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<CENTER><A HREF = "Section_packages.html">Previous Section</A> - <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov">LAMMPS WWW Site</A> -
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<A HREF = "Manual.html">LAMMPS Documentation</A> - <A HREF = "Section_commands.html#comm">LAMMPS Commands</A>
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</CENTER>
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<HR>
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<P><A HREF = "Section_accelerate.html">Return to Section accelerate overview</A>
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</P>
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<H4>5.3.4 KOKKOS package
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</H4>
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<P>The KOKKOS package was developed primaritly by Christian Trott
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(Sandia) with contributions of various styles by others, including
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Sikandar Mashayak (UIUC). The underlying Kokkos library was written
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primarily by Carter Edwards, Christian Trott, and Dan Sunderland (all
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Sandia).
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</P>
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<P>The KOKKOS package contains versions of pair, fix, and atom styles
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that use data structures and macros provided by the Kokkos library,
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which is included with LAMMPS in lib/kokkos.
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</P>
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<P>The Kokkos library is part of
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<A HREF = "http://trilinos.sandia.gov/packages/kokkos">Trilinos</A> and is a
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templated C++ library that provides two key abstractions for an
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application like LAMMPS. First, it allows a single implementation of
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an application kernel (e.g. a pair style) to run efficiently on
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different kinds of hardware, such as a GPU, Intel Phi, or many-core
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chip.
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</P>
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<P>The Kokkos library also provides data abstractions to adjust (at
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compile time) the memory layout of basic data structures like 2d and
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3d arrays and allow the transparent utilization of special hardware
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load and store operations. Such data structures are used in LAMMPS to
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store atom coordinates or forces or neighbor lists. The layout is
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chosen to optimize performance on different platforms. Again this
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functionality is hidden from the developer, and does not affect how
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the kernel is coded.
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</P>
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<P>These abstractions are set at build time, when LAMMPS is compiled with
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the KOKKOS package installed. This is done by selecting a "host" and
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"device" to build for, compatible with the compute nodes in your
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machine (one on a desktop machine or 1000s on a supercomputer).
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</P>
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<P>All Kokkos operations occur within the context of an individual MPI
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task running on a single node of the machine. The total number of MPI
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tasks used by LAMMPS (one or multiple per compute node) is set in the
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usual manner via the mpirun or mpiexec commands, and is independent of
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Kokkos.
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</P>
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<P>Kokkos provides support for two different modes of execution per MPI
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task. This means that computational tasks (pairwise interactions,
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neighbor list builds, time integration, etc) can be parallelized for
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one or the other of the two modes. The first mode is called the
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"host" and is one or more threads running on one or more physical CPUs
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(within the node). Currently, both multi-core CPUs and an Intel Phi
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processor (running in native mode, not offload mode like the
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USER-INTEL package) are supported. The second mode is called the
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"device" and is an accelerator chip of some kind. Currently only an
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NVIDIA GPU is supported via Cuda. If your compute node does not have
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a GPU, then there is only one mode of execution, i.e. the host and
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device are the same.
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</P>
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<P>When using the KOKKOS package, you must choose at build time whether
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you are building for OpenMP, GPU, or for using the Xeon Phi in native
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mode.
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</P>
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<P>Here is a quick overview of how to use the KOKKOS package:
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</P>
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<UL><LI>specify variables and settings in your Makefile.machine that enable OpenMP, GPU, or Phi support
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<LI>include the KOKKOS package and build LAMMPS
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<LI>enable the KOKKOS package and its hardware options via the "-k on" command-line switch
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<LI>use KOKKOS styles in your input script
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</UL>
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<P>The latter two steps can be done using the "-k on", "-pk kokkos" and
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"-sf kk" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line switches</A>
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respectively. Or the effect of the "-pk" or "-sf" switches can be
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duplicated by adding the <A HREF = "package.html">package kokkos</A> or <A HREF = "suffix.html">suffix
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kk</A> commands respectively to your input script.
