The following 8 patches against 2.6.20-mm2 create a zone called ZONE_MOVABLE
that is only usable by allocations that specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and
__GFP_MOVABLE. This has the effect of keeping all non-movable pages within a
single memory partition while allowing movable allocations to be satisfied
from either partition. The patches may be applied with the list-based
anti-fragmentation patches that groups pages together based on mobility.
The size of the zone is determined by a kernelcore= parameter specified at
boot-time. This specifies how much memory is usable by non-movable
allocations and the remainder is used for ZONE_MOVABLE. Any range of pages
within ZONE_MOVABLE can be released by migrating the pages or by reclaiming.
When selecting a zone to take pages from for ZONE_MOVABLE, there are two
things to consider. First, only memory from the highest populated zone is
used for ZONE_MOVABLE. On the x86, this is probably going to be ZONE_HIGHMEM
but it would be ZONE_DMA on ppc64 or possibly ZONE_DMA32 on x86_64. Second,
the amount of memory usable by the kernel will be spread evenly throughout
NUMA nodes where possible. If the nodes are not of equal size, the amount of
memory usable by the kernel on some nodes may be greater than others.
By default, the zone is not as useful for hugetlb allocations because they are
pinned and non-migratable (currently at least). A sysctl is provided that
allows huge pages to be allocated from that zone. This means that the huge
page pool can be resized to the size of ZONE_MOVABLE during the lifetime of
the system assuming that pages are not mlocked. Despite huge pages being
non-movable, we do not introduce additional external fragmentation of note as
huge pages are always the largest contiguous block we care about.
Credit goes to Andy Whitcroft for catching a large variety of problems during
review of the patches.
This patch creates an additional zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. This zone is only usable
by allocations which specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and __GFP_MOVABLE. Hot-added
memory continues to be placed in their existing destination as there is no
mechanism to redirect them to a specific zone.
[y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix section mismatch of memory hotplug related code]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Limiting smaller allocation failures by fault injection helps to find real
possible bugs. Because higher order allocations are likely to fail and
zero-order allocations are not likely to fail.
This patch adds min-order parameter to fail_page_alloc. It specifies the
minimum page allocation order to be injected failures.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently zone_spanned_pages_in_node() and zone_absent_pages_in_node() are
non-static for ARCH_POPULATES_NODE_MAP and static otherwise. However, only
the non-static versions are __meminit annotated, despite only being called
from __meminit functions in either case.
zone_init_free_lists() is currently non-static and not __meminit annotated
either, despite only being called once in the entire tree by
init_currently_empty_zone(), which too is __meminit. So make it static and
properly annotated.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
.. which modpost started warning about.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
alloc_large_system_hash() is called at boot time to allocate space for
several large hash tables.
Lately, TCP hash table was changed and its bucketsize is not a power-of-two
anymore.
On most setups, alloc_large_system_hash() allocates one big page (order >
0) with __get_free_pages(GFP_ATOMIC, order). This single high_order page
has a power-of-two size, bigger than the needed size.
We can free all pages that wont be used by the hash table.
On a 1GB i386 machine, this patch saves 128 KB of LOWMEM memory.
TCP established hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 393216 bytes)
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make zonelist creation policy selectable from sysctl/boot option v6.
This patch makes NUMA's zonelist (of pgdat) order selectable.
Available order are Default(automatic)/ Node-based / Zone-based.
[Default Order]
The kernel selects Node-based or Zone-based order automatically.
[Node-based Order]
This policy treats the locality of memory as the most important parameter.
Zonelist order is created by each zone's locality. This means lower zones
(ex. ZONE_DMA) can be used before higher zone (ex. ZONE_NORMAL) exhausion.
IOW. ZONE_DMA will be in the middle of zonelist.
current 2.6.21 kernel uses this.
Pros.
* A user can expect local memory as much as possible.
Cons.
* lower zone will be exhansted before higher zone. This may cause OOM_KILL.
Maybe suitable if ZONE_DMA is relatively big and you never see OOM_KILL
because of ZONE_DMA exhaution and you need the best locality.
(example)
assume 2 node NUMA. node(0) has ZONE_DMA/ZONE_NORMAL, node(1) has ZONE_NORMAL.
*node(0)'s memory allocation order:
node(0)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s DMA -> node(1)'s NORMAL.
*node(1)'s memory allocation order:
node(1)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s DMA.
[Zone-based order]
This policy treats the zone type as the most important parameter.
Zonelist order is created by zone-type order. This means lower zone
never be used bofere higher zone exhaustion.
IOW. ZONE_DMA will be always at the tail of zonelist.
Pros.
* OOM_KILL(bacause of lower zone) occurs only if the whole zones are exhausted.
Cons.
* memory locality may not be best.
(example)
assume 2 node NUMA. node(0) has ZONE_DMA/ZONE_NORMAL, node(1) has ZONE_NORMAL.
*node(0)'s memory allocation order:
node(0)'s NORMAL -> node(1)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s DMA.
*node(1)'s memory allocation order:
node(1)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s NORMAL -> node(0)'s DMA.
bootoption "numa_zonelist_order=" and proc/sysctl is supporetd.
command:
%echo N > /proc/sys/vm/numa_zonelist_order
Will rebuild zonelist in Node-based order.
command:
%echo Z > /proc/sys/vm/numa_zonelist_order
Will rebuild zonelist in Zone-based order.
Thanks to Lee Schermerhorn, he gives me much help and codes.
[Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com: add check_highest_zone to build_zonelists_in_zone_order]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "jesse.barnes@intel.com" <jesse.barnes@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When building with memory hotplug enabled and cpu hotplug disabled, we
end up with the following section mismatch:
WARNING: mm/built-in.o(.text+0x4e58): Section mismatch: reference to
.init.text: (between 'free_area_init_node' and '__build_all_zonelists')
This happens as a result of:
-> free_area_init_node()
-> free_area_init_core()
-> zone_pcp_init() <-- all __meminit up to this point
-> zone_batchsize() <-- marked as __cpuinit fo
This happens because CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=n sets __cpuinit to __init, but
CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG=y unsets __meminit.
Changing zone_batchsize() to __devinit fixes this.
__devinit is the only thing that is common between CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y and
CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG=y. In the long run, perhaps this should be moved to
another section identifier completely. Without this, memory hot-add
of offline nodes (via hotadd_new_pgdat()) will oops if CPU hotplug is
not also enabled.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Acked-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
--
mm/page_alloc.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
mm/page_alloc.c:931: warning: 'setup_nr_node_ids' defined but not used
This is now the only (!) compiler warning I get in my UML build :)
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
modpost had two cases hardcoded for mm/
Shift over to __init_refok and kill the
hardcoded function names in modpost.
This has the drawback that the functions
will always be kept no matter configuration.
With previous code the function were placed in
init section if configuration allowed it.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Since it is referenced by memmap_init_zone (which is __meminit) via the
early_pfn_in_nid macro when CONFIG_NODES_SPAN_OTHER_NODES is set (which
basically means PowerPC 64).
This removes a section mismatch warning in those circumstances.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to
perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have
a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining
out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB.
Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated.
At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of
a processor.
Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm
statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining.
The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it
reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining
will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until
the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds.
Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required
on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory
can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the
number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2
nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512
nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being
caught in them.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since nonboot CPUs are now disabled after tasks and devices have been
frozen and the CPU hotplug infrastructure is used for this purpose, we need
special CPU hotplug notifications that will help the CPU-hotplug-aware
subsystems distinguish normal CPU hotplug events from CPU hotplug events
related to a system-wide suspend or resume operation in progress. This
patch introduces such notifications and causes them to be used during
suspend and resume transitions. It also changes all of the
CPU-hotplug-aware subsystems to take these notifications into consideration
(for now they are handled in the same way as the corresponding "normal"
ones).
