forked from lijiext/lammps
1121 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
1121 lines
46 KiB
Plaintext
"LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
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:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
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:link(ld,Manual.html)
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:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
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:line
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read_data command :h3
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[Syntax:]
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read_data file keyword args ... :pre
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file = name of data file to read in :ulb,l
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zero or more keyword/arg pairs may be appended :l
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keyword = {add} or {offset} or {shift} or {extra/atom/types} or {extra/bond/types} or {extra/angle/types} or {extra/dihedral/types} or {extra/improper/types} or {group} or {fix} :l
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{add} arg = {append} or {Nstart} or {merge}
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append = add new atoms with IDs appended to current IDs
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Nstart = add new atoms with IDs starting with Nstart
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merge = add new atoms with their IDs unchanged
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{offset} args = toff boff aoff doff ioff
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toff = offset to add to atom types
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boff = offset to add to bond types
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aoff = offset to add to angle types
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doff = offset to add to dihedral types
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ioff = offset to add to improper types
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{shift} args = Sx Sy Sz
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Sx,Sy,Sz = distance to shift atoms when adding to system (distance units)
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{extra/atom/types} arg = # of extra atom types
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{extra/bond/types} arg = # of extra bond types
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{extra/angle/types} arg = # of extra angle types
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{extra/dihedral/types} arg = # of extra dihedral types
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{extra/improper/types} arg = # of extra improper types
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{group} args = groupID
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groupID = add atoms in data file to this group
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{fix} args = fix-ID header-string section-string
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fix-ID = ID of fix to process header lines and sections of data file
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header-string = header lines containing this string will be passed to fix
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section-string = section names with this string will be passed to fix :pre
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:ule
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[Examples:]
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read_data data.lj
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read_data ../run7/data.polymer.gz
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read_data data.protein fix mycmap crossterm CMAP
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read_data data.water add append offset 3 1 1 1 1 shift 0.0 0.0 50.0
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read_data data.water add merge 1 group solvent :pre
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[Description:]
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Read in a data file containing information LAMMPS needs to run a
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simulation. The file can be ASCII text or a gzipped text file
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(detected by a .gz suffix). This is one of 3 ways to specify initial
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atom coordinates; see the "read_restart"_read_restart.html and
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"create_atoms"_create_atoms.html commands for alternative methods.
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Also see the explanation of the "-restart command-line
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switch"_Section_start.html#start_7 which can convert a restart file to
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a data file.
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This command can be used multiple times to add new atoms and their
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properties to an existing system by using the {add}, {offset}, and
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{shift} keywords. See more details below, which includes the use case
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for the {extra} keywords.
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The {group} keyword adds all the atoms in the data file to the
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specified group-ID. The group will be created if it does not already
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exist. This is useful if you are reading multiple data files and wish
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to put sets of atoms into different groups so they can be operated on
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later. E.g. a group of added atoms can be moved to new positions via
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the "displace_atoms"_displace_atoms.html command. Note that atoms
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read from the data file are also always added to the "all" group. The
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"group"_group.html command discusses atom groups, as used in LAMMPS.
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The use of the {fix} keyword is discussed below.
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:line
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[Reading multiple data files]
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The read_data command can be used multiple times with the same or
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different data files to build up a complex system from components
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contained in individual data files. For example one data file could
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contain fluid in a confined domain; a second could contain wall atoms,
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and the second file could be read a third time to create a wall on the
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other side of the fluid. The third set of atoms could be rotated to
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an opposing direction using the "displace_atoms"_displace_atoms.html
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command, after the third read_data command is used.
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The {add}, {offset}, {shift}, {extra}, and {group} keywords are
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useful in this context.
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If a simulation box does not yet exist, the {add} keyword
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cannot be used; the read_data command is being used for the first
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time. If a simulation box does exist, due to using the
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"create_box"_create_box.html command, or a previous read_data command,
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then the {add} keyword must be used.
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NOTE: The simulation box size (xlo to xhi, ylo to yhi, zlo to zhi) in
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the new data file will be merged with the existing simulation box to
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create a large enough box in each dimension to contain both the
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existing and new atoms. Each box dimension never shrinks due to this
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merge operation, it only stays the same or grows. Care must be used if
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you are growing the existing simulation box in a periodic dimension.
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If there are existing atoms with bonds that straddle that periodic
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boundary, then the atoms may become far apart if the box size grows.
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This will separate the atoms in the bond, which can lead to "lost"
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bond atoms or bad dynamics.
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The three choices for the {add} argument affect how the IDs of atoms
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in the data file are treated. If {append} is specified, atoms in the
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data file are added to the current system, with their atom IDs reset
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so that an atomID = M in the data file becomes atomID = N+M, where N
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is the largest atom ID in the current system. This rule is applied to
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all occurrences of atom IDs in the data file, e.g. in the Velocity or
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Bonds section. If {Nstart} is specified, then {Nstart} is a numeric
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value is given, e.g. 1000, so that an atomID = M in the data file
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becomes atomID = 1000+M. If {merge} is specified, the data file atoms
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are added to the current system without changing their IDs. They are
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assumed to merge (without duplication) with the currently defined
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atoms. It is up to you to insure there are no multiply defined atom
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IDs, as LAMMPS only performs an incomplete check that this is the case
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by insuring the resulting max atomID >= the number of atoms.
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The {offset} and {shift} keywords can only be used if the {add}
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keyword is also specified.