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</P>
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<P><B>Required hardware/software:</B>
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</P>
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<P>The KOKKOS package can be used to build and run LAMMPS on the
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following kinds of hardware:
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</P>
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<UL><LI>CPU-only: one MPI task per CPU core (MPI-only, but using KOKKOS styles)
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<LI>CPU-only: one or a few MPI tasks per node with additional threading via OpenMP
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<LI>Phi: on one or more Intel Phi coprocessors (per node)
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<LI>GPU: on the GPUs of a node with additional OpenMP threading on the CPUs
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</UL>
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<P>Note that Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors are supported in "native" mode,
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not "offload" mode like the USER-INTEL package supports.
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</P>
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<P>Only NVIDIA GPUs are currently supported.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: For good performance of the KOKKOS package on GPUs,
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you must have Kepler generation GPUs (or later). The Kokkos library
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exploits texture cache options not supported by Telsa generation GPUs
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(or older).
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</P>
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<P>To build the KOKKOS package for GPUs, NVIDIA Cuda software must be
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installed on your system. See the discussion above for the USER-CUDA
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and GPU packages for details of how to check and do this.
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</P>
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<P><B>Building LAMMPS with the KOKKOS package:</B>
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</P>
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<P>You must choose at build time whether to build for OpenMP, Cuda, or
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Phi.
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</P>
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<P>You can do any of these in one line, using the src/Make.py script,
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described in <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_4">Section 2.4</A> of the manual.
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Type "Make.py -h" for help. If run from the src directory, these
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commands will create src/lmp_kokkos_omp, lmp_kokkos_cuda, and
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lmp_kokkos_phi. The OMP and PHI options use src/MAKE/Makefile.mpi as
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the starting Makefile.machine. The CUDA option uses
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src/MAKE/OPTIONS/Makefile.cuda since the NVIDIA nvcc compiler is
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required.
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</P>
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<P>Make.py -p kokkos -kokkos omp -o kokkos_omp file mpi
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Make.py -p kokkos -kokkos cuda arch=31 -o kokkos_cuda file kokkos_cuda
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Make.py -p kokkos -kokkos phi -o kokkos_phi file mpi
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</P>
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<P>Or you can follow these steps:
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</P>
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<P>CPU-only (run all-MPI or with OpenMP threading):
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</P>
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<PRE>cd lammps/src
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make yes-kokkos
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make g++ OMP=yes
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</PRE>
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<P>Intel Xeon Phi:
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</P>
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<PRE>cd lammps/src
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make yes-kokkos
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make g++ OMP=yes MIC=yes
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</PRE>
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<P>CPUs and GPUs:
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</P>
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<PRE>cd lammps/src
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make yes-kokkos
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make cuda CUDA=yes
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</PRE>
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<P>These examples set the KOKKOS-specific OMP, MIC, CUDA variables on the
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make command line which requires a GNU-compatible make command. Try
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"gmake" if your system's standard make complains.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: If you build using make line variables and re-build
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LAMMPS twice with different KOKKOS options and the *same* target,
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e.g. g++ in the first two examples above, then you *must* perform a
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"make clean-all" or "make clean-machine" before each build. This is
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to force all the KOKKOS-dependent files to be re-compiled with the new
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options.
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</P>
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<P>You can also hardwire these make variables in the specified machine
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makefile, e.g. src/MAKE/Makefile.g++ in the first two examples above,
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with a line like:
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</P>
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<PRE>MIC = yes
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</PRE>
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<P>Note that if you build LAMMPS multiple times in this manner, using
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different KOKKOS options (defined in different machine makefiles), you
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do not have to worry about doing a "clean" in between. This is
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because the targets will be different.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: The 3rd example above for a GPU, uses a different
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machine makefile, in this case src/MAKE/Makefile.cuda, which is
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included in the LAMMPS distribution. To build the KOKKOS package for
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a GPU, this makefile must use the NVIDA "nvcc" compiler. And it must
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have a CCFLAGS -arch setting that is appropriate for your NVIDIA
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hardware and installed software. Typical values for -arch are given
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in <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_3_4">Section 2.3.4</A> of the manual, as well
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as other settings that must be included in the machine makefile, if
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you create your own.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: Currently, there are no precision options with the
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KOKKOS package. All compilation and computation is performed in
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double precision.
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</P>
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<P>There are other allowed options when building with the KOKKOS package.
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As above, they can be set either as variables on the make command line
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or in Makefile.machine. This is the full list of options, including
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those discussed above, Each takes a value of <I>yes</I> or <I>no</I>. The
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default value is listed, which is set in the
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lib/kokkos/Makefile.lammps file.