[oleg@tv-sign.ru: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is add white list into modpost.c for some functions and
ia64's section to fix section mismatchs.
sparse_index_alloc() and zone_wait_table_init() calls bootmem allocator
at boot time, and kmalloc/vmalloc at hotplug time. If config
memory hotplug is on, there are references of bootmem allocater(init text)
from them (normal text). This is cause of section mismatch.
Bootmem is called by many functions and it must be
used only at boot time. I think __init of them should keep for
section mismatch check. So, I would like to register sparse_index_alloc()
and zone_wait_table_init() into white list.
In addition, ia64's .machvec section is function table of some platform
dependent code. It is mixture of .init.text and normal text. These
reference of __init functions are valid too.
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is to fix many section mismatches of code related to memory hotplug.
I checked compile with memory hotplug on/off on ia64 and x86-64 box.
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace direct invocations of SetPageNosave(), SetPageNosaveFree() etc. with
calls to inline functions that can be changed in subsequent patches without
modifying the code calling them.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The patch adds PageTail(page) and PageHead(page) to check if a page is the
head or the tail of a compound page. This is done by masking the two bits
describing the state of a compound page and then comparing them. So one
comparision and a branch instead of two bit checks and two branches.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If we add a new flag so that we can distinguish between the first page and the
tail pages then we can avoid to use page->private in the first page.
page->private == page for the first page, so there is no real information in
there.
Freeing up page->private makes the use of compound pages more transparent.
They become more usable like real pages. Right now we have to be careful f.e.
if we are going beyond PAGE_SIZE allocations in the slab on i386 because we
can then no longer use the private field. This is one of the issues that
cause us not to support debugging for page size slabs in SLAB.
Having page->private available for SLUB would allow more meta information in
the page struct. I can probably avoid the 16 bit ints that I have in there
right now.
Also if page->private is available then a compound page may be equipped with
buffer heads. This may free up the way for filesystems to support larger
blocks than page size.
We add PageTail as an alias of PageReclaim. Compound pages cannot currently
be reclaimed. Because of the alias one needs to check PageCompound first.
The RFC for the this approach was discussed at
http://marc.info/?t=117574302800001&r=1&w=2
[nacc@us.ibm.com: fix hugetlbfs]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The sysctl handler for min_free_kbytes calls setup_per_zone_pages_min() on
read or write. This function iterates through every zone and calls
spin_lock_irqsave() on the zone LRU lock. When reading min_free_kbytes,
this is a total waste of time that disables interrupts on the local
processor. It might even be noticable machines with large numbers of zones
if a process started constantly reading min_free_kbytes.
This patch only calls setup_per_zone_pages_min() only on write. Tested on
an x86 laptop and it did the right thing.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Generally we work under the assumption that memory the mem_map array is
contigious and valid out to MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES block of pages, ie. that if we
have validated any page within this MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES block we need not check
any other. This is not true when CONFIG_HOLES_IN_ZONE is set and we must
check each and every reference we make from a pfn.
Add a pfn_valid_within() helper which should be used when scanning pages
within a MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES block when we have already checked the validility
of the block normally with pfn_valid(). This can then be optimised away when
we do not have holes within a MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES block of pages.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The nr_cpu_ids value is currently only calculated in smp_init. However, it
may be needed before (SLUB needs it on kmem_cache_init!) and other kernel
components may also want to allocate dynamically sized per cpu array before
smp_init. So move the determination of possible cpus into sched_init()
where we already loop over all possible cpus early in boot.
Also initialize both nr_node_ids and nr_cpu_ids with the highest value they
could take. If we have accidental users before these values are determined
then the current valud of 0 may cause too small per cpu and per node arrays
to be allocated. If it is set to the maximum possible then we only waste
some memory for early boot users.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rename PG_checked to PG_owner_priv_1 to reflect its availablilty as a
private flag for use by the owner/allocator of the page. In the case of
pagecache pages (which might be considered to be owned by the mm),
filesystems may use the flag.
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The alien cache is a per cpu per node array allocated for every slab on the
system. Currently we size this array for all nodes that the kernel does
support. For IA64 this is 1024 nodes. So we allocate an array with 1024
objects even if we only boot a system with 4 nodes.
This patch uses "nr_node_ids" to determine the number of possible nodes
supported by a hardware configuration and only allocates an alien cache
sized for possible nodes.
The initialization of nr_node_ids occurred too late relative to the bootstrap
of the slab allocator and so I moved the setup_nr_node_ids() into
free_area_init_nodes().
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
highest_possible_node_id() is currently used to calculate the last possible
node idso that the network subsystem can figure out how to size per node
arrays.
I think having the ability to determine the maximum amount of nodes in a
system at runtime is useful but then we should name this entry
correspondingly, it should return the number of node_ids, and the the value
needs to be setup only once on bootup. The node_possible_map does not
change after bootup.
This patch introduces nr_node_ids and replaces the use of
highest_possible_node_id(). nr_node_ids is calculated on bootup when the
page allocators pagesets are initialized.
[deweerdt@free.fr: fix oops]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Frederik Deweerdt <frederik.deweerdt@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make ZONE_DMA optional in core code.
- ifdef all code for ZONE_DMA and related definitions following the example
for ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_HIGHMEM.
- Without ZONE_DMA, ZONE_HIGHMEM and ZONE_DMA32 we get to a ZONES_SHIFT of
0.
- Modify the VM statistics to work correctly without a DMA zone.
- Modify slab to not create DMA slabs if there is no ZONE_DMA.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanup]
[jdike@addtoit.com: build fix]
[apw@shadowen.org: Simplify calculation of the number of bits we need for ZONES_SHIFT]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset follows up on the earlier work in Andrew's tree to reduce the
number of zones. The patches allow to go to a minimum of 2 zones. This one
allows also to make ZONE_DMA optional and therefore the number of zones can be
reduced to one.
ZONE_DMA is usually used for ISA DMA devices. There are a number of reasons
why we would not want to have ZONE_DMA
1. Some arches do not need ZONE_DMA at all.
2. With the advent of IOMMUs DMA zones are no longer needed.
The necessity of DMA zones may drastically be reduced
in the future. This patchset allows a compilation of
a kernel without that overhead.
3. Devices that require ISA DMA get rare these days. All
my systems do not have any need for ISA DMA.
4. The presence of an additional zone unecessarily complicates
VM operations because it must be scanned and balancing
logic must operate on its.
5. With only ZONE_NORMAL one can reach the situation where
we have only one zone. This will allow the unrolling of many
loops in the VM and allows the optimization of varous
code paths in the VM.
6. Having only a single zone in a NUMA system results in a
1-1 correspondence between nodes and zones. Various additional
optimizations to critical VM paths become possible.
Many systems today can operate just fine with a single zone. If you look at
what is in ZONE_DMA then one usually sees that nothing uses it. The DMA slabs
are empty (Some arches use ZONE_DMA instead of ZONE_NORMAL, then ZONE_NORMAL
will be empty instead).
On all of my systems (i386, x86_64, ia64) ZONE_DMA is completely empty. Why
constantly look at an empty zone in /proc/zoneinfo and empty slab in
/proc/slabinfo? Non i386 also frequently have no need for ZONE_DMA and zones
stay empty.
The patchset was tested on i386 (UP / SMP), x86_64 (UP, NUMA) and ia64 (NUMA).
