the first microbenchmark does
fd=open("/proc/self/comm");
for() {
write(fd, "test");
}
and on 4 cpus in parallel:
writes per sec
base (no tracepoints, no kprobes) 930k
with kprobe at __set_task_comm() 420k
with tracepoint at task:task_rename 730k
For kprobe + full bpf program manully fetches oldcomm, newcomm via bpf_probe_read.
For tracepint bpf program does nothing, since arguments are copied by tracepoint.
2nd microbenchmark does:
fd=open("/dev/urandom");
for() {
read(fd, buf);
}
and on 4 cpus in parallel:
reads per sec
base (no tracepoints, no kprobes) 300k
with kprobe at urandom_read() 279k
with tracepoint at random:urandom_read 290k
bpf progs attached to kprobe and tracepoint are noop.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
While at it, remove the generation of .s files and fix some typos in the
related comment.
Cc: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@fb.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: Ananth N Mavinakayanahalli <ananth@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Naveen N. Rao <naveen.n.rao@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
performance tests for hash map and per-cpu hash map
with and without pre-allocation
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
this test calls bpf programs from different contexts:
from inside of slub, from rcu, from pretty much everywhere,
since it kprobes all spin_lock functions.
It stresses the bpf hash and percpu map pre-allocation,
deallocation logic and call_rcu mechanisms.
User space part adding more stress by walking and deleting map elements.
Note that due to nature bpf_load.c the earlier kprobe+bpf programs are
already active while loader loads new programs, creates new kprobes and
attaches them.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This is simplified version of Brendan Gregg's offwaketime:
This program shows kernel stack traces and task names that were blocked and
"off-CPU", along with the stack traces and task names for the threads that woke
them, and the total elapsed time from when they blocked to when they were woken
up. The combined stacks, task names, and total time is summarized in kernel
context for efficiency.
Example:
$ sudo ./offwaketime | flamegraph.pl > demo.svg
Open demo.svg in the browser as FlameGraph visualization.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
commit 338d4f49d6
("arm64: kernel: Add support for Privileged Access Never") includes sysreg.h
into futex.h and uaccess.h. But, the inline assembly used by asm/sysreg.h is
incompatible with llvm so it will cause BPF samples build failure for ARM64.
Since sysreg.h is useless for BPF samples, just exclude it from Makefile via
defining __ASM_SYSREG_H.
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <yang.shi@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Performance test and example of bpf_perf_event_output().
kprobe is attached to sys_write() and trivial bpf program streams
pid+cookie into userspace via PERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT event.
Usage:
$ sudo ./bld_x64/samples/bpf/trace_output
recv 2968913 events per sec
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This is a simple example and shows how to use the new ability
to get the selected Hardware PMU counter value.
Signed-off-by: Kaixu Xia <xiakaixu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Usage:
$ sudo ./sockex3
IP src.port -> dst.port bytes packets
127.0.0.1.42010 -> 127.0.0.1.12865 1568 8
127.0.0.1.59526 -> 127.0.0.1.33778 11422636 173070
127.0.0.1.33778 -> 127.0.0.1.59526 11260224828 341974
127.0.0.1.12865 -> 127.0.0.1.42010 1832 12
IP src.port -> dst.port bytes packets
127.0.0.1.42010 -> 127.0.0.1.12865 1568 8
127.0.0.1.59526 -> 127.0.0.1.33778 23198092 351486
127.0.0.1.33778 -> 127.0.0.1.59526 22972698518 698616
127.0.0.1.12865 -> 127.0.0.1.42010 1832 12
this example is similar to sockex2 in a way that it accumulates per-flow
statistics, but it does packet parsing differently.
sockex2 inlines full packet parser routine into single bpf program.
This sockex3 example have 4 independent programs that parse vlan, mpls, ip, ipv6
and one main program that starts the process.
bpf_tail_call() mechanism allows each program to be small and be called
on demand potentially multiple times, so that many vlan, mpls, ip in ip,
gre encapsulations can be parsed. These and other protocol parsers can
be added or removed at runtime. TLVs can be parsed in similar manner.
