There are two kexec load syscalls, kexec_load another and kexec_file_load.
kexec_file_load has been splited as kernel/kexec_file.c. In this patch I
split kexec_load syscall code to kernel/kexec.c.
And add a new kconfig option KEXEC_CORE, so we can disable kexec_load and
use kexec_file_load only, or vice verse.
The original requirement is from Ted Ts'o, he want kexec kernel signature
being checked with CONFIG_KEXEC_VERIFY_SIG enabled. But kexec-tools use
kexec_load syscall can bypass the checking.
Vivek Goyal proposed to create a common kconfig option so user can compile
in only one syscall for loading kexec kernel. KEXEC/KEXEC_FILE selects
KEXEC_CORE so that old config files still work.
Because there's general code need CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE, so I updated all the
architecture Kconfig with a new option KEXEC_CORE, and let KEXEC selects
KEXEC_CORE in arch Kconfig. Also updated general kernel code with to
kexec_load syscall.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Petr Tesarik <ptesarik@suse.cz>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@fedoraproject.org>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The comment about /dev/kmsg does not mention the additional values which
may actually be exported, fix that.
Also move up the part of the comment instructing the users to ignore these
additional values, this way the reading is more fluent and logically
compact.
Signed-off-by: Antonio Ospite <ao2@ao2.it>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Patch fixes drawbacks in heck_syslog_permissions() noticed by AKPM:
"from_file handling makes me cry.
That's not a boolean - it's an enumerated value with two values
currently defined.
But the code in check_syslog_permissions() treats it as a boolean and
also hardwires the knowledge that SYSLOG_FROM_PROC == 1 (or == `true`).
And the name is wrong: it should be called from_proc to match
SYSLOG_FROM_PROC."
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The final version of commit 637241a900 ("kmsg: honor dmesg_restrict
sysctl on /dev/kmsg") lost few hooks, as result security_syslog() are
processed incorrectly:
- open of /dev/kmsg checks syslog access permissions by using
check_syslog_permissions() where security_syslog() is not called if
dmesg_restrict is set.
- syslog syscall and /proc/kmsg calls do_syslog() where security_syslog
can be executed twice (inside check_syslog_permissions() and then
directly in do_syslog())
With this patch security_syslog() is called once only in all
syslog-related operations regardless of dmesg_restrict value.
Fixes: 637241a900 ("kmsg: honor dmesg_restrict sysctl on /dev/kmsg")
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@redhat.com>
Cc: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
printk log_buf keeps various metadata for each message including its
sequence number and timestamp. The metadata is currently available only
through /dev/kmsg and stripped out before passed onto console drivers. We
want this metadata to be available to console drivers too so that console
consumers can get full information including the metadata and dictionary,
which among other things can be used to detect whether messages got lost
in transit.
This patch implements support for extended console drivers. Consoles can
indicate that they want extended messages by setting the new CON_EXTENDED
flag and they'll be fed messages formatted the same way as /dev/kmsg.
"<level>,<sequnum>,<timestamp>,<contflag>;<message text>\n"
If extended consoles exist, in-kernel fragment assembly is disabled. This
ensures that all messages emitted to consoles have full metadata including
sequence number. The contflag carries enough information to reassemble
the fragments from the reader side trivially. Note that this only affects
/dev/kmsg. Regular console and /proc/kmsg outputs are not affected by
this change.
* Extended message formatting for console drivers is enabled iff there
are registered extended consoles.
* Comment describing /dev/kmsg message format updated to add missing
contflag field and help distinguishing variable from verbatim terms.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The extended message formatting used for /dev/kmsg will be used implement
extended consoles. Factor out msg_print_ext_header() and
msg_print_ext_body() from devkmsg_read().
This is pure restructuring.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset updates netconsole so that it can emit messages with the
same header as used in /dev/kmsg which gives neconsole receiver full log
information which enables things like structured logging and detection
of lost messages.
This patch (of 7):
devkmsg_read() uses 8k buffer and assumes that the formatted output
message won't overrun which seems safe given LOG_LINE_MAX, the current use
of dict and the escaping method being used; however, we're planning to use
devkmsg formatting wider and accounting for the buffer size properly isn't
that complicated.
This patch defines CONSOLE_EXT_LOG_MAX as 8192 and updates devkmsg_read()
so that it limits output accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Here's the big tty/serial driver update for 4.1-rc1.