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The {offset} keyword adds the specified offset values to the atom
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types, bond types, angle types, dihedral types, and improper types as
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they are read from the data file. E.g. if {toff} = 2, and the file
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uses atom types 1,2,3, then the added atoms will have atom types
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3,4,5. These offsets apply to all occurrences of types in the data
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file, e.g. for the Atoms or Masses or Pair Coeffs or Bond Coeffs
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sections. This makes it easy to use atoms and molecules and their
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attributes from a data file in different simulations, where you want
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their types (atom, bond, angle, etc) to be different depending on what
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other types already exist. All five offset values must be specified,
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but individual values will be ignored if the data file does not use
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that attribute (e.g. no bonds).
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The {shift} keyword can be used to specify an (Sx, Sy, Sz)
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displacement applied to the coordinates of each atom. Sz must be 0.0
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for a 2d simulation. This is a mechanism for adding structured
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collections of atoms at different locations within the simulation box,
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to build up a complex geometry. It is up to you to insure atoms do
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not end up overlapping unphysically which would lead to bad dynamics.
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Note that the "displace_atoms"_displace_atoms.html command can be used
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to move a subset of atoms after they have been read from a data file.
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Likewise, the "delete_atoms"_delete_atoms.html command can be used to
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remove overlapping atoms. Note that the shift values (Sx, Sy, Sz) are
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also added to the simulation box information (xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo,
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zhi) in the data file to shift its boundaries. E.g. xlo_new = xlo +
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Sx, xhi_new = xhi + Sx.
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The {extra} keywords can only be used the first time the read_data
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command is used. They are useful if you intend to add new atom, bond,
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angle, etc types later with additional read_data commands. This is
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because the maximum number of allowed atom, bond, angle, etc types is
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set by LAMMPS when the system is first initialized. If you do not use
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the {extra} keywords, then the number of these types will be limited
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to what appears in the first data file you read. For example, if the
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first data file is a solid substrate of Si, it will likely specify a
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single atom type. If you read a second data file with a different
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material (water molecules) that sit on top of the substrate, you will
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want to use different atom types for those atoms. You can only do
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this if you set the {extra/atom/types} keyword to a sufficiently large
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value when reading the substrate data file. Note that use of the
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{extra} keywords also allows each data file to contain sections like
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Masses or Pair Coeffs or Bond Coeffs which are sized appropriately for
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the number of types in that data file. If the {offset} keyword is
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used appropriately when each data file is read, the values in those
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sections will be stored correctly in the larger data structures
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allocated by the use of the {extra} keywords. E.g. the substrate file
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can list mass and pair coefficients for type 1 silicon atoms. The
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water file can list mass and pair coeffcients for type 1 and type 2
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hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Use of the {extra} and {offset} keywords
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will store those mass and pair coefficient values appropriately in
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data structures that allow for 3 atom types (Si, H, O). Of course,
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you would still need to specify coefficients for H/Si and O/Si
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interactions in your input script to have a complete pairwise
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interaction model.
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An alternative to using the {extra} keywords with the read_data
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command, is to use the "create_box"_create_box.html command to
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initialize the simulation box and all the various type limits you need
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via its {extra} keywords. Then use the read_data command one or more
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times to populate the system with atoms, bonds, angles, etc, using the
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{offset} keyword if desired to alter types used in the various data
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files you read.
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:line
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[Format of a data file]
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The structure of the data file is important, though many settings and
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sections are optional or can come in any order. See the examples
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directory for sample data files for different problems.
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A data file has a header and a body. The header appears first. The
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first line of the header is always skipped; it typically contains a
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description of the file. Then lines are read one at a time. Lines
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can have a trailing comment starting with '#' that is ignored. If the
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line is blank (only whitespace after comment is deleted), it is
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skipped. If the line contains a header keyword, the corresponding
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value(s) is read from the line. If it doesn't contain a header
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keyword, the line begins the body of the file.
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The body of the file contains zero or more sections. The first line
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of a section has only a keyword. This line can have a trailing
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comment starting with '#' that is either ignored or can be used to
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check for a style match, as described below. The next line is
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skipped. The remaining lines of the section contain values. The
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number of lines depends on the section keyword as described below.
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Zero or more blank lines can be used between sections. Sections can
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appear in any order, with a few exceptions as noted below.
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The keyword {fix} can be used one or more times. Each usage specifies
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a fix that will be used to process a specific portion of the data
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file. Any header line containing {header-string} and any section with
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a name containing {section-string} will be passed to the specified
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fix. See the "fix property/atom"_fix_property_atom.html command for
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an example of a fix that operates in this manner. The doc page for
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the fix defines the syntax of the header line(s) and section(s) that
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it reads from the data file. Note that the {header-string} can be
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specified as NULL, in which case no header lines are passed to the
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fix. This means that it can infer the length of its Section from
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standard header settings, such as the number of atoms.
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The formatting of individual lines in the data file (indentation,
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spacing between words and numbers) is not important except that header
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and section keywords (e.g. atoms, xlo xhi, Masses, Bond Coeffs) must
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be capitalized as shown and can't have extra white space between their
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words - e.g. two spaces or a tab between the 2 words in "xlo xhi" or
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the 2 words in "Bond Coeffs", is not valid.
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:line
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[Format of the header of a data file]
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These are the recognized header keywords. Header lines can come in
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any order. The value(s) are read from the beginning of the line.
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Thus the keyword {atoms} should be in a line like "1000 atoms"; the
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keyword {ylo yhi} should be in a line like "-10.0 10.0 ylo yhi"; the
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keyword {xy xz yz} should be in a line like "0.0 5.0 6.0 xy xz yz".
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All these settings have a default value of 0, except the lo/hi box
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size defaults are -0.5 and 0.5. A line need only appear if the value
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is different than the default.
