The big kernel lock has been removed from all these files at some point,
leaving only the #include.
Remove this too as a cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We used to protect against overflow, but rather than return an error, do
what read/write does, namely to limit the total size to MAX_RW_COUNT.
This is not only more consistent, but it also means that any broken
low-level read/write routine that still keeps counts in 'int' can't
break.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, rw_verify_area() checsk f_pos is negative or not. And if negative,
returns -EINVAL.
But, some special files as /dev/(k)mem and /proc/<pid>/mem etc.. has
negative offsets. And we can't do any access via read/write to the
file(device).
So introduce FMODE_UNSIGNED_OFFSET to allow negative file offsets.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
All file operations now have an explicit .llseek
operation pointer, so we can change the default
action for future code.
This makes changes the default from default_llseek
to no_llseek, which always returns -ESPIPE if
a user tries to seek on a file without a .llseek
operation.
The name of the default_llseek function remains
unchanged, if anyone thinks we should change it,
please speak up.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
There are currently 191 users of default_llseek.
Nine of these are in device drivers that use the
big kernel lock. None of these ever touch
file->f_pos outside of llseek or file_pos_write.
Consequently, we never rely on the BKL
in the default_llseek function and can
replace that with i_mutex, which is also
used in generic_file_llseek.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
fanotify, the upcoming notification system actually needs a struct path so it can
do opens in the context of listeners, and it needs a file so it can get f_flags
from the original process. Close was the only operation that already was passing
a struct file to the notification hook. This patch passes a file for access,
modify, and open as well as they are easily available to these hooks.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
This is an implementation of ->llseek useable for the rare special case
when userspace expects the seek to succeed but the (device) file is
actually not able to perform the seek. In this case you use noop_llseek()
instead of falling back to the default implementation of ->llseek.
Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
do_sync_read/write() should set kiocb.ki_nbytes to be consistent with
do_sync_readv_writev().
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sendfile(2) was reworked with the splice infrastructure, but it still
checks f_op.sendpage() instead of f_op.splice_write() wrongly. Although
if f_op.sendpage() exists, f_op.splice_write() always exists at the same
time currently, the assumption will be broken in future silently. This
patch also brings a side effect: sendfile(2) can work with any output
file. Some security checks related to f_op are added too.
Signed-off-by: Changli Gao <xiaosuo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
As Johannes Weiner pointed out, one of the range checks in do_sendfile
is redundant and is already checked in rw_verify_area.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Robert Love <rlove@google.com>
Cc: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
If f_op->splice_read() is not implemented, fall back to a plain read.
Use vfs_readv() to read into previously allocated pages.
This will allow splice and functions using splice, such as the loop
device, to work on all filesystems. This includes "direct_io" files
in fuse which bypass the page cache.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Instead of always splitting the file offset into 32-bit 'high' and 'low'
parts, just split them into the largest natural word-size - which in C
terms is 'unsigned long'.
This allows 64-bit architectures to avoid the unnecessary 32-bit
shifting and masking for native format (while the compat interfaces will
obviously always have to do it).
This also changes the order of 'high' and 'low' to be "low first". Why?
Because when we have it like this, the 64-bit system calls now don't use
the "pos_high" argument at all, and it makes more sense for the native
system call to simply match the user-mode prototype.
This results in a much more natural calling convention, and allows the
compiler to generate much more straightforward code. On x86-64, we now
generate
testq %rcx, %rcx # pos_l
js .L122 #,
movq %rcx, -48(%rbp) # pos_l, pos
from the C source
loff_t pos = pos_from_hilo(pos_h, pos_l);
...
if (pos < 0)
return -EINVAL;
and the 'pos_h' register isn't even touched. It used to generate code
like
mov %r8d, %r8d # pos_low, pos_low
salq $32, %rcx #, tmp71
movq %r8, %rax # pos_low, pos.386
orq %rcx, %rax # tmp71, pos.386
js .L122 #,
movq %rax, -48(%rbp) # pos.386, pos
which isn't _that_ horrible, but it does show how the natural word size
is just a more sensible interface (same arguments will hold in the user
level glibc wrapper function, of course, so the kernel side is just half
of the equation!)