It was delayed for a bit due to some questions surrounding some of the
console command line parsing changes that are in here. There's still
one tiny regression for people who were previously putting multiple
console command lines and expecting them all to be ignored for some odd
reason, but Peter is working on fixing that. If not, I'll send a revert
for the offending patch, but I have faith that Peter can address it.
Other than the console work here, there's the usual serial driver
updates and changes, and a buch of 8250 reworks to try to make that
driver easier to maintain over time, and have it support more devices in
the future.
All of these have been in linux-next for a while.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Merge tag 'tty-4.1-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/tty
Pull tty/serial updates from Greg KH:
"Here's the big tty/serial driver update for 4.1-rc1.
It was delayed for a bit due to some questions surrounding some of the
console command line parsing changes that are in here. There's still
one tiny regression for people who were previously putting multiple
console command lines and expecting them all to be ignored for some
odd reason, but Peter is working on fixing that. If not, I'll send a
revert for the offending patch, but I have faith that Peter can
address it.
Other than the console work here, there's the usual serial driver
updates and changes, and a buch of 8250 reworks to try to make that
driver easier to maintain over time, and have it support more devices
in the future.
All of these have been in linux-next for a while"
* tag 'tty-4.1-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/tty: (119 commits)
n_gsm: Drop unneeded cast on netdev_priv
sc16is7xx: expose RTS inversion in RS-485 mode
serial: 8250_pci: port failed after wakeup from S3
earlycon: 8250: Document kernel command line options
earlycon: 8250: Fix command line regression
earlycon: Fix __earlycon_table stride
tty: clean up the tty time logic a bit
serial: 8250_dw: only get the clock rate in one place
serial: 8250_dw: remove useless ACPI ID check
dmaengine: hsu: move memory allocation to GFP_NOWAIT
dmaengine: hsu: remove redundant pieces of code
serial: 8250_pci: add Intel Tangier support
dmaengine: hsu: add Intel Tangier PCI ID
serial: 8250_pci: replace switch-case by formula for Intel MID
serial: 8250_pci: replace switch-case by formula
tty: cpm_uart: replace CONFIG_8xx by CONFIG_CPM1
serial: jsm: some off by one bugs
serial: xuartps: Fix check in console_setup().
serial: xuartps: Get rid of register access macros.
serial: xuartps: Fix iobase use.
...
Add match() method to struct console which allows the console to
perform console command line matching instead of (or in addition to)
default console matching (ie., by fixed name and index).
The match() method returns 0 to indicate a successful match; normal
console matching occurs if no match() method is defined or the
match() method returns non-zero. The match() method is expected to set
the console index if required.
Re-implement earlycon-to-console-handoff with direct matching of
"console=uart|uart8250,..." to the 8250 ttyS console.
Acked-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Peter Hurley <peter@hurleysoftware.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
struct kiocb now is a generic I/O container, so move it to fs.h.
Also do a #include diet for aio.h while we're at it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
There is no need to pass the total request length in the kiocb, as
we already get passed in through the iov_iter argument.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Before register_console() calls the setup() method of the matched
console, the registering console index is already equal to the index
from the console command line; ie. newcon->index == c->index.
This change is also required to support extensible console matching;
(the command line index may have no relation to the console index
assigned by the console-defined match() function).
Signed-off-by: Peter Hurley <peter@hurleysoftware.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
commit 6ae9200f2c ("enlarge console.name") increased the storage
for the console name to 16 bytes, but not the corresponding
struct console_cmdline::name storage. Console names longer than
8 bytes cause read beyond end-of-string and failure to match
console; I'm not sure if there are other unexpected consequences.
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 2.6.22+
Signed-off-by: Peter Hurley <peter@hurleysoftware.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
* KDB: improved searching
* No longer enter debug core on panic if panic timeout is set
KGDB/KDB regressions / cleanups
* fix pdf doc build errors
* prevent junk characters on kdb console from printk levels
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Merge tag 'for_linux-3.20-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jwessel/kgdb
Pull kgdb/kdb updates from Jason Wessel:
"KGDB/KDB New:
- KDB: improved searching
- No longer enter debug core on panic if panic timeout is set
KGDB/KDB regressions / cleanups
- fix pdf doc build errors
- prevent junk characters on kdb console from printk levels"
* tag 'for_linux-3.20-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jwessel/kgdb:
kgdb, docs: Fix <para> pdfdocs build errors
debug: prevent entering debug mode on panic/exception.