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{atoms} = # of atoms in system
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{bonds} = # of bonds in system
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{angles} = # of angles in system
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{dihedrals} = # of dihedrals in system
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{impropers} = # of impropers in system
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{atom types} = # of atom types in system
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{bond types} = # of bond types in system
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{angle types} = # of angle types in system
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{dihedral types} = # of dihedral types in system
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{improper types} = # of improper types in system
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{extra bond per atom} = leave space for this many new bonds per atom
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{extra angle per atom} = leave space for this many new angles per atom
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{extra dihedral per atom} = leave space for this many new dihedrals per atom
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{extra improper per atom} = leave space for this many new impropers per atom
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{extra special per atom} = leave space for this many new special bonds per atom
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{ellipsoids} = # of ellipsoids in system
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{lines} = # of line segments in system
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{triangles} = # of triangles in system
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{bodies} = # of bodies in system
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{xlo xhi} = simulation box boundaries in x dimension
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{ylo yhi} = simulation box boundaries in y dimension
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{zlo zhi} = simulation box boundaries in z dimension
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{xy xz yz} = simulation box tilt factors for triclinic system :ul
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The initial simulation box size is determined by the lo/hi settings.
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In any dimension, the system may be periodic or non-periodic; see the
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"boundary"_boundary.html command. When the simulation box is created
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it is also partitioned into a regular 3d grid of rectangular bricks,
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one per processor, based on the number of processors being used and
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the settings of the "processors"_processors.html command. The
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partitioning can later be changed by the "balance"_balance.html or
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"fix balance"_fix_balance.html commands.
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If the {xy xz yz} line does not appear, LAMMPS will set up an
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axis-aligned (orthogonal) simulation box. If the line does appear,
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LAMMPS creates a non-orthogonal simulation domain shaped as a
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parallelepiped with triclinic symmetry. The parallelepiped has its
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"origin" at (xlo,ylo,zlo) and is defined by 3 edge vectors starting
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from the origin given by A = (xhi-xlo,0,0); B = (xy,yhi-ylo,0); C =
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(xz,yz,zhi-zlo). {Xy,xz,yz} can be 0.0 or positive or negative values
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and are called "tilt factors" because they are the amount of
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displacement applied to faces of an originally orthogonal box to
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transform it into the parallelepiped.
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By default, the tilt factors (xy,xz,yz) can not skew the box more than
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half the distance of the corresponding parallel box length. For
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example, if xlo = 2 and xhi = 12, then the x box length is 10 and the
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xy tilt factor must be between -5 and 5. Similarly, both xz and yz
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must be between -(xhi-xlo)/2 and +(yhi-ylo)/2. Note that this is not
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a limitation, since if the maximum tilt factor is 5 (as in this
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example), then configurations with tilt = ..., -15, -5, 5, 15, 25,
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... are all geometrically equivalent. If you wish to define a box
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with tilt factors that exceed these limits, you can use the "box
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tilt"_box.html command, with a setting of {large}; a setting of
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{small} is the default.
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See "Section_howto 12"_Section_howto.html#howto_12 of the doc pages
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for a geometric description of triclinic boxes, as defined by LAMMPS,
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and how to transform these parameters to and from other commonly used
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triclinic representations.
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When a triclinic system is used, the simulation domain should normally
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be periodic in the dimension that the tilt is applied to, which is
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given by the second dimension of the tilt factor (e.g. y for xy tilt).
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This is so that pairs of atoms interacting across that boundary will
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have one of them shifted by the tilt factor. Periodicity is set by
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the "boundary"_boundary.html command. For example, if the xy tilt
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factor is non-zero, then the y dimension should be periodic.
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Similarly, the z dimension should be periodic if xz or yz is non-zero.
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LAMMPS does not require this periodicity, but you may lose atoms if
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this is not the case.
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Also note that if your simulation will tilt the box, e.g. via the "fix
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deform"_fix_deform.html command, the simulation box must be setup to
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be triclinic, even if the tilt factors are initially 0.0. You can
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also change an orthogonal box to a triclinic box or vice versa by
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using the "change box"_change_box.html command with its {ortho} and
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{triclinic} options.
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For 2d simulations, the {zlo zhi} values should be set to bound the z
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coords for atoms that appear in the file; the default of -0.5 0.5 is
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valid if all z coords are 0.0. For 2d triclinic simulations, the xz
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and yz tilt factors must be 0.0.
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If the system is periodic (in a dimension), then atom coordinates can
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be outside the bounds (in that dimension); they will be remapped (in a
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periodic sense) back inside the box. Note that if the {add} option is
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being used to add atoms to a simulation box that already exists, this
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periodic remapping will be performed using simulation box bounds that
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are the union of the existing box and the box boundaries in the new
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data file.
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NOTE: If the system is non-periodic (in a dimension), then all atoms
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in the data file must have coordinates (in that dimension) that are
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"greater than or equal to" the lo value and "less than or equal to"
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the hi value. If the non-periodic dimension is of style "fixed" (see
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the "boundary"_boundary.html command), then the atom coords must be
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strictly "less than" the hi value, due to the way LAMMPS assign atoms
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to processors. Note that you should not make the lo/hi values
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radically smaller/larger than the extent of the atoms. For example,
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if your atoms extend from 0 to 50, you should not specify the box
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bounds as -10000 and 10000. This is because LAMMPS uses the specified
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box size to layout the 3d grid of processors. A huge (mostly empty)
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box will be sub-optimal for performance when using "fixed" boundary
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conditions (see the "boundary"_boundary.html command). When using
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"shrink-wrap" boundary conditions (see the "boundary"_boundary.html
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command), a huge (mostly empty) box may cause a parallel simulation to
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lose atoms when LAMMPS shrink-wraps the box around the atoms. The
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read_data command will generate an error in this case.
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The "extra bond per atom" setting (angle, dihedral, improper) is only
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needed if new bonds (angles, dihedrals, impropers) will be added to
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the system when a simulation runs, e.g. by using the "fix
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bond/create"_fix_bond_create.html command. This will pre-allocate
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space in LAMMPS data structures for storing the new bonds (angles,
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dihedrals, impropers).