The RFC posted earlier (see
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115231723513008&w=2) had lots
of #ifdefs in them. An effort has been made to minize the number of #ifdefs
and make this as compact as possible. The job was made much easier by the
ongoing efforts of others to extract common arch specific functionality.
I have been running this for awhile now on my desktop and finally Linux is
using all my available RAM instead of leaving the 16MB in ZONE_DMA untouched:
christoph@pentium940:~$ cat /proc/zoneinfo
Node 0, zone Normal
pages free 4435
min 1448
low 1810
high 2172
active 241786
inactive 210170
scanned 0 (a: 0 i: 0)
spanned 524224
present 524224
nr_anon_pages 61680
nr_mapped 14271
nr_file_pages 390264
nr_slab_reclaimable 27564
nr_slab_unreclaimable 1793
nr_page_table_pages 449
nr_dirty 39
nr_writeback 0
nr_unstable 0
nr_bounce 0
cpu: 0 pcp: 0
count: 156
high: 186
batch: 31
cpu: 0 pcp: 1
count: 9
high: 62
batch: 15
vm stats threshold: 20
cpu: 1 pcp: 0
count: 177
high: 186
batch: 31
cpu: 1 pcp: 1
count: 12
high: 62
batch: 15
vm stats threshold: 20
all_unreclaimable: 0
prev_priority: 12
temp_priority: 12
start_pfn: 0
This patch:
In two places in the VM we use ZONE_DMA to refer to the first zone. If
ZONE_DMA is optional then other zones may be first. So simply replace
ZONE_DMA with zone 0.
This also fixes ZONETABLE_PGSHIFT. If we have only a single zone then
ZONES_PGSHIFT may become 0 because there is no need anymore to encode the zone
number related to a pgdat. However, we still need a zonetable to index all
the zones for each node if this is a NUMA system. Therefore define
ZONETABLE_SHIFT unconditionally as the offset of the ZONE field in page flags.
[apw@shadowen.org: fix mismerge]
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Values are available via ZVC sums.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Function is unnecessary now. We can use the summing features of the ZVCs to
get the values we need.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
nr_free_pages is now a simple access to a global variable. Make it a macro
instead of a function.
The nr_free_pages now requires vmstat.h to be included. There is one
occurrence in power management where we need to add the include. Directly
refrer to global_page_state() there to clarify why the #include was added.
[akpm@osdl.org: arm build fix]
[akpm@osdl.org: sparc64 build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is again simplifies some of the VM counter calculations through the use
of the ZVC consolidated counters.
[michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Piotrowski <michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is
currently based on the number of total pages on the system.
However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always
too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if
large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make
large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into
a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be
reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior.
This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual
pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and
the inactive list plus free pages.
The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to
calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will
have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This
means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always
available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate.
The patchset results in some other good side effects:
- Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive
page counts
- Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem.
This patch:
The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some
counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the
following patches.
[akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
find_min_pfn_for_node() and find_min_pfn_with_active_regions() sort
early_node_map[] on every call. This is an excessive amount of sorting and
that can be avoided. This patch always searches the whole early_node_map[]
in find_min_pfn_for_node() instead of returning the first value found. The
map is then only sorted once when required. Successfully boot tested on a
number of machines.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanup]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Also split that long line up - people like to send us wordwrapped oom-kill
traces.
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit e80ee884ae.
Pawel Sikora had a boot-time oops due to it - because the sign change
invalidates the following comparisons, since 'free_pages' can be
negative.
The micro-optimization just isn't worth it.
Bisected-by: Pawel Sikora <pluto@agmk.net>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix an oops experienced on the Cell architecture when init-time functions,
early_*(), are called at runtime. It alters the call paths to make sure
that the callers explicitly say whether the call is being made on behalf of
a hotplug even, or happening at boot-time.
It has been compile tested on ppc64, ia64, s390, i386 and x86_64.
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Both process_zones() and drain_node_pages() check for populated zones
before touching pagesets. However, __drain_pages does not do so,
This may result in a NULL pointer dereference for pagesets in unpopulated
zones if a NUMA setup is combined with cpu hotplug.
Initially the unpopulated zone has the pcp pointers pointing to the boot
pagesets. Since the zone is not populated the boot pageset pointers will
not be changed during page allocator and slab bootstrap.
If a cpu is later brought down (first call to __drain_pages()) then the pcp
pointers for cpus in unpopulated zones are set to NULL since __drain_pages
does not first check for an unpopulated zone.
If the cpu is then brought up again then we call process_zones() which will
ignore the unpopulated zone. So the pageset pointers will still be NULL.
If the cpu is then again brought down then __drain_pages will attempt to
drain pages by following the NULL pageset pointer for unpopulated zones.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
At the moment the inode/dentry cache hash tables (common by way of
alloc_large_system_hash()) are incorrectly sized by their respective
detection logic when we attempt to use large base pages on systems with
little memory.
This results in odd behaviour when using a 64kB PAGE_SIZE, such as:
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: -1, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: -2, 16384 bytes)
The mount cache hash table is seemingly the only one that gets this right
by directly taking PAGE_SIZE in to account.
The following patch attempts to catch the bogus values and round it up to
at least 0-order.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Elaborate the API for calling cpuset_zone_allowed(), so that users have to
explicitly choose between the two variants:
cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall()
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall()
Until now, whether or not you got the hardwall flavor depended solely on
whether or not you or'd in the __GFP_HARDWALL gfp flag to the gfp_mask
argument.
If you didn't specify __GFP_HARDWALL, you implicitly got the softwall
version.
Unfortunately, this meant that users would end up with the softwall version
without thinking about it. Since only the softwall version might sleep,
this led to bugs with possible sleeping in interrupt context on more than
one occassion.
The hardwall version requires that the current tasks mems_allowed allows
the node of the specified zone (or that you're in interrupt or that
__GFP_THISNODE is set or that you're on a one cpuset system.)
The softwall version, depending on the gfp_mask, might allow a node if it
was allowed in the nearest enclusing cpuset marked mem_exclusive (which
requires taking the cpuset lock 'callback_mutex' to evaluate.)
This patch removes the cpuset_zone_allowed() call, and forces the caller to
explicitly choose between the hardwall and the softwall case.
If the caller wants the gfp_mask to determine this choice, they should (1)
be sure they can sleep or that __GFP_HARDWALL is set, and (2) invoke the
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall() routine.
This adds another 100 or 200 bytes to the kernel text space, due to the few
lines of nearly duplicate code at the top of both cpuset_zone_allowed_*
routines. It should save a few instructions executed for the calls that
turned into calls of cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall, thanks to not having to
set (before the call) then check (within the call) the __GFP_HARDWALL flag.
For the most critical call, from get_page_from_freelist(), the same
instructions are executed as before -- the old cpuset_zone_allowed()
routine it used to call is the same code as the
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall() routine that it calls now.
Not a perfect win, but seems worth it, to reduce this chance of hitting a
sleeping with irq off complaint again.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Assign defaults most likely to please a new user:
1) generate some logging output
(verbose=2)
2) avoid injecting failures likely to lock up UI
(ignore_gfp_wait=1, ignore_gfp_highmem=1)
Signed-off-by: Don Mullis <dwm@meer.net>
Cc: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch provides fault-injection capability for alloc_pages()
Boot option:
fail_page_alloc=<interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
<interval> -- specifies the interval of failures.
<probability> -- specifies how often it should fail in percent.
<space> -- specifies the size of free space where memory can be
allocated safely in pages.
<times> -- specifies how many times failures may happen at most.