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</P>
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<UL><LI>OMP, default = <I>yes</I>
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<LI>CUDA, default = <I>no</I>
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<LI>HWLOC, default = <I>no</I>
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<LI>AVX, default = <I>no</I>
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<LI>MIC, default = <I>no</I>
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<LI>LIBRT, default = <I>no</I>
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<LI>DEBUG, default = <I>no</I>
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</UL>
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<P>OMP sets the parallelization method used for Kokkos code (within
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LAMMPS) that runs on the host. OMP=yes means that OpenMP will be
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used. OMP=no means that pthreads will be used.
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</P>
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<P>CUDA sets the parallelization method used for Kokkos code (within
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LAMMPS) that runs on the device. CUDA=yes means an NVIDIA GPU running
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CUDA will be used. CUDA=no means that the OMP=yes or OMP=no setting
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will be used for the device as well as the host.
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</P>
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<P>If CUDA=yes, then the lo-level Makefile in the src/MAKE directory must
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use "nvcc" as its compiler, via its CC setting. For best performance
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its CCFLAGS setting should use -O3 and have an -arch setting that
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matches the compute capability of your NVIDIA hardware and software
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installation, e.g. -arch=sm_20. Generally Fermi Generation GPUs are
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sm_20, while Kepler generation GPUs are sm_30 or sm_35 and Maxwell
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cards are sm_50. A complete list can be found on
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<A HREF = "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA#Supported_GPUs">wikipedia</A>. You can
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also use the deviceQuery tool that comes with the CUDA samples. Note
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the minimal required compute capability is 2.0, but this will give
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signicantly reduced performance compared to Kepler generation GPUs
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with compute capability 3.x. For the LINK setting, "nvcc" should not
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be used; instead use g++ or another compiler suitable for linking C++
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applications. Often you will want to use your MPI compiler wrapper
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for this setting (i.e. mpicxx). Finally, the lo-level Makefile must
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also have a "Compilation rule" for creating *.o files from *.cu files.
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See src/Makefile.cuda for an example of a lo-level Makefile with all
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of these settings.
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</P>
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<P>HWLOC binds threads to hardware cores, so they do not migrate during a
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simulation. HWLOC=yes should always be used if running with OMP=no
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for pthreads. It is not necessary for OMP=yes for OpenMP, because
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OpenMP provides alternative methods via environment variables for
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binding threads to hardware cores. More info on binding threads to
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cores is given in <A HREF = "Section_accelerate.html#acc_8">this section</A>.
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</P>
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<P>AVX enables Intel advanced vector extensions when compiling for an
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Intel-compatible chip. AVX=yes should only be set if your host
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hardware supports AVX. If it does not support it, this will cause a
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run-time crash.
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</P>
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<P>MIC enables compiler switches needed when compling for an Intel Phi
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processor.
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</P>
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<P>LIBRT enables use of a more accurate timer mechanism on most Unix
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platforms. This library is not available on all platforms.
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</P>
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<P>DEBUG is only useful when developing a Kokkos-enabled style within
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LAMMPS. DEBUG=yes enables printing of run-time debugging information
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that can be useful. It also enables runtime bounds checking on Kokkos
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data structures.
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</P>
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<P><B>Run with the KOKKOS package from the command line:</B>
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</P>
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<P>The mpirun or mpiexec command sets the total number of MPI tasks used
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by LAMMPS (one or multiple per compute node) and the number of MPI
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tasks used per node. E.g. the mpirun command in MPICH does this via
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its -np and -ppn switches. Ditto for OpenMPI via -np and -npernode.
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</P>
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<P>When using KOKKOS built with host=OMP, you need to choose how many
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OpenMP threads per MPI task will be used (via the "-k" command-line
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switch discussed below). Note that the product of MPI tasks * OpenMP
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threads/task should not exceed the physical number of cores (on a
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node), otherwise performance will suffer.
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</P>
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<P>When using the KOKKOS package built with device=CUDA, you must use
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exactly one MPI task per physical GPU.
