X86 Supports Indirect Branch Tracking (IBT) as part of Control-Flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
IBT instruments ENDBR instructions used to specify valid targets of indirect call / jmp.
The `nocf_check` attribute has two roles in the context of X86 IBT technology:
1. Appertains to a function - do not add ENDBR instruction at the beginning of the function.
2. Appertains to a function pointer - do not track the target function of this pointer by adding nocf_check prefix to the indirect-call instruction.
This patch implements `nocf_check` context for Indirect Branch Tracking.
It also auto generates `nocf_check` prefixes before indirect branchs to jump tables that are guarded by range checks.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D41879
llvm-svn: 327767
Summary:
First, we need to explain the core of the vulnerability. Note that this
is a very incomplete description, please see the Project Zero blog post
for details:
https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html
The basis for branch target injection is to direct speculative execution
of the processor to some "gadget" of executable code by poisoning the
prediction of indirect branches with the address of that gadget. The
gadget in turn contains an operation that provides a side channel for
reading data. Most commonly, this will look like a load of secret data
followed by a branch on the loaded value and then a load of some
predictable cache line. The attacker then uses timing of the processors
cache to determine which direction the branch took *in the speculative
execution*, and in turn what one bit of the loaded value was. Due to the
nature of these timing side channels and the branch predictor on Intel
processors, this allows an attacker to leak data only accessible to
a privileged domain (like the kernel) back into an unprivileged domain.
The goal is simple: avoid generating code which contains an indirect
branch that could have its prediction poisoned by an attacker. In many
cases, the compiler can simply use directed conditional branches and
a small search tree. LLVM already has support for lowering switches in
this way and the first step of this patch is to disable jump-table
lowering of switches and introduce a pass to rewrite explicit indirectbr
sequences into a switch over integers.
However, there is no fully general alternative to indirect calls. We
introduce a new construct we call a "retpoline" to implement indirect
calls in a non-speculatable way. It can be thought of loosely as
a trampoline for indirect calls which uses the RET instruction on x86.
Further, we arrange for a specific call->ret sequence which ensures the
processor predicts the return to go to a controlled, known location. The
retpoline then "smashes" the return address pushed onto the stack by the
call with the desired target of the original indirect call. The result
is a predicted return to the next instruction after a call (which can be
used to trap speculative execution within an infinite loop) and an
actual indirect branch to an arbitrary address.
On 64-bit x86 ABIs, this is especially easily done in the compiler by
using a guaranteed scratch register to pass the target into this device.
For 32-bit ABIs there isn't a guaranteed scratch register and so several
different retpoline variants are introduced to use a scratch register if
one is available in the calling convention and to otherwise use direct
stack push/pop sequences to pass the target address.
This "retpoline" mitigation is fully described in the following blog
post: https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/7625886
We also support a target feature that disables emission of the retpoline
thunk by the compiler to allow for custom thunks if users want them.
These are particularly useful in environments like kernels that
routinely do hot-patching on boot and want to hot-patch their thunk to
different code sequences. They can write this custom thunk and use
`-mretpoline-external-thunk` *in addition* to `-mretpoline`. In this
case, on x86-64 thu thunk names must be:
```
__llvm_external_retpoline_r11
```
or on 32-bit:
```
__llvm_external_retpoline_eax
__llvm_external_retpoline_ecx
__llvm_external_retpoline_edx
__llvm_external_retpoline_push
```
And the target of the retpoline is passed in the named register, or in
the case of the `push` suffix on the top of the stack via a `pushl`
instruction.
There is one other important source of indirect branches in x86 ELF
binaries: the PLT. These patches also include support for LLD to
generate PLT entries that perform a retpoline-style indirection.
The only other indirect branches remaining that we are aware of are from
precompiled runtimes (such as crt0.o and similar). The ones we have
found are not really attackable, and so we have not focused on them
here, but eventually these runtimes should also be replicated for
retpoline-ed configurations for completeness.