Debugfs:
/debug/fail_page_alloc/interval
/debug/fail_page_alloc/probability
/debug/fail_page_alloc/specifies
/debug/fail_page_alloc/times
/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem
/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait
Example:
fail_page_alloc=10,100,0,-1
The page allocation (alloc_pages(), ...) fails once per 10 times.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This facility provides three entry points:
ilog2() Log base 2 of unsigned long
ilog2_u32() Log base 2 of u32
ilog2_u64() Log base 2 of u64
These facilities can either be used inside functions on dynamic data:
int do_something(long q)
{
...;
y = ilog2(x)
...;
}
Or can be used to statically initialise global variables with constant values:
unsigned n = ilog2(27);
When performing static initialisation, the compiler will report "error:
initializer element is not constant" if asked to take a log of zero or of
something not reducible to a constant. They treat negative numbers as
unsigned.
When not dealing with a constant, they fall back to using fls() which permits
them to use arch-specific log calculation instructions - such as BSR on
x86/x86_64 or SCAN on FRV - if available.
[akpm@osdl.org: MMC fix]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Wojtek Kaniewski <wojtekka@toxygen.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- move some file_operations structs into the .rodata section
- move static strings from policy_types[] array into the .rodata section
- fix generic seq_operations usages, so that those structs may be defined
as "const" as well
[akpm@osdl.org: couple of fixes]
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There was lots of #ifdef noise in the kernel due to hotcpu_notifier(fn,
prio) not correctly marking 'fn' as used in the !HOTPLUG_CPU case, and thus
generating compiler warnings of unused symbols, hence forcing people to add
#ifdefs.
the compiler can skip truly unused functions just fine:
text data bss dec hex filename
1624412 728710 3674856 6027978 5bfaca vmlinux.before
1624412 728710 3674856 6027978 5bfaca vmlinux.after
[akpm@osdl.org: topology.c fix]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
It has no users and it's doubtful that we'll need it again.
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently we we use the lru head link of the second page of a compound page
to hold its destructor. This was ok when it was purely an internal
implmentation detail. However, hugetlbfs overrides this destructor
violating the layering. Abstract this out as explicit calls, also
introduce a type for the callback function allowing them to be type
checked. For each callback we pre-declare the function, causing a type
error on definition rather than on use elsewhere.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The intent of GFP_THISNODE is to make sure that an allocation occurs on a
particular node. If this is not possible then NULL needs to be returned so
that the caller can choose what to do next on its own (the slab allocator
depends on that).
However, GFP_THISNODE currently triggers reclaim before returning a failure
(GFP_THISNODE means GFP_NORETRY is set). If we have over allocated a node
then we will currently do some reclaim before returning NULL. The caller
may want memory from other nodes before reclaim should be triggered. (If
the caller wants reclaim then he can directly use __GFP_THISNODE instead).
There is no flag to avoid reclaim in the page allocator and adding yet
another GFP_xx flag would be difficult given that we are out of available
flags.
So just compare and see if all bits for GFP_THISNODE (__GFP_THISNODE,
__GFP_NORETRY and __GFP_NOWARN) are set. If so then we return NULL before
waking up kswapd.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
These patches introduced new switch statements which are indented contrary
to the concensus in mm/*.c. Fix them up to match that concensus.
[PATCH] node local per-cpu-pages
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system
commit e7c8d5c995
commit df9ecaba3f
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
NUMA node ids are passed as either int or unsigned int almost exclusivly
page_to_nid and zone_to_nid both return unsigned long. This is a throw
back to when page_to_nid was a #define and was thus exposing the real type
of the page flags field.
In addition to fixing up the definitions of page_to_nid and zone_to_nid I
audited the users of these functions identifying the following incorrect
uses:
1) mm/page_alloc.c show_node() -- printk dumping the node id,
2) include/asm-ia64/pgalloc.h pgtable_quicklist_free() -- comparison
against numa_node_id() which returns an int from cpu_to_node(), and
3) mm/mpolicy.c check_pte_range -- used as an index in node_isset which
uses bit_set which in generic code takes an int.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
drain_node_pages() currently drains the complete pageset of all pages. If
there are a large number of pages in the queues then we may hold off
interrupts for too long.
Duplicate the method used in free_hot_cold_page. Only drain pcp->batch
pages at one time.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
OOM can panic due to the processes stuck in __alloc_pages() doing infinite
rebalance loop while no memory can be reclaimed. OOM killer tries to kill
some processes, but unfortunetaly, rebalance label was moved by someone
below the TIF_MEMDIE check, so buddy allocator doesn't see that process is
OOM-killed and it can simply fail the allocation :/
Observed in reality on RHEL4(2.6.9)+OpenVZ kernel when a user doing some
memory allocation tricks triggered OOM panic.
Signed-off-by: Denis Lunev <den@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add an arch_alloc_page to match arch_free_page.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Optimize the critical zonelist scanning for free pages in the kernel memory
allocator by caching the zones that were found to be full recently, and
skipping them.
Remembers the zones in a zonelist that were short of free memory in the
last second. And it stashes a zone-to-node table in the zonelist struct,
to optimize that conversion (minimize its cache footprint.)
Recent changes:
This differs in a significant way from a similar patch that I
posted a week ago. Now, instead of having a nodemask_t of
recently full nodes, I have a bitmask of recently full zones.
This solves a problem that last weeks patch had, which on
systems with multiple zones per node (such as DMA zone) would
take seeing any of these zones full as meaning that all zones
on that node were full.
Also I changed names - from "zonelist faster" to "zonelist cache",
as that seemed to better convey what we're doing here - caching
some of the key zonelist state (for faster access.)
See below for some performance benchmark results. After all that
discussion with David on why I didn't need them, I went and got
some ;). I wanted to verify that I had not hurt the normal case
of memory allocation noticeably. At least for my one little
microbenchmark, I found (1) the normal case wasn't affected, and
(2) workloads that forced scanning across multiple nodes for
memory improved up to 10% fewer System CPU cycles and lower
elapsed clock time ('sys' and 'real'). Good. See details, below.
I didn't have the logic in get_page_from_freelist() for various
full nodes and zone reclaim failures correct. That should be
fixed up now - notice the new goto labels zonelist_scan,
this_zone_full, and try_next_zone, in get_page_from_freelist().
There are two reasons I persued this alternative, over some earlier
proposals that would have focused on optimizing the fake numa
emulation case by caching the last useful zone:
1) Contrary to what I said before, we (SGI, on large ia64 sn2 systems)
have seen real customer loads where the cost to scan the zonelist
was a problem, due to many nodes being full of memory before
we got to a node we could use. Or at least, I think we have.
This was related to me by another engineer, based on experiences
from some time past. So this is not guaranteed. Most likely, though.
The following approach should help such real numa systems just as
much as it helps fake numa systems, or any combination thereof.
2) The effort to distinguish fake from real numa, using node_distance,
so that we could cache a fake numa node and optimize choosing
it over equivalent distance fake nodes, while continuing to
properly scan all real nodes in distance order, was going to
require a nasty blob of zonelist and node distance munging.
The following approach has no new dependency on node distances or
zone sorting.
See comment in the patch below for a description of what it actually does.
Technical details of note (or controversy):
- See the use of "zlc_active" and "did_zlc_setup" below, to delay
adding any work for this new mechanism until we've looked at the
first zone in zonelist. I figured the odds of the first zone
having the memory we needed were high enough that we should just
look there, first, then get fancy only if we need to keep looking.
- Some odd hackery was needed to add items to struct zonelist, while
not tripping up the custom zonelists built by the mm/mempolicy.c
code for MPOL_BIND. My usual wordy comments below explain this.