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</P>
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<P>When using the KOKKOS package built with host=MIC for Intel Xeon Phi
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coprocessor support you need to insure there are one or more MPI tasks
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per coprocessor, and choose the number of coprocessor threads to use
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per MPI task (via the "-k" command-line switch discussed below). The
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product of MPI tasks * coprocessor threads/task should not exceed the
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maximum number of threads the coproprocessor is designed to run,
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otherwise performance will suffer. This value is 240 for current
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generation Xeon Phi(TM) chips, which is 60 physical cores * 4
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threads/core. Note that with the KOKKOS package you do not need to
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specify how many Phi coprocessors there are per node; each
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coprocessors is simply treated as running some number of MPI tasks.
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</P>
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<P>You must use the "-k on" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line
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switch</A> to enable the KOKKOS package. It
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takes additional arguments for hardware settings appropriate to your
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system. Those arguments are <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">documented
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here</A>. The two most commonly used
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options are:
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</P>
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<PRE>-k on t Nt g Ng
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</PRE>
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<P>The "t Nt" option applies to host=OMP (even if device=CUDA) and
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host=MIC. For host=OMP, it specifies how many OpenMP threads per MPI
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task to use with a node. For host=MIC, it specifies how many Xeon Phi
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threads per MPI task to use within a node. The default is Nt = 1.
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Note that for host=OMP this is effectively MPI-only mode which may be
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fine. But for host=MIC you will typically end up using far less than
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all the 240 available threads, which could give very poor performance.
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</P>
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<P>The "g Ng" option applies to device=CUDA. It specifies how many GPUs
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per compute node to use. The default is 1, so this only needs to be
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specified is you have 2 or more GPUs per compute node.
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</P>
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<P>The "-k on" switch also issues a "package kokkos" command (with no
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additional arguments) which sets various KOKKOS options to default
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values, as discussed on the <A HREF = "package.html">package</A> command doc page.
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</P>
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<P>Use the "-sf kk" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line switch</A>,
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which will automatically append "kk" to styles that support it. Use
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the "-pk kokkos" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line switch</A> if
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you wish to change any of the default <A HREF = "package.html">package kokkos</A>
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optionns set by the "-k on" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line
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switch</A>.
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</P>
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<PRE>host=OMP, dual hex-core nodes (12 threads/node):
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mpirun -np 12 lmp_g++ -in in.lj # MPI-only mode with no Kokkos
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mpirun -np 12 lmp_g++ -k on -sf kk -in in.lj # MPI-only mode with Kokkos
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mpirun -np 1 lmp_g++ -k on t 12 -sf kk -in in.lj # one MPI task, 12 threads
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mpirun -np 2 lmp_g++ -k on t 6 -sf kk -in in.lj # two MPI tasks, 6 threads/task
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mpirun -np 32 -ppn 2 lmp_g++ -k on t 6 -sf kk -in in.lj # ditto on 16 nodes
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</PRE>
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<P>host=MIC, Intel Phi with 61 cores (240 threads/phi via 4x hardware threading):
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mpirun -np 1 lmp_g++ -k on t 240 -sf kk -in in.lj # 1 MPI task on 1 Phi, 1*240 = 240
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mpirun -np 30 lmp_g++ -k on t 8 -sf kk -in in.lj # 30 MPI tasks on 1 Phi, 30*8 = 240
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mpirun -np 12 lmp_g++ -k on t 20 -sf kk -in in.lj # 12 MPI tasks on 1 Phi, 12*20 = 240
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mpirun -np 96 -ppn 12 lmp_g++ -k on t 20 -sf kk -in in.lj # ditto on 8 Phis
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</P>
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<PRE>host=OMP, device=CUDA, node = dual hex-core CPUs and a single GPU:
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mpirun -np 1 lmp_cuda -k on t 6 -sf kk -in in.lj # one MPI task, 6 threads on CPU
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mpirun -np 4 -ppn 1 lmp_cuda -k on t 6 -sf kk -in in.lj # ditto on 4 nodes
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</PRE>
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<PRE>host=OMP, device=CUDA, node = dual 8-core CPUs and 2 GPUs:
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mpirun -np 2 lmp_cuda -k on t 8 g 2 -sf kk -in in.lj # two MPI tasks, 8 threads per CPU
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mpirun -np 32 -ppn 2 lmp_cuda -k on t 8 g 2 -sf kk -in in.lj # ditto on 16 nodes
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</PRE>
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<P>Note that the default for the <A HREF = "package.html">package kokkos</A> command is
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to use "full" neighbor lists and set the Newton flag to "off" for both
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pairwise and bonded interactions. This typically gives fastest
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performance. If the <A HREF = "newton.html">newton</A> command is used in the input
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script, it can override the Newton flag defaults.
