :ref:`flags description <opencl_cl_ext>` for more details).
Vendor extensions can be added flexibly by declaring the list of types and
functions associated with each extensions enclosed within the following
compiler pragma directives:
.. code-block:: c
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION the_new_extension_name : begin
// declare types and functions associated with the extension here
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION the_new_extension_name : end
For example, parsing the following code adds ``my_t`` type and ``my_func``
function to the custom ``my_ext`` extension.
.. code-block:: c
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION my_ext : begin
typedef struct{
int a;
}my_t;
void my_func(my_t);
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION my_ext : end
There is no conflict resolution for identifier clashes among extensions.
It is therefore recommended that the identifiers are prefixed with a
double underscore to avoid clashing with user space identifiers. Vendor
extension should use reserved identifier prefix e.g. amd, arm, intel.
Clang also supports language extensions documented in `The OpenCL C Language
Extensions Documentation
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Khronosdotorg/blob/main/api/opencl/assets/OpenCL_LangExt.pdf>`_.
OpenCL-Specific Attributes
--------------------------
OpenCL support in Clang contains a set of attribute taken directly from the
specification as well as additional attributes.
See also :doc:`AttributeReference`.
nosvm
^^^^^
Clang supports this attribute to comply to OpenCL v2.0 conformance, but it
does not have any effect on the IR. For more details reffer to the specification
`section 6.7.2
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/specs/opencl-2.0-openclc.pdf#49>`_
opencl_unroll_hint
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The implementation of this feature mirrors the unroll hint for C.
More details on the syntax can be found in the specification
`section 6.11.5
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/specs/opencl-2.0-openclc.pdf#61>`_
convergent
^^^^^^^^^^
To make sure no invalid optimizations occur for single program multiple data
(SPMD) / single instruction multiple thread (SIMT) Clang provides attributes that
can be used for special functions that have cross work item semantics.
An example is the subgroup operations such as `intel_sub_group_shuffle
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/extensions/intel/cl_intel_subgroups.txt>`_
.. code-block:: c
// Define custom my_sub_group_shuffle(data, c)
// that makes use of intel_sub_group_shuffle
r1 = ...
if (r0) r1 = computeA();
// Shuffle data from r1 into r3
// of threads id r2.
r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
if (r0) r3 = computeB();
with non-SPMD semantics this is optimized to the following equivalent code:
.. code-block:: c
r1 = ...
if (!r0)
// Incorrect functionality! The data in r1
// have not been computed by all threads yet.
r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
else {
r1 = computeA();
r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
r3 = computeB();
}
Declaring the function ``my_sub_group_shuffle`` with the convergent attribute
would prevent this:
.. code-block:: c
my_sub_group_shuffle() __attribute__((convergent));
Using ``convergent`` guarantees correct execution by keeping CFG equivalence
wrt operations marked as ``convergent``. CFG ``G´`` is equivalent to ``G`` wrt
node ``Ni`` : ``iff ∀ Nj (i≠j)`` domination and post-domination relations with
respect to ``Ni`` remain the same in both ``G`` and ``G´``.
noduplicate
^^^^^^^^^^^
``noduplicate`` is more restrictive with respect to optimizations than
``convergent`` because a convergent function only preserves CFG equivalence.
This allows some optimizations to happen as long as the control flow remains
unmodified.
.. code-block:: c
for (int i=0; i<4; i++)
my_sub_group_shuffle()
can be modified to:
.. code-block:: c
my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();
while using ``noduplicate`` would disallow this. Also ``noduplicate`` doesn't
have the same safe semantics of CFG as ``convergent`` and can cause changes in
CFG that modify semantics of the original program.
``noduplicate`` is kept for backwards compatibility only and it considered to be
deprecated for future uses.
.. _cxx_for_opencl:
C++ for OpenCL
--------------
Starting from clang 9 kernel code can contain C++17 features: classes, templates,
function overloading, type deduction, etc. Please note that this is not an
implementation of `OpenCL C++
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/specs/2.2/pdf/OpenCL_Cxx.pdf>`_ and
there is no plan to support it in clang in any new releases in the near future.
Clang currently supports C++ for OpenCL 1.0 and 2021.
For detailed information about this language refer to the C++ for OpenCL
Programming Language Documentation available
in `the latest build
<https://www.khronos.org/opencl/assets/CXX_for_OpenCL.html>`_
or in `the official release
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenCL-Docs/releases/tag/cxxforopencl-docrev2021.12>`_.