Search for "MPOL_BIND".
- Some per-node data in the struct zonelist is now modified frequently,
with no locking. Multiple CPU cores on a node could hit and mangle
this data. The theory is that this is just performance hint data,
and the memory allocator will work just fine despite any such mangling.
The fields at risk are the struct 'zonelist_cache' fields 'fullzones'
(a bitmask) and 'last_full_zap' (unsigned long jiffies). It should
all be self correcting after at most a one second delay.
- This still does a linear scan of the same lengths as before. All
I've optimized is making the scan faster, not algorithmically
shorter. It is now able to scan a compact array of 'unsigned
short' in the case of many full nodes, so one cache line should
cover quite a few nodes, rather than each node hitting another
one or two new and distinct cache lines.
- If both Andi and Nick don't find this too complicated, I will be
(pleasantly) flabbergasted.
- I removed the comment claiming we only use one cachline's worth of
zonelist. We seem, at least in the fake numa case, to have put the
lie to that claim.
- I pay no attention to the various watermarks and such in this performance
hint. A node could be marked full for one watermark, and then skipped
over when searching for a page using a different watermark. I think
that's actually quite ok, as it will tend to slightly increase the
spreading of memory over other nodes, away from a memory stressed node.
===============
Performance - some benchmark results and analysis:
This benchmark runs a memory hog program that uses multiple
threads to touch alot of memory as quickly as it can.
Multiple runs were made, touching 12, 38, 64 or 90 GBytes out of
the total 96 GBytes on the system, and using 1, 19, 37, or 55
threads (on a 56 CPU system.) System, user and real (elapsed)
timings were recorded for each run, shown in units of seconds,
in the table below.
Two kernels were tested - 2.6.18-mm3 and the same kernel with
this zonelist caching patch added. The table also shows the
percentage improvement the zonelist caching sys time is over
(lower than) the stock *-mm kernel.
number 2.6.18-mm3 zonelist-cache delta (< 0 good) percent
GBs N ------------ -------------- ---------------- systime
mem threads sys user real sys user real sys user real better
12 1 153 24 177 151 24 176 -2 0 -1 1%
12 19 99 22 8 99 22 8 0 0 0 0%
12 37 111 25 6 112 25 6 1 0 0 -0%
12 55 115 25 5 110 23 5 -5 -2 0 4%
38 1 502 74 576 497 73 570 -5 -1 -6 0%
38 19 426 78 48 373 76 39 -53 -2 -9 12%
38 37 544 83 36 547 82 36 3 -1 0 -0%
38 55 501 77 23 511 80 24 10 3 1 -1%
64 1 917 125 1042 890 124 1014 -27 -1 -28 2%
64 19 1118 138 119 965 141 103 -153 3 -16 13%
64 37 1202 151 94 1136 150 81 -66 -1 -13 5%
64 55 1118 141 61 1072 140 58 -46 -1 -3 4%
90 1 1342 177 1519 1275 174 1450 -67 -3 -69 4%
90 19 2392 199 192 2116 189 176 -276 -10 -16 11%
90 37 3313 238 175 2972 225 145 -341 -13 -30 10%
90 55 1948 210 104 1843 213 100 -105 3 -4 5%
Notes:
1) This test ran a memory hog program that started a specified number N of
threads, and had each thread allocate and touch 1/N'th of
the total memory to be used in the test run in a single loop,
writing a constant word to memory, one store every 4096 bytes.
Watching this test during some earlier trial runs, I would see
each of these threads sit down on one CPU and stay there, for
the remainder of the pass, a different CPU for each thread.
2) The 'real' column is not comparable to the 'sys' or 'user' columns.
The 'real' column is seconds wall clock time elapsed, from beginning
to end of that test pass. The 'sys' and 'user' columns are total
CPU seconds spent on that test pass. For a 19 thread test run,
for example, the sum of 'sys' and 'user' could be up to 19 times the
number of 'real' elapsed wall clock seconds.
3) Tests were run on a fresh, single-user boot, to minimize the amount
of memory already in use at the start of the test, and to minimize
the amount of background activity that might interfere.
4) Tests were done on a 56 CPU, 28 Node system with 96 GBytes of RAM.
5) Notice that the 'real' time gets large for the single thread runs, even
though the measured 'sys' and 'user' times are modest. I'm not sure what
that means - probably something to do with it being slow for one thread to
be accessing memory along ways away. Perhaps the fake numa system, running
ostensibly the same workload, would not show this substantial degradation
of 'real' time for one thread on many nodes -- lets hope not.
6) The high thread count passes (one thread per CPU - on 55 of 56 CPUs)
ran quite efficiently, as one might expect. Each pair of threads needed
to allocate and touch the memory on the node the two threads shared, a
pleasantly parallizable workload.
7) The intermediate thread count passes, when asking for alot of memory forcing
them to go to a few neighboring nodes, improved the most with this zonelist
caching patch.
Conclusions:
* This zonelist cache patch probably makes little difference one way or the
other for most workloads on real numa hardware, if those workloads avoid
heavy off node allocations.
* For memory intensive workloads requiring substantial off-node allocations
on real numa hardware, this patch improves both kernel and elapsed timings
up to ten per-cent.
* For fake numa systems, I'm optimistic, but will have to leave that up to
Rohit Seth to actually test (once I get him a 2.6.18 backport.)
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Rohit Seth <rohitseth@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@cs.washington.edu>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The zone table is mostly not needed. If we have a node in the page flags
then we can get to the zone via NODE_DATA() which is much more likely to be
already in the cpu cache.
In case of SMP and UP NODE_DATA() is a constant pointer which allows us to
access an exact replica of zonetable in the node_zones field. In all of
the above cases there will be no need at all for the zone table.
The only remaining case is if in a NUMA system the node numbers do not fit
into the page flags. In that case we make sparse generate a table that
maps sections to nodes and use that table to to figure out the node number.
This table is sized to fit in a single cache line for the known 32 bit
NUMA platform which makes it very likely that the information can be
obtained without a cache miss.
For sparsemem the zone table seems to be have been fairly large based on
the maximum possible number of sections and the number of zones per node.
There is some memory saving by removing zone_table. The main benefit is to
reduce the cache foootprint of the VM from the frequent lookups of zones.
Plus it simplifies the page allocator.
[akpm@osdl.org: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- s/freeliest/freelist/ spelling fix
- Check for NULL *z zone seems useless - even if it could happen, so
what? Perhaps we should have a check later on if we are faced with an
allocation request that is not allowed to fail - shouldn't that be a
serious kernel error, passing an empty zonelist with a mandate to not
fail?
- Initializing 'z' to zonelist->zones can wait until after the first
get_page_from_freelist() fails; we only use 'z' in the wakeup_kswapd()
loop, so let's initialize 'z' there, in a 'for' loop. Seems clearer.
- Remove superfluous braces around a break
- Fix a couple errant spaces
- Adjust indentation on the cpuset_zone_allowed() check, to match the
lines just before it -- seems easier to read in this case.
- Add another set of braces to the zone_watermark_ok logic
From: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Backout one item from a previous "memory page_alloc minor cleanups" patch.
Until and unless we are certain that no one can ever pass an empty zonelist
to __alloc_pages(), this check for an empty zonelist (or some BUG
equivalent) is essential. The code in get_page_from_freelist() blow ups if
passed an empty zonelist.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
find_min_pfn_for_node() and find_min_pfn_with_active_regions() both
depend on a sorted early_node_map[]. However, sort_node_map() is being
called after fin_min_pfn_with_active_regions() in
free_area_init_nodes().