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The "extra special per atom" setting is typically only needed if new
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bonds/angles/etc will be added to the system, e.g. by using the "fix
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bond/create"_fix_bond_create.html command. Or if entire new molecules
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will be added to the system, e.g. by using the "fix
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deposit"_fix_deposit.html or "fix pour"_fix_pour.html commands, which
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will have more special 1-2,1-3,1-4 neighbors than any other molecules
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defined in the data file. Using this setting will pre-allocate space
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in the LAMMPS data structures for storing these neighbors. See the
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"special_bonds"_special_bonds.html and "molecule"_molecule.html doc
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pages for more discussion of 1-2,1-3,1-4 neighbors.
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NOTE: All of the "extra" settings are only used if they appear in the
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first data file read; see the description of the {add} keyword above
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for reading multiple data files. If they appear in later data files,
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they are ignored.
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The "ellipsoids" and "lines" and "triangles" and "bodies" settings are
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only used with "atom_style ellipsoid or line or tri or
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body"_atom_style.html and specify how many of the atoms are
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finite-size ellipsoids or lines or triangles or bodies; the remainder
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are point particles. See the discussion of ellipsoidflag and the
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{Ellipsoids} section below. See the discussion of lineflag and the
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{Lines} section below. See the discussion of triangleflag and the
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{Triangles} section below. See the discussion of bodyflag and the
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{Bodies} section below.
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NOTE: For "atom_style template"_atom_style.html, the molecular
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topology (bonds,angles,etc) is contained in the molecule templates
|
|
read-in by the "molecule"_molecule.html command. This means you
|
|
cannot set the {bonds}, {angles}, etc header keywords in the data
|
|
file, nor can you define {Bonds}, {Angles}, etc sections as discussed
|
|
below. You can set the {bond types}, {angle types}, etc header
|
|
keywords, though it is not necessary. If specified, they must match
|
|
the maximum values defined in any of the template molecules.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
[Format of the body of a data file]
|
|
|
|
These are the section keywords for the body of the file.
|
|
|
|
{Atoms, Velocities, Masses, Ellipsoids, Lines, Triangles, Bodies} = atom-property sections
|
|
{Bonds, Angles, Dihedrals, Impropers} = molecular topology sections
|
|
{Pair Coeffs, PairIJ Coeffs, Bond Coeffs, Angle Coeffs, Dihedral Coeffs, \
|
|
Improper Coeffs} = force field sections
|
|
{BondBond Coeffs, BondAngle Coeffs, MiddleBondTorsion Coeffs, \
|
|
EndBondTorsion Coeffs, AngleTorsion Coeffs, AngleAngleTorsion Coeffs, \
|
|
BondBond13 Coeffs, AngleAngle Coeffs} = class 2 force field sections :ul
|
|
|
|
These keywords will check an appended comment for a match with the
|
|
currently defined style:
|
|
|
|
{Atoms, Pair Coeffs, PairIJ Coeffs, Bond Coeffs, Angle Coeffs, Dihedral Coeffs, Improper Coeffs} :ul
|
|
|
|
For example, these lines:
|
|
|
|
Atoms # sphere
|
|
Pair Coeffs # lj/cut :pre
|
|
|
|
will check if the currently-defined "atom_style"_atom_style.html is
|
|
{sphere}, and the current "pair_style"_pair_style is {lj/cut}. If
|
|
not, LAMMPS will issue a warning to indicate that the data file
|
|
section likely does not contain the correct number or type of
|
|
parameters expected for the currently-defined style.
|
|
|
|
Each section is listed below in alphabetic order. The format of each
|
|
section is described including the number of lines it must contain and
|
|
rules (if any) for where it can appear in the data file.
|
|
|
|
Any individual line in the various sections can have a trailing
|
|
comment starting with "#" for annotation purposes. E.g. in the
|
|
Atoms section:
|
|
|
|
10 1 17 -1.0 10.0 5.0 6.0 # salt ion :pre
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Angle Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per angle type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = angle type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
6 70 108.5 0 0 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
angle style. See the "angle_style"_angle_style.html and
|
|
"angle_coeff"_angle_coeff.html commands for details. Coefficients can
|
|
also be set via the "angle_coeff"_angle_coeff.html command in the
|
|
input script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{AngleAngle Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per improper type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = improper type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see "improper_coeff"_improper_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{AngleAngleTorsion Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see "dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Angles} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per angle :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID type atom1 atom2 atom3 :l
|
|
ID = number of angle (1-Nangles)
|
|
type = angle type (1-Nangletype)
|
|
atom1,atom2,atom3 = IDs of 1st,2nd,3rd atoms in angle :pre
|
|
example: :b
|
|
2 2 17 29 430 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The 3 atoms are ordered linearly within the angle. Thus the central
|
|
atom (around which the angle is computed) is the atom2 in the list.
|
|
E.g. H,O,H for a water molecule. The {Angles} section must appear
|
|
after the {Atoms} section. All values in this section must be
|
|
integers (1, not 1.0).
