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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_python.html">11. Python interface to LAMMPS</a></li>
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<div role="main" class="document" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
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<div class="section" id="fix-balance-command">
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<span id="index-0"></span><h1>fix balance command<a class="headerlink" href="#fix-balance-command" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="syntax">
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<h2>Syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>fix ID group-ID balance Nfreq thresh style args keyword value ...
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>ID, group-ID are documented in <a class="reference internal" href="fix.html"><em>fix</em></a> command</li>
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<li>balance = style name of this fix command</li>
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<li>Nfreq = perform dynamic load balancing every this many steps</li>
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<li>thresh = imbalance threshhold that must be exceeded to perform a re-balance</li>
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<li>style = <em>shift</em> or <em>rcb</em></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>shift args = dimstr Niter stopthresh
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dimstr = sequence of letters containing "x" or "y" or "z", each not more than once
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Niter = # of times to iterate within each dimension of dimstr sequence
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stopthresh = stop balancing when this imbalance threshhold is reached
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rcb args = none
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li>zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended</li>
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<li>keyword = <em>out</em></li>
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</ul>
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<pre class="literal-block">
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<em>out</em> value = filename
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filename = write each processor's sub-domain to a file, at each re-balancing
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="examples">
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<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>fix 2 all balance 1000 1.05 shift x 10 1.05
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fix 2 all balance 100 0.9 shift xy 20 1.1 out tmp.balance
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fix 2 all balance 1000 1.1 rcb
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="description">
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<h2>Description<a class="headerlink" href="#description" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>This command adjusts the size and shape of processor sub-domains
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within the simulation box, to attempt to balance the number of
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particles and thus the computational cost (load) evenly across
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processors. The load balancing is “dynamic” in the sense that
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rebalancing is performed periodically during the simulation. To
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perform “static” balancing, before or between runs, see the
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<a class="reference internal" href="balance.html"><em>balance</em></a> command.</p>
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<p>Load-balancing is typically only useful if the particles in the
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simulation box have a spatially-varying density distribution. E.g. a
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model of a vapor/liquid interface, or a solid with an irregular-shaped
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geometry containing void regions. In this case, the LAMMPS default of
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dividing the simulation box volume into a regular-spaced grid of 3d
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bricks, with one equal-volume sub-domain per processor, may assign
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very different numbers of particles per processor. This can lead to
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poor performance when the simulation is run in parallel.</p>
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<p>Note that the <a class="reference internal" href="processors.html"><em>processors</em></a> command allows some control
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over how the box volume is split across processors. Specifically, for
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a Px by Py by Pz grid of processors, it allows choice of Px, Py, and
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Pz, subject to the constraint that Px * Py * Pz = P, the total number
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of processors. This is sufficient to achieve good load-balance for
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some problems on some processor counts. However, all the processor
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sub-domains will still have the same shape and same volume.</p>
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<p>On a particular timestep, a load-balancing operation is only performed
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if the current “imbalance factor” in particles owned by each processor
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exceeds the specified <em>thresh</em> parameter. The imbalance factor is
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defined as the maximum number of particles owned by any processor,
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divided by the average number of particles per processor. Thus an
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imbalance factor of 1.0 is perfect balance.</p>
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<p>As an example, for 10000 particles running on 10 processors, if the
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most heavily loaded processor has 1200 particles, then the factor is
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1.2, meaning there is a 20% imbalance. Note that re-balances can be
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forced even if the current balance is perfect (1.0) be specifying a
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<em>thresh</em> < 1.0.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">This command attempts to minimize the imbalance factor, as
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defined above. But depending on the method a perfect balance (1.0)
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may not be achieved. For example, “grid” methods (defined below) that
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create a logical 3d grid cannot achieve perfect balance for many
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irregular distributions of particles. Likewise, if a portion of the
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system is a perfect lattice, e.g. the initial system is generated by
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the <a class="reference internal" href="create_atoms.html"><em>create_atoms</em></a> command, then “grid” methods may
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be unable to achieve exact balance. This is because entire lattice