In most cases, this is ok, but on at least one x86_64, the SRAT table
caused the E820 ranges to be registered out of order. This gave the
wrong values for the min PFN range resulting in some pages not being
initialised.
This patch sorts the early_node_map in find_min_pfn_for_node(). It has
been boot tested on x86, x86_64, ppc64 and ia64.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Andre Noll <maan@systemlinux.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Un-needed add-store operation wastes a few bytes.
8 bytes wasted with -O2, on a ppc.
Signed-off-by: nkalmala <nkalmala@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
absent_pages_in_range() made the assumption that users of the
arch-independent zone-sizing API would not care about holes beyound the end
of physical memory. This was not the case and was "fixed" in a patch
called "Account for holes that are outside the range of physical memory".
However, when given a range that started before a hole in "real" memory and
ended beyond the end of memory, it would get the result wrong. The bug is
in mainline but a patch is below.
It has been tested successfully on a number of machines and architectures.
Additional credit to Keith Mannthey for discovering the problem, helping
identify the correct fix and confirming it Worked For Him.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: keith mannthey <kmannth@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The temp_priority field in zone is racy, as we can walk through a reclaim
path, and just before we copy it into prev_priority, it can be overwritten
(say with DEF_PRIORITY) by another reclaimer.
The same bug is contained in both try_to_free_pages and balance_pgdat, but
it is fixed slightly differently. In balance_pgdat, we keep a separate
priority record per zone in a local array. In try_to_free_pages there is
no need to do this, as the priority level is the same for all zones that we
reclaim from.
Impact of this bug is that temp_priority is copied into prev_priority, and
setting this artificially high causes reclaimers to set distress
artificially low. They then fail to reclaim mapped pages, when they are,
in fact, under severe memory pressure (their priority may be as low as 0).
This causes the OOM killer to fire incorrectly.
From: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
__zone_reclaim() isn't modifying zone->prev_priority. But zone->prev_priority
is used in the decision whether or not to bring mapped pages onto the inactive
list. Hence there's a risk here that __zone_reclaim() will fail because
zone->prev_priority ir large (ie: low urgency) and lots of mapped pages end up
stuck on the active list.
Fix that up by decreasing (ie making more urgent) zone->prev_priority as
__zone_reclaim() scans the zone's pages.
This bug perhaps explains why ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY was created. It should be
possible to remove that now, and to just start out at DEF_PRIORITY?
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Reintroduce NODES_SPAN_OTHER_NODES for powerpc
Revert "[PATCH] Remove SPAN_OTHER_NODES config definition"
This reverts commit f62859bb68.
Revert "[PATCH] mm: remove arch independent NODES_SPAN_OTHER_NODES"
This reverts commit a94b3ab7ea.
Also update the comments to indicate that this is still required
and where its used.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <kravetz@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Will Schmidt <will_schmidt@vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Qooting Adrian:
- net/sunrpc/svc.c uses highest_possible_node_id()
- include/linux/nodemask.h says highest_possible_node_id() is
out-of-line #if MAX_NUMNODES > 1
- the out-of-line highest_possible_node_id() is in lib/cpumask.c
- lib/Makefile: lib-$(CONFIG_SMP) += cpumask.o
CONFIG_ARCH_DISCONTIGMEM_ENABLE=y, CONFIG_SMP=n, CONFIG_SUNRPC=y
-> highest_possible_node_id() is used in net/sunrpc/svc.c
CONFIG_NODES_SHIFT defined and > 0
-> include/linux/numa.h: MAX_NUMNODES > 1
-> compile error
The bug is not present on architectures where ARCH_DISCONTIGMEM_ENABLE
depends on NUMA (but m32r isn't the only affected architecture).
So move the function into page_alloc.c
Cc: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Cc: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Separate out the concept of "queue congestion" from "backing-dev congestion".
Congestion is a backing-dev concept, not a queue concept.
The blk_* congestion functions are retained, as wrappers around the core
backing-dev congestion functions.
This proper layering is needed so that NFS can cleanly use the congestion
functions, and so that CONFIG_BLOCK=n actually links.
Cc: "Thomas Maier" <balagi@justmail.de>
Cc: "Jens Axboe" <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Osterlund <petero2@telia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move the lock debug checks below the page reserved checks. Also, having
debug_check_no_locks_freed in kernel_map_pages is wrong.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
After the PG_reserved check was added, arch_free_page was being called in the
wrong place (it could be called for a page we don't actually want to free).
Fix that.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
memmap_zone_idx() is not used anymore. It was required by an earlier
version of
account-for-memmap-and-optionally-the-kernel-image-as-holes.patch but not
any more.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Fix kernel-doc and function declaration (missing "void") in
mm/page_alloc.c.
Add mm/page_alloc.c to kernel-api.tmpl in DocBook.
mm/page_alloc.c:2589:38: warning: non-ANSI function declaration of function 'remove_all_active_ranges'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Having min be a signed quantity means gcc can't turn high latency divides
into shifts. There happen to be two such divides for GFP_ATOMIC (ie.
networking, ie. important) allocations, one of which depends on the other.
Fixing this makes code smaller as a bonus.
Shame on somebody (probably me).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Use NULL instead of 0 for pointer value, eliminate sparse warnings.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
We do not need to allocate pagesets for unpopulated zones.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add the node in order to optimize zone_to_nid.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The NUMA_BUILD constant is always available and will be set to 1 on
NUMA_BUILDs. That way checks valid only under CONFIG_NUMA can easily be done
without #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
F.e.
if (NUMA_BUILD && <numa_condition>) {
...
}
[akpm: not a thing we'd normally do, but CONFIG_NUMA is special: it is
causing ifdef explosion in core kernel, so let's see if this is a comfortable
way in whcih to control that]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
On larger systems, the amount of output dumped on the console when you do
SysRq-M is beyond insane. This patch is trying to reduce it somewhat as
even with the smaller NUMA systems that have hit the desktop this seems to
be a fair thing to do.
The philosophy I have taken is as follows:
1) If a zone is empty, don't tell, we don't need yet another line
telling us so. The information is available since one can look up
the fact how many zones were initialized in the first place.
2) Put as much information on a line is possible, if it can be done
in one line, rahter than two, then do it in one. I tried to format
the temperature stuff for easy reading.
Change show_free_areas() to not print lines for empty zones. If no zone
output is printed, the zone is empty. This reduces the number of lines
dumped to the console in sysrq on a large system by several thousand lines.
Change the zone temperature printouts to use one line per CPU instead of
two lines (one hot, one cold). On a 1024 CPU, 1024 node system, this
reduces the console output by over a million lines of output.
While this is a bigger problem on large NUMA systems, it is also applicable
to smaller desktop sized and mid range NUMA systems.
Old format:
Mem-info:
Node 0 DMA per-cpu:
cpu 0 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:24
cpu 0 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:1
cpu 1 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:34
cpu 1 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 2 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 2 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 3 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 3 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 4 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 4 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 5 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 5 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 6 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 6 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
cpu 7 hot: high 42, batch 7 used:0
cpu 7 cold: high 14, batch 3 used:0
Node 0 DMA32 per-cpu: empty
Node 0 Normal per-cpu: empty
Node 0 HighMem per-cpu: empty
Node 1 DMA per-cpu:
[snip]
Free pages: 5410688kB (0kB HighMem)
Active:9536 inactive:4261 dirty:6 writeback:0 unstable:0 free:338168 slab:1931 mapped:1900 pagetables:208
Node 0 DMA free:1676304kB min:3264kB low:4080kB high:4896kB active:128048kB inactive:61568kB present:1970880kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Node 0 DMA32 free:0kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Node 0 Normal free:0kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Node 0 HighMem free:0kB min:512kB low:512kB high:512kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Node 1 DMA free:1951728kB min:3280kB low:4096kB high:4912kB active:5632kB inactive:1504kB present:1982464kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
....