To enable the C++ for OpenCL mode, pass one of following command line options when
compiling ``.clcpp`` file:
- C++ for OpenCL 1.0: ``-cl-std=clc++``, ``-cl-std=CLC++``, ``-cl-std=clc++1.0``,
``-cl-std=CLC++1.0``, ``-std=clc++``, ``-std=CLC++``, ``-std=clc++1.0`` or
``-std=CLC++1.0``.
- C++ for OpenCL 2021: ``-cl-std=clc++2021``, ``-cl-std=CLC++2021``,
``-std=clc++2021``, ``-std=CLC++2021``.
Example of use:
.. code-block:: c++
template<class T> T add( T x, T y )
{
return x + y;
}
__kernel void test( __global float* a, __global float* b)
{
auto index = get_global_id(0);
a[index] = add(b[index], b[index+1]);
}
.. code-block:: console
clang -cl-std=clc++1.0 test.clcpp
By default, files with ``.clcpp`` extension are compiled with the C++ for
OpenCL 1.0 mode.
.. code-block:: console
clang test.clcpp
For backward compatibility files with ``.cl`` extensions can also be compiled
in C++ for OpenCL mode but the desirable language mode must be activated with
a flag.
.. code-block:: console
clang -cl-std=clc++ test.cl
Support of C++ for OpenCL 2021 is currently in experimental phase, refer to
:doc:`OpenCLSupport` for more details.
C++ for OpenCL kernel sources can also be compiled online in drivers supporting
`cl_ext_cxx_for_opencl
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/extensions/ext/cl_ext_cxx_for_opencl.html>`_
extension.
Constructing and destroying global objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Global objects with non-trivial constructors require the constructors to be run
before the first kernel using the global objects is executed. Similarly global
objects with non-trivial destructors require destructor invocation just after
the last kernel using the program objects is executed.
In OpenCL versions earlier than v2.2 there is no support for invoking global
constructors. However, an easy workaround is to manually enqueue the
constructor initialization kernel that has the following name scheme
``_GLOBAL__sub_I_<compiled file name>``.
This kernel is only present if there are global objects with non-trivial
constructors present in the compiled binary. One way to check this is by
passing ``CL_PROGRAM_KERNEL_NAMES`` to ``clGetProgramInfo`` (OpenCL v2.0
s5.8.7) and then checking whether any kernel name matches the naming scheme of
global constructor initialization kernel above.
Note that if multiple files are compiled and linked into libraries, multiple
kernels that initialize global objects for multiple modules would have to be
invoked.
Applications are currently required to run initialization of global objects
manually before running any kernels in which the objects are used.
.. code-block:: console
clang -cl-std=clc++ test.cl
If there are any global objects to be initialized, the final binary will
contain the ``_GLOBAL__sub_I_test.cl`` kernel to be enqueued.
Note that the manual workaround only applies to objects declared at the
program scope. There is no manual workaround for the construction of static
objects with non-trivial constructors inside functions.
Global destructors can not be invoked manually in the OpenCL v2.0 drivers.
However, all memory used for program scope objects should be released on
``clReleaseProgram``.
Libraries
^^^^^^^^^
Limited experimental support of C++ standard libraries for OpenCL is
described in :doc:`OpenCLSupport` page.
.. _target_features:
Target-Specific Features and Limitations
========================================
CPU Architectures Features and Limitations
------------------------------------------
X86
^^^
The support for X86 (both 32-bit and 64-bit) is considered stable on
Darwin (macOS), Linux, FreeBSD, and Dragonfly BSD: it has been tested
to correctly compile many large C, C++, Objective-C, and Objective-C++
codebases.
On ``x86_64-mingw32``, passing i128(by value) is incompatible with the
Microsoft x64 calling convention. You might need to tweak
``WinX86_64ABIInfo::classify()`` in lib/CodeGen/TargetInfo.cpp.
For the X86 target, clang supports the `-m16` command line
argument which enables 16-bit code output. This is broadly similar to
using ``asm(".code16gcc")`` with the GNU toolchain. The generated code
and the ABI remains 32-bit but the assembler emits instructions
appropriate for a CPU running in 16-bit mode, with address-size and
operand-size prefixes to enable 32-bit addressing and operations.
Several micro-architecture levels as specified by the x86-64 psABI are defined.
They are cumulative in the sense that features from previous levels are
implicitly included in later levels.