kdb: Const qualifier for kdb_getstr's prompt argument
kdb: Provide forward search at more prompt
kdb: Fix a prompt management bug when using | grep
kdb: Remove stack dump when entering kgdb due to NMI
kdb: Avoid printing KERN_ levels to consoles
kdb: Fix off by one error in kdb_cpu()
kdb: fix incorrect counts in KDB summary command output
Currently when kdb traps printk messages then the raw log level prefix
(consisting of '\001' followed by a numeral) does not get stripped off
before the message is issued to the various I/O handlers supported by
kdb. This causes annoying visual noise as well as causing problems
grepping for ^. It is also a change of behaviour compared to normal usage
of printk() usage. For example <SysRq>-h ends up with different output to
that of kdb's "sr h".
This patch addresses the problem by stripping log levels from messages
before they are issued to the I/O handlers. printk() which can also
act as an i/o handler in some cases is special cased; if the caller
provided a log level then the prefix will be preserved when sent to
printk().
The addition of non-printable characters to the output of kdb commands is a
regression, albeit and extremely elderly one, introduced by commit
04d2c8c83d ("printk: convert the format for KERN_<LEVEL> to a 2 byte
pattern"). Note also that this patch does *not* restore the original
behaviour from v3.5. Instead it makes printk() from within a kdb command
display the message without any prefix (i.e. like printk() normally does).
Signed-off-by: Daniel Thompson <daniel.thompson@linaro.org>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>
Neaten the MODULE_PARAM_DESC message.
Use 30 seconds in the comment for the zap console locks timeout.
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
clean ups from that branch.
This code solves the issue of performing stack dumps from NMI context.
The issue is that printk() is not safe from NMI context as if the NMI
were to trigger when a printk() was being performed, the NMI could
deadlock from the printk() internal locks. This has been seen in practice.
With lots of review from Petr Mladek, this code went through several
iterations, and we feel that it is now at a point of quality to be
accepted into mainline.
Here's what is contained in this patch set:
o Creates a "seq_buf" generic buffer utility that allows a descriptor
to be passed around where functions can write their own "printk()"
formatted strings into it. The generic version was pulled out of
the trace_seq() code that was made specifically for tracing.
o The seq_buf code was change to model the seq_file code. I have
a patch (not included for 3.19) that converts the seq_file.c code
over to use seq_buf.c like the trace_seq.c code does. This was done
to make sure that seq_buf.c is compatible with seq_file.c. I may
try to get that patch in for 3.20.
o The seq_buf.c file was moved to lib/ to remove it from being dependent
on CONFIG_TRACING.
o The printk() was updated to allow for a per_cpu "override" of
the internal calls. That is, instead of writing to the console, a call
to printk() may do something else. This made it easier to allow the
NMI to change what printk() does in order to call dump_stack() without
needing to update that code as well.
o Finally, the dump_stack from all CPUs via NMI code was converted to
use the seq_buf code. The caller to trigger the NMI code would wait
till all the NMIs finished, and then it would print the seq_buf
data to the console safely from a non NMI context.
[ Updated to remove unnecessary preempt_disable in printk() ]
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Merge tag 'trace-seq-buf-3.19-v2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace
Pull tracing fixlet from Steven Rostedt:
"Remove unnecessary preempt_disable in printk()"
* tag 'trace-seq-buf-3.19-v2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace:
printk: Do not disable preemption for accessing printk_func
As printk_func will either be the default function, or a per_cpu function
for the current CPU, there's no reason to disable preemption to access
it from printk. That's because if the printk_func is not the default
then the caller had better disabled preemption as they were the one to
change it.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CA+55aFz5-_LKW4JHEBoWinN9_ouNcGRWAF2FUA35u46FRN-Kxw@mail.gmail.com
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
clean ups from that branch.
This code solves the issue of performing stack dumps from NMI context.
The issue is that printk() is not safe from NMI context as if the NMI
were to trigger when a printk() was being performed, the NMI could
deadlock from the printk() internal locks. This has been seen in practice.
With lots of review from Petr Mladek, this code went through several
iterations, and we feel that it is now at a point of quality to be
accepted into mainline.