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</P>
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<P>However, when running in MPI-only mode with 1 thread per MPI task, it
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will typically be faster to use "half" neighbor lists and set the
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Newton flag to "on", just as is the case for non-accelerated pair
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styles. You can do this with the "-pk" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line
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switch</A>.
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</P>
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<P><B>Or run with the KOKKOS package by editing an input script:</B>
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</P>
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<P>The discussion above for the mpirun/mpiexec command and setting
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appropriate thread and GPU values for host=OMP or host=MIC or
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device=CUDA are the same.
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</P>
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<P>You must still use the "-k on" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line
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switch</A> to enable the KOKKOS package, and
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specify its additional arguments for hardware options appopriate to
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your system, as documented above.
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</P>
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<P>Use the <A HREF = "suffix.html">suffix kk</A> command, or you can explicitly add a
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"kk" suffix to individual styles in your input script, e.g.
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</P>
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<PRE>pair_style lj/cut/kk 2.5
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</PRE>
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<P>You only need to use the <A HREF = "package.html">package kokkos</A> command if you
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wish to change any of its option defaults, as set by the "-k on"
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<A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line switch</A>.
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</P>
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<P><B>Speed-ups to expect:</B>
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</P>
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<P>The performance of KOKKOS running in different modes is a function of
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your hardware, which KOKKOS-enable styles are used, and the problem
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size.
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</P>
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<P>Generally speaking, the following rules of thumb apply:
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</P>
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<UL><LI>When running on CPUs only, with a single thread per MPI task,
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performance of a KOKKOS style is somewhere between the standard
|
|
(un-accelerated) styles (MPI-only mode), and those provided by the
|
|
USER-OMP package. However the difference between all 3 is small (less
|
|
than 20%).
|
|
|
|
<LI>When running on CPUs only, with multiple threads per MPI task,
|
|
performance of a KOKKOS style is a bit slower than the USER-OMP
|
|
package.
|
|
|
|
<LI>When running on GPUs, KOKKOS is typically faster than the USER-CUDA
|
|
and GPU packages.
|
|
|
|
<LI>When running on Intel Xeon Phi, KOKKOS is not as fast as
|
|
the USER-INTEL package, which is optimized for that hardware.
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<P>See the <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov/bench.html">Benchmark page</A> of the
|
|
LAMMPS web site for performance of the KOKKOS package on different
|
|
hardware.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><B>Guidelines for best performance:</B>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Here are guidline for using the KOKKOS package on the different
|
|
hardware configurations listed above.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Many of the guidelines use the <A HREF = "package.html">package kokkos</A> command
|
|
See its doc page for details and default settings. Experimenting with
|
|
its options can provide a speed-up for specific calculations.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><B>Running on a multi-core CPU:</B>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>If N is the number of physical cores/node, then the number of MPI
|
|
tasks/node * number of threads/task should not exceed N, and should
|
|
typically equal N. Note that the default threads/task is 1, as set by
|
|
the "t" keyword of the "-k" <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_7">command-line
|
|
switch</A>. If you do not change this, no
|
|
additional parallelism (beyond MPI) will be invoked on the host
|
|
CPU(s).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>You can compare the performance running in different modes:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<UL><LI>run with 1 MPI task/node and N threads/task
|
|
<LI>run with N MPI tasks/node and 1 thread/task
|
|
<LI>run with settings in between these extremes
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<P>Examples of mpirun commands in these modes are shown above.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>When using KOKKOS to perform multi-threading, it is important for
|
|
performance to bind both MPI tasks to physical cores, and threads to
|
|
physical cores, so they do not migrate during a simulation.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>If you are not certain MPI tasks are being bound (check the defaults
|
|
for your MPI installation), binding can be forced with these flags:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<PRE>OpenMPI 1.8: mpirun -np 2 -bind-to socket -map-by socket ./lmp_openmpi ...
|
|
Mvapich2 2.0: mpiexec -np 2 -bind-to socket -map-by socket ./lmp_mvapich ...