- ``-march=x86-64``: CMOV, CMPXCHG8B, FPU, FXSR, MMX, FXSR, SCE, SSE, SSE2
- ``-march=x86-64-v2``: (close to Nehalem) CMPXCHG16B, LAHF-SAHF, POPCNT, SSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, SSSE3
- ``-march=x86-64-v3``: (close to Haswell) AVX, AVX2, BMI1, BMI2, F16C, FMA, LZCNT, MOVBE, XSAVE
- ``-march=x86-64-v4``: AVX512F, AVX512BW, AVX512CD, AVX512DQ, AVX512VL
ARM
^^^
The support for ARM (specifically ARMv6 and ARMv7) is considered stable
on Darwin (iOS): it has been tested to correctly compile many large C,
C++, Objective-C, and Objective-C++ codebases. Clang only supports a
limited number of ARM architectures. It does not yet fully support
ARMv5, for example.
PowerPC
^^^^^^^
The support for PowerPC (especially PowerPC64) is considered stable
on Linux and FreeBSD: it has been tested to correctly compile many
large C and C++ codebases. PowerPC (32bit) is still missing certain
features (e.g. PIC code on ELF platforms).
Other platforms
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
clang currently contains some support for other architectures (e.g. Sparc);
however, significant pieces of code generation are still missing, and they
haven't undergone significant testing.
clang contains limited support for the MSP430 embedded processor, but
both the clang support and the LLVM backend support are highly
experimental.
Other platforms are completely unsupported at the moment. Adding the
minimal support needed for parsing and semantic analysis on a new
platform is quite easy; see ``lib/Basic/Targets.cpp`` in the clang source
tree. This level of support is also sufficient for conversion to LLVM IR
for simple programs. Proper support for conversion to LLVM IR requires
adding code to ``lib/CodeGen/CGCall.cpp`` at the moment; this is likely to
change soon, though. Generating assembly requires a suitable LLVM
backend.
Operating System Features and Limitations
-----------------------------------------
Windows
^^^^^^^
Clang has experimental support for targeting "Cygming" (Cygwin / MinGW)
platforms.
See also :ref:`Microsoft Extensions <c_ms>`.
Cygwin
""""""
Clang works on Cygwin-1.7.
MinGW32
"""""""
Clang works on some mingw32 distributions. Clang assumes directories as
below;
- ``C:/mingw/include``
- ``C:/mingw/lib``
- ``C:/mingw/lib/gcc/mingw32/4.[3-5].0/include/c++``
On MSYS, a few tests might fail.
MinGW-w64
"""""""""
For 32-bit (i686-w64-mingw32), and 64-bit (x86\_64-w64-mingw32), Clang
assumes as below;
- ``GCC versions 4.5.0 to 4.5.3, 4.6.0 to 4.6.2, or 4.7.0 (for the C++ header search path)``
- ``some_directory/bin/gcc.exe``
- ``some_directory/bin/clang.exe``
- ``some_directory/bin/clang++.exe``
- ``some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version``
- ``some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/x86_64-w64-mingw32``
- ``some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/i686-w64-mingw32``
- ``some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/backward``
- ``some_directory/bin/../x86_64-w64-mingw32/include``
- ``some_directory/bin/../i686-w64-mingw32/include``
- ``some_directory/bin/../include``
This directory layout is standard for any toolchain you will find on the
official `MinGW-w64 website <http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net>`_.
Clang expects the GCC executable "gcc.exe" compiled for
``i686-w64-mingw32`` (or ``x86_64-w64-mingw32``) to be present on PATH.
`Some tests might fail <https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9072>`_ on
``x86_64-w64-mingw32``.
.. _spir-v:
SPIR-V support
--------------
Clang supports generation of SPIR-V conformant to `the OpenCL Environment
Specification
<https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/specs/3.0-unified/html/OpenCL_Env.html>`_.
To generate SPIR-V binaries, Clang uses the external ``llvm-spirv`` tool from the
`SPIRV-LLVM-Translator repo
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator>`_.
Prior to the generation of SPIR-V binary with Clang, ``llvm-spirv``
should be built or installed. Please refer to `the following instructions
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator#build-instructions>`_
for more details. Clang will expects the ``llvm-spirv`` executable to
be present in the ``PATH`` environment variable. Clang uses ``llvm-spirv``
with `the widely adopted assembly syntax package
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator/#build-with-spirv-tools>`_.
`The versioning
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator/releases>`_ of
``llvm-spirv`` is aligned with Clang major releases. The same applies to the
main development branch. It is therefore important to ensure the ``llvm-spirv``
version is in alignment with the Clang version. For troubleshooting purposes
``llvm-spirv`` can be `tested in isolation
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-LLVM-Translator#test-instructions>`_.
