lammps/doc/html/fix_pimd.html

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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_commands.html">3. Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_packages.html">4. Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_accelerate.html">5. Accelerating LAMMPS performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html">6. How-to discussions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_perf.html">8. Performance &amp; scalability</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_modify.html">10. Modifying &amp; extending LAMMPS</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_errors.html">12. Errors</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorials.html">Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="commands.html">Commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="fixes.html">Fixes</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_adapt.html">fix adapt command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_adapt_fep.html">fix adapt/fep command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_addforce.html">fix addforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_addtorque.html">fix addtorque command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_append_atoms.html">fix append/atoms command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_atc.html">fix atc command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_atom_swap.html">fix atom/swap command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_atom.html">fix ave/atom command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_chunk.html">fix ave/chunk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_correlate.html">fix ave/correlate command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_correlate_long.html">fix ave/correlate/long command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_histo.html">fix ave/histo command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_histo.html#fix-ave-histo-weight-command">fix ave/histo/weight command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ave_time.html">fix ave/time command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_aveforce.html">fix aveforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_balance.html">fix balance command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_bond_break.html">fix bond/break command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_bond_create.html">fix bond/create command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_bond_swap.html">fix bond/swap command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_box_relax.html">fix box/relax command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_colvars.html">fix colvars command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_controller.html">fix controller command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_deform.html">fix deform command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_deform.html#fix-deform-kk-command">fix deform/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_deposit.html">fix deposit command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_drag.html">fix drag command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_drude.html">fix drude command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_drude_transform.html">fix drude/transform/direct command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_drude_transform.html#fix-drude-transform-inverse-command">fix drude/transform/inverse command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_dt_reset.html">fix dt/reset command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_efield.html">fix efield command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ehex.html">fix ehex command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_enforce2d.html">fix enforce2d command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_eos_cv.html">fix eos/cv command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_eos_table.html">fix eos/table command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_eos_table_rx.html">fix eos/table/rx command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_evaporate.html">fix evaporate command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_external.html">fix external command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_flow_gauss.html">fix flow/gauss command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_freeze.html">fix freeze command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_gcmc.html">fix gcmc command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_gld.html">fix gld command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_gle.html">fix gle command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_gravity.html">fix gravity command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_gravity.html#fix-gravity-omp-command">fix gravity/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_heat.html">fix heat command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_imd.html">fix imd command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_indent.html">fix indent command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_ipi.html">fix ipi command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_langevin.html">fix langevin command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_langevin.html#fix-langevin-kk-command">fix langevin/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_langevin_drude.html">fix langevin/drude command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_langevin_eff.html">fix langevin/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lb_fluid.html">fix lb/fluid command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lb_momentum.html">fix lb/momentum command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lb_pc.html">fix lb/pc command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lb_rigid_pc_sphere.html">fix lb/rigid/pc/sphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lb_viscous.html">fix lb/viscous command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_lineforce.html">fix lineforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_manifoldforce.html">fix manifoldforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_meso.html">fix meso command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_meso_stationary.html">fix meso/stationary command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_momentum.html">fix momentum command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_move.html">fix move command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_msst.html">fix msst command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_neb.html">fix neb command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html">fix nvt command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nvt-intel-command">fix nvt/intel command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nvt-kk-command">fix nvt/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nvt-omp-command">fix nvt/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-npt-command">fix npt command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-npt-intel-command">fix npt/intel command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-npt-kk-command">fix npt/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-npt-omp-command">fix npt/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nph-command">fix nph command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nph-kk-command">fix nph/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh.html#fix-nph-omp-command">fix nph/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh_eff.html">fix nvt/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh_eff.html#fix-npt-eff-command">fix npt/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nh_eff.html#fix-nph-eff-command">fix nph/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nph_asphere.html">fix nph/asphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nph_asphere.html#fix-nph-asphere-omp-command">fix nph/asphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nph_body.html">fix nph/body command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nph_sphere.html">fix nph/sphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nph_sphere.html#fix-nph-sphere-omp-command">fix nph/sphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nphug.html">fix nphug command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nphug.html#fix-nphug-omp-command">fix nphug/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_npt_asphere.html">fix npt/asphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_npt_asphere.html#fix-npt-asphere-omp-command">fix