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P>For binding threads with the KOKKOS OMP option, use thread affinity
|
|
environment variables to force binding. With OpenMP 3.1 (gcc 4.7 or
|
|
later, intel 12 or later) setting the environment variable
|
|
OMP_PROC_BIND=true should be sufficient. For binding threads with the
|
|
KOKKOS pthreads option, compile LAMMPS the KOKKOS HWLOC=yes option, as
|
|
discussed in <A HREF = "Sections_start.html#start_3_4">Section 2.3.4</A> of the
|
|
manual.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><B>Running on GPUs:</B>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Insure the -arch setting in the machine makefile you are using,
|
|
e.g. src/MAKE/Makefile.cuda, is correct for your GPU hardware/software
|
|
(see <A HREF = "Section_start.html#start_3_4">this section</A> of the manual for
|
|
details).
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>The -np setting of the mpirun command should set the number of MPI
|
|
tasks/node to be equal to the # of physical GPUs on the node.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Use the "-k" <A HREF = "Section_commands.html#start_7">command-line switch</A> to
|
|
specify the number of GPUs per node, and the number of threads per MPI
|
|
task. As above for multi-core CPUs (and no GPU), if N is the number
|
|
of physical cores/node, then the number of MPI tasks/node * number of
|
|
threads/task should not exceed N. With one GPU (and one MPI task) it
|
|
may be faster to use less than all the available cores, by setting
|
|
threads/task to a smaller value. This is because using all the cores
|
|
on a dual-socket node will incur extra cost to copy memory from the
|
|
2nd socket to the GPU.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Examples of mpirun commands that follow these rules are shown above.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: When using a GPU, you will achieve the best
|
|
performance if your input script does not use any fix or compute
|
|
styles which are not yet Kokkos-enabled. This allows data to stay on
|
|
the GPU for multiple timesteps, without being copied back to the host
|
|
CPU. Invoking a non-Kokkos fix or compute, or performing I/O for
|
|
<A HREF = "thermo_style.html">thermo</A> or <A HREF = "dump.html">dump</A> output will cause data
|
|
to be copied back to the CPU.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>You cannot yet assign multiple MPI tasks to the same GPU with the
|
|
KOKKOS package. We plan to support this in the future, similar to the
|
|
GPU package in LAMMPS.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>You cannot yet use both the host (multi-threaded) and device (GPU)
|
|
together to compute pairwise interactions with the KOKKOS package. We
|
|
hope to support this in the future, similar to the GPU package in
|
|
LAMMPS.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><B>Running on an Intel Phi:</B>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Kokkos only uses Intel Phi processors in their "native" mode, i.e.
|
|
not hosted by a CPU.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>As illustrated above, build LAMMPS with OMP=yes (the default) and
|
|
MIC=yes. The latter insures code is correctly compiled for the Intel
|
|
Phi. The OMP setting means OpenMP will be used for parallelization on
|
|
the Phi, which is currently the best option within Kokkos. In the
|
|
future, other options may be added.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Current-generation Intel Phi chips have either 61 or 57 cores. One
|
|
core should be excluded for running the OS, leaving 60 or 56 cores.
|
|
Each core is hyperthreaded, so there are effectively N = 240 (4*60) or
|
|
N = 224 (4*56) cores to run on.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>The -np setting of the mpirun command sets the number of MPI
|
|
tasks/node. The "-k on t Nt" command-line switch sets the number of
|
|
threads/task as Nt. The product of these 2 values should be N, i.e.
|
|
240 or 224. Also, the number of threads/task should be a multiple of
|
|
4 so that logical threads from more than one MPI task do not run on
|
|
the same physical core.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Examples of mpirun commands that follow these rules are shown above.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><B>Restrictions:</B>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>As noted above, if using GPUs, the number of MPI tasks per compute
|
|
node should equal to the number of GPUs per compute node. In the
|
|
future Kokkos will support assigning multiple MPI tasks to a single
|
|
GPU.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Currently Kokkos does not support AMD GPUs due to limits in the
|
|
available backend programming models. Specifically, Kokkos requires
|
|
extensive C++ support from the Kernel language. This is expected to
|
|
change in the future.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>Kokkos must be built with a C++11 compatible compiler. For example,
|
|
gcc 4.7.2 or later.
|
|
</P>
|
|
</HTML>
|