Example usage for OpenCL kernel compilation:
.. code-block:: console
$ clang -target spirv32 test.cl
$ clang -target spirv64 test.cl
Both invocations of Clang will result in the generation of a SPIR-V binary file
`test.o` for 32 bit and 64 bit respectively. This file can be imported
by an OpenCL driver that support SPIR-V consumption or it can be compiled
further by offline SPIR-V consumer tools.
Converting to SPIR-V produced with the optimization levels other than `-O0` is
currently available as an experimental feature and it is not guaranteed to work
in all cases.
Linking is done using ``spirv-link`` from `the SPIRV-Tools project
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Tools#linker>`_. Similar to other external
linkers, Clang will expect ``spirv-link`` to be installed separately and to be
present in the ``PATH`` environment variable. Please refer to `the build and
installation instructions
<https://github.com/KhronosGroup/SPIRV-Tools#build>`_.
.. _clang-cl:
clang-cl
========
clang-cl is an alternative command-line interface to Clang, designed for
compatibility with the Visual C++ compiler, cl.exe.
To enable clang-cl to find system headers, libraries, and the linker when run
from the command-line, it should be executed inside a Visual Studio Native Tools
Command Prompt or a regular Command Prompt where the environment has been set
up using e.g. `vcvarsall.bat <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/f2ccy3wt.aspx>`_.
clang-cl can also be used from inside Visual Studio by selecting the LLVM
Platform Toolset. The toolset is not part of the installer, but may be installed
separately from the
`Visual Studio Marketplace <https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=LLVMExtensions.llvm-toolchain>`_.
To use the toolset, select a project in Solution Explorer, open its Property
Page (Alt+F7), and in the "General" section of "Configuration Properties"
change "Platform Toolset" to LLVM. Doing so enables an additional Property
Page for selecting the clang-cl executable to use for builds.
To use the toolset with MSBuild directly, invoke it with e.g.
``/p:PlatformToolset=LLVM``. This allows trying out the clang-cl toolchain
without modifying your project files.
It's also possible to point MSBuild at clang-cl without changing toolset by
passing ``/p:CLToolPath=c:\llvm\bin /p:CLToolExe=clang-cl.exe``.
When using CMake and the Visual Studio generators, the toolset can be set with the ``-T`` flag:
::
cmake -G"Visual Studio 16 2019" -T LLVM ..
When using CMake with the Ninja generator, set the ``CMAKE_C_COMPILER`` and
``CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER`` variables to clang-cl:
::
cmake -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="c:/Program Files (x86)/LLVM/bin/clang-cl.exe"
-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="c:/Program Files (x86)/LLVM/bin/clang-cl.exe" ..
Command-Line Options
--------------------
To be compatible with cl.exe, clang-cl supports most of the same command-line
options. Those options can start with either ``/`` or ``-``. It also supports
some of Clang's core options, such as the ``-W`` options.
Options that are known to clang-cl, but not currently supported, are ignored
with a warning. For example:
::
clang-cl.exe: warning: argument unused during compilation: '/AI'
To suppress warnings about unused arguments, use the ``-Qunused-arguments`` option.
Options that are not known to clang-cl will be ignored by default. Use the
``-Werror=unknown-argument`` option in order to treat them as errors. If these
options are spelled with a leading ``/``, they will be mistaken for a filename:
::
clang-cl.exe: error: no such file or directory: '/foobar'
Please `file a bug <https://bugs.llvm.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=clang&component=Driver>`_
for any valid cl.exe flags that clang-cl does not understand.
Execute ``clang-cl /?`` to see a list of supported options:
::
CL.EXE COMPATIBILITY OPTIONS:
/? Display available options
/arch:<value> Set architecture for code generation
/Brepro- Emit an object file which cannot be reproduced over time
/Brepro Emit an object file which can be reproduced over time
/clang:<arg> Pass <arg> to the clang driver
/C Don't discard comments when preprocessing
/c Compile only
/d1PP Retain macro definitions in /E mode
/d1reportAllClassLayout Dump record layout information
/diagnostics:caret Enable caret and column diagnostics (on by default)
/diagnostics:classic Disable column and caret diagnostics
/diagnostics:column Disable caret diagnostics but keep column info
/D <macro[=value]> Define macro
/EH<value> Exception handling model
/EP Disable linemarker output and preprocess to stdout
/execution-charset:<value>
Runtime encoding, supports only UTF-8
/E Preprocess to stdout
/FA Output assembly code file during compilation
/Fa<file or directory> Output assembly code to this file during compilation (with /FA)
/Fe<file or directory> Set output executable file or directory (ends in / or \)
/FI <value> Include file before parsing
/Fi<file> Set preprocess output file name (with /P)
/Fo<file or directory> Set output object file, or directory (ends in / or \) (with /c)
/fp:except-
/fp:except
/fp:fast
/fp:precise
/fp:strict
/Fp<filename> Set pch filename (with /Yc and /Yu)
/GA Assume thread-local variables are defined in the executable
/Gd Set __cdecl as a default calling convention
/GF- Disable string pooling
/GF Enable string pooling (default)
/GR- Disable emission of RTTI data
/Gregcall Set __regcall as a default calling convention
/GR Enable emission of RTTI data
/Gr Set __fastcall as a default calling convention
/GS- Disable buffer security check
/GS Enable buffer security check (default)
/Gs Use stack probes (default)
/Gs<value> Set stack probe size (default 4096)
/guard:<value> Enable Control Flow Guard with /guard:cf,
or only the table with /guard:cf,nochecks.