For kernels or other freestanding or fully static executables, the
compiler switch `-mretpoline` is sufficient to fully mitigate this
particular attack. For dynamic executables, you must compile *all*
libraries with `-mretpoline` and additionally link the dynamic
executable and all shared libraries with LLD and pass `-z retpolineplt`
(or use similar functionality from some other linker). We strongly
recommend also using `-z now` as non-lazy binding allows the
retpoline-mitigated PLT to be substantially smaller.
When manually apply similar transformations to `-mretpoline` to the
Linux kernel we observed very small performance hits to applications
running typical workloads, and relatively minor hits (approximately 2%)
even for extremely syscall-heavy applications. This is largely due to
the small number of indirect branches that occur in performance
sensitive paths of the kernel.
When using these patches on statically linked applications, especially
C++ applications, you should expect to see a much more dramatic
performance hit. For microbenchmarks that are switch, indirect-, or
virtual-call heavy we have seen overheads ranging from 10% to 50%.
However, real-world workloads exhibit substantially lower performance
impact. Notably, techniques such as PGO and ThinLTO dramatically reduce
the impact of hot indirect calls (by speculatively promoting them to
direct calls) and allow optimized search trees to be used to lower
switches. If you need to deploy these techniques in C++ applications, we
*strongly* recommend that you ensure all hot call targets are statically
linked (avoiding PLT indirection) and use both PGO and ThinLTO. Well
tuned servers using all of these techniques saw 5% - 10% overhead from
the use of retpoline.
We will add detailed documentation covering these components in
subsequent patches, but wanted to make the core functionality available
as soon as possible. Happy for more code review, but we'd really like to
get these patches landed and backported ASAP for obvious reasons. We're
planning to backport this to both 6.0 and 5.0 release streams and get
a 5.0 release with just this cherry picked ASAP for distros and vendors.
This patch is the work of a number of people over the past month: Eric, Reid,
Rui, and myself. I'm mailing it out as a single commit due to the time
sensitive nature of landing this and the need to backport it. Huge thanks to
everyone who helped out here, and everyone at Intel who helped out in
discussions about how to craft this. Also, credit goes to Paul Turner (at
Google, but not an LLVM contributor) for much of the underlying retpoline
design.
Reviewers: echristo, rnk, ruiu, craig.topper, DavidKreitzer
Subscribers: sanjoy, emaste, mcrosier, mgorny, mehdi_amini, hiraditya, llvm-commits
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D41723
llvm-svn: 323155
This custom inserter was added in r124272 at which time it added about bunch of Defs for Win64. In r150708, those defs were removed leaving only the "return BB". So I think this means the custom inserter is a NOP these days.
This patch removes the remaining code and stops tagging the instructions for custom insertion
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D41671
llvm-svn: 321747
Shadow stack solution introduces a new stack for return addresses only.
The HW has a Shadow Stack Pointer (SSP) that points to the next return address.
If we return to a different address, an exception is triggered.
The shadow stack is managed using a series of intrinsics that are introduced in this patch as well as the new register (SSP).
The intrinsics are mapped to new instruction set that implements CET mechanism.
The patch also includes initial infrastructure support for IBT.
For more information, please see the following:
https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/4d/2a/control-flow-enforcement-technology-preview.pdf
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D40223
Change-Id: I4daa1f27e88176be79a4ac3b4cd26a459e88fed4
llvm-svn: 318996
This attribute will be used in a tablegen backend that generated the X86 memory folding tables which will be added in a future pass.
Instructions with this attribute unset will be excluded from the full set of X86 instructions available for the pass.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D38027
llvm-svn: 315171
Currently, far jmp/call which utilizes a 48bit memory operand would have been invoked via the 'lcall/ljmp' mnemonic (intel style).
This patch align those variants to formal intel spec
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D35846
llvm-svn: 310485
This reverts r294348, which removed support for conditional tail calls
due to the PR above. It fixes the PR by marking live registers as
implicitly used and defined by the now predicated tailcall. This is
similar to how IfConversion predicates instructions.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D29856
llvm-svn: 295262
They are currently modelled incorrectly (as calls, which clobber
registers, confusing e.g. Machine Copy Propagation).
