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<CENTER><A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov">LAMMPS WWW Site</A> - <A HREF = "Manual.html">LAMMPS Documentation</A> - <A HREF = "Section_commands.html#comm">LAMMPS Commands</A>
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<H3>special_bonds command
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</H3>
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<P><B>Syntax:</B>
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</P>
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<PRE>special_bonds keyword values ...
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</PRE>
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<UL><LI>one or more keyword/value pairs may be appended
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<LI>keyword = <I>amber</I> or <I>charmm</I> or <I>dreiding</I> or <I>fene</I> or <I>lj/coul</I> or <I>lj</I> or <I>coul</I> or <I>angle</I> or <I>dihedral</I> or <I>extra</I>
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<PRE> <I>amber</I> values = none
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<I>charmm</I> values = none
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<I>dreiding</I> values = none
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<I>fene</I> values = none
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<I>lj/coul</I> values = w1,w2,w3
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w1,w2,w3 = weights (0.0 to 1.0) on pairwise Lennard-Jones and Coulombic interactions
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<I>lj</I> values = w1,w2,w3
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w1,w2,w3 = weights (0.0 to 1.0) on pairwise Lennard-Jones interactions
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<I>coul</I> values = w1,w2,w3
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w1,w2,w3 = weights (0.0 to 1.0) on pairwise Coulombic interactions
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<I>angle</I> value = <I>yes</I> or <I>no</I>
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<I>dihedral</I> value = <I>yes</I> or <I>no</I>
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<I>extra</I> value = N
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N = number of extra 1-2,1-3,1-4 interactions to save space for
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</PRE>
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</UL>
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<P>Examples:
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</P>
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<PRE>special_bonds amber
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special_bonds charmm
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special_bonds fene dihedral no
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special_bonds lj/coul 0.0 0.0 0.5 angle yes dihedral yes
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special_bonds lj 0.0 0.0 0.5 coul 0.0 0.0 0.0 dihedral yes
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special_bonds lj/coul 0 1 1 extra 2
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</PRE>
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<P><B>Description:</B>
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</P>
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<P>Set weighting coefficients for pairwise energy and force contributions
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between pairs of atoms that are also permanently bonded to each other,
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either directly or via one or two intermediate bonds. These weighting
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factors are used by nearly all <A HREF = "pair_style.html">pair styles</A> in LAMMPS
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that compute simple pairwise interactions. Permanent bonds between
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atoms are specified by defining the bond topology in the data file
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read by the <A HREF = "read_data.html">read_data</A> command. Typically a
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<A HREF = "bond_style.html">bond_style</A> command is also used to define a bond
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potential. The rationale for using these weighting factors is that
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the interaction between a pair of bonded atoms is all (or mostly)
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specified by the bond, angle, dihedral potentials, and thus the
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non-bonded Lennard-Jones or Coulombic interaction between the pair of
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atoms should be excluded (or reduced by a weighting factor).
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: These weighting factors are NOT used by <A HREF = "pair_style.html">pair
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styles</A> that compute many-body interactions, since the
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"bonds" that result from such interactions are not permanent, but are
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created and broken dynamically as atom conformations change. Examples
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of pair styles in this category are EAM, MEAM, Stillinger-Weber,
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Tersoff, COMB, AIREBO, and ReaxFF. In fact, it generally makes no
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sense to define permanent bonds between atoms that interact via these
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potentials, though such bonds may exist elsewhere in your system,
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e.g. when using the <A HREF = "pair_hybrid.html">pair_style hybrid</A> command.
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Thus LAMMPS ignores special_bonds settings when manybody potentials
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are calculated.
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</P>
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<P>The Coulomb factors are applied to any Coulomb (charge interaction)
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term that the potential calculates. The LJ factors are applied to the
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remaining terms that the potential calculates, whether they represent
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LJ interactions or not. The weighting factors are a scaling
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pre-factor on the energy and force between the pair of atoms. A value
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of 1.0 means include the full interaction; a value of 0.0 means
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exclude it completely.