Enable EH Continuation Guard with /guard:ehcont
/Gv Set __vectorcall as a default calling convention
/Gw- Don't put each data item in its own section
/Gw Put each data item in its own section
/GX- Disable exception handling
/GX Enable exception handling
/Gy- Don't put each function in its own section (default)
/Gy Put each function in its own section
/Gz Set __stdcall as a default calling convention
/help Display available options
/imsvc <dir> Add directory to system include search path, as if part of %INCLUDE%
/I <dir> Add directory to include search path
/J Make char type unsigned
/LDd Create debug DLL
/LD Create DLL
/link <options> Forward options to the linker
/MDd Use DLL debug run-time
/MD Use DLL run-time
/MTd Use static debug run-time
/MT Use static run-time
/O0 Disable optimization
/O1 Optimize for size (same as /Og /Os /Oy /Ob2 /GF /Gy)
/O2 Optimize for speed (same as /Og /Oi /Ot /Oy /Ob2 /GF /Gy)
/Ob0 Disable function inlining
/Ob1 Only inline functions which are (explicitly or implicitly) marked inline
/Ob2 Inline functions as deemed beneficial by the compiler
/Od Disable optimization
/Og No effect
/Oi- Disable use of builtin functions
/Oi Enable use of builtin functions
/Os Optimize for size
/Ot Optimize for speed
/Ox Deprecated (same as /Og /Oi /Ot /Oy /Ob2); use /O2 instead
/Oy- Disable frame pointer omission (x86 only, default)
/Oy Enable frame pointer omission (x86 only)
/O<flags> Set multiple /O flags at once; e.g. '/O2y-' for '/O2 /Oy-'
/o <file or directory> Set output file or directory (ends in / or \)
/P Preprocess to file
/Qvec- Disable the loop vectorization passes
/Qvec Enable the loop vectorization passes
/showFilenames- Don't print the name of each compiled file (default)
/showFilenames Print the name of each compiled file
/showIncludes Print info about included files to stderr
/source-charset:<value> Source encoding, supports only UTF-8
/std:<value> Language standard to compile for
/TC Treat all source files as C
/Tc <filename> Specify a C source file
/TP Treat all source files as C++
/Tp <filename> Specify a C++ source file
/utf-8 Set source and runtime encoding to UTF-8 (default)
/U <macro> Undefine macro
/vd<value> Control vtordisp placement
/vmb Use a best-case representation method for member pointers
/vmg Use a most-general representation for member pointers
/vmm Set the default most-general representation to multiple inheritance
/vms Set the default most-general representation to single inheritance
/vmv Set the default most-general representation to virtual inheritance
/volatile:iso Volatile loads and stores have standard semantics
/volatile:ms Volatile loads and stores have acquire and release semantics
/W0 Disable all warnings
/W1 Enable -Wall
/W2 Enable -Wall
/W3 Enable -Wall
/W4 Enable -Wall and -Wextra
/Wall Enable -Weverything
/WX- Do not treat warnings as errors
/WX Treat warnings as errors
/w Disable all warnings
/X Don't add %INCLUDE% to the include search path
/Y- Disable precompiled headers, overrides /Yc and /Yu
/Yc<filename> Generate a pch file for all code up to and including <filename>
/Yu<filename> Load a pch file and use it instead of all code up to and including <filename>
/Z7 Enable CodeView debug information in object files
/Zc:char8_t Enable C++2a char8_t type
/Zc:char8_t- Disable C++2a char8_t type
/Zc:dllexportInlines- Don't dllexport/dllimport inline member functions of dllexport/import classes
/Zc:dllexportInlines dllexport/dllimport inline member functions of dllexport/import classes (default)
/Zc:sizedDealloc- Disable C++14 sized global deallocation functions
/Zc:sizedDealloc Enable C++14 sized global deallocation functions
/Zc:strictStrings Treat string literals as const
/Zc:threadSafeInit- Disable thread-safe initialization of static variables
/Zc:threadSafeInit Enable thread-safe initialization of static variables
/Zc:trigraphs- Disable trigraphs (default)
/Zc:trigraphs Enable trigraphs
/Zc:twoPhase- Disable two-phase name lookup in templates
/Zc:twoPhase Enable two-phase name lookup in templates
/Zi Alias for /Z7. Does not produce PDBs.
