2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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"LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
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:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
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:link(ld,Manual.html)
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:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
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:line
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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fix rigid command :h3
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fix rigid/nve command :h3
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fix rigid/nvt command :h3
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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[Syntax:]
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fix ID group-ID style bodystyle args keyword values ... :pre
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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ID, group-ID are documented in "fix"_fix.html command :ulb,l
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style = {rigid} or {rigid/nve} or {rigid/nvt} :l
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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bodystyle = {single} or {molecule} or {group} :l
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{single} args = none
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{molecule} args = none
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{group} args = N groupID1 groupID2 ...
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N = # of groups
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groupID1, groupID2, ... = list of N group IDs :pre
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zero or more keyword/value pairs may be appended :l
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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keyword = {langevin} or {temp} or {tparam} or {force} or {torque} :l
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{langevin} values = Tstart Tstop Tperiod seed
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Tstart,Tstop = desired temperature at start/stop of run (temperature units)
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Tdamp = temperature damping parameter (time units)
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seed = random number seed to use for white noise (positive integer)
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{temp} values = Tstart Tstop Tdamp
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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Tstart,Tstop = desired temperature at start/stop of run (temperature units)
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Tdamp = temperature damping parameter (time units)
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{tparam} values = Tchain Titer Torder
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Tchain = length of Nose/Hoover thermostat chain
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Titer = number of thermostat iterations performed
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Torder = 3 or 5 = Yoshida-Suzuki integration parameters
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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{force} values = M xflag yflag zflag
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M = which rigid body from 1-Nbody (see asterisk form below)
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xflag,yflag,zflag = off/on if component of center-of-mass force is active
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{torque} values = M xflag yflag zflag
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M = which rigid body from 1-Nbody (see asterisk form below)
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xflag,yflag,zflag = off/on if component of center-of-mass torque is active :pre
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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:ule
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[Examples:]
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fix 1 clump rigid single
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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fix 1 clump rigid single force 1 off off on langevin 1.0 1.0 1.0 428984
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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fix 1 polychains rigid/nvt molecule temp 1.0 1.0 5.0
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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fix 1 polychains rigid molecule force 1*5 off off off force 6*10 off off on
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fix 2 fluid rigid group 3 clump1 clump2 clump3 torque * off off off :pre
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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[Description:]
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2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
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Treat one or more sets of atoms as independent rigid bodies. This
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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means that each timestep the total force and torque on each rigid body
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is computed as the sum of the forces and torques on its constituent
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particles and the coordinates, velocities, and orientations of the
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atoms in each body are updated so that the body moves and rotates as a
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single entity.
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Examples of large rigid bodies are a large colloidal particle, or
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portions of a large biomolecule such as a protein.
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Example of small rigid bodies are patchy nanoparticles, such as those
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2009-07-01 01:27:43 +08:00
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modeled in "this paper"_#Zhang by Sharon Glotzer's group, clumps of
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granular particles, lipid molecules consiting of one or more point
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dipoles connected to other spheroids or ellipsoids, and coarse-grain
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models of nano or colloidal particles consisting of a small number of
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constituent particles. Note that the "fix shake"_fix_shake.html
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command can also be used to rigidify small molecules of 2, 3, or 4
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atoms, e.g. water molecules. That fix treats the constituent atoms as
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point masses.
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2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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These fixes also update the positions and velocities of the atoms in
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each rigid body via time integration. The {rigid} and {rigid/nve}
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styles do this via constant NVE integration. The only difference is
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that the {rigid} style uses an integration technique based on
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Richardson iterations. The {rigid/nve} style uses the methods
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described in the paper by "Miller"_#Miller, which are thought to
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provide better energy conservation than an iterative approach.