Reverting until we figure out the proper solution.
llvm-svn: 294348
That confuses e.g. machine basic block placement, which then doesn't
realize that control can fall through a block that ends with a conditional
tail call. Instead, isBranch=1 should be set.
Also, mark EFLAGS as used by these instructions.
llvm-svn: 281281
This extends the optimization in r280832 to also work for 64-bit. The only
quirk is that we can't do this for 64-bit Windows (yet).
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D24423
llvm-svn: 281113
The REX prefix should be used on indirect jmps, but not direct ones.
For direct jumps, the unwinder looks at the offset to determine if
it's inside the current function.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D24359
llvm-svn: 281003
When branching to a block that immediately tail calls, it is possible to fold
the call directly into the branch if the call is direct and there is no stack
adjustment, saving one byte.
Example:
define void @f(i32 %x, i32 %y) {
entry:
%p = icmp eq i32 %x, %y
br i1 %p, label %bb1, label %bb2
bb1:
tail call void @foo()
ret void
bb2:
tail call void @bar()
ret void
}
before:
f:
movl 4(%esp), %eax
cmpl 8(%esp), %eax
jne .LBB0_2
jmp foo
.LBB0_2:
jmp bar
after:
f:
movl 4(%esp), %eax
cmpl 8(%esp), %eax
jne bar
.LBB0_1:
jmp foo
I don't expect any significant size savings from this (on a Clang bootstrap I
saw 288 bytes), but it does make the code a little tighter.
This patch only does 32-bit, but 64-bit would work similarly.
Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D24108
llvm-svn: 280832
The x86 ret instruction has a 16 bit immediate indicating how many bytes
to pop off of the stack beyond the return address.
There is a problem when extremely large structs are passed by value: we
might not be able to fit the number of bytes to pop into the return
instruction.
To fix this, expand RET_FLAG a little later and use a special sequence
to clean the stack:
pop %ecx ; return address is now in %ecx
add $n, %esp ; clean the stack
push %ecx ; bring the return address back on the stack
ret ; pop the return address and jmp to it's value
llvm-svn: 262755
MSDN's x64 software conventions page says that this is one of the fixed
list of legal epilogues:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tawsa7cb.aspx
Presumably this is how the unwinder distinguishes epilogue jumps from
in-function control flow.
Also normalize the way we place "## TAILCALL" comments on such jumps.
llvm-svn: 227611
win64: Call __chkstk through a register with the large code model
Fixes half of PR18582. True dynamic allocas will still have a
CALL64pcrel32 which will fail.
Reviewers: majnemer
Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D7267
llvm-svn: 227503
Requires new AsmParserOperand types that detect 16-bit and 32/64-bit mode so that we choose the right instruction based on default sizing without predicates. This is necessary since predicates mess up the disassembler table building.
llvm-svn: 225256
The assembler backend will relax to the long form if necessary. This removes a swap from long form to short form in the MCInstLowering code. Selecting the long form used to be required by the old JIT.
llvm-svn: 225242
This is necessary to allow the disassembler to be able to handle AdSize32 instructions in 64-bit mode when address size prefix is used.
Eventually we should probably also support 'addr32' and 'addr16' in the assembler to override the address size on some of these instructions. But for now we'll just use special operand types that will lookup the current mode size to select the right instruction.
llvm-svn: 225075
This removes a hardcoded list of instructions in the CodeEmitter. Eventually I intend to remove the predicates on the affected instructions since in any given mode two of them are valid if we supported addr32/addr16 prefixes in the assembler.
llvm-svn: 224809
This finishes the job started in r198756, and creates separate opcodes for
64-bit vs. 32-bit versions of the rest of the RET instructions too.
LRETL/LRETQ are interesting... I can't see any justification for their
existence in the SDM. There should be no 'LRETL' in 64-bit mode, and no
need for a REX.W prefix for LRETQ. But this is what GAS does, and my
Sandybridge CPU and an Opteron 6376 concur when tested as follows:
asm __volatile__("pushq $0x1234\nmovq $0x33,%rax\nsalq $32,%rax\norq $1f,%rax\npushq %rax\nlretl $8\n1:");
asm __volatile__("pushq $1234\npushq $0x33\npushq $1f\nlretq $8\n1:");
asm __volatile__("pushq $0x33\npushq $1f\nlretq\n1:");
asm __volatile__("pushq $0x1234\npushq $0x33\npushq $1f\nlretq $8\n1:");
cf. PR8592 and commit r118903, which added LRETQ. I only added LRETIQ to
match it.