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{AngleTorsion Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see "dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Atoms} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per atom
|
|
line syntax: depends on atom style :ul
|
|
|
|
An {Atoms} section must appear in the data file if natoms > 0 in the
|
|
header section. The atoms can be listed in any order. These are the
|
|
line formats for each "atom style"_atom_style.html in LAMMPS. As
|
|
discussed below, each line can optionally have 3 flags (nx,ny,nz)
|
|
appended to it, which indicate which image of a periodic simulation
|
|
box the atom is in. These may be important to include for some kinds
|
|
of analysis.
|
|
|
|
angle: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type x y z
|
|
atomic: atom-ID atom-type x y z
|
|
body: atom-ID atom-type bodyflag mass x y z
|
|
bond: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type x y z
|
|
charge: atom-ID atom-type q x y z
|
|
dipole: atom-ID atom-type q x y z mux muy muz
|
|
dpd: atom-ID atom-type theta x y z
|
|
electron: atom-ID atom-type q spin eradius x y z
|
|
ellipsoid: atom-ID atom-type ellipsoidflag density x y z
|
|
full: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type q x y z
|
|
line: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type lineflag density x y z
|
|
meso: atom-ID atom-type rho e cv x y z
|
|
molecular: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type x y z
|
|
peri: atom-ID atom-type volume density x y z
|
|
smd: atom-ID atom-type molecule volume mass kernel-radius contact-radius x y z
|
|
sphere: atom-ID atom-type diameter density x y z
|
|
template: atom-ID molecule-ID template-index template-atom atom-type x y z
|
|
tri: atom-ID molecule-ID atom-type triangleflag density x y z
|
|
wavepacket: atom-ID atom-type charge spin eradius etag cs_re cs_im x y z
|
|
hybrid: atom-ID atom-type x y z sub-style1 sub-style2 ... :tb(s=:)
|
|
|
|
The per-atom values have these meanings and units, listed alphabetically:
|
|
|
|
atom-ID = integer ID of atom
|
|
atom-type = type of atom (1-Ntype)
|
|
bodyflag = 1 for body particles, 0 for point particles
|
|
contact-radius = ??? (distance units)
|
|
cs_re,cs_im = real/imaginary parts of wavepacket coefficients
|
|
cv = heat capacity (need units) for SPH particles
|
|
density = density of particle (mass/distance^3 or mass/distance^2 or mass/distance units, depending on dimensionality of particle)
|
|
diameter = diameter of spherical atom (distance units)
|
|
e = energy (need units) for SPH particles
|
|
ellipsoidflag = 1 for ellipsoidal particles, 0 for point particles
|
|
eradius = electron radius (or fixed-core radius)
|
|
etag = integer ID of electron that each wavepacket belongs to
|
|
kernel-radius = ??? (distance units)
|
|
lineflag = 1 for line segment particles, 0 for point or spherical particles
|
|
mass = mass of particle (mass units)
|
|
molecule-ID = integer ID of molecule the atom belongs to
|
|
mux,muy,muz = components of dipole moment of atom (dipole units)
|
|
q = charge on atom (charge units)
|
|
rho = density (need units) for SPH particles
|
|
spin = electron spin (+1/-1), 0 = nuclei, 2 = fixed-core, 3 = pseudo-cores (i.e. ECP)
|
|
template-atom = which atom within a template molecule the atom is
|
|
template-index = which molecule within the molecule template the atom is part of
|
|
theta = internal temperature of a DPD particle
|
|
triangleflag = 1 for triangular particles, 0 for point or sperhical particles
|
|
volume = volume of Peridynamic particle (distance^3 units)
|
|
x,y,z = coordinates of atom (distance units) :ul
|
|
|
|
The units for these quantities depend on the unit style; see the
|
|
"units"_units.html command for details.
|
|
|
|
For 2d simulations specify z as 0.0, or a value within the {zlo zhi}
|
|
setting in the data file header.
|
|
|
|
The atom-ID is used to identify the atom throughout the simulation and
|
|
in dump files. Normally, it is a unique value from 1 to Natoms for
|
|
each atom. Unique values larger than Natoms can be used, but they
|
|
will cause extra memory to be allocated on each processor, if an atom
|
|
map array is used, but not if an atom map hash is used; see the
|
|
"atom_modify"_atom_modify.html command for details. If an atom map is
|
|
not used (e.g. an atomic system with no bonds), and you don't care if
|
|
unique atom IDs appear in dump files, then the atom-IDs can all be set
|
|
to 0.
|
|
|
|
The molecule ID is a 2nd identifier attached to an atom. Normally, it
|
|
is a number from 1 to N, identifying which molecule the atom belongs
|
|
to. It can be 0 if it is an unbonded atom or if you don't care to
|
|
keep track of molecule assignments.
|
|
|
|
The diameter specifies the size of a finite-size spherical particle.
|
|
It can be set to 0.0, which means that atom is a point particle.
|
|
|
|
The ellipsoidflag, lineflag, triangleflag, and bodyflag determine
|
|
whether the particle is a finite-size ellipsoid or line or triangle or
|
|
body of finite size, or whether the particle is a point particle.
|
|
Additional attributes must be defined for each ellipsoid, line,
|
|
triangle, or body in the corresponding {Ellipsoids}, {Lines},
|
|
{Triangles}, or {Bodies} section.
|
|
|
|
The {template-index} and {template-atom} are only defined used by
|
|
"atom_style template"_atom_style.html. In this case the
|
|
"molecule"_molecule.html command is used to define a molecule template
|
|
which contains one or more molecules. If an atom belongs to one of
|
|
those molecules, its {template-index} and {template-atom} are both set
|
|
to positive integers; if not the values are both 0. The
|
|
{template-index} is which molecule (1 to Nmols) the atom belongs to.
|
|
The {template-atom} is which atom (1 to Natoms) within the molecule
|
|
the atom is.
|
|
|
|
Some pair styles and fixes and computes that operate on finite-size
|
|
particles allow for a mixture of finite-size and point particles. See
|
|
the doc pages of individual commands for details.