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The {rigid/nvt} style performs constant NVT integration using a
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Nose/Hoover thermostat with chains as described originally in
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"(Hoover)"_#Hoover and "(Martyna)"_#Martyna, which thermostats both
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the translational and rotational degrees of freedom of the rigid
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bodies. The rigid-body algorithm used by {rigid/nvt} is described in
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the paper by "Kamberaj"_#Kamberaj.
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IMPORTANT NOTE: You should not update the atoms in rigid bodies via
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other time-integration fixes (e.g. nve, nvt, npt), or you will be
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integrating their motion more than once each timestep.
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IMPORTANT NOTE: These fixes are overkill if you simply want to hold a
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collection of atoms stationary or have them move with a constant
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velocity. A simpler way to hold atoms stationary is to not include
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those atoms in your time integration fix. E.g. use "fix 1 mobile nve"
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instead of "fix 1 all nve", where "mobile" is the group of atoms that
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you want to move. You can move atoms with a constant velocity by
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assigning them an initial velocity (via the "velocity"_velocity.html
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command), setting the force on them to 0.0 (via the "fix
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setforce"_fix_setforce.html command), and integrating them as usual
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(e.g. via the "fix nve"_fix_nve.html command).
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:line
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2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
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The constituent particles within a rigid body can be point particles
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2011-04-14 05:39:34 +08:00
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(the default in LAMMPS) or finite-size particles, such as spheres and
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ellipsoids. See the "atom_style sphere and ellipsoid"_atom_style.html
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commands for more details on these kinds of particles. Finite-size
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particles contribute differently to the moment of inertia of a rigid
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body than do point particles. Finite-size particles can also
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experience torque (e.g. due to "frictional granular
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2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
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interactions"_pair_gran.html) and have an orientation. These
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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contributions are accounted for by these fixes.
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2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
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Forces between particles within a body do not contribute to the
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external force or torque on the body. Thus for computational
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efficiency, you may wish to turn off pairwise and bond interactions
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between particles within each rigid body. The "neigh_modify
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exclude"_neigh_modify.html and "delete_bonds"_delete_bonds.html
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commands are used to do this. For finite-size particles this also
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means the particles can be highly overlapped when creating the rigid
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body.
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:line
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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Each body must have two or more atoms. An atom can belong to at most
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one rigid body. Which atoms are in which bodies can be defined via
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several options.
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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For bodystyle {single} the entire fix group of atoms is treated as one
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rigid body.
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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For bodystyle {molecule}, each set of atoms in the fix group with a
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different molecule ID is treated as a rigid body.
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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For bodystyle {group}, each of the listed groups is treated as a
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separate rigid body. Only atoms that are also in the fix group are
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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included in each rigid body.
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2011-02-16 05:14:11 +08:00
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IMPORTANT NOTE: To compute the initial center-of-mass position and
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other properties of each rigid body, the image flags for each atom in
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the body are used to "unwrap" the atom coordinates. Thus you must
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insure that these image flags are consistent so that the unwrapping
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creates a valid rigid body (one where the atoms are close together),
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particularly if the atoms in a single rigid body straddle a periodic
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boundary. This means the input data file or restart file must define
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the image flags for each atom consistently or that you have used the
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"set"_set.html command to specify them correctly. If a dimension is
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non-periodic then the image flag of each atom must be 0 in that
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dimension, else an error is generated.
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2009-10-30 00:10:55 +08:00
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By default, each rigid body is acted on by other atoms which induce an
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external force and torque on its center of mass, causing it to
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translate and rotate. Components of the external center-of-mass force
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and torque can be turned off by the {force} and {torque} keywords.
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This may be useful if you wish a body to rotate but not translate, or
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vice versa, or if you wish it to rotate or translate continuously
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unaffected by interactions with other particles. Note that if you
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expect a rigid body not to move or rotate by using these keywords, you
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must insure its initial center-of-mass translational or angular
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velocity is 0.0. Otherwise the initial translational or angular
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momentum the body has will persist.