npt/asphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_npt_body.html">fix npt/body command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_npt_sphere.html">fix npt/sphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_npt_sphere.html#fix-npt-sphere-omp-command">fix npt/sphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve.html">fix nve command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve.html#fix-nve-intel-command">fix nve/intel command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve.html#fix-nve-kk-command">fix nve/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve.html#fix-nve-omp-command">fix nve/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_asphere.html">fix nve/asphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_asphere.html#fix-nve-asphere-intel-command">fix nve/asphere/intel command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_asphere_noforce.html">fix nve/asphere/noforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_body.html">fix nve/body command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_eff.html">fix nve/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_limit.html">fix nve/limit command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_line.html">fix nve/line command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_manifold_rattle.html">fix nve/manifold/rattle command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_noforce.html">fix nve/noforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_sphere.html">fix nve/sphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_sphere.html#fix-nve-sphere-omp-command">fix nve/sphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nve_tri.html">fix nve/tri command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_asphere.html">fix nvt/asphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_asphere.html#fix-nvt-asphere-omp-command">fix nvt/asphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_body.html">fix nvt/body command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_manifold_rattle.html">fix nvt/manifold/rattle command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sllod.html">fix nvt/sllod command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sllod.html#fix-nvt-sllod-intel-command">fix nvt/sllod/intel command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sllod.html#fix-nvt-sllod-omp-command">fix nvt/sllod/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sllod_eff.html">fix nvt/sllod/eff command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sphere.html">fix nvt/sphere command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_nvt_sphere.html#fix-nvt-sphere-omp-command">fix nvt/sphere/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_oneway.html">fix oneway command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_orient.html">fix orient/fcc command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_orient.html#fix-orient-bcc-command">fix orient/bcc command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_phonon.html">fix phonon command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">fix pimd command</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#syntax">Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#default">Default</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_planeforce.html">fix planeforce command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_poems.html">fix poems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_pour.html">fix pour command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_press_berendsen.html">fix press/berendsen command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_print.html">fix print command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_property_atom.html">fix property/atom command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qbmsst.html">fix qbmsst command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq.html">fix qeq/point command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq.html#fix-qeq-shielded-command">fix qeq/shielded command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq.html#fix-qeq-slater-command">fix qeq/slater command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq.html#fix-qeq-dynamic-command">fix qeq/dynamic command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq.html#fix-qeq-fire-command">fix qeq/fire command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq_comb.html">fix qeq/comb command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq_comb.html#fix-qeq-comb-omp-command">fix qeq/comb/omp command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq_reax.html">fix qeq/reax command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qeq_reax.html#fix-qeq-reax-kk-command">fix qeq/reax/kk command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qmmm.html">fix qmmm command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_qtb.html">fix qtb command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_reax_bonds.html">fix reax/bonds command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_reax_bonds.html#fix-reax-c-bonds-command">fix reax/c/bonds command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_reaxc_species.html">fix reax/c/species command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_recenter.html">fix recenter command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_restrain.html">fix restrain command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html">fix rigid command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nve-command">fix rigid/nve command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nvt-command">fix rigid/nvt command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-npt-command">fix rigid/npt command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nph-command">fix rigid/nph command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-small-command">fix rigid/small command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nve-small-command">fix rigid/nve/small command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nvt-small-command">fix rigid/nvt/small command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-npt-small-command">fix rigid/npt/small command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rigid.html#fix-rigid-nph-small-command">fix rigid/nph/small command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_rx.html">fix rx command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fix_saed_vtk.html">fix saed/vtk command</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="fix-pimd-command">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>fix pimd command</h1>
<div class="section" id="syntax">
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fix</span> <span class="n">ID</span> <span class="n">group</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ID</span> <span class="n">pimd</span> <span class="n">keyword</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">ID, group-ID are documented in <a class="reference internal" href="fix.html"><span class="doc">fix</span></a> command</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">pimd = style name of this fix command</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">keyword = <em>method</em> or <em>fmass</em> or <em>sp</em> or <em>temp</em> or <em>nhc</em></p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<em>method</em> value = <em>pimd</em> or <em>nmpimd</em> or <em>cmd</em>
<em>fmass</em> value = scaling factor on mass
<em>sp</em> value = scaling factor on Planck constant
<em>temp</em> value = temperature (temperarate units)
<em>nhc</em> value = Nc = number of chains in Nose-Hoover thermostat
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fix</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="n">pimd</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="n">nmpimd</span> <span class="n">fmass</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span> <span class="n">sp</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span> <span class="n">temp</span> <span class="mf">300.0</span> <span class="n">nhc</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>This command performs quantum molecular dynamics simulations based on
the Feynman path integral to include effects of tunneling and
zero-point motion. In this formalism, the isomorphism of a quantum
partition function for the original system to a classical partition
function for a ring-polymer system is exploited, to efficiently sample
configurations from the canonical ensemble <a class="reference internal" href="#feynman"><span class="std std-ref">(Feynman)</span></a>.