Here's what is contained in this patch set:
o Creates a "seq_buf" generic buffer utility that allows a descriptor
to be passed around where functions can write their own "printk()"
formatted strings into it. The generic version was pulled out of
the trace_seq() code that was made specifically for tracing.
o The seq_buf code was change to model the seq_file code. I have
a patch (not included for 3.19) that converts the seq_file.c code
over to use seq_buf.c like the trace_seq.c code does. This was done
to make sure that seq_buf.c is compatible with seq_file.c. I may
try to get that patch in for 3.20.
o The seq_buf.c file was moved to lib/ to remove it from being dependent
on CONFIG_TRACING.
o The printk() was updated to allow for a per_cpu "override" of
the internal calls. That is, instead of writing to the console, a call
to printk() may do something else. This made it easier to allow the
NMI to change what printk() does in order to call dump_stack() without
needing to update that code as well.
o Finally, the dump_stack from all CPUs via NMI code was converted to
use the seq_buf code. The caller to trigger the NMI code would wait
till all the NMIs finished, and then it would print the seq_buf
data to the console safely from a non NMI context.
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Merge tag 'trace-seq-buf-3.19' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace
Pull nmi-safe seq_buf printk update from Steven Rostedt:
"This code is a fork from the trace-3.19 pull as it needed the
trace_seq clean ups from that branch.
This code solves the issue of performing stack dumps from NMI context.
The issue is that printk() is not safe from NMI context as if the NMI
were to trigger when a printk() was being performed, the NMI could
deadlock from the printk() internal locks. This has been seen in
practice.
With lots of review from Petr Mladek, this code went through several
iterations, and we feel that it is now at a point of quality to be
accepted into mainline.
Here's what is contained in this patch set:
- Creates a "seq_buf" generic buffer utility that allows a descriptor
to be passed around where functions can write their own "printk()"
formatted strings into it. The generic version was pulled out of
the trace_seq() code that was made specifically for tracing.
- The seq_buf code was change to model the seq_file code. I have a
patch (not included for 3.19) that converts the seq_file.c code
over to use seq_buf.c like the trace_seq.c code does. This was
done to make sure that seq_buf.c is compatible with seq_file.c. I
may try to get that patch in for 3.20.
- The seq_buf.c file was moved to lib/ to remove it from being
dependent on CONFIG_TRACING.
- The printk() was updated to allow for a per_cpu "override" of the
internal calls. That is, instead of writing to the console, a call
to printk() may do something else. This made it easier to allow
the NMI to change what printk() does in order to call dump_stack()
without needing to update that code as well.
- Finally, the dump_stack from all CPUs via NMI code was converted to
use the seq_buf code. The caller to trigger the NMI code would
wait till all the NMIs finished, and then it would print the
seq_buf data to the console safely from a non NMI context
One added bonus is that this code also makes the NMI dump stack work
on PREEMPT_RT kernels. As printk() includes sleeping locks on
PREEMPT_RT, printk() only writes to console if the console does not
use any rt_mutex converted spin locks. Which a lot do"
* tag 'trace-seq-buf-3.19' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace:
x86/nmi: Fix use of unallocated cpumask_var_t
printk/percpu: Define printk_func when printk is not defined
x86/nmi: Perform a safe NMI stack trace on all CPUs
printk: Add per_cpu printk func to allow printk to be diverted
seq_buf: Move the seq_buf code to lib/
seq-buf: Make seq_buf_bprintf() conditional on CONFIG_BINARY_PRINTF
tracing: Add seq_buf_get_buf() and seq_buf_commit() helper functions
tracing: Have seq_buf use full buffer
seq_buf: Add seq_buf_can_fit() helper function
tracing: Add paranoid size check in trace_printk_seq()
tracing: Use trace_seq_used() and seq_buf_used() instead of len
tracing: Clean up tracing_fill_pipe_page()
seq_buf: Create seq_buf_used() to find out how much was written
tracing: Add a seq_buf_clear() helper and clear len and readpos in init
tracing: Convert seq_buf fields to be like seq_file fields
tracing: Convert seq_buf_path() to be like seq_path()
tracing: Create seq_buf layer in trace_seq
Merge first patchbomb from Andrew Morton:
- a few minor cifs fixes
- dma-debug upadtes
- ocfs2
- slab
- about half of MM
- procfs
- kernel/exit.c
- panic.c tweaks
- printk upates
- lib/ updates
- checkpatch updates
- fs/binfmt updates
- the drivers/rtc tree
- nilfs
- kmod fixes
- more kernel/exit.c
- various other misc tweaks and fixes
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (190 commits)
exit: pidns: fix/update the comments in zap_pid_ns_processes()
exit: pidns: alloc_pid() leaks pid_namespace if child_reaper is exiting
exit: exit_notify: re-use "dead" list to autoreap current
exit: reparent: call forget_original_parent() under tasklist_lock
exit: reparent: avoid find_new_reaper() if no children
exit: reparent: introduce find_alive_thread()
exit: reparent: introduce find_child_reaper()
exit: reparent: document the ->has_child_subreaper checks
exit: reparent: s/while_each_thread/for_each_thread/ in find_new_reaper()
exit: reparent: fix the cross-namespace PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER reparenting
exit: reparent: fix the dead-parent PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER reparenting
exit: proc: don't try to flush /proc/tgid/task/tgid
exit: release_task: fix the comment about group leader accounting
exit: wait: drop tasklist_lock before psig->c* accounting
exit: wait: don't use zombie->real_parent
exit: wait: cleanup the ptrace_reparented() checks
usermodehelper: kill the kmod_thread_locker logic
usermodehelper: don't use CLONE_VFORK for ____call_usermodehelper()
fs/hfs/catalog.c: fix comparison bug in hfs_cat_keycmp
nilfs2: fix the nilfs_iget() vs. nilfs_new_inode() races
...