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planes will be owned or not owned by a single processor.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">The imbalance factor is also an estimate of the maximum speed-up
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you can hope to achieve by running a perfectly balanced simulation
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versus an imbalanced one. In the example above, the 10000 particle
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simulation could run up to 20% faster if it were perfectly balanced,
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versus when imbalanced. However, computational cost is not strictly
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proportional to particle count, and changing the relative size and
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shape of processor sub-domains may lead to additional computational
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and communication overheads, e.g. in the PPPM solver used via the
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<a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><em>kspace_style</em></a> command. Thus you should benchmark
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the run times of a simulation before and after balancing.</p>
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</div>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The method used to perform a load balance is specified by one of the
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listed styles, which are described in detail below. There are 2 kinds
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of styles.</p>
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<p>The <em>shift</em> style is a “grid” method which produces a logical 3d grid
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of processors. It operates by changing the cutting planes (or lines)
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between processors in 3d (or 2d), to adjust the volume (area in 2d)
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assigned to each processor, as in the following 2d diagram where
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processor sub-domains are shown and atoms are colored by the processor
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that owns them. The leftmost diagram is the default partitioning of
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the simulation box across processors (one sub-box for each of 16
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processors); the middle diagram is after a “grid” method has been
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applied.</p>
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<a data-lightbox="group-default"
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href="_images/balance_uniform.jpg"
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class=""
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title=""
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data-title=""
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><img src="_images/balance_uniform.jpg"
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class="align-center"
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width="25%"
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height="auto"
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alt=""/>
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</a><a data-lightbox="group-default"
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href="_images/balance_nonuniform.jpg"
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class=""
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title=""
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data-title=""
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><img src="_images/balance_nonuniform.jpg"
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class="align-center"
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width="25%"
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height="auto"
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alt=""/>
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</a><a data-lightbox="group-default"
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href="_images/balance_rcb.jpg"
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class=""
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title=""
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data-title=""
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><img src="_images/balance_rcb.jpg"
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class="align-center"
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width="25%"
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height="auto"
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alt=""/>
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</a><p>The <em>rcb</em> style is a “tiling” method which does not produce a logical
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3d grid of processors. Rather it tiles the simulation domain with
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rectangular sub-boxes of varying size and shape in an irregular
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fashion so as to have equal numbers of particles in each sub-box, as
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in the rightmost diagram above.</p>
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<p>The “grid” methods can be used with either of the
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<a class="reference internal" href="comm_style.html"><em>comm_style</em></a> command options, <em>brick</em> or <em>tiled</em>. The
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“tiling” methods can only be used with <a class="reference internal" href="comm_style.html"><em>comm_style tiled</em></a>.</p>
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<p>When a “grid” method is specified, the current domain partitioning can
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be either a logical 3d grid or a tiled partitioning. In the former
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case, the current logical 3d grid is used as a starting point and
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changes are made to improve the imbalance factor. In the latter case,
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the tiled partitioning is discarded and a logical 3d grid is created
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with uniform spacing in all dimensions. This is the starting point
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for the balancing operation.</p>
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<p>When a “tiling” method is specified, the current domain partitioning
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(“grid” or “tiled”) is ignored, and a new partitioning is computed
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from scratch.</p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <em>group-ID</em> is currently ignored. In the future it may be used to
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determine what particles are considered for balancing. Normally it
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would only makes sense to use the <em>all</em> group. But in some cases it
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may be useful to balance on a subset of the particles, e.g. when
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modeling large nanoparticles in a background of small solvent
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particles.</p>
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<p>The <em>Nfreq</em> setting determines how often a rebalance is performed. If
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<em>Nfreq</em> > 0, then rebalancing will occur every <em>Nfreq</em> steps. Each
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time a rebalance occurs, a reneighboring is triggered, so <em>Nfreq</em>