The classical partition function and its components are given
by the following equations:</p>
<img alt="_images/fix_pimd.jpg" class="align-center" src="_images/fix_pimd.jpg" />
<p>The interested user is referred to any of the numerous references on
this methodology, but briefly, each quantum particle in a path
integral simulation is represented by a ring-polymer of P quasi-beads,
labeled from 1 to P. During the simulation, each quasi-bead interacts
with beads on the other ring-polymers with the same imaginary time
index (the second term in the effective potential above). The
quasi-beads also interact with the two neighboring quasi-beads through
the spring potential in imaginary-time space (first term in effective
potential). To sample the canonical ensemble, a Nose-Hoover massive
chain thermostat is applied <a class="reference internal" href="#pimd-tuckerman"><span class="std std-ref">(Tuckerman)</span></a>. With the
massive chain algorithm, a chain of NH thermostats is coupled to each
degree of freedom for each quasi-bead. The keyword <em>temp</em> sets the
target temperature for the system and the keyword <em>nhc</em> sets the
number <em>Nc</em> of thermostats in each chain. For example, for a
simulation of N particles with P beads in each ring-polymer, the total
number of NH thermostats would be 3 x N x P x Nc.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This fix implements a complete velocity-verlet integrator
combined with NH massive chain thermostat, so no other time
integration fix should be used.</p>
</div>
<p>The <em>method</em> keyword determines what style of PIMD is performed. A
value of <em>pimd</em> is standard PIMD. A value of <em>nmpimd</em> is for
normal-mode PIMD. A value of <em>cmd</em> is for centroid molecular dynamics
(CMD). The difference between the styles is as follows.</p>
<p>In standard PIMD, the value used for a bead&#8217;s fictitious mass is
arbitrary. A common choice is to use Mi = m/P, which results in the
mass of the entire ring-polymer being equal to the real quantum
particle. But it can be difficult to efficiently integrate the
equations of motion for the stiff harmonic interactions in the ring
polymers.</p>
<p>A useful way to resolve this issue is to integrate the equations of
motion in a normal mode representation, using Normal Mode
Path-Integral Molecular Dynamics (NMPIMD) <a class="reference internal" href="#cao1"><span class="std std-ref">(Cao1)</span></a>. In NMPIMD,
the NH chains are attached to each normal mode of the ring-polymer and
the fictitious mass of each mode is chosen as Mk = the eigenvalue of
the Kth normal mode for k &gt; 0. The k = 0 mode, referred to as the
zero-frequency mode or centroid, corresponds to overall translation of
the ring-polymer and is assigned the mass of the real particle.</p>
<p>Motion of the centroid can be effectively uncoupled from the other
normal modes by scaling the fictitious masses to achieve a partial
adiabatic separation. This is called a Centroid Molecular Dynamics
(CMD) approximation <a class="reference internal" href="#cao2"><span class="std std-ref">(Cao2)</span></a>. The time-evolution (and resulting
dynamics) of the quantum particles can be used to obtain centroid time
correlation functions, which can be further used to obtain the true
quantum correlation function for the original system. The CMD method
also uses normal modes to evolve the system, except only the k &gt; 0
modes are thermostatted, not the centroid degrees of freedom.</p>
<p>The keyword <em>fmass</em> sets a further scaling factor for the fictitious
masses of beads, which can be used for the Partial Adiabatic CMD
<a class="reference internal" href="#hone"><span class="std std-ref">(Hone)</span></a>, or to be set as P, which results in the fictitious
masses to be equal to the real particle masses.</p>
<p>The keyword <em>sp</em> is a scaling factor on Planck&#8217;s constant, which can
be useful for debugging or other purposes. The default value of 1.0
is appropriate for most situations.</p>
<p>The PIMD algorithm in LAMMPS is implemented as a hyper-parallel scheme
as described in <a class="reference internal" href="#calhoun"><span class="std std-ref">(Calhoun)</span></a>. In LAMMPS this is done by using
<a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-5"><span class="std std-ref">multi-replica feature</span></a> in LAMMPS, where
each quasi-particle system is stored and simulated on a separate
partition of processors. The following diagram illustrates this
approach. The original system with 2 ring polymers is shown in red.