|
|
|
|
For finite-size particles, the density is used in conjunction with the
|
|
particle volume to set the mass of each particle as mass = density *
|
|
volume. In this context, volume can be a 3d quantity (for spheres or
|
|
ellipsoids), a 2d quantity (for triangles), or a 1d quantity (for line
|
|
segments). If the volume is 0.0, meaning a point particle, then the
|
|
density value is used as the mass. One exception is for the body atom
|
|
style, in which case the mass of each particle (body or point
|
|
particle) is specified explicitly. This is because the volume of the
|
|
body is unknown.
|
|
|
|
For atom_style hybrid, following the 5 initial values (ID,type,x,y,z),
|
|
specific values for each sub-style must be listed. The order of the
|
|
sub-styles is the same as they were listed in the
|
|
"atom_style"_atom_style.html command. The sub-style specific values
|
|
are those that are not the 5 standard ones (ID,type,x,y,z). For
|
|
example, for the "charge" sub-style, a "q" value would appear. For
|
|
the "full" sub-style, a "molecule-ID" and "q" would appear. These are
|
|
listed in the same order they appear as listed above. Thus if
|
|
|
|
atom_style hybrid charge sphere :pre
|
|
|
|
were used in the input script, each atom line would have these fields:
|
|
|
|
atom-ID atom-type x y z q diameter density :pre
|
|
|
|
Note that if a non-standard value is defined by multiple sub-styles,
|
|
it must appear mutliple times in the atom line. E.g. the atom line
|
|
for atom_style hybrid dipole full would list "q" twice:
|
|
|
|
atom-ID atom-type x y z q mux muy myz molecule-ID q :pre
|
|
|
|
Atom lines specify the (x,y,z) coordinates of atoms. These can be
|
|
inside or outside the simulation box. When the data file is read,
|
|
LAMMPS wraps coordinates outside the box back into the box for
|
|
dimensions that are periodic. As discussed above, if an atom is
|
|
outside the box in a non-periodic dimension, it will be lost.
|
|
|
|
LAMMPS always stores atom coordinates as values which are inside the
|
|
simulation box. It also stores 3 flags which indicate which image of
|
|
the simulation box (in each dimension) the atom would be in if its
|
|
coordinates were unwrapped across periodic boundaries. An image flag
|
|
of 0 means the atom is still inside the box when unwrapped. A value
|
|
of 2 means add 2 box lengths to get the unwrapped coordinate. A value
|
|
of -1 means subtract 1 box length to get the unwrapped coordinate.
|
|
LAMMPS updates these flags as atoms cross periodic boundaries during
|
|
the simulation. The "dump"_dump.html command can output atom atom
|
|
coordinates in wrapped or unwrapped form, as well as the 3 image
|
|
flags.
|
|
|
|
In the data file, atom lines (all lines or none of them) can
|
|
optionally list 3 trailing integer values (nx,ny,nz), which are used
|
|
to initialize the atom's image flags. If nx,ny,nz values are not
|
|
listed in the data file, LAMMPS initializes them to 0. Note that the
|
|
image flags are immediately updated if an atom's coordinates need to
|
|
wrapped back into the simulation box.
|
|
|
|
It is only important to set image flags correctly in a data file if a
|
|
simulation model relies on unwrapped coordinates for some calculation;
|
|
otherwise they can be left unspecified. Examples of LAMMPS commands
|
|
that use unwrapped coordinates internally are as follows:
|
|
|
|
Atoms in a rigid body (see "fix rigid"_fix_rigid.html, "fix
|
|
rigid/small"_fix_rigid.html) must have consistent image flags, so that
|
|
when the atoms are unwrapped, they are near each other, i.e. as a
|
|
single body. :ulb,l
|
|
|
|
If the "replicate"_replicate.html command is used to generate a larger
|
|
system, image flags must be consistent for bonded atoms when the bond
|
|
crosses a periodic boundary. I.e. the values of the image flags
|
|
should be different by 1 (in the appropriate dimension) for the two
|
|
atoms in such a bond. :l
|
|
|
|
If you plan to "dump"_dump.html image flags and perform post-analysis
|
|
that will unwrap atom coordinates, it may be important that a
|
|
continued run (restarted from a data file) begins with image flags
|
|
that are consistent with the previous run. :l,ule
|
|
|
|
Atom velocities and other atom quantities not defined above are set to
|
|
0.0 when the {Atoms} section is read. Velocities can be set later by
|
|
a {Velocities} section in the data file or by a
|
|
"velocity"_velocity.html or "set"_set.html command in the input
|
|
script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Bodies} section:
|
|
|
|
one or more lines per body :ulb,l
|
|
first line syntax: atom-ID Ninteger Ndouble :l
|
|
Ninteger = # of integer quantities for this particle
|
|
Ndouble = # of floating-point quantities for this particle :pre
|
|
0 or more integer lines with total of Ninteger values :l
|
|
0 or more double lines with total of Ndouble values :l
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 3 6
|
|
2 3 2
|
|
1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 0 14
|
|
1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0
|
|
2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The {Bodies} section must appear if "atom_style body"_atom_style.html
|
|
is used and any atoms listed in the {Atoms} section have a bodyflag =
|
|
1. The number of bodies should be specified in the header section via
|
|
the "bodies" keyword.
|
|
|
|
Each body can have a variable number of integer and/or floating-point
|
|
values. The number and meaning of the values is defined by the body
|
|
style, as described in the "body"_body.html doc page. The body style
|
|
is given as an argument to the "atom_style body"_atom_style.html
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
The Ninteger and Ndouble values determine how many integer and
|
|
floating-point values are specified for this particle. Ninteger and
|
|
Ndouble can be as large as needed and can be different for every body.
|
|
Integer values are then listed next on subsequent lines. Lines are
|
|
read one at a time until Ninteger values are read. Floating-point
|
|
values follow on subsequent lines, Again lines are read one at a time
|
|
until Ndouble values are read. Note that if there are no values of a
|
|
particular type, no lines appear for that type.