Pranith Kumar posted a patch in which removed the "volatile"
qualifier for the "logbuf_cpu" variable in vprintk_emit().
https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/11/13/894
In his patch, he used ACCESS_ONCE() for all references to
that symbol to provide whatever protection was intended.
There was some discussion that followed, and in the end Steven Rostedt
concluded that not only was "volatile" not needed, neither was it
required to use ACCESS_ONCE(). I offered an elaborate description that
concluded Steven was right, and Pranith asked me to submit an
alternative patch. And this is it.
The basic reason "volatile" is not needed is that "logbuf_cpu" has
static storage duration, and vprintk_emit() is an exported
interface. This means that the value of logbuf_cpu must be read
from memory the first time it is used in a particular call of
vprintk_emit(). The variable's value is read only once in that
function, when it's read it'll be the copy from memory (or cache).
In addition, the value of "logbuf_cpu" is only ever written under
protection of a spinlock. So the value that is read is the "real"
value (and not an out-of-date cached one). If its value is not
UINT_MAX, it is the current CPU's processor id, and it will have
been last written by the running CPU.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Reported-by: Pranith Kumar <bobby.prani@gmail.com>
Suggested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Eliminate the unlikely possibility of message interleaving for
early_printk/early_vprintk use.
early_vprintk can be done via the %pV extension so remove this
unnecessary function and change early_printk to have the equivalent
vprintk code.
All uses of early_printk already end with a newline so also remove the
unnecessary newline from the early_printk function.
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To avoid include hell, the per_cpu variable printk_func was declared
in percpu.h. But it is only defined if printk is defined.
As users of printk may also use the printk_func variable, it needs to
be defined even if CONFIG_PRINTK is not.
Also add a printk.h include in percpu.h just to be safe.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20141121183215.01ba539c@canb.auug.org.au
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Being able to divert printk to call another function besides the normal
logging is useful for such things like NMI handling. If some functions
are to be called from NMI that does printk() it is possible to lock up
the box if the nmi handler triggers when another printk is happening.
One example of this use is to perform a stack trace on all CPUs via NMI.
But if the NMI is to do the printk() it can cause the system to lock up.
By allowing the printk to be diverted to another function that can safely
record the printk output and then print it when it in a safe context
then NMIs will be safe to call these functions like show_regs().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/p/20140619213952.209176403@goodmis.org
Tested-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
When the kernel.dmesg_restrict restriction is in place, only users with
CAP_SYSLOG should be able to access crash dumps (like: attacker is
trying to exploit a bug, watchdog reboots, attacker can happily read
crash dumps and logs).
This puts the restriction on console-* types as well as sensitive
information could have been leaked there.
Other log types are unaffected.
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Schmidt <yath@yath.de>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Pull percpu consistent-ops changes from Tejun Heo:
"Way back, before the current percpu allocator was implemented, static
and dynamic percpu memory areas were allocated and handled separately
and had their own accessors. The distinction has been gone for many
years now; however, the now duplicate two sets of accessors remained
with the pointer based ones - this_cpu_*() - evolving various other
operations over time. During the process, we also accumulated other
inconsistent operations.