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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An xflag, yflag, or zflag set to {off} means turn off the component of
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force of torque in that dimension. A setting of {on} means turn on
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the component, which is the default. Which rigid body(s) the settings
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apply to is determined by the first argument of the {force} and
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{torque} keywords. It can be an integer M from 1 to Nbody, where
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Nbody is the number of rigid bodies defined. A wild-card asterisk can
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be used in place of, or in conjunction with, the M argument to set the
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flags for multiple rigid bodies. This takes the form "*" or "*n" or
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"n*" or "m*n". If N = the number of rigid bodies, then an asterisk
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with no numeric values means all bodies from 1 to N. A leading
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asterisk means all bodies from 1 to n (inclusive). A trailing
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asterisk means all bodies from n to N (inclusive). A middle asterisk
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2009-01-15 08:21:36 +08:00
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means all types from m to n (inclusive). Note that you can use the
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{force} or {torque} keywords as many times as you like. If a
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particular rigid body has its component flags set multiple times, the
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settings from the final keyword are used.
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2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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For computational efficiency, you may wish to turn off pairwise and
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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bond interactions within each rigid body, as they no longer contribute
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to the motion. The "neigh_modify exclude"_neigh_modify.html and
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"delete_bonds"_delete_bonds.html commands are used to do this.
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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For computational efficiency, you should typically define one fix
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rigid which includes all the desired rigid bodies. LAMMPS will allow
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multiple rigid fixes to be defined, but it is more expensive.
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:line
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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The keyword/value option pairs are used in the following ways.
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The {langevin} and {temp} and {tparam} keywords perform thermostatting
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of the rigid bodies, altering both their translational and rotational
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degrees of freedom. What is meant by "temperature" of a collection of
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rigid bodies and how it can be monitored via the fix output is
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discussed below.
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The {langevin} keyword applies a Langevin thermostat to the constant
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NVE time integration performed by either the {rigid} or {rigid/nve}
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styles. It cannot be used with the {rigid/nvt} style. The desired
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temperature at each timestep is a ramped value during the run from
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{Tstart} to {Tstop}. The {Tdamp} parameter is specified in time units
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and determines how rapidly the temperature is relaxed. For example, a
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value of 100.0 means to relax the temperature in a timespan of
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(roughly) 100 time units (tau or fmsec or psec - see the
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"units"_units.html command). The random # {seed} must be a positive
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integer. The way the Langevin thermostatting operates is explained on
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the "fix langevin"_fix_langevin.html doc page.
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The {temp} and {tparam} keywords apply a Nose/Hoover thermostat to the
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NVT time integration performed by the {rigid/nvt} style. They cannot
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be used with the {rigid} or {rigid/nve} styles. The desired
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temperature at each timestep is a ramped value during the run from
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{Tstart} to {Tstop}. The {Tdamp} parameter is specified in time units
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and determines how rapidly the temperature is relaxed. For example, a
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value of 100.0 means to relax the temperature in a timespan of
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(roughly) 100 time units (tau or fmsec or psec - see the
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"units"_units.html command).
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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Nose/Hoover chains are used in conjunction with this thermostat. The
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{tparam} keyword can optionally be used to change the chain settings
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used. {Tchain} is the number of thermostats in the Nose Hoover chain.
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This value, along with {Tdamp} can be varied to dampen undesirable
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oscillations in temperature that can occur in a simulation. As a rule
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of thumb, increasing the chain length should lead to smaller
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oscillations.
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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IMPORTANT NOTE: There are alternate ways to thermostat a system of
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rigid bodies. You can use "fix langevin"_fix_langevin.html to treat
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the individual particles in the rigid bodies as effectively immersed
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in an implicit solvent, e.g. a Brownian dynamics model. For hybrid
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systems with both rigid bodies and solvent particles, you can
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thermostat only the solvent particles that surround one or more rigid
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bodies by appropriate choice of groups in the compute and fix commands
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for temperature and thermostatting. The solvent interactions with the
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rigid bodies should then effectively thermostat the rigid body
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temperature as well without use of the Langevin or Nose/Hoover options
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associated with the fix rigid commands.