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should not be too small. If <em>Nfreq</em> = 0, then rebalancing will be
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done every time reneighboring normally occurs, as determined by the
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the <a class="reference internal" href="neighbor.html"><em>neighbor</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="neigh_modify.html"><em>neigh_modify</em></a>
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command settings.</p>
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<p>On rebalance steps, rebalancing will only be attempted if the current
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imbalance factor, as defined above, exceeds the <em>thresh</em> setting.</p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <em>shift</em> style invokes a “grid” method for balancing, as described
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above. It changes the positions of cutting planes between processors
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in an iterative fashion, seeking to reduce the imbalance factor.</p>
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<p>The <em>dimstr</em> argument is a string of characters, each of which must be
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an “x” or “y” or “z”. Eacn character can appear zero or one time,
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since there is no advantage to balancing on a dimension more than
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once. You should normally only list dimensions where you expect there
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to be a density variation in the particles.</p>
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<p>Balancing proceeds by adjusting the cutting planes in each of the
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dimensions listed in <em>dimstr</em>, one dimension at a time. For a single
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dimension, the balancing operation (described below) is iterated on up
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to <em>Niter</em> times. After each dimension finishes, the imbalance factor
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is re-computed, and the balancing operation halts if the <em>stopthresh</em>
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criterion is met.</p>
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<p>A rebalance operation in a single dimension is performed using a
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density-dependent recursive multisectioning algorithm, where the
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position of each cutting plane (line in 2d) in the dimension is
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adjusted independently. This is similar to a recursive bisectioning
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for a single value, except that the bounds used for each bisectioning
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take advantage of information from neighboring cuts if possible, as
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well as counts of particles at the bounds on either side of each cuts,
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which themselves were cuts in previous iterations. The latter is used
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to infer a density of pariticles near each of the current cuts. At
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each iteration, the count of particles on either side of each plane is
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tallied. If the counts do not match the target value for the plane,
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the position of the cut is adjusted based on the local density. The
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low and high bounds are adjusted on each iteration, using new count
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information, so that they become closer together over time. Thus as
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the recursion progresses, the count of particles on either side of the
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plane gets closer to the target value.</p>
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<p>The density-dependent part of this algorithm is often an advantage
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when you rebalance a system that is already nearly balanced. It
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typically converges more quickly than the geometric bisectioning
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algorithm used by the <a class="reference internal" href="balance.html"><em>balance</em></a> command. However, if can
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be a disadvantage if you attempt to rebalance a system that is far
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from balanced, and converge more slowly. In this case you probably
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want to use the <a class="reference internal" href="balance.html"><em>balance</em></a> command before starting a run,
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so that you begin the run with a balanced system.</p>
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<p>Once the rebalancing is complete and final processor sub-domains
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assigned, particles migrate to their new owning processor as part of
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the normal reneighboring procedure.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p class="last">At each rebalance operation, the bisectioning for each cutting
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plane (line in 2d) typcially starts with low and high bounds separated
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by the extent of a processor’s sub-domain in one dimension. The size
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of this bracketing region shrinks based on the local density, as
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described above, which should typically be 1/2 or more every
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iteration. Thus if <em>Niter</em> is specified as 10, the cutting plane will
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typically be positioned to better than 1 part in 1000 accuracy
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(relative to the perfect target position). For <em>Niter</em> = 20, it will
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be accurate to better than 1 part in a million. Thus there is no need
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to set <em>Niter</em> to a large value. This is especially true if you are
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rebalancing often enough that each time you expect only an incremental
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adjustement in the cutting planes is necessary. LAMMPS will check if
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the threshold accuracy is reached (in a dimension) is less iterations
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than <em>Niter</em> and exit early.</p>
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</div>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <em>rcb</em> style invokes a “tiled” method for balancing, as described
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above. It performs a recursive coordinate bisectioning (RCB) of the
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simulation domain. The basic idea is as follows.</p>
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<p>The simulation domain is cut into 2 boxes by an axis-aligned cut in
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the longest dimension, leaving one new box on either side of the cut.