Note, tail_call_cnt dynamic check limits the number of tail calls to 32.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
in-source build of 'make samples/bpf/' was incorrectly
using default compiler instead of invoking clang/llvm.
out-of-source build was ok.
Fixes: a80857822b ("samples: bpf: trivial eBPF program in C")
Signed-off-by: Brenden Blanco <bblanco@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Pull networking updates from David Miller:
1) Add BQL support to via-rhine, from Tino Reichardt.
2) Integrate SWITCHDEV layer support into the DSA layer, so DSA drivers
can support hw switch offloading. From Floria Fainelli.
3) Allow 'ip address' commands to initiate multicast group join/leave,
from Madhu Challa.
4) Many ipv4 FIB lookup optimizations from Alexander Duyck.
5) Support EBPF in cls_bpf classifier and act_bpf action, from Daniel
Borkmann.
6) Remove the ugly compat support in ARP for ugly layers like ax25,
rose, etc. And use this to clean up the neigh layer, then use it to
implement MPLS support. All from Eric Biederman.
7) Support L3 forwarding offloading in switches, from Scott Feldman.
8) Collapse the LOCAL and MAIN ipv4 FIB tables when possible, to speed
up route lookups even further. From Alexander Duyck.
9) Many improvements and bug fixes to the rhashtable implementation,
from Herbert Xu and Thomas Graf. In particular, in the case where
an rhashtable user bulk adds a large number of items into an empty
table, we expand the table much more sanely.
10) Don't make the tcp_metrics hash table per-namespace, from Eric
Biederman.
11) Extend EBPF to access SKB fields, from Alexei Starovoitov.
12) Split out new connection request sockets so that they can be
established in the main hash table. Much less false sharing since
hash lookups go direct to the request sockets instead of having to
go first to the listener then to the request socks hashed
underneath. From Eric Dumazet.
13) Add async I/O support for crytpo AF_ALG sockets, from Tadeusz Struk.
14) Support stable privacy address generation for RFC7217 in IPV6. From
Hannes Frederic Sowa.
15) Hash network namespace into IP frag IDs, also from Hannes Frederic
Sowa.
16) Convert PTP get/set methods to use 64-bit time, from Richard
Cochran.
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next: (1816 commits)
fm10k: Bump driver version to 0.15.2
fm10k: corrected VF multicast update
fm10k: mbx_update_max_size does not drop all oversized messages
fm10k: reset head instead of calling update_max_size
fm10k: renamed mbx_tx_dropped to mbx_tx_oversized
fm10k: update xcast mode before synchronizing multicast addresses
fm10k: start service timer on probe
fm10k: fix function header comment
fm10k: comment next_vf_mbx flow
fm10k: don't handle mailbox events in iov_event path and always process mailbox
fm10k: use separate workqueue for fm10k driver
fm10k: Set PF queues to unlimited bandwidth during virtualization
fm10k: expose tx_timeout_count as an ethtool stat
fm10k: only increment tx_timeout_count in Tx hang path
fm10k: remove extraneous "Reset interface" message
fm10k: separate PF only stats so that VF does not display them
fm10k: use hw->mac.max_queues for stats
fm10k: only show actual queues, not the maximum in hardware
fm10k: allow creation of VLAN on default vid
fm10k: fix unused warnings
...
Commit 608cd71a9c ("tc: bpf: generalize pedit action") has added the
possibility to mangle packet data to BPF programs in the tc pipeline.
This patch adds two helpers bpf_l3_csum_replace() and bpf_l4_csum_replace()
for fixing up the protocol checksums after the packet mangling.
It also adds 'flags' argument to bpf_skb_store_bytes() helper to avoid
unnecessary checksum recomputations when BPF programs adjusting l3/l4
checksums and documents all three helpers in uapi header.
Moreover, a sample program is added to show how BPF programs can make use
of the mangle and csum helpers.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
One BPF program attaches to kmem_cache_alloc_node() and
remembers all allocated objects in the map.
Another program attaches to kmem_cache_free() and deletes
corresponding object from the map.
User space walks the map every second and prints any objects
which are older than 1 second.