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2009-07-02 22:39:37 +08:00
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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:line
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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The keyword/value option pairs are used in the following ways.
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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If you use a "temperature compute"_compute.html with a group that
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includes particles in rigid bodies, the degrees-of-freedom removed by
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each rigid body are accounted for in the temperature (and pressure)
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computation, but only if the temperature group includes all the
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particles in a particular rigid body.
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2009-07-02 22:39:37 +08:00
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2009-07-02 23:09:14 +08:00
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A 3d rigid body has 6 degrees of freedom (3 translational, 3
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rotational), except for a collection of point particles lying on a
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straight line, which has only 5, e.g a dimer. A 2d rigid body has 3
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degrees of freedom (2 translational, 1 rotational).
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IMPORTANT NOTE: You may wish to explicitly subtract additional
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degrees-of-freedom if you use the {force} and {torque} keywords to
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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eliminate certain motions of one or more rigid bodies. LAMMPS does
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2009-07-02 23:09:14 +08:00
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not do this automatically.
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2009-01-23 02:56:18 +08:00
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The rigid body contribution to the pressure of the system (virial) is
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also accounted for by this fix.
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2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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2007-08-29 22:13:51 +08:00
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IMPORTANT NOTE: The periodic image flags of atoms in rigid bodies are
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2010-10-07 22:59:11 +08:00
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altered so that the rigid body can be reconstructed correctly when it
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straddles periodic boundaries. The atom image flags are not
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2010-10-07 23:10:14 +08:00
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incremented/decremented as they would be for non-rigid atoms as the
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rigid body crosses periodic boundaries. This means you cannot
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interpret them as you normally would. For example, the image flag
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values written to a "dump file"_dump.html will be different than they
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would be if the atoms were not in a rigid body. Likewise the "compute
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msd"_compute_msd.html will not compute the expected mean-squared
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displacement for such atoms if the body moves across periodic
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boundaries. It also means that if you have bonds between a pair of
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rigid bodies and the bond straddles a periodic boundary, you cannot
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use the "replicate"_replicate.html command to increase the system
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size. Note that this fix does define image flags for each rigid body,
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which are incremented when the rigid body crosses a periodic boundary
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in the usual way. These image flags have the same meaning as atom
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images (see the "dump" command) and can be accessed and output as
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described below.
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2007-08-29 22:13:51 +08:00
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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:line
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2007-10-11 06:28:11 +08:00
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[Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:]
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2007-06-26 08:03:39 +08:00
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2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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No information about the {rigid} and {rigid/nve} fixes are written to
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"binary restart files"_restart.html. For style {rigid/nvt} the state
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of the Nose/Hoover thermostat is written to "binary restart
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files"_restart.html. See the "read_restart"_read_restart.html command
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for info on how to re-specify a fix in an input script that reads a
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restart file, so that the operation of the fix continues in an
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uninterrupted fashion.
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2010-11-24 23:04:48 +08:00
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The "fix_modify"_fix_modify.html {energy} option is supported by the
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rigid/nvt fix to add the energy change induced by the thermostatting
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to the system's potential energy as part of "thermodynamic
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output"_thermo_style.html.
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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The rigid and rigid/nve fixes computes a global scalar which can be
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2011-08-26 01:01:01 +08:00
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accessed by various "output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15.
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The scalar value calculated by these fixes is "intensive". The scalar
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is the current temperature of the collection of rigid bodies. This is
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2011-04-30 00:27:56 +08:00
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averaged over all rigid bodies and their translational and rotational
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degrees of freedom. The translational energy of a rigid body is 1/2 m
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v^2, where m = total mass of the body and v = the velocity of its
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center of mass. The rotational energy of a rigid body is 1/2 I w^2,
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where I = the moment of inertia tensor of the body and w = its angular
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velocity. Degrees of freedom constrained by the {force} and {torque}
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keywords are removed from this calculation.