I don't quite understand how the Intel syntax parsing for ret
instructions is working, despite r154468 allegedly fixing it. Aren't the
explicitly sized 'retw', 'retd' and 'retq' supposed to work? I have at
least made the 'lretq' work with (and indeed *require*) the 'q'.
llvm-svn: 199106
I couldn't see how to do this sanely without splitting RETQ from RETL.
Eric says: "sad about the inability to roundtrip them now, but...".
I have no idea what that means, but perhaps it wants preserving in the
commit comment.
llvm-svn: 198756
This fixes the bulk of 16-bit output, and the corresponding test case
x86-16.s now looks mostly like the x86-32.s test case that it was
originally based on. A few irrelevant instructions have been dropped,
and there are still some corner cases to be fixed in subsequent patches.
llvm-svn: 198752
That's what it actually means, and with 16-bit support it's going to be
a little more relevant since in a few corner cases we may actually want
to distinguish between 16-bit and 32-bit mode (for example the bare 'push'
aliases to pushw/pushl etc.)
Patch by David Woodhouse
llvm-svn: 197768
To enable a load of a call address to be folded with that call, this
load is moved from outside of callseq into callseq. Such a moving
adds a non-glued node (that load) into a glued sequence. This non-glue
load is only removed when DAG selection folds them into a memory form
call instruction. When such instruction selection is disabled, it breaks
DAG schedule.
To prevent that, such moving is disabled when target favors register
indirect call.
Previous workaround disabling CALL32m/CALL64m insn selection is removed.
llvm-svn: 178308
Call instructions no longer have a list of 43 call-clobbered registers.
Instead, they get a single register mask operand with a bit vector of
call-preserved registers.
This saves a lot of memory, 42 x 32 bytes = 1344 bytes per call
instruction, and it speeds up building call instructions because those
43 imp-def operands no longer need to be added to use-def lists. (And
removed and shifted and re-added for every explicit call operand).
Passes like LiveVariables, LiveIntervals, RAGreedy, PEI, and
BranchFolding are significantly faster because they can deal with call
clobbers in bulk.
Overall, clang -O2 is between 0% and 8% faster, uniformly distributed
depending on call density in the compiled code. Debug builds using
clang -O0 are 0% - 3% faster.
I have verified that this patch doesn't change the assembly generated
for the LLVM nightly test suite when building with -disable-copyprop
and -disable-branch-fold.
Branch folding behaves slightly differently in a few cases because call
instructions have different hash values now.
Copy propagation flushes its data structures when it crosses a register
mask operand. This causes it to leave a few dead copies behind, on the
order of 20 instruction across the entire nightly test suite, including
SPEC. Fixing this properly would require the pass to use different data
structures.
llvm-svn: 150638
Adds an instruction itinerary to all x86 instructions, giving each a default latency of 1, using the InstrItinClass IIC_DEFAULT.
Sets specific latencies for Atom for the instructions in files X86InstrCMovSetCC.td, X86InstrArithmetic.td, X86InstrControl.td, and X86InstrShiftRotate.td. The Atom latencies for the remainder of the x86 instructions will be set in subsequent patches.
Adds a test to verify that the scheduler is working.
Also changes the scheduling preference to "Hybrid" for i386 Atom, while leaving x86_64 as ILP.
Patch by Preston Gurd!
llvm-svn: 149558
The Win64 calling convention has xmm6-15 as callee-saved while still
clobbering all ymm registers.
Add a YMM_HI_6_15 pseudo-register that aliases the clobbered part of the
ymm registers, and mark that as call-clobbered. This allows live xmm
registers across calls.
This hack wouldn't be necessary with RegisterMask operands representing
the call clobbers, but they are not quite operational yet.
llvm-svn: 149088
Simon Pilgrim