diff --git a/flang/lib/parser/parsing.cc b/flang/lib/parser/parsing.cc
index ae835acb65e1..d2ca8a49a201 100644
--- a/flang/lib/parser/parsing.cc
+++ b/flang/lib/parser/parsing.cc
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void Parsing::Prescan(const std::string &path, Options options) {
       preprocessor.Undefine(predef.first);
     }
   }
-  Prescanner prescanner{messages_, *cooked_, preprocessor, options.features};
+  Prescanner prescanner{messages_, cooked_, preprocessor, options.features};
   prescanner.set_fixedForm(options.isFixedForm)
       .set_fixedFormColumnLimit(options.fixedFormColumns)
       .set_encoding(options.encoding)
@@ -75,30 +75,30 @@ void Parsing::Prescan(const std::string &path, Options options) {
   ProvenanceRange range{
       allSources_.AddIncludedFile(*sourceFile, ProvenanceRange{})};
   prescanner.Prescan(range);
-  cooked_->Marshal();
+  cooked_.Marshal();
 }
 
 void Parsing::DumpCookedChars(std::ostream &out) const {
-  UserState userState{*cooked_, LanguageFeatureControl{}};
-  ParseState parseState{*cooked_};
+  UserState userState{cooked_, LanguageFeatureControl{}};
+  ParseState parseState{cooked_};
   parseState.set_inFixedForm(options_.isFixedForm).set_userState(&userState);
   while (std::optional<const char *> p{parseState.GetNextChar()}) {
     out << **p;
   }
 }
 
-void Parsing::DumpProvenance(std::ostream &out) const { cooked_->Dump(out); }
+void Parsing::DumpProvenance(std::ostream &out) const { cooked_.Dump(out); }
 
 void Parsing::DumpParsingLog(std::ostream &out) const {
-  log_.Dump(out, *cooked_);
+  log_.Dump(out, cooked_);
 }
 
 void Parsing::Parse(std::ostream *out) {
-  UserState userState{*cooked_, options_.features};
+  UserState userState{cooked_, options_.features};
   userState.set_debugOutput(out)
       .set_instrumentedParse(options_.instrumentedParse)
       .set_log(&log_);
-  ParseState parseState{*cooked_};
+  ParseState parseState{cooked_};
   parseState.set_inFixedForm(options_.isFixedForm)
       .set_encoding(options_.encoding)
       .set_userState(&userState);
@@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ void Parsing::ClearLog() { log_.clear(); }
 bool Parsing::ForTesting(std::string path, std::ostream &err) {
   Prescan(path, Options{});
   if (messages_.AnyFatalError()) {
-    messages_.Emit(err, *cooked_);
+    messages_.Emit(err, cooked_);
     err << "could not scan " << path << '\n';
     return false;
   }
   Parse();
-  messages_.Emit(err, *cooked_);
+  messages_.Emit(err, cooked_);
   if (!consumedWholeFile_) {
     EmitMessage(err, finalRestingPlace_, "parser FAIL; final position");
     return false;
diff --git a/flang/lib/parser/parsing.h b/flang/lib/parser/parsing.h
index 334474f10909..5c6cf18029ac 100644
--- a/flang/lib/parser/parsing.h
+++ b/flang/lib/parser/parsing.h
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@ public:
 
   bool consumedWholeFile() const { return consumedWholeFile_; }
   const char *finalRestingPlace() const { return finalRestingPlace_; }
-  CookedSource &cooked() { return *cooked_; }
-  std::unique_ptr<CookedSource> MoveCooked() { return std::move(cooked_); }
+  CookedSource &cooked() { return cooked_; }
   Messages &messages() { return messages_; }
   std::optional<Program> &parseTree() { return parseTree_; }
 
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ public:
   void EmitMessage(std::ostream &o, const char *at, const std::string &message,
       bool echoSourceLine = false) const {
     allSources_.EmitMessage(
-        o, cooked_->GetProvenanceRange(at).start(), message, echoSourceLine);
+        o, cooked_.GetProvenanceRange(at).start(), message, echoSourceLine);
   }
 
   bool ForTesting(std::string path, std::ostream &);
@@ -73,8 +72,7 @@ public:
 private:
   Options options_;
   AllSources allSources_;
-  std::unique_ptr<parser::CookedSource> cooked_{
-      std::make_unique<parser::CookedSource>(allSources_)};
+  CookedSource cooked_{allSources_};
   Messages messages_;
   bool consumedWholeFile_{false};
   const char *finalRestingPlace_{nullptr};
diff --git a/flang/lib/parser/provenance.cc b/flang/lib/parser/provenance.cc
index 0da5ad6dbc91..35993776aa00 100644
--- a/flang/lib/parser/provenance.cc
+++ b/flang/lib/parser/provenance.cc
@@ -303,19 +303,19 @@ const AllSources::Origin &AllSources::MapToOrigin(Provenance at) const {
 }
 