Usage:
$ sudo tracex4
Then start few long living processes. The 'tracex4' will print
something like this:
obj 0xffff880465928000 is 13sec old was allocated at ip ffffffff8105dc32
obj 0xffff88043181c280 is 13sec old was allocated at ip ffffffff8105dc32
obj 0xffff880465848000 is 8sec old was allocated at ip ffffffff8105dc32
obj 0xffff8804338bc280 is 15sec old was allocated at ip ffffffff8105dc32
$ addr2line -fispe vmlinux ffffffff8105dc32
do_fork at fork.c:1665
As soon as processes exit the memory is reclaimed and 'tracex4'
prints nothing.
Similar experiment can be done with the __kmalloc()/kfree() pair.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427312966-8434-10-git-send-email-ast@plumgrid.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
BPF C program attaches to
blk_mq_start_request()/blk_update_request() kprobe events to
calculate IO latency.
For every completed block IO event it computes the time delta
in nsec and records in a histogram map:
map[log10(delta)*10]++
User space reads this histogram map every 2 seconds and prints
it as a 'heatmap' using gray shades of text terminal. Black
spaces have many events and white spaces have very few events.
Left most space is the smallest latency, right most space is
the largest latency in the range.
Usage:
$ sudo ./tracex3
and do 'sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null' in other terminal.
Observe IO latencies and how different activity (like 'make
kernel') affects it.
Similar experiments can be done for network transmit latencies,
syscalls, etc.
'-t' flag prints the heatmap using normal ascii characters:
$ sudo ./tracex3 -t
heatmap of IO latency
# - many events with this latency
- few events
|1us |10us |100us |1ms |10ms |100ms |1s |10s
*ooo. *O.#. # 221
. *# . # 125
.. .o#*.. # 55
. . . . .#O # 37
.# # 175
.#*. # 37
# # 199
. . *#*. # 55
*#..* # 42
# # 266
...***Oo#*OO**o#* . # 629
# # 271
. .#o* o.*o* # 221
. . o* *#O.. # 50
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427312966-8434-9-git-send-email-ast@plumgrid.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
this example has two probes in one C file that attach to
different kprove events and use two different maps.
1st probe is x64 specific equivalent of dropmon. It attaches to
kfree_skb, retrevies 'ip' address of kfree_skb() caller and
counts number of packet drops at that 'ip' address. User space
prints 'location - count' map every second.
2nd probe attaches to kprobe:sys_write and computes a histogram
of different write sizes
Usage:
$ sudo tracex2
location 0xffffffff81695995 count 1
location 0xffffffff816d0da9 count 2
location 0xffffffff81695995 count 2
location 0xffffffff816d0da9 count 2
location 0xffffffff81695995 count 3
location 0xffffffff816d0da9 count 2
557145+0 records in
557145+0 records out
285258240 bytes (285 MB) copied, 1.02379 s, 279 MB/s
syscall write() stats
byte_size : count distribution
1 -> 1 : 3 | |
2 -> 3 : 0 | |
4 -> 7 : 0 | |
8 -> 15 : 0 | |
16 -> 31 : 2 | |
32 -> 63 : 3 | |
64 -> 127 : 1 | |
128 -> 255 : 1 | |
256 -> 511 : 0 | |
512 -> 1023 : 1118968 |************************************* |
Ctrl-C at any time. Kernel will auto cleanup maps and programs
$ addr2line -ape ./bld_x64/vmlinux 0xffffffff81695995
0xffffffff816d0da9 0xffffffff81695995:
./bld_x64/../net/ipv4/icmp.c:1038 0xffffffff816d0da9:
./bld_x64/../net/unix/af_unix.c:1231
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427312966-8434-8-git-send-email-ast@plumgrid.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
tracex1_kern.c - C program compiled into BPF.
It attaches to kprobe:netif_receive_skb()
When skb->dev->name == "lo", it prints sample debug message into
trace_pipe via bpf_trace_printk() helper function.
tracex1_user.c - corresponding user space component that:
- loads BPF program via bpf() syscall
- opens kprobes:netif_receive_skb event via perf_event_open()
syscall
- attaches the program to event via ioctl(event_fd,
PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF, prog_fd);
- prints from trace_pipe
Note, this BPF program is non-portable. It must be recompiled
with current kernel headers. kprobe is not a stable ABI and
BPF+kprobe scripts may no longer be meaningful when kernel
internals change.