This pull request contains Christoph's patches to clean up the
duplicate accessor situation. __get_cpu_var() uses are replaced with
with this_cpu_ptr() and __this_cpu_ptr() with raw_cpu_ptr().
Unfortunately, the former sometimes is tricky thanks to C being a bit
messy with the distinction between lvalues and pointers, which led to
a rather ugly solution for cpumask_var_t involving the introduction of
this_cpu_cpumask_var_ptr().
This converts most of the uses but not all. Christoph will follow up
with the remaining conversions in this merge window and hopefully
remove the obsolete accessors"
* 'for-3.18-consistent-ops' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (38 commits)
irqchip: Properly fetch the per cpu offset
percpu: Resolve ambiguities in __get_cpu_var/cpumask_var_t -fix
ia64: sn_nodepda cannot be assigned to after this_cpu conversion. Use __this_cpu_write.
percpu: Resolve ambiguities in __get_cpu_var/cpumask_var_t
Revert "powerpc: Replace __get_cpu_var uses"
percpu: Remove __this_cpu_ptr
clocksource: Replace __this_cpu_ptr with raw_cpu_ptr
sparc: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
avr32: Replace __get_cpu_var with __this_cpu_write
blackfin: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
tile: Use this_cpu_ptr() for hardware counters
tile: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
powerpc: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
alpha: Replace __get_cpu_var
ia64: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
s390: cio driver &__get_cpu_var replacements
s390: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
mips: Replace __get_cpu_var uses
MIPS: Replace __get_cpu_var uses in FPU emulator.
arm: Replace __this_cpu_ptr with raw_cpu_ptr
...
Commit 458df9fd48 ("printk: remove separate printk_sched buffers and use
printk buf instead") hardcodes printk_deferred() to KERN_WARNING and
inserts the string "[sched_delayed] " before the actual message. However
it doesn't take into account the KERN_* prefix of the message, that now
ends up in the middle of the output:
[sched_delayed] ^a4CE: hpet increased min_delta_ns to 20115 nsec
Fix this by just getting rid of the "[sched_delayed] " scnprintf(). The
prefix is useless since 458df9fd48 anyway since from that moment
printk_deferred() inserts the message into the kernel printk buffer
immediately. So if the message eventually gets printed to console, it is
printed in the correct order with other messages and there's no need for
any special prefix. And if the kernel crashes before the message makes it
to console, then prefix in the printk buffer doesn't make the situation
any better.
Link: http://lkml.org/lkml/2014/9/14/4
Signed-off-by: Markus Trippelsdorf <markus@trippelsdorf.de>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When configuring a uniprocessor kernel, don't bother the user with an
irrelevant LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT question, and don't build the unused
code.
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We shouldn't set text_len in the code path that detects printk recursion
because text_len corresponds to the length of the string inside textbuf.
A few lines down from the line
text_len = strlen(recursion_msg);
is the line
text_len += vscnprintf(text + text_len, ...);
So if printk detects recursion, it sets text_len to 29 (the length of
recursion_msg) and logs an error. Then the message supplied by the
caller of printk is stored inside textbuf but offset by 29 bytes. This
means that the output of the recursive call to printk will contain 29
bytes of garbage in front of it.
This defect is caused by commit 458df9fd48 ("printk: remove separate
printk_sched buffers and use printk buf instead") which turned the line
text_len = vscnprintf(text, ...);
into
text_len += vscnprintf(text + text_len, ...);
To fix this, this patch avoids setting text_len when logging the printk
recursion error. This patch also marks unlikely() the branch leading up
to this code.
Fixes: 458df9fd48 ("printk: remove separate printk_sched buffers and use printk buf instead")
Signed-off-by: Patrick Palka <patrick@parcs.ath.cx>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace uses of __get_cpu_var for address calculation with this_cpu_ptr.
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Platforms like IBM Power Systems supports service processor
assisted dump. It provides interface to add memory region to
be captured when system is crashed.
During initialization/running we can add kernel memory region
to be collected.
Presently we don't have a way to get the log buffer base address
and size. This patch adds support to return log buffer address
and size.
Signed-off-by: Vasant Hegde <hegdevasant@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
We need interrupts disabled when calling console_trylock_for_printk()
only so that cpu id we pass to can_use_console() remains valid (for
other things console_sem provides all the exclusion we need and
deadlocks on console_sem due to interrupts are impossible because we use
down_trylock()). However if we are rescheduled, we are guaranteed to
run on an online cpu so we can easily just get the cpu id in
can_use_console().