Since each ring has 4 quasi-beads (imaginary time slices), there are 4
replicas of the system, each running on one of the 4 partitions of
processors. Each replica (shown in green) owns one quasi-bead in each
ring.</p>
<img alt="_images/pimd.jpg" class="align-center" src="_images/pimd.jpg" />
<p>To run a PIMD simulation with M quasi-beads in each ring polymer using
N MPI tasks for each partition&#8217;s domain-decomposition, you would use P
= MxN processors (cores) and run the simulation as follows:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
mpirun -np P lmp_mpi -partition MxN -in script
</pre>
<p>Note that in the LAMMPS input script for a multi-partition simulation,
it is often very useful to define a <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><span class="doc">uloop-style variable</span></a> such as</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">variable</span> <span class="n">ibead</span> <span class="n">uloop</span> <span class="n">M</span> <span class="n">pad</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>where M is the number of quasi-beads (partitions) used in the
calculation. The uloop variable can then be used to manage I/O
related tasks for each of the partitions, e.g.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
dump dcd all dcd 10 system_${ibead}.dcd
restart 1000 system_${ibead}.restart1 system_${ibead}.restart2
read_restart system_${ibead}.restart2
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="restrictions">
<h2>Restrictions</h2>
<p>This fix is part of the USER-MISC package. It is only enabled if
LAMMPS was built with that package. See the <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-3"><span class="std std-ref">Making LAMMPS</span></a> section for more info.</p>
<p>A PIMD simulation can be initialized with a single data file read via
the <a class="reference internal" href="read_data.html"><span class="doc">read_data</span></a> command. However, this means all
quasi-beads in a ring polymer will have identical positions and
velocities, resulting in identical trajectories for all quasi-beads.
To avoid this, users can simply initialize velocities with different
random number seeds assigned to each partition, as defined by the
uloop variable, e.g.</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>velocity all create 300.0 1234${ibead} rot yes dist gaussian
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="default">
<h2>Default</h2>
<p>The keyword defaults are method = pimd, fmass = 1.0, sp = 1.0, temp = 300.0,
and nhc = 2.</p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p id="feynman"><strong>(Feynman)</strong> R. Feynman and A. Hibbs, Chapter 7, Quantum Mechanics and
Path Integrals, McGraw-Hill, New York (1965).</p>
<p id="pimd-tuckerman"><strong>(Tuckerman)</strong> M. Tuckerman and B. Berne, J Chem Phys, 99, 2796 (1993).</p>
<p id="cao1"><strong>(Cao1)</strong> J. Cao and B. Berne, J Chem Phys, 99, 2902 (1993).</p>
<p id="cao2"><strong>(Cao2)</strong> J. Cao and G. Voth, J Chem Phys, 100, 5093 (1994).</p>
<p id="hone"><strong>(Hone)</strong> T. Hone, P. Rossky, G. Voth, J Chem Phys, 124,
154103 (2006).</p>
<p id="calhoun"><strong>(Calhoun)</strong> A. Calhoun, M. Pavese, G. Voth, Chem Phys Letters, 262,
415 (1996).</p>
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