|
|
|
|
The {Bodies} section must appear after the {Atoms} section.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Bond Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per bond type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = bond type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
4 250 1.49 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
bond style. See the "bond_style"_bond_style.html and
|
|
"bond_coeff"_bond_coeff.html commands for details. Coefficients can
|
|
also be set via the "bond_coeff"_bond_coeff.html command in the input
|
|
script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{BondAngle Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per angle type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = angle type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see class 2 section of "angle_coeff"_angle_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{BondBond Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per angle type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = angle type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see class 2 section of "angle_coeff"_angle_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{BondBond13 Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see class 2 section of "dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Bonds} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per bond :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID type atom1 atom2 :l
|
|
ID = bond number (1-Nbonds)
|
|
type = bond type (1-Nbondtype)
|
|
atom1,atom2 = IDs of 1st,2nd atoms in bond :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 3 17 29 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The {Bonds} section must appear after the {Atoms} section. All values
|
|
in this section must be integers (1, not 1.0).
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Dihedral Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
3 0.6 1 0 1 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
dihedral style. See the "dihedral_style"_dihedral_style.html and
|
|
"dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html commands for details.
|
|
Coefficients can also be set via the
|
|
"dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html command in the input script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Dihedrals} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID type atom1 atom2 atom3 atom4 :l
|
|
ID = number of dihedral (1-Ndihedrals)
|
|
type = dihedral type (1-Ndihedraltype)
|
|
atom1,atom2,atom3,atom4 = IDs of 1st,2nd,3rd,4th atoms in dihedral :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 4 17 29 30 21 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The 4 atoms are ordered linearly within the dihedral. The {Dihedrals}
|
|
section must appear after the {Atoms} section. All values in this
|
|
section must be integers (1, not 1.0).
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Ellipsoids} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per ellipsoid :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: atom-ID shapex shapey shapez quatw quati quatj quatk :l
|
|
atom-ID = ID of atom which is an ellipsoid
|
|
shapex,shapey,shapez = 3 diameters of ellipsoid (distance units)
|
|
quatw,quati,quatj,quatk = quaternion components for orientation of atom :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The {Ellipsoids} section must appear if "atom_style
|
|
ellipsoid"_atom_style.html is used and any atoms are listed in the
|
|
{Atoms} section with an ellipsoidflag = 1. The number of ellipsoids
|
|
should be specified in the header section via the "ellipsoids"
|
|
keyword.
|
|
|
|
The 3 shape values specify the 3 diameters or aspect ratios of a
|
|
finite-size ellipsoidal particle, when it is oriented along the 3
|
|
coordinate axes. They must all be non-zero values.
|
|
|
|
The values {quatw}, {quati}, {quatj}, and {quatk} set the orientation
|
|
of the atom as a quaternion (4-vector). Note that the shape
|
|
attributes specify the aspect ratios of an ellipsoidal particle, which
|
|
is oriented by default with its x-axis along the simulation box's
|
|
x-axis, and similarly for y and z. If this body is rotated (via the
|
|
right-hand rule) by an angle theta around a unit vector (a,b,c), then
|
|
the quaternion that represents its new orientation is given by
|
|
(cos(theta/2), a*sin(theta/2), b*sin(theta/2), c*sin(theta/2)). These
|
|
4 components are quatw, quati, quatj, and quatk as specified above.
|
|
LAMMPS normalizes each atom's quaternion in case (a,b,c) is not
|
|
specified as a unit vector.
|
|
|
|
The {Ellipsoids} section must appear after the {Atoms} section.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{EndBondTorsion Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see class 2 section of "dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Improper Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per improper type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = improper type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
2 20 0.0548311 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
improper style. See the "improper_style"_improper_style.html and
|
|
"improper_coeff"_improper_coeff.html commands for details.
|
|
Coefficients can also be set via the
|
|
"improper_coeff"_improper_coeff.html command in the input script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Impropers} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per improper :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID type atom1 atom2 atom3 atom4 :l
|
|
ID = number of improper (1-Nimpropers)
|
|
type = improper type (1-Nimpropertype)
|
|
atom1,atom2,atom3,atom4 = IDs of 1st,2nd,3rd,4th atoms in improper :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 3 17 29 13 100 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The ordering of the 4 atoms determines the definition of the improper
|
|
angle used in the formula for each "improper
|
|
style"_improper_style.html. See the doc pages for individual styles
|
|
for details.
|
|
|
|
The {Impropers} section must appear after the {Atoms} section. All
|
|
values in this section must be integers (1, not 1.0).
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Lines} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per line segment :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: atom-ID x1 y1 x2 y2 :l
|
|
atom-ID = ID of atom which is a line segment
|
|
x1,y1 = 1st end point
|
|
x2,y2 = 2nd end point :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The {Lines} section must appear if "atom_style line"_atom_style.html
|
|
is used and any atoms are listed in the {Atoms} section with a
|
|
lineflag = 1. The number of lines should be specified in the header
|
|
section via the "lines" keyword.
|
|
|
|
The 2 end points are the end points of the line segment. The ordering
|
|
of the 2 points should be such that using a right-hand rule to cross
|
|
the line segment with a unit vector in the +z direction, gives an
|
|
"outward" normal vector perpendicular to the line segment.
|
|
I.e. normal = (c2-c1) x (0,0,1). This orientation may be important
|
|
for defining some interactions.