We can lose a bit of performance when we enable interrupts in
vprintk_emit() and then disable them again in console_unlock() but OTOH
it can somewhat reduce interrupt latency caused by console_unlock().
We differ from (reverted) commit 939f04bec1 in that we avoid calling
console_unlock() from vprintk_emit() with lockdep enabled as that has
unveiled quite some bugs leading to system freezes during boot (e.g.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/5/30/242,
https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/6/28/521).
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Andreas Bombe <aeb@debian.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some small cleanups to kernel/printk/printk.c. None of them should
cause any change in behavior.
- When CONFIG_PRINTK is defined, parenthesize the value of LOG_LINE_MAX.
- When CONFIG_PRINTK is *not* defined, there is an extra LOG_LINE_MAX
definition; delete it.
- Pull an assignment out of a conditional expression in console_setup().
- Use isdigit() in console_setup() rather than open coding it.
- In update_console_cmdline(), drop a NUL-termination assignment;
the strlcpy() call that precedes it guarantees it's not needed.
- Simplify some logic in printk_timed_ratelimit().
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use the IS_ENABLED() macro rather than #ifdef blocks to set certain
global values.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix a few comments that don't accurately describe their corresponding
code. It also fixes some minor typographical errors.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit a8fe19ebfb ("kernel/printk: use symbolic defines for console
loglevels") makes consistent use of symbolic values for printk() log
levels.
The naming scheme used is different from the one used for
DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL though. Change that symbol name to be
MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT for consistency. And because the value of that
symbol comes from a similarly-named config option, rename
CONFIG_DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL as well.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In do_syslog() there's a path used by kmsg_poll() and kmsg_read() that
only needs to know whether there's any data available to read (and not
its size). These callers only check for non-zero return. As a
shortcut, do_syslog() returns the difference between what has been
logged and what has been "seen."
The comments say that the "count of records" should be returned but it's
not. Instead it returns (log_next_idx - syslog_idx), which is a
difference between buffer offsets--and the result could be negative.
The behavior is the same (it'll be zero or not in the same cases), but
the count of records is more meaningful and it matches what the comments
say. So change the code to return that.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@linaro.org>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The default size of the ring buffer is too small for machines with a
large amount of CPUs under heavy load. What ends up happening when
debugging is the ring buffer overlaps and chews up old messages making
debugging impossible unless the size is passed as a kernel parameter.
An idle system upon boot up will on average spew out only about one or
two extra lines but where this really matters is on heavy load and that
will vary widely depending on the system and environment.
There are mechanisms to help increase the kernel ring buffer for tracing
through debugfs, and those interfaces even allow growing the kernel ring
buffer per CPU. We also have a static value which can be passed upon
boot. Relying on debugfs however is not ideal for production, and
relying on the value passed upon bootup is can only used *after* an
issue has creeped up. Instead of being reactive this adds a proactive
measure which lets you scale the amount of contributions you'd expect to
the kernel ring buffer under load by each CPU in the worst case
scenario.
We use num_possible_cpus() to avoid complexities which could be
introduced by dynamically changing the ring buffer size at run time,
num_possible_cpus() lets us use the upper limit on possible number of
CPUs therefore avoiding having to deal with hotplugging CPUs on and off.
This introduces the kernel configuration option LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT
which is used to specify the maximum amount of contributions to the
kernel ring buffer in the worst case before the kernel ring buffer flips
over, the size is specified as a power of 2. The total amount of
contributions made by each CPU must be greater than half of the default
kernel ring buffer size (1 << LOG_BUF_SHIFT bytes) in order to trigger
an increase upon bootup. The kernel ring buffer is increased to the
next power of two that would fit the required minimum kernel ring buffer
size plus the additional CPU contribution. For example if LOG_BUF_SHIFT
is 18 (256 KB) you'd require at least 128 KB contributions by other CPUs
in order to trigger an increase of the kernel ring buffer. With a
LOG_CPU_BUF_SHIFT of 12 (4 KB) you'd require at least anything over > 64
possible CPUs to trigger an increase. If you had 128 possible CPUs the
amount of minimum required kernel ring buffer bumps to:
((1 << 18) + ((128 - 1) * (1 << 12))) / 1024 = 764 KB
Since we require the ring buffer to be a power of two the new required
size would be 1024 KB.