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</P>
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<P>The 1st of the 3 coefficients (LJ or Coulombic) is the weighting
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factor on 1-2 atom pairs, which are pairs of atoms directly bonded to
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each other. The 2nd coefficient is the weighting factor on 1-3 atom
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pairs which are those separated by 2 bonds (e.g. the two H atoms in a
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water molecule). The 3rd coefficient is the weighting factor on 1-4
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atom pairs which are those separated by 3 bonds (e.g. the 1st and 4th
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atoms in a dihedral interaction). Thus if the 1-2 coefficient is set
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to 0.0, then the pairwise interaction is effectively turned off for
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all pairs of atoms bonded to each other. If it is set to 1.0, then
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that interaction will be at full strength.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: For purposes of computing weighted pairwise
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interactions, 1-3 and 1-4 interactions are not defined from the list
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of angles or dihedrals used by the simulation. Rather, they are
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inferred topologically from the set of bonds specified when the
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simulation is defined from a data or restart file (see
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<A HREF = "read_data.html">read_data</A> or <A HREF = "read_restart.html">read_restart</A>
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commands). Thus the set of 1-2,1-3,1-4 interactions that the weights
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apply to is the same whether angle and dihedral potentials are
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computed or not, and remains the same even if bonds are constrained,
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or turned off, or removed during a simulation.
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</P>
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<P>The two exceptions to this rule are (a) if the <I>angle</I> or <I>dihedral</I>
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keywords are set to <I>yes</I> (see below), or (b) if the
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<A HREF = "delete_bonds.html">delete_bonds</A> command is used with the <I>special</I>
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option that recomputes the 1-2,1-3,1-4 topologies after bonds are
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deleted; see the <A HREF = "delete_bonds.html">delete_bonds</A> command for more
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details.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>amber</I> keyword sets the 3 coefficients to 0.0, 0.0, 0.5 for LJ
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interactions and to 0.0, 0.0, 0.8333 for Coulombic interactions, which
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is the default for a commonly used version of the AMBER force field,
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where the last value is really 5/6. See <A HREF = "#Cornell">(Cornell)</A> for a
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description of the AMBER force field.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>charmm</I> keyword sets the 3 coefficients to 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 for both
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LJ and Coulombic interactions, which is the default for a commonly
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used version of the CHARMM force field. Note that in pair styles
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<I>lj/charmm/coul/charmm</I> and <I>lj/charmm/coul/long</I> the 1-4 coefficients
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are defined explicitly, and these pairwise contributions are computed
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as part of the charmm dihedral style - see the
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<A HREF = "pair_coeff.html">pair_coeff</A> and <A HREF = "dihedral_style.html">dihedral_style</A>
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commands for more information. See <A HREF = "#MacKerell">(MacKerell)</A> for a
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description of the CHARMM force field.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>dreiding</I> keyword sets the 3 coefficients to 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 for both
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LJ and Coulombic interactions, which is the default for the Dreiding
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force field, as discussed in <A HREF = "#Mayo">(Mayo)</A>.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>fene</I> keyword sets the 3 coefficients to 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 for both
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LJ and Coulombic interactions, which is consistent with a
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coarse-grained polymer model with <A HREF = "bond_fene.html">FENE bonds</A>. See
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<A HREF = "#Kremer">(Kremer)</A> for a description of FENE bonds.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>lj/coul</I>, <I>lj</I>, and <I>coul</I> keywords allow the 3 coefficients to
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be set explicitly. The <I>lj/coul</I> keyword sets both the LJ and
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Coulombic coefficients to the same 3 values. The <I>lj</I> and <I>coul</I>
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keywords only set either the LJ or Coulombic coefficients. Use both
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of them if you wish to set the LJ coefficients to different values
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than the Coulombic coefficients.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>angle</I> keyword allows the 1-3 weighting factor to be ignored for
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individual atom pairs if they are not listed as the first and last
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atoms in any angle defined in the simulation or as 1,3 or 2,4 atoms in
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any dihedral defined in the simulation. For example, imagine the 1-3
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weighting factor is set to 0.5 and you have a linear molecule with 4
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atoms and bonds as follows: 1-2-3-4. If your data file defines 1-2-3
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as an angle, but does not define 2-3-4 as an angle or 1-2-3-4 as a
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dihedral, then the pairwise interaction between atoms 1 and 3 will
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always be weighted by 0.5, but different force fields use different
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rules for weighting the pairwise interaction between atoms 2 and 4.
