GUS driver replaces the kctl->id.index after assigning the kctl via
snd_ctl_add(). This doesn't work any longer with the new Xarray
lookup change. It has to be set before snd_ctl_add() call instead.
Fixes: c27e1efb61 ("ALSA: control: Use xarray for faster lookups")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230606093855.14