 ProvenanceRange CookedSource::GetProvenanceRange(CharBlock cookedRange) const {
-  ProvenanceRange first{provenanceMap_.Map(cookedRange.begin() - &data_[0])};
+  ProvenanceRange first{provenanceMap_.Map(cookedRange.begin() - &(*data_)[0])};
   if (cookedRange.size() <= first.size()) {
     return first.Prefix(cookedRange.size());
   }
-  ProvenanceRange last{provenanceMap_.Map(cookedRange.end() - &data_[0])};
+  ProvenanceRange last{provenanceMap_.Map(cookedRange.end() - &(*data_)[0])};
   return {first.start(), last.start() - first.start()};
 }
 
 void CookedSource::Marshal() {
   CHECK(provenanceMap_.size() == buffer_.size());
   provenanceMap_.Put(allSources_.AddCompilerInsertion("(after end of source)"));
-  data_.resize(buffer_.size());
-  char *p{&data_[0]};
+  data_ = std::make_unique<std::vector<char>>(buffer_.size());
+  char *p{&(*data_)[0]};
   for (char ch : buffer_) {
     *p++ = ch;
   }
diff --git a/flang/lib/parser/provenance.h b/flang/lib/parser/provenance.h
index 1c5ce2f67383..1a230b47c34e 100644
--- a/flang/lib/parser/provenance.h
+++ b/flang/lib/parser/provenance.h
@@ -184,14 +184,14 @@ class CookedSource {
 public:
   explicit CookedSource(AllSources &sources) : allSources_{sources} {}
 
-  std::size_t size() const { return data_.size(); }
-  const char &operator[](std::size_t n) const { return data_[n]; }
-  const char &at(std::size_t n) const { return data_.at(n); }
+  std::size_t size() const { return data_->size(); }
+  const char &operator[](std::size_t n) const { return (*data_)[n]; }
+  const char &at(std::size_t n) const { return data_->at(n); }
 
   AllSources &allSources() const { return allSources_; }
 
   bool IsValid(const char *p) const {
-    return p >= &data_.front() && p <= &data_.back() + 1;
+    return p >= &data_->front() && p <= &data_->back() + 1;
   }
   bool IsValid(CharBlock range) const {
     return !range.empty() && IsValid(range.begin()) && IsValid(range.end() - 1);
@@ -211,12 +211,14 @@ public:
     provenanceMap_.Put(pm);
   }
   void Marshal();  // marshals all text into one contiguous block
+  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<char>> MoveChars() { return std::move(data_); }
   std::ostream &Dump(std::ostream &) const;
 
 private:
   AllSources &allSources_;
   CharBuffer buffer_;  // before Marshal()
-  std::vector<char> data_;  // all of it, prescanned and preprocessed
+  // all source, prescanned and preprocessed:
+  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<char>> data_;
   OffsetToProvenanceMappings provenanceMap_;
 };
 
diff --git a/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.cc b/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.cc
index 52d48a13694d..58fe7c2d5f63 100644
--- a/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.cc
+++ b/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.cc
@@ -364,15 +364,14 @@ bool ModFileReader::Read(const SourceName &modName) {
             modName.ToString(), *path));
     return false;
   }
-  std::unique_ptr<parser::CookedSource> cooked_{parsing.MoveCooked()};
-  ResolveNames(*parseTree, *cooked_, directories_);
+  ResolveNames(*parseTree, parsing.cooked(), directories_);
 
   const auto &it{Scope::globalScope.find(modName)};
   if (it == Scope::globalScope.end()) {
     return false;
   }
   auto &modSymbol{*it->second};
-  modSymbol.scope()->set_cookedSource(std::move(cooked_));
+  modSymbol.scope()->set_chars(parsing.cooked().MoveChars());
   modSymbol.set(Symbol::Flag::ModFile);
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.h b/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.h
index 3e516d55a171..ec2495846eb4 100644
--- a/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.h
+++ b/flang/lib/semantics/mod-file.h
@@ -92,9 +92,6 @@ public:
 
 private:
   std::vector<std::string> directories_;
-  parser::AllSources allSources_;
-  std::unique_ptr<parser::CookedSource> cooked_{
-      std::make_unique<parser::CookedSource>(allSources_)};
   std::vector<parser::Message> errors_;
 
   std::optional<std::string> FindModFile(const SourceName &);
diff --git a/flang/lib/semantics/scope.h b/flang/lib/semantics/scope.h
index 544435f3691c..860432fea39f 100644
--- a/flang/lib/semantics/scope.h
+++ b/flang/lib/semantics/scope.h
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include "attr.h"
 #include "symbol.h"
 #include "../common/idioms.h"
-#include "../parser/parse-tree.h"
 #include <list>
 #include <map>
 #include <string>
@@ -106,9 +105,10 @@ public:
 
   DerivedTypeSpec &MakeDerivedTypeSpec(const SourceName &);
 
-  std::unique_ptr<parser::CookedSource> cooked_;
-  void set_cookedSource(std::unique_ptr<parser::CookedSource> cooked) {
-    cooked_ = std::move(cooked);
+  // For modules read from module files, this is the stream of characters
+  // that are referenced by SourceName objects.
+  void set_chars(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<char>> chars) {
+    chars_ = std::move(chars);
   }
 
 private:
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ private:
   std::list<Scope> children_;
   mapType symbols_;
   std::list<DerivedTypeSpec> derivedTypeSpecs_;
+  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<char>> chars_;
 
   // Storage for all Symbols. Every Symbol is in allSymbols and every Symbol*
   // or Symbol& points to one in there.
diff --git a/flang/lib/semantics/symbol.cc b/flang/lib/semantics/symbol.cc
index 4351e7b68cbb..89655d7ad91e 100644
--- a/flang/lib/semantics/symbol.cc
+++ b/flang/lib/semantics/symbol.cc
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@
 
 namespace Fortran::semantics {
 
-std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const parser::Name &name) {
-  return os << name.ToString();
-}
 std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const parser::CharBlock &name) {
   return os << name.ToString();
 }