New format:
Mem-info:
Node 0 DMA per-cpu:
CPU 0: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 41 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 2
CPU 1: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 40 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 1
CPU 2: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
CPU 3: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
CPU 4: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
CPU 5: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
CPU 6: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
CPU 7: Hot: hi: 42, btch: 7 usd: 0 Cold: hi: 14, btch: 3 usd: 0
Node 1 DMA per-cpu:
[snip]
Free pages: 5411088kB (0kB HighMem)
Active:9558 inactive:4233 dirty:6 writeback:0 unstable:0 free:338193 slab:1942 mapped:1918 pagetables:208
Node 0 DMA free:1677648kB min:3264kB low:4080kB high:4896kB active:129296kB inactive:58864kB present:1970880kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Node 1 DMA free:1948448kB min:3280kB low:4096kB high:4912kB active:6864kB inactive:3536kB present:1982464kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Signed-off-by: Jes Sorensen <jes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Arch-independent zone-sizing determines the size of a node
(pgdat->node_spanned_pages) based on the physical memory that was
registered by the architecture. However, when
CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE is set, the architecture expects that the
spanned_pages will be much larger and that mem_map will be allocated that
is used lated on memory hot-add.
This patch allows an architecture that sets CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_RESERVE
to call push_node_boundaries() which will set the node beginning and end to
at *least* the requested boundary.
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
absent_pages_in_range() made the assumption that users of the API would not
care about holes beyound the end of physical memory. This was not the
case. This patch will account for ranges outside of physical memory as
holes correctly.
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The x86_64 code accounted for memmap and some portions of the the DMA zone as
holes. This was because those areas would never be reclaimed and accounting
for them as memory affects min watermarks. This patch will account for the
memmap as a memory hole. Architectures may optionally use set_dma_reserve()
if they wish to account for a portion of memory in ZONE_DMA as a hole.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
At a basic level, architectures define structures to record where active
ranges of page frames are located. Once located, the code to calculate zone
sizes and holes in each architecture is very similar. Some of this zone and
hole sizing code is difficult to read for no good reason. This set of patches
eliminates the similar-looking architecture-specific code.
The patches introduce a mechanism where architectures register where the
active ranges of page frames are with add_active_range(). When all areas have
been discovered, free_area_init_nodes() is called to initialise the pgdat and
zones. The zone sizes and holes are then calculated in an architecture
independent manner.
Patch 1 introduces the mechanism for registering and initialising PFN ranges
Patch 2 changes ppc to use the mechanism - 139 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 3 changes x86 to use the mechanism - 136 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 4 changes x86_64 to use the mechanism - 74 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 5 changes ia64 to use the mechanism - 52 arch-specific LOC removed
Patch 6 accounts for mem_map as a memory hole as the pages are not reclaimable.
It adjusts the watermarks slightly
Tony Luck has successfully tested for ia64 on Itanium with tiger_defconfig,
gensparse_defconfig and defconfig. Bob Picco has also tested and debugged on
IA64. Jack Steiner successfully boot tested on a mammoth SGI IA64-based
machine. These were on patches against 2.6.17-rc1 and release 3 of these
patches but there have been no ia64-changes since release 3.
There are differences in the zone sizes for x86_64 as the arch-specific code
for x86_64 accounts the kernel image and the starting mem_maps as memory holes
but the architecture-independent code accounts the memory as present.
The big benefit of this set of patches is a sizable reduction of
architecture-specific code, some of which is very hairy. There should be a
greater reduction when other architectures use the same mechanisms for zone
and hole sizing but I lack the hardware to test on.
Additional credit;
Dave Hansen for the initial suggestion and comments on early patches
Andy Whitcroft for reviewing early versions and catching numerous
errors
Tony Luck for testing and debugging on IA64
Bob Picco for fixing bugs related to pfn registration, reviewing a
number of patch revisions, providing a number of suggestions
on future direction and testing heavily
Jack Steiner and Robin Holt for testing on IA64 and clarifying
issues related to memory holes
Yasunori for testing on IA64
Andi Kleen for reviewing and feeding back about x86_64
Christian Kujau for providing valuable information related to ACPI
problems on x86_64 and testing potential fixes
This patch:
Define the structure to represent an active range of page frames within a node
in an architecture independent manner. Architectures are expected to register
active ranges of PFNs using add_active_range(nid, start_pfn, end_pfn) and call
free_area_init_nodes() passing the PFNs of the end of each zone.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Keith Mannthey" <kmannth@gmail.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Clean up mm/page_alloc.c#mark_free_pages() and make it avoid clearing
PageNosaveFree for PageNosave pages. This allows us to get rid of an ugly
hack in kernel/power/snapshot.c#copy_data_pages().
Additionally, the page-copying loop in copy_data_pages() is moved to an
inline function.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There are many places where we need to determine the node of a zone.
Currently we use a difficult to read sequence of pointer dereferencing.
Put that into an inline function and use throughout VM. Maybe we can find
a way to optimize the lookup in the future.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently one can enable slab reclaim by setting an explicit option in
/proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode. Slab reclaim is then used as a final
option if the freeing of unmapped file backed pages is not enough to free
enough pages to allow a local allocation.
However, that means that the slab can grow excessively and that most memory
of a node may be used by slabs. We have had a case where a machine with
46GB of memory was using 40-42GB for slab. Zone reclaim was effective in
dealing with pagecache pages. However, slab reclaim was only done during
global reclaim (which is a bit rare on NUMA systems).
This patch implements slab reclaim during zone reclaim. Zone reclaim
occurs if there is a danger of an off node allocation. At that point we
1. Shrink the per node page cache if the number of pagecache
pages is more than min_unmapped_ratio percent of pages in a zone.
2. Shrink the slab cache if the number of the nodes reclaimable slab pages
(patch depends on earlier one that implements that counter)
are more than min_slab_ratio (a new /proc/sys/vm tunable).
The shrinking of the slab cache is a bit problematic since it is not node
specific. So we simply calculate what point in the slab we want to reach
(current per node slab use minus the number of pages that neeed to be
allocated) and then repeately run the global reclaim until that is
unsuccessful or we have reached the limit. I hope we will have zone based
slab reclaim at some point which will make that easier.
The default for the min_slab_ratio is 5%
Also remove the slab option from /proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the atomic counter for slab_reclaim_pages and replace the counter
and NR_SLAB with two ZVC counter that account for unreclaimable and
reclaimable slab pages: NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE and NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE.
Change the check in vmscan.c to refer to to NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE. The
intend seems to be to check for slab pages that could be freed.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
*_pages is a better description of the role of the variable.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
If a zone is unpopulated then we do not need to check for pages that are to
be drained and also not for vm counters that may need to be updated.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Free one_page currently adds the page to a fake list and calls
free_page_bulk. Fee_page_bulk takes it off again and then calles
__free_one_page.
Make free_one_page go directly to __free_one_page. Saves list on / off and
a temporary list in free_one_page for higher ordered pages.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There are frequent references to *z in get_page_from_freelist.
Add an explicit zone variable that can be used in all these places.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add a new gfp flag __GFP_THISNODE to avoid fallback to other nodes. This
flag is essential if a kernel component requires memory to be located on a
certain node. It will be needed for alloc_pages_node() to force allocation
on the indicated node and for alloc_pages() to force allocation on the
current node.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
I wonder why we need this bitmask indexing into zone->node_zonelists[]?