No matter in what way the kernel changes, neither the kprobe,
nor the BPF program can ever crash or corrupt the kernel,
assuming the kprobes, perf and BPF subsystem has no bugs.
The verifier will detect that the program is using
bpf_trace_printk() and the kernel will print 'this is a DEBUG
kernel' warning banner, which means that bpf_trace_printk()
should be used for debugging of the BPF program only.
Usage:
$ sudo tracex1
ping-19826 [000] d.s2 63103.382648: : skb ffff880466b1ca00 len 84
ping-19826 [000] d.s2 63103.382684: : skb ffff880466b1d300 len 84
ping-19826 [000] d.s2 63104.382533: : skb ffff880466b1ca00 len 84
ping-19826 [000] d.s2 63104.382594: : skb ffff880466b1d300 len 84
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@infradead.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1427312966-8434-7-git-send-email-ast@plumgrid.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
sockex2_kern.c is purposefully large eBPF program in C.
llvm compiles ~200 lines of C code into ~300 eBPF instructions.
It's similar to __skb_flow_dissect() to demonstrate that complex packet parsing
can be done by eBPF.
Then it uses (struct flow_keys)->dst IP address (or hash of ipv6 dst) to keep
stats of number of packets per IP.
User space loads eBPF program, attaches it to loopback interface and prints
dest_ip->#packets stats every second.
Usage:
$sudo samples/bpf/sockex2
ip 127.0.0.1 count 19
ip 127.0.0.1 count 178115
ip 127.0.0.1 count 369437
ip 127.0.0.1 count 559841
ip 127.0.0.1 count 750539
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
this example does the same task as previous socket example
in assembler, but this one does it in C.
eBPF program in kernel does:
/* assume that packet is IPv4, load one byte of IP->proto */
int index = load_byte(skb, ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol));
long *value;
value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&my_map, &index);
if (value)
__sync_fetch_and_add(value, 1);
Corresponding user space reads map[tcp], map[udp], map[icmp]
and prints protocol stats every second
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
this socket filter example does:
- creates arraymap in kernel with key 4 bytes and value 8 bytes
- loads eBPF program which assumes that packet is IPv4 and loads one byte of
IP->proto from the packet and uses it as a key in a map
r0 = skb->data[ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)];
*(u32*)(fp - 4) = r0;
value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, fp - 4);
if (value)
(*(u64*)value) += 1;
- attaches this program to raw socket
- every second user space reads map[IPPROTO_TCP], map[IPPROTO_UDP], map[IPPROTO_ICMP]
to see how many packets of given protocol were seen on loopback interface
Usage:
$sudo samples/bpf/sock_example
TCP 0 UDP 0 ICMP 0 packets
TCP 187600 UDP 0 ICMP 4 packets
TCP 376504 UDP 0 ICMP 8 packets
TCP 563116 UDP 0 ICMP 12 packets
TCP 753144 UDP 0 ICMP 16 packets
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
. check error conditions and sanity of hash and array map APIs
. check large maps (that kernel gracefully switches to vmalloc from kmalloc)
. check multi-process parallel access and stress test
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
1.
the library includes a trivial set of BPF syscall wrappers:
int bpf_create_map(int key_size, int value_size, int max_entries);
int bpf_update_elem(int fd, void *key, void *value);
int bpf_lookup_elem(int fd, void *key, void *value);
int bpf_delete_elem(int fd, void *key);
int bpf_get_next_key(int fd, void *key, void *next_key);
int bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
const struct sock_filter_int *insns, int insn_len,
const char *license);
bpf_prog_load() stores verifier log into global bpf_log_buf[] array
and BPF_*() macros to build instructions
2.
test stubs configure eBPF infra with 'unspec' map and program types.
These are fake types used by user space testsuite only.
3.
verifier tests valid and invalid programs and expects predefined
error log messages from kernel.
40 tests so far.
$ sudo ./test_verifier
#0 add+sub+mul OK
#1 unreachable OK
#2 unreachable2 OK
#3 out of range jump OK
#4 out of range jump2 OK
#5 test1 ld_imm64 OK
...
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
David S. Miller