/Zl Don't mention any default libraries in the object file
/Zp Set the default maximum struct packing alignment to 1
/Zp<value> Specify the default maximum struct packing alignment
/Zs Syntax-check only
OPTIONS:
-### Print (but do not run) the commands to run for this compilation
--analyze Run the static analyzer
-faddrsig Emit an address-significance table
-fansi-escape-codes Use ANSI escape codes for diagnostics
-fblocks Enable the 'blocks' language feature
-fcf-protection=<value> Instrument control-flow architecture protection. Options: return, branch, full, none.
-fcf-protection Enable cf-protection in 'full' mode
-fcolor-diagnostics Use colors in diagnostics
-fcomplete-member-pointers
Require member pointer base types to be complete if they would be significant under the Microsoft ABI
-fcoverage-mapping Generate coverage mapping to enable code coverage analysis
-fcrash-diagnostics-dir=<dir>
Put crash-report files in <dir>
-fdebug-macro Emit macro debug information
-fdelayed-template-parsing
Parse templated function definitions at the end of the translation unit
-fdiagnostics-absolute-paths
Print absolute paths in diagnostics
-fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits
Print fix-its in machine parseable form
-flto=<value> Set LTO mode to either 'full' or 'thin'
-flto Enable LTO in 'full' mode
-fmerge-all-constants Allow merging of constants
-fms-compatibility-version=<value>
Dot-separated value representing the Microsoft compiler version
number to report in _MSC_VER (0 = don't define it (default))
-fms-compatibility Enable full Microsoft Visual C++ compatibility
-fms-extensions Accept some non-standard constructs supported by the Microsoft compiler
-fmsc-version=<value> Microsoft compiler version number to report in _MSC_VER
(0 = don't define it (default))
-fno-addrsig Don't emit an address-significance table
-fno-builtin-<value> Disable implicit builtin knowledge of a specific function
-fno-builtin Disable implicit builtin knowledge of functions
-fno-complete-member-pointers
Do not require member pointer base types to be complete if they would be significant under the Microsoft ABI
-fno-coverage-mapping Disable code coverage analysis
-fno-crash-diagnostics Disable auto-generation of preprocessed source files and a script for reproduction during a clang crash
-fno-debug-macro Do not emit macro debug information
-fno-delayed-template-parsing
Disable delayed template parsing
-fno-sanitize-address-poison-custom-array-cookie
Disable poisoning array cookies when using custom operator new[] in AddressSanitizer
-fno-sanitize-address-use-after-scope
Disable use-after-scope detection in AddressSanitizer
-fno-sanitize-address-use-odr-indicator
Disable ODR indicator globals
-fno-sanitize-ignorelist Don't use ignorelist file for sanitizers
-fno-sanitize-cfi-cross-dso
Disable control flow integrity (CFI) checks for cross-DSO calls.
-fno-sanitize-coverage=<value>
Disable specified features of coverage instrumentation for Sanitizers
-fno-sanitize-memory-track-origins
Disable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
-fno-sanitize-memory-use-after-dtor
Disable use-after-destroy detection in MemorySanitizer
-fno-sanitize-recover=<value>
Disable recovery for specified sanitizers
-fno-sanitize-stats Disable sanitizer statistics gathering.