Note: in all cases the user code wrapper can again be the same. You can
just do
#define HALF_BITS (sizeof(unsigned long)*4)
__syscall(PWRITEV, fd, iov, count, offset, (offset >> HALF_BITS) >> HALF_BITS);
or something like that. That way the user mode wrapper will also be
nicely passing in a zero (it won't actually have to do the shifts, the
compiler will understand what is going on) for the last argument.
And that is a good idea, even if nobody will necessarily ever care: if
we ever do move to a 128-bit lloff_t, this particular system call might
be left alone. Of course, that will be the least of our worries if we
really ever need to care, so this may not be worth really caring about.
[ Fixed for lost 'loff_t' cast noticed by Andrew Morton ]
Acked-by: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-api@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds preadv and pwritev system calls. These syscalls are a
pretty straightforward combination of pread and readv (same for write).
They are quite useful for doing vectored I/O in threaded applications.
Using lseek+readv instead opens race windows you'll have to plug with
locking.
Other systems have such system calls too, for example NetBSD, check
here: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/preadv.2.html
The application-visible interface provided by glibc should look like
this to be compatible to the existing implementations in the *BSD family:
ssize_t preadv(int d, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, off_t offset);
ssize_t pwritev(int d, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, off_t offset);
This prototype has one problem though: On 32bit archs is the (64bit)
offset argument unaligned, which the syscall ABI of several archs doesn't
allow to do. At least s390 needs a wrapper in glibc to handle this. As
we'll need a wrappers in glibc anyway I've decided to push problem to
glibc entriely and use a syscall prototype which works without
arch-specific wrappers inside the kernel: The offset argument is
explicitly splitted into two 32bit values.
The patch sports the actual system call implementation and the windup in
the x86 system call tables. Other archs follow as separate patches.
Signed-off-by: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: <linux-api@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
System calls with an unsigned long long argument can't be converted with
the standard wrappers since that would include a cast to long, which in
turn means that we would lose the upper 32 bit on 32 bit architectures.
Also semctl can't use the standard wrapper since it has a 'union'
parameter.
So we handle them as special case and add some extra wrappers instead.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Convert all system calls to return a long. This should be a NOP since all
converted types should have the same size anyway.
With the exception of sys_exit_group which returned void. But that doesn't
matter since the system call doesn't return.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
This patch fixes a race condition in lseek. While it is expected that
unpredictable behaviour may result while repositioning the offset of a
file descriptor concurrently with reading/writing to the same file
descriptor, this should not happen when merely *reading* the file
descriptor's offset.
Unfortunately, the only portable way in Unix to read a file
descriptor's offset is lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR); however executing this
concurrently with read/write may mess up the position.
[with fixes from akpm]
Signed-off-by: Alain Knaff <alain@knaff.lu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Add kerneldoc for generic_file_llseek and generic_file_llseek_unlocked,
use sane variable names and unclutter the code.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
- Replace remote_llseek with generic_file_llseek_unlocked (to force compilation
failures in all users)
- Change all users to either use generic_file_llseek_unlocked directly or
take the BKL around. I changed the file systems who don't use the BKL
for anything (CIFS, GFS) to call it directly. NCPFS and SMBFS and NFS
take the BKL, but explicitely in their own source now.
I moved them all over in a single patch to avoid unbisectable sections.
Open problem: 32bit kernels can corrupt fpos because its modification
is not atomic, but they can do that anyways because there's other paths who
modify it without BKL.
Do we need a special lock for the pos/f_version = 0 checks?