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2010-11-24 23:04:48 +08:00
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The rigid/nvt fix computes a global scalar which can be accessed by
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2011-08-26 01:01:01 +08:00
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various "output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15. The scalar
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value calculated by the rigid/nvt fix is "extensive". The scalar is
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the cumulative energy change due to the thermostatting the fix
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performs.
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2010-11-24 23:04:48 +08:00
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All of these fixes compute a global array of values which can be
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2011-08-26 01:01:01 +08:00
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accessed by various "output commands"_Section_howto.html#howto_15.
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The number of rows in the array is equal to the number of rigid
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bodies. The number of columns is 15. Thus for each rigid body, 15
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values are stored: the xyz coords of the center of mass (COM), the xyz
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components of the COM velocity, the xyz components of the force acting
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on the COM, the xyz components of the torque acting on the COM, and
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the xyz image flags of the COM, which have the same meaning as image
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flags for atom positions (see the "dump" command). The force and
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torque values in the array are not affected by the {force} and
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{torque} keywords in the fix rigid command; they reflect values before
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any changes are made by those keywords.
|
2009-12-19 01:25:39 +08:00
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The ordering of the rigid bodies (by row in the array) is as follows.
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For the {single} keyword there is just one rigid body. For the
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{molecule} keyword, the bodies are ordered by ascending molecule ID.
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For the {group} keyword, the list of group IDs determines the ordering
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of bodies.
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|
2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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The array values calculated by these fixes are "intensive", meaning
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they are independent of the number of atoms in the simulation.
|
2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
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|
2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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No parameter of these fixes can be used with the {start/stop} keywords
|
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|
of the "run"_run.html command. These fixes are not invoked during
|
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|
"energy minimization"_minimize.html.
|
2007-06-26 08:03:39 +08:00
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|
2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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[Restrictions:]
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|
2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
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|
These fixes performs an MPI_Allreduce each timestep that is
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|
proportional in length to the number of rigid bodies. Hence they will
|
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|
not scale well in parallel if large numbers of rigid bodies are
|
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|
simulated.
|
2006-09-22 00:22:34 +08:00
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|
[Related commands:]
|
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|
|
"delete_bonds"_delete_bonds.html, "neigh_modify"_neigh_modify.html
|
|
|
|
exclude
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|
2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
|
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|
[Default:]
|
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|
2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
|
|
|
The option defaults are force * on on on and torque * on on on,
|
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|
|
meaning all rigid bodies are acted on by center-of-mass force and
|
|
|
|
torque. Also Tchain = 10, Titer = 1, Torder = 3.
|
2009-01-13 22:38:26 +08:00
|
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|
2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
|
|
|
:line
|
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|
|
2010-05-02 08:59:55 +08:00
|
|
|
:link(Hoover)
|
|
|
|
[(Hoover)] Hoover, Phys Rev A, 31, 1695 (1985).
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
:link(Kamberaj)
|
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|
|
[(Kamberaj)] Kamberaj, Low, Neal, J Chem Phys, 122, 224114 (2005).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:link(Martyna)
|
|
|
|
[(Martyna)] Martyna, Klein, Tuckerman, J Chem Phys, 97, 2635 (1992);
|
|
|
|
Martyna, Tuckerman, Tobias, Klein, Mol Phys, 87, 1117.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:link(Miller)
|
|
|
|
[(Miller)] Miller, Eleftheriou, Pattnaik, Ndirango, and Newns,
|
|
|
|
J Chem Phys, 116, 8649 (2002).
|
|
|
|
|
2009-07-01 01:27:43 +08:00
|
|
|
:link(Zhang)
|
2009-07-01 01:19:42 +08:00
|
|
|
[(Zhang)] Zhang, Glotzer, Nanoletters, 4, 1407-1413 (2004).
|