This CPU contributions are ignored when the "log_buf_len" kernel
parameter is used as it forces the exact size of the ring buffer to an
expected power of two value.
[pmladek@suse.cz: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Tested-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Cc: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch>
Cc: Stephen Warren <swarren@wwwdotorg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Arun KS <arunks.linux@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In practice the power of 2 practice of the size of the kernel ring
buffer remains purely historical but not a requirement, specially now
that we have LOG_ALIGN and use it for both static and dynamic
allocations. It could have helped with implicit alignment back in the
days given the even the dynamically sized ring buffer was guaranteed to
be aligned so long as CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT was set to produce a
__LOG_BUF_LEN which is architecture aligned, since log_buf_len=n would
be allowed only if it was > __LOG_BUF_LEN and we always ended up
rounding the log_buf_len=n to the next power of 2 with
roundup_pow_of_two(), any multiple of 2 then should be also architecture
aligned. These assumptions of course relied heavily on
CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT producing an aligned value but users can always
change this.
We now have precise alignment requirements set for the log buffer size
for both static and dynamic allocations, but lets upkeep the old
practice of using powers of 2 for its size to help with easy expected
scalable values and the allocators for dynamic allocations. We'll reuse
this later so move this into a helper.
Signed-off-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Cc: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch>
Cc: Stephen Warren <swarren@wwwdotorg.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Arun KS <arunks.linux@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have to consider alignment for the ring buffer both for the default
static size, and then also for when an dynamic allocation is made when
the log_buf_len=n kernel parameter is passed to set the size
specifically to a size larger than the default size set by the
architecture through CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT.
The default static kernel ring buffer can be aligned properly if
architectures set CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT properly, we provide ranges for
the size though so even if CONFIG_LOG_BUF_SHIFT has a sensible aligned
value it can be reduced to a non aligned value. Commit 6ebb017de9
("printk: Fix alignment of buf causing crash on ARM EABI") by Andrew
Lunn ensures the static buffer is always aligned and the decision of
alignment is done by the compiler by using __alignof__(struct log).
When log_buf_len=n is used we allocate the ring buffer dynamically.
Dynamic allocation varies, for the early allocation called before
setup_arch() memblock_virt_alloc() requests a page aligment and for the
default kernel allocation memblock_virt_alloc_nopanic() requests no
special alignment, which in turn ends up aligning the allocation to
SMP_CACHE_BYTES, which is L1 cache aligned.
Since we already have the required alignment for the kernel ring buffer
though we can do better and request explicit alignment for LOG_ALIGN.
This does that to be safe and make dynamic allocation alignment
explicit.
Signed-off-by: Luis R. Rodriguez <mcgrof@suse.com>
Tested-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch>
Cc: Stephen Warren <swarren@wwwdotorg.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.cz>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Arun KS <arunks.linux@gmail.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Revert commit 939f04bec1 ("printk: enable interrupts before calling
console_trylock_for_printk()").
Andreas reported:
: None of the post 3.15 kernel boot for me. They all hang at the GRUB
: screen telling me it loaded and started the kernel, but the kernel
: itself stops before it prints anything (or even replaces the GRUB
: background graphics).
939f04bec1 is modest latency reduction. Revert it until we understand
the reason for these failures.
Reported-by: Andreas Bombe <aeb@debian.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... instead of naked numbers.
Stuff in sysrq.c used to set it to 8 which is supposed to mean above
default level so set it to DEBUG instead as we're terminating/killing all
tasks and we want to be verbose there.
Also, correct the check in x86_64_start_kernel which should be >= as
we're clearly issuing the string there for all debug levels, not only
the magical 10.
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If the log ring buffer becomes full, we silently overwrite old messages
with new data. console_unlock will detect this case and fast-forward the
console_* pointers to skip over the corrupted data, but nothing will be
reported to the user.
This patch hijacks the first valid log message after detecting that we
dropped messages and prefixes it with a note detailing how many messages
were dropped. For long (~1000 char) messages, this will result in some
truncation of the real message, but given that we're dropping things
anyway, that doesn't seem to be the end of the world.
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After learning we'll need some sort of deferred printk functionality in
the timekeeping core, Peter suggested we rename the printk_sched function
so it can be reused by needed subsystems.
This only changes the function name. No logic changes.
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Jiri Bohac <jbohac@suse.cz>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Dave Young