Trond says the NFS BKL is likely not needed, but keep it for now
until his full audit.
v2: Use generic_file_llseek_unlocked instead of remote_llseek_unlocked
and factor duplicated code (suggested by hch)
Cc: Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com
Cc: swhiteho@redhat.com
Cc: sfrench@samba.org
Cc: vandrove@vc.cvut.cz
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
These exports (which aren't used and which are in fact dangerous to use
because they pretty much form a security hole to use) have been marked
_UNUSED since 2.6.24 with removal in 2.6.25. This patch is their final
departure from the Linux kernel tree.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All instances of rw_verify_area() are followed by a call to
security_file_permission(), so just call the latter from the former.
Acked-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
sys_open / sys_read were used in the early 1.2 days to load firmware from
disk inside drivers. Since 2.0 or so this was deprecated behavior, but
several drivers still were using this. Since a few years we have a
request_firmware() API that implements this in a nice, consistent way.
Only some old ISA sound drivers (pre-ALSA) still straggled along for some
time.... however with commit c2b1239a9f the
last user is now gone.
This is a good thing, since using sys_open / sys_read etc for firmware is a
very buggy to dangerous thing to do; these operations put an fd in the
process file descriptor table.... which then can be tampered with from
other threads for example. For those who don't want the firmware loader,
filp_open()/vfs_read are the better APIs to use, without this security
issue.
The patch below marks sys_open and sys_read unused now that they're
really not used anymore, and for deletion in the 2.6.25 timeframe.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The combination of S_ISGID bit set and S_IXGRP bit unset is used to mark the
inode as "mandatory lockable" and there's a macro for this check called
MANDATORY_LOCK(inode). However, fs/locks.c and some filesystems still perform
the explicit i_mode checking. Besides, Andrew pointed out, that this macro is
buggy itself, as it dereferences the inode arg twice.
Convert this macro into static inline function and switch its users to it,
making the code shorter and more readable.
The __mandatory_lock() helper is to be used in places where the IS_MANDLOCK()
for superblock is already known to be true.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov>
Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
There are now zero users of .sendfile() in the kernel, so kill
it from the file_operations structure and in do_sendfile().
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
We need to move even more stuff into the header so that folks can use
the splice_to_pipe() implementation instead of open-coding a lot of
pipe knowledge (see relay implementation), so move to our own header
file finally.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
This patch makes sendfile prefer to use ->splice_read(), if it's
available in the file_operations structure.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Add SEEK_MAX and use it to validate lseek arguments from userspace.
Signed-off-by: Chris Snook <csnook@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert magic numbers to SEEK_* values from fs.h
Signed-off-by: Chris Snook <csnook@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
oprofile hunting showed a stall in rw_verify_area(), because of triple
indirection and potential cache misses.
(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_flock)
By moving initialization of 'struct inode' pointer before the pos/count
sanity tests, we allow the compiler and processor to perform two loads by
anticipation, reducing stall, without prefetch() hints. Even x86 arch has
enough registers to not use temporary variables and not increase text size.
I validated this patch running a bench and studied oprofile changes, and
absolute perf of the test program.
Results of my epoll_pipe_bench (source available on request) on a Pentium-M
1.6 GHz machine
Before :
# ./epoll_pipe_bench -l 30 -t 20
Avg: 436089 evts/sec read_count=8843037 write_count=8843040 21.218390 samples
per call
(best value out of 10 runs)
After :
# ./epoll_pipe_bench -l 30 -t 20
Avg: 470980 evts/sec read_count=9549871 write_count=9549894 21.216694 samples
per call
(best value out of 10 runs)
oprofile CPU_CLK_UNHALTED events gave a reduction from 5.3401 % to 2.5851 %
for the rw_verify_area() function.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
They are fat: 4x8 bytes in task_struct.
They are uncoditionally updated in every fork, read, write and sendfile.
They are used only if you have some "extended acct fields feature".
And please, please, please, read(2) knows about bytes, not characters,
why it is called "rchar"?
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Jay Lan <jlan@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch changes struct file to use struct path instead of having
independent pointers to struct dentry and struct vfsmount, and converts all
users of f_{dentry,vfsmnt} in fs/ to use f_path.{dentry,mnt}.