We always start with the highest zone and then include all lower zones
if we build zonelists.
Are there really cases where we need allocation from ZONE_DMA or
ZONE_HIGHMEM but not ZONE_NORMAL? It seems that the current implementation
of highest_zone() makes that already impossible.
If we go linear on the index then gfp_zone() == highest_zone() and a lot
of definitions fall by the wayside.
We can now revert back to the use of gfp_zone() in mempolicy.c ;-)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
After we have done this we can now do some typing cleanup.
The memory policy layer keeps a policy_zone that specifies
the zone that gets memory policies applied. This variable
can now be of type enum zone_type.
The check_highest_zone function and the build_zonelists funnctionm must
then also take a enum zone_type parameter.
Plus there are a number of loops over zones that also should use
zone_type.
We run into some troubles at some points with functions that need a
zone_type variable to become -1. Fix that up.
[pj@sgi.com: fix set_mempolicy() crash]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There is a check in zonelist_policy that compares pieces of the bitmap
obtained from a gfp mask via GFP_ZONETYPES with a zone number in function
zonelist_policy().
The bitmap is an ORed mask of __GFP_DMA, __GFP_DMA32 and __GFP_HIGHMEM.
The policy_zone is a zone number with the possible values of ZONE_DMA,
ZONE_DMA32, ZONE_HIGHMEM and ZONE_NORMAL. These are two different domains
of values.
For some reason seemed to work before the zone reduction patchset (It
definitely works on SGI boxes since we just have one zone and the check
cannot fail).
With the zone reduction patchset this check definitely fails on systems
with two zones if the system actually has memory in both zones.
This is because ZONE_NORMAL is selected using no __GFP flag at
all and thus gfp_zone(gfpmask) == 0. ZONE_DMA is selected when __GFP_DMA
is set. __GFP_DMA is 0x01. So gfp_zone(gfpmask) == 1.
policy_zone is set to ZONE_NORMAL (==1) if ZONE_NORMAL and ZONE_DMA are
populated.
For ZONE_NORMAL gfp_zone(<no _GFP_DMA>) yields 0 which is <
policy_zone(ZONE_NORMAL) and so policy is not applied to regular memory
allocations!
Instead gfp_zone(__GFP_DMA) == 1 which results in policy being applied
to DMA allocations!
What we realy want in that place is to establish the highest allowable
zone for a given gfp_mask. If the highest zone is higher or equal to the
policy_zone then memory policies need to be applied. We have such
a highest_zone() function in page_alloc.c.
So move the highest_zone() function from mm/page_alloc.c into
include/linux/gfp.h. On the way we simplify the function and use the new
zone_type that was also introduced with the zone reduction patchset plus we
also specify the right type for the gfp flags parameter.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Make ZONE_HIGHMEM optional
- ifdef out code and definitions related to CONFIG_HIGHMEM
- __GFP_HIGHMEM falls back to normal allocations if there is no
ZONE_HIGHMEM
- GFP_ZONEMASK becomes 0x01 if there is no DMA32 and no HIGHMEM
zone.
[jdike@addtoit.com: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Make ZONE_DMA32 optional
- Add #ifdefs around ZONE_DMA32 specific code and definitions.
- Add CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32 config option and use that for x86_64
that alone needs this zone.
- Remove the use of CONFIG_DMA_IS_DMA32 and CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL
for ia64 and fix up the way per node ZVCs are calculated.
- Fall back to prior GFP_ZONEMASK of 0x03 if there is no
DMA32 zone.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Use enum for zones and reformat zones dependent information
Add comments explaning the use of zones and add a zones_t type for zone
numbers.
Line up information that will be #ifdefd by the following patches.
[akpm@osdl.org: comment cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
page allocator ZONE_HIGHMEM fixups
1. We do not need to do an #ifdef in si_meminfo since both counters
in use are zero if !CONFIG_HIGHMEM.
2. Add #ifdef in si_meminfo_node instead to avoid referencing zone
information for ZONE_HIGHMEM if we do not have HIGHMEM
(may not be there after the following patches).
3. Replace the use of ZONE_HIGHMEM with MAX_NR_ZONES in build_zonelists_node
4. build_zonelists_node: Remove BUG_ON for ZONE_HIGHMEM. Zone will
be optional soon and thus BUG_ON cannot be triggered anymore.
5. init_free_area_core: Replace a use of ZONE_HIGHMEM with NR_MAX_ZONES.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Move totalhigh_pages and nr_free_highpages() into highmem.c/.h
Move the totalhigh_pages definition into highmem.c/.h. Move the
nr_free_highpages function into highmem.c
[yoichi_yuasa@tripeaks.co.jp: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Yoichi Yuasa <yoichi_yuasa@tripeaks.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Do not display HIGHMEM memory sizes if CONFIG_HIGHMEM is not set.
Make HIGHMEM dependent texts and make display of highmem counters optional
Some texts are depending on CONFIG_HIGHMEM.
Remove those strings and remove the display of highmem counter values if
CONFIG_HIGHMEM is not set.
[akpm@osdl.org: remove some ifdefs]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Introduce a VM_BUG_ON, which is turned on with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM. Use this
in the lightweight, inline refcounting functions; PageLRU and PageActive
checks in vmscan, because they're pretty well confined to vmscan. And in
page allocate/free fastpaths which can be the hottest parts of the kernel
for kbuilds.
Unlike BUG_ON, VM_BUG_ON must not be used to execute statements with
side-effects, and should not be used outside core mm code.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Stops panic associated with attempting to free a non slab-allocated
per_cpu_pageset.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@cs.washington.edu>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The grow algorithm is simple, we grow if:
1) we see a hash chain collision at insert, and
2) we haven't hit the hash size limit (currently 1*1024*1024 slots), and
3) the number of xfrm_state objects is > the current hash mask
All of this needs some tweaking.
Remove __initdata from "hashdist" so we can use it safely at run time.
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
It turns out that it is advantageous to leave a small portion of unmapped file
backed pages if all of a zone's pages (or almost all pages) are allocated and
so the page allocator has to go off-node.
This allows recently used file I/O buffers to stay on the node and
reduces the times that zone reclaim is invoked if file I/O occurs
when we run out of memory in a zone.
The problem is that zone reclaim runs too frequently when the page cache is
used for file I/O (read write and therefore unmapped pages!) alone and we have
almost all pages of the zone allocated. Zone reclaim may remove 32 unmapped
pages. File I/O will use these pages for the next read/write requests and the
unmapped pages increase. After the zone has filled up again zone reclaim will
remove it again after only 32 pages. This cycle is too inefficient and there
are potentially too many zone reclaim cycles.
With the 1% boundary we may still remove all unmapped pages for file I/O in
zone reclaim pass. However. it will take a large number of read and writes
to get back to 1% again where we trigger zone reclaim again.
The zone reclaim 2.6.16/17 does not show this behavior because we have a 30
second timeout.
[akpm@osdl.org: rename the /proc file and the variable]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches
have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no
essential function for the VM.
We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most
severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between
an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics
counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one
increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that
the vm event counters have to be accurate.
In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each
counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a
single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64.
And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for
both architectures in most cases.
The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a
building of linux kernels without these counters.
The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully
results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted
(i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction
concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done).
Benefits:
- VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction
on i386 and x86_64.
- No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case.
Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock.
- Handling is similar to zoned VM counters.
- Simple and easily extendable.
- Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use.
References:
RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2
RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2
local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2
V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2
V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2
V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Mel Gorman