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All the processors are also partitioned into 2 groups, half assigned
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to the box on the lower side of the cut, and half to the box on the
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upper side. (If the processor count is odd, one side gets an extra
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processor.) The cut is positioned so that the number of atoms in the
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lower box is exactly the number that the processors assigned to that
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box should own for load balance to be perfect. This also makes load
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balance for the upper box perfect. The positioning is done
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iteratively, by a bisectioning method. Note that counting atoms on
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either side of the cut requires communication between all processors
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at each iteration.</p>
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<p>That is the procedure for the first cut. Subsequent cuts are made
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recursively, in exactly the same manner. The subset of processors
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assigned to each box make a new cut in the longest dimension of that
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box, splitting the box, the subset of processsors, and the atoms in
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the box in two. The recursion continues until every processor is
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assigned a sub-box of the entire simulation domain, and owns the atoms
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in that sub-box.</p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <em>out</em> keyword writes a text file to the specified <em>filename</em> with
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the results of each rebalancing operation. The file contains the
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bounds of the sub-domain for each processor after the balancing
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operation completes. The format of the file is compatible with the
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<a class="reference external" href="pizza">Pizza.py</a> <em>mdump</em> tool which has support for manipulating and
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visualizing mesh files. An example is shown here for a balancing by 4
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processors for a 2d problem:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>ITEM: TIMESTEP
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0
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ITEM: NUMBER OF NODES
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16
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ITEM: BOX BOUNDS
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0 10
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0 10
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0 10
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ITEM: NODES
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1 1 0 0 0
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2 1 5 0 0
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3 1 5 5 0
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4 1 0 5 0
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5 1 5 0 0
|
|
6 1 10 0 0
|
|
7 1 10 5 0
|
|
8 1 5 5 0
|
|
9 1 0 5 0
|
|
10 1 5 5 0
|
|
11 1 5 10 0
|
|
12 1 10 5 0
|
|
13 1 5 5 0
|
|
14 1 10 5 0
|
|
15 1 10 10 0
|
|
16 1 5 10 0
|
|
ITEM: TIMESTEP
|
|
0
|
|
ITEM: NUMBER OF SQUARES
|
|
4
|
|
ITEM: SQUARES
|
|
1 1 1 2 3 4
|
|
2 1 5 6 7 8
|
|
3 1 9 10 11 12
|
|
4 1 13 14 15 16
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The coordinates of all the vertices are listed in the NODES section, 5
|
|
per processor. Note that the 4 sub-domains share vertices, so there
|
|
will be duplicate nodes in the list.</p>
|
|
<p>The “SQUARES” section lists the node IDs of the 4 vertices in a
|
|
rectangle for each processor (1 to 4).</p>
|
|
<p>For a 3d problem, the syntax is similar with 8 vertices listed for
|
|
each processor, instead of 4, and “SQUARES” replaced by “CUBES”.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr class="docutils" />
|
|
<div class="section" id="restart-fix-modify-output-run-start-stop-minimize-info">
|
|
<h2>Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info<a class="headerlink" href="#restart-fix-modify-output-run-start-stop-minimize-info" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>No information about this fix is written to <a class="reference internal" href="restart.html"><em>binary restart files</em></a>. None of the <a class="reference internal" href="fix_modify.html"><em>fix_modify</em></a> options
|
|
are relevant to this fix.</p>
|
|
<p>This fix computes a global scalar which is the imbalance factor
|
|
after the most recent rebalance and a global vector of length 3 with
|
|
additional information about the most recent rebalancing. The 3
|
|
values in the vector are as follows:</p>
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|
<li>1 = max # of particles per processor</li>
|
|
<li>2 = total # iterations performed in last rebalance</li>
|
|
<li>3 = imbalance factor right before the last rebalance was performed</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>As explained above, the imbalance factor is the ratio of the maximum
|
|
number of particles on any processor to the average number of
|
|
particles per processor.</p>
|
|
<p>These quantities can be accessed by various <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-15"><span>output commands</span></a>. The scalar and vector values
|
|
calculated by this fix are “intensive”.</p>
|
|
<p>No parameter of this fix can be used with the <em>start/stop</em> keywords of
|
|
the <a class="reference internal" href="run.html"><em>run</em></a> command. This fix is not invoked during <a class="reference internal" href="minimize.html"><em>energy minimization</em></a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr class="docutils" />
|
|
<div class="section" id="restrictions">
|
|
<h2>Restrictions<a class="headerlink" href="#restrictions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>For 2d simulations, a “z” cannot appear in <em>dimstr</em> for the <em>shift</em>
|
|
style.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="related-commands">
|
|
<h2>Related commands<a class="headerlink" href="#related-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p><a class="reference internal" href="processors.html"><em>processors</em></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="balance.html"><em>balance</em></a></p>
|
|
<p><strong>Default:</strong> none</p>
|
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