Additionally, it adds two #define's to make the transition easier for users of
the f_dentry and f_vfsmnt.
Signed-off-by: Josef "Jeff" Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This work is initially done by Zach Brown to add support for vectored aio.
These are the core changes for AIO to support
IOCB_CMD_PREADV/IOCB_CMD_PWRITEV.
[akpm@osdl.org: huge build fix]
Signed-off-by: Zach Brown <zach.brown@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Benjamin LaHaise <bcrl@kvack.org>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch cleans up generic_file_*_read/write() interfaces. Christoph
Hellwig gave me the idea for this clean ups.
In a nutshell, all filesystems should set .aio_read/.aio_write methods and use
do_sync_read/ do_sync_write() as their .read/.write methods. This allows us
to cleanup all variants of generic_file_* routines.
Final available interfaces:
generic_file_aio_read() - read handler
generic_file_aio_write() - write handler
generic_file_aio_write_nolock() - no lock write handler
__generic_file_aio_write_nolock() - internal worker routine
Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch removes readv() and writev() methods and replaces them with
aio_read()/aio_write() methods.
Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch vectorizes aio_read() and aio_write() methods to prepare for
collapsing all aio & vectored operations into one interface - which is
aio_read()/aio_write().
Signed-off-by: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Michael Holzheu <HOLZHEU@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch marks an unused export as EXPORT_UNUSED_SYMBOL.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Also corrects a few comments. Patch mainly from Ingo, changes by me.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@suse.de>
This is a conversion to make the various file_operations structs in fs/
const. Basically a regexp job, with a few manual fixups
The goal is both to increase correctness (harder to accidentally write to
shared datastructures) and reducing the false sharing of cachelines with
things that get dirty in .data (while .rodata is nicely read only and thus
cache clean)
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
nr_segs is unsigned long and thus cannot be negative. We checked against 0
few lines before.
Signed-off-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch converts the inode semaphore to a mutex. I have tested it on
XFS and compiled as much as one can consider on an ia64. Anyway your
luck with it might be different.
Modified-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
(finished the conversion)
Signed-off-by: Jes Sorensen <jes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
In particular, allow over-large read- or write-requests to be downgraded
to a more reasonable range, rather than considering them outright errors.
We want to protect lower layers from (the sadly all too common) overflow
conditions, but prefer to do so by chopping the requests up, rather than
just refusing them outright.
Cc: Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ftp.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
it seems that readv(2)/writev(2) syscalls do not call
file_permission callback. Looks like this is overlook.
I have filled the issue into redhat bugzilla as
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=169433
and got the recommendation to post this on lsm mailing list.
The following trivial patch solves the problem.
Signed-off-by: Kostik Belousov <kostikbel@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>
struct file cleanup: f_maxcount has an unique value (INT_MAX). Just use
the hard-wired value.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
inotify is intended to correct the deficiencies of dnotify, particularly
its inability to scale and its terrible user interface:
* dnotify requires the opening of one fd per each directory
that you intend to watch. This quickly results in too many
open files and pins removable media, preventing unmount.
* dnotify is directory-based. You only learn about changes to
directories. Sure, a change to a file in a directory affects
the directory, but you are then forced to keep a cache of
stat structures.
* dnotify's interface to user-space is awful. Signals?
inotify provides a more usable, simple, powerful solution to file change
notification:
* inotify's interface is a system call that returns a fd, not SIGIO.
You get a single fd, which is select()-able.
* inotify has an event that says "the filesystem that the item
you were watching is on was unmounted."
* inotify can watch directories or files.
Inotify is currently used by Beagle (a desktop search infrastructure),
Gamin (a FAM replacement), and other projects.
See Documentation/filesystems/inotify.txt.
Signed-off-by: Robert Love <rml@novell.com>
Cc: John McCutchan <ttb@tentacle.dhs.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Al Viro