-fno-sanitize-thread-atomics
Disable atomic operations instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
-fno-sanitize-thread-func-entry-exit
Disable function entry/exit instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
-fno-sanitize-thread-memory-access
Disable memory access instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
-fno-sanitize-trap=<value>
Disable trapping for specified sanitizers
-fno-standalone-debug Limit debug information produced to reduce size of debug binary
-fobjc-runtime=<value> Specify the target Objective-C runtime kind and version
-fprofile-exclude-files=<value>
Instrument only functions from files where names don't match all the regexes separated by a semi-colon
-fprofile-filter-files=<value>
Instrument only functions from files where names match any regex separated by a semi-colon
-fprofile-instr-generate=<file>
Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into <file>
(overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
-fprofile-instr-generate
Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into default.profraw file
(overridden by '=' form of option or LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
-fprofile-instr-use=<value>
Use instrumentation data for profile-guided optimization
-fprofile-remapping-file=<file>
Use the remappings described in <file> to match the profile data against names in the program
-fprofile-list=<file>
Filename defining the list of functions/files to instrument
-fsanitize-address-field-padding=<value>
Level of field padding for AddressSanitizer
-fsanitize-address-globals-dead-stripping
Enable linker dead stripping of globals in AddressSanitizer
-fsanitize-address-poison-custom-array-cookie
Enable poisoning array cookies when using custom operator new[] in AddressSanitizer
-fsanitize-address-use-after-return=<mode>
Select the mode of detecting stack use-after-return in AddressSanitizer: never | runtime (default) | always
-fsanitize-address-use-after-scope
Enable use-after-scope detection in AddressSanitizer
-fsanitize-address-use-odr-indicator
Enable ODR indicator globals to avoid false ODR violation reports in partially sanitized programs at the cost of an increase in binary size
-fsanitize-ignorelist=<value>
Path to ignorelist file for sanitizers
-fsanitize-cfi-cross-dso
Enable control flow integrity (CFI) checks for cross-DSO calls.
-fsanitize-cfi-icall-generalize-pointers
Generalize pointers in CFI indirect call type signature checks
-fsanitize-coverage=<value>
Specify the type of coverage instrumentation for Sanitizers
-fsanitize-hwaddress-abi=<value>
Select the HWAddressSanitizer ABI to target (interceptor or platform, default interceptor)
-fsanitize-memory-track-origins=<value>
Enable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
-fsanitize-memory-track-origins
Enable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
-fsanitize-memory-use-after-dtor
Enable use-after-destroy detection in MemorySanitizer
-fsanitize-recover=<value>
Enable recovery for specified sanitizers
-fsanitize-stats Enable sanitizer statistics gathering.
-fsanitize-thread-atomics
Enable atomic operations instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
-fsanitize-thread-func-entry-exit
Enable function entry/exit instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
-fsanitize-thread-memory-access
Enable memory access instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
-fsanitize-trap=<value> Enable trapping for specified sanitizers
-fsanitize-undefined-strip-path-components=<number>
Strip (or keep only, if negative) a given number of path components when emitting check metadata.
-fsanitize=<check> Turn on runtime checks for various forms of undefined or suspicious
behavior. See user manual for available checks
-fsplit-lto-unit Enables splitting of the LTO unit.
-fstandalone-debug Emit full debug info for all types used by the program
-fwhole-program-vtables Enables whole-program vtable optimization. Requires -flto
-gcodeview-ghash Emit type record hashes in a .debug$H section
-gcodeview Generate CodeView debug information
-gline-directives-only Emit debug line info directives only
-gline-tables-only Emit debug line number tables only
-miamcu Use Intel MCU ABI
-mllvm <value> Additional arguments to forward to LLVM's option processing
-nobuiltininc Disable builtin #include directories
-Qunused-arguments Don't emit warning for unused driver arguments
-R<remark> Enable the specified remark
--target=<value> Generate code for the given target
--version Print version information
-v Show commands to run and use verbose output
-W<warning> Enable the specified warning
-Xclang <arg> Pass <arg> to the clang compiler
The /clang: Option
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When clang-cl is run with a set of ``/clang:<arg>`` options, it will gather all
of the ``<arg>`` arguments and process them as if they were passed to the clang
driver. This mechanism allows you to pass flags that are not exposed in the
clang-cl options or flags that have a different meaning when passed to the clang
driver. Regardless of where they appear in the command line, the ``/clang:``
arguments are treated as if they were passed at the end of the clang-cl command
line.
The /Zc:dllexportInlines- Option
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This causes the class-level `dllexport` and `dllimport` attributes to not apply
to inline member functions, as they otherwise would. For example, in the code
below `S::foo()` would normally be defined and exported by the DLL, but when
using the ``/Zc:dllexportInlines-`` flag it is not:
.. code-block:: c
struct __declspec(dllexport) S {
void foo() {}
}
This has the benefit that the compiler doesn't need to emit a definition of
`S::foo()` in every translation unit where the declaration is included, as it
would otherwise do to ensure there's a definition in the DLL even if it's not
used there. If the declaration occurs in a header file that's widely used, this
can save significant compilation time and output size. It also reduces the
number of functions exported by the DLL similarly to what
``-fvisibility-inlines-hidden`` does for shared objects on ELF and Mach-O.
Since the function declaration comes with an inline definition, users of the
library can use that definition directly instead of importing it from the DLL.
Note that the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler does not support this option, and
if code in a DLL is compiled with ``/Zc:dllexportInlines-``, the code using the
DLL must be compiled in the same way so that it doesn't attempt to dllimport
the inline member functions. The reverse scenario should generally work though:
a DLL compiled without this flag (such as a system library compiled with Visual
C++) can be referenced from code compiled using the flag, meaning that the
referencing code will use the inline definitions instead of importing them from
the DLL.
Also note that like when using ``-fvisibility-inlines-hidden``, the address of
`S::foo()` will be different inside and outside the DLL, breaking the C/C++
standard requirement that functions have a unique address.
The flag does not apply to explicit class template instantiation definitions or
declarations, as those are typically used to explicitly provide a single
definition in a DLL, (dllexported instantiation definition) or to signal that
the definition is available elsewhere (dllimport instantiation declaration). It
also doesn't apply to inline members with static local variables, to ensure
that the same instance of the variable is used inside and outside the DLL.
Using this flag can cause problems when inline functions that would otherwise
be dllexported refer to internal symbols of a DLL. For example:
.. code-block:: c
void internal();
struct __declspec(dllimport) S {
void foo() { internal(); }
}
Normally, references to `S::foo()` would use the definition in the DLL from
which it was exported, and which presumably also has the definition of
`internal()`. However, when using ``/Zc:dllexportInlines-``, the inline
definition of `S::foo()` is used directly, resulting in a link error since
`internal()` is not available. Even worse, if there is an inline definition of
`internal()` containing a static local variable, we will now refer to a
different instance of that variable than in the DLL:
.. code-block:: c
inline int internal() { static int x; return x++; }
struct __declspec(dllimport) S {
int foo() { return internal(); }
}
This could lead to very subtle bugs. Using ``-fvisibility-inlines-hidden`` can
lead to the same issue. To avoid it in this case, make `S::foo()` or
`internal()` non-inline, or mark them `dllimport/dllexport` explicitly.
Finding Clang runtime libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
clang-cl supports several features that require runtime library support:
- Address Sanitizer (ASan): ``-fsanitize=address``
- Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSan): ``-fsanitize=undefined``
- Code coverage: ``-fprofile-instr-generate -fcoverage-mapping``
- Profile Guided Optimization (PGO): ``-fprofile-instr-generate``
- Certain math operations (int128 division) require the builtins library
In order to use these features, the user must link the right runtime libraries
into their program. These libraries are distributed alongside Clang in the
library resource directory. Clang searches for the resource directory by
searching relative to the Clang executable. For example, if LLVM is installed
in ``C:\Program Files\LLVM``, then the profile runtime library will be located
at the path
``C:\Program Files\LLVM\lib\clang\11.0.0\lib\windows\clang_rt.profile-x86_64.lib``.
For UBSan, PGO, and coverage, Clang will emit object files that auto-link the
appropriate runtime library, but the user generally needs to help the linker
(whether it is ``lld-link.exe`` or MSVC ``link.exe``) find the library resource
directory. Using the example installation above, this would mean passing
``/LIBPATH:C:\Program Files\LLVM\lib\clang\11.0.0\lib\windows`` to the linker.
If the user links the program with the ``clang`` or ``clang-cl`` drivers, the
driver will pass this flag for them.
If the linker cannot find the appropriate library, it will emit an error like
this::
$ clang-cl -c -fsanitize=undefined t.cpp
$ lld-link t.obj -dll
lld-link: error: could not open 'clang_rt.ubsan_standalone-x86_64.lib': no such file or directory
lld-link: error: could not open 'clang_rt.ubsan_standalone_cxx-x86_64.lib': no such file or directory
$ link t.obj -dll -nologo
LINK : fatal error LNK1104: cannot open file 'clang_rt.ubsan_standalone-x86_64.lib'
To fix the error, add the appropriate ``/libpath:`` flag to the link line.
For ASan, as of this writing, the user is also responsible for linking against
the correct ASan libraries.
If the user is using the dynamic CRT (``/MD``), then they should add
``clang_rt.asan_dynamic-x86_64.lib`` to the link line as a regular input. For
other architectures, replace x86_64 with the appropriate name here and below.
If the user is using the static CRT (``/MT``), then different runtimes are used
to produce DLLs and EXEs. To link a DLL, pass
``clang_rt.asan_dll_thunk-x86_64.lib``. To link an EXE, pass
``-wholearchive:clang_rt.asan-x86_64.lib``.
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