|
|
|
|
The {Lines} section must appear after the {Atoms} section.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Masses} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per atom type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID mass :l
|
|
ID = atom type (1-N)
|
|
mass = mass value :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
3 1.01 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
This defines the mass of each atom type. This can also be set via the
|
|
"mass"_mass.html command in the input script. This section cannot be
|
|
used for atom styles that define a mass for individual atoms -
|
|
e.g. "atom_style sphere"_atom_style.html.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{MiddleBondTorsion Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per dihedral type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = dihedral type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs (see class 2 section of "dihedral_coeff"_dihedral_coeff.html) :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Pair Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per atom type :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID coeffs :l
|
|
ID = atom type (1-N)
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
3 0.022 2.35197 0.022 2.35197 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
pair style. See the "pair_style"_pair_style.html and
|
|
"pair_coeff"_pair_coeff.html commands for details. Since pair
|
|
coefficients for types I != J are not specified, these will be
|
|
generated automatically by the pair style's mixing rule. See the
|
|
individual pair_style doc pages and the "pair_modify
|
|
mix"_pair_modify.html command for details. Pair coefficients can also
|
|
be set via the "pair_coeff"_pair_coeff.html command in the input
|
|
script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{PairIJ Coeffs} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per pair of atom types for all I,J with I <= J :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: ID1 ID2 coeffs :l
|
|
ID1 = atom type I = 1-N
|
|
ID2 = atom type J = I-N, with I <= J
|
|
coeffs = list of coeffs :pre
|
|
examples: :l
|
|
3 3 0.022 2.35197 0.022 2.35197
|
|
3 5 0.022 2.35197 0.022 2.35197 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
This section must have N*(N+1)/2 lines where N = # of atom types. The
|
|
number and meaning of the coefficients are specific to the defined
|
|
pair style. See the "pair_style"_pair_style.html and
|
|
"pair_coeff"_pair_coeff.html commands for details. Since pair
|
|
coefficients for types I != J are all specified, these values will
|
|
turn off the default mixing rule defined by the pair style. See the
|
|
individual pair_style doc pages and the "pair_modify
|
|
mix"_pair_modify.html command for details. Pair coefficients can also
|
|
be set via the "pair_coeff"_pair_coeff.html command in the input
|
|
script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Triangles} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per triangle :ulb,l
|
|
line syntax: atom-ID x1 y1 x2 y2 :l
|
|
atom-ID = ID of atom which is a line segment
|
|
x1,y1,z1 = 1st corner point
|
|
x2,y2,z2 = 2nd corner point
|
|
x3,y3,z3 = 3rd corner point :pre
|
|
example: :l
|
|
12 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 :pre
|
|
:ule
|
|
|
|
The {Triangles} section must appear if "atom_style
|
|
tri"_atom_style.html is used and any atoms are listed in the {Atoms}
|
|
section with a triangleflag = 1. The number of lines should be
|
|
specified in the header section via the "triangles" keyword.
|
|
|
|
The 3 corner points are the corner points of the triangle. The
|
|
ordering of the 3 points should be such that using a right-hand rule
|
|
to go from point1 to point2 to point3 gives an "outward" normal vector
|
|
to the face of the triangle. I.e. normal = (c2-c1) x (c3-c1). This
|
|
orientation may be important for defining some interactions.
|
|
|
|
The {Triangles} section must appear after the {Atoms} section.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
{Velocities} section:
|
|
|
|
one line per atom
|
|
line syntax: depends on atom style :ul
|
|
|
|
all styles except those listed: atom-ID vx vy vz
|
|
electron: atom-ID vx vy vz ervel
|
|
ellipsoid: atom-ID vx vy vz lx ly lz
|
|
sphere: atom-ID vx vy vz wx wy wz
|
|
hybrid: atom-ID vx vy vz sub-style1 sub-style2 ... :tb(s=:)
|
|
|
|
where the keywords have these meanings:
|
|
|
|
vx,vy,vz = translational velocity of atom
|
|
lx,ly,lz = angular momentum of aspherical atom
|
|
wx,wy,wz = angular velocity of spherical atom
|
|
ervel = electron radial velocity (0 for fixed-core):ul
|
|
|
|
The velocity lines can appear in any order. This section can only be
|
|
used after an {Atoms} section. This is because the {Atoms} section
|
|
must have assigned a unique atom ID to each atom so that velocities
|
|
can be assigned to them.
|
|
|
|
Vx, vy, vz, and ervel are in "units"_units.html of velocity. Lx, ly,
|
|
lz are in units of angular momentum (distance-velocity-mass). Wx, Wy,
|
|
Wz are in units of angular velocity (radians/time).
|
|
|
|
For atom_style hybrid, following the 4 initial values (ID,vx,vy,vz),
|
|
specific values for each sub-style must be listed. The order of the
|
|
sub-styles is the same as they were listed in the
|
|
"atom_style"_atom_style.html command. The sub-style specific values
|
|
are those that are not the 5 standard ones (ID,vx,vy,vz). For
|
|
example, for the "sphere" sub-style, "wx", "wy", "wz" values would
|
|
appear. These are listed in the same order they appear as listed
|
|
above. Thus if
|
|
|
|
atom_style hybrid electron sphere :pre
|
|
|
|
were used in the input script, each velocity line would have these
|
|
fields:
|
|
|
|
atom-ID vx vy vz ervel wx wy wz :pre
|
|
|
|
Translational velocities can also be set by the
|
|
"velocity"_velocity.html command in the input script.
|
|
|
|
:line
|
|
|
|
[Restrictions:]
|
|
|
|
To read gzipped data files, you must compile LAMMPS with the
|
|
-DLAMMPS_GZIP option - see the "Making
|
|
LAMMPS"_Section_start.html#start_2 section of the documentation.
|
|
|
|
[Related commands:]
|
|
|
|
"read_dump"_read_dump.html, "read_restart"_read_restart.html,
|
|
"create_atoms"_create_atoms.html, "write_data"_write_data.html
|
|
|
|
[Default:]
|
|
|
|
The default for all the {extra} keywords is 0.
|