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If the <I>angle</I> keyword is specified as <I>yes</I>, then the pairwise
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interaction between atoms 2 and 4 will be unaffected (full weighting
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of 1.0). If the <I>angle</I> keyword is specified as <I>no</I> which is the
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default, then the 2,4 interaction will also be weighted by 0.5.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>dihedral</I> keyword allows the 1-4 weighting factor to be ignored
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for individual atom pairs if they are not listed as the first and last
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atoms in any dihedral defined in the simulation. For example, imagine
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the 1-4 weighting factor is set to 0.5 and you have a linear molecule
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with 5 atoms and bonds as follows: 1-2-3-4-5. If your data file
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defines 1-2-3-4 as a dihedral, but does not define 2-3-4-5 as a
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dihedral, then the pairwise interaction between atoms 1 and 4 will
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always be weighted by 0.5, but different force fields use different
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rules for weighting the pairwise interaction between atoms 2 and 5.
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If the <I>dihedral</I> keyword is specified as <I>yes</I>, then the pairwise
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interaction between atoms 2 and 5 will be unaffected (full weighting
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of 1.0). If the <I>dihedral</I> keyword is specified as <I>no</I> which is the
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default, then the 2,5 interaction will also be weighted by 0.5.
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</P>
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<P>The <I>extra</I> keyword can be used when additional bonds will be created
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during a simulation run, e.g. by the <A HREF = "fix_bond_create.html">fix
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bond/create</A> command. It can also be used if
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molecules will be added to the system, e.g. via the <A HREF = "fix_deposit.html">fix
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deposit</A>, or <A HREF = "fix_pour.html">fix pour</A> commands, which
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will have atoms with more special neighbors than any atom in the
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current system has.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: LAMMPS stores and maintains a data structure with a
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list of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd neighbors of each atom (within the bond
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topology of the system). If new bonds are created (or molecules added
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containing atoms with more special neighbors), the size of this list
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needs to grow. Note that adding a single bond always adds a new 1st
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neighbor but may also induce *many* new 2nd and 3rd neighbors,
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depending on the molecular topology of your syste. Using the <I>extra</I>
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keyword leaves empty space in the list for this N additional 1st, 2nd,
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or 3rd neighbors to be added. If you do not do this, you may get an
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error when bonds (or molecules) are added.
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</P>
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<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: If you reuse this command in an input script, you
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should set all the options you need each time. This command cannot be
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used a 2nd time incrementally, e.g. to add some extra storage
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locations via the <I>extra</I> keyword. E.g. these two commands:
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</P>
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<PRE>special_bonds amber
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special_bonds extra 2
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</PRE>
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<P>are not the same as this single command:
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</P>
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<PRE>special_bonds amber extra 2
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</PRE>
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<P>since in the former case, the 2nd command will reset all the LJ and
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Coulombic weights to 0.0 (the default).
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</P>
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<P>One exception to this rule is the <I>extra</I> option itself. It is not
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reset to its default value of 0 each time the special_bonds command is
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invoked. This is because it can also be set by the
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<A HREF = "read_data.html">read_data</A> and <A HREF = "create_box.html">create_box</A> commands,
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so this command will not override those settings unless you explicitly
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use <I>extra</I> as an option.
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</P>
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<P><B>Restrictions:</B> none
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</P>
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<P><B>Related commands:</B>
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</P>
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<P><A HREF = "delete_bonds.html">delete_bonds</A>, <A HREF = "fix_bond_create.html">fix bond/create</A>
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</P>
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<P><B>Default:</B>
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</P>
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<P>All 3 Lennard-Jones and 3 Coulombic weighting coefficients = 0.0,
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angle = no, dihedral = no, and extra = 0.
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</P>
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<HR>
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<A NAME = "Cornell"></A>
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<P><B>(Cornell)</B> Cornell, Cieplak, Bayly, Gould, Merz, Ferguson,
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Spellmeyer, Fox, Caldwell, Kollman, JACS 117, 5179-5197 (1995).
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</P>
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<A NAME = "Kremer"></A>
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<P><B>(Kremer)</B> Kremer, Grest, J Chem Phys, 92, 5057 (1990).
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</P>
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<A NAME = "MacKerell"></A>
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<P><B>(MacKerell)</B> MacKerell, Bashford, Bellott, Dunbrack, Evanseck, Field,
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Fischer, Gao, Guo, Ha, et al, J Phys Chem, 102, 3586 (1998).
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</P>
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<A NAME = "Mayo"></A>
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<P><B>(Mayo)</B> Mayo, Olfason, Goddard III, J Phys Chem, 94, 8897-8909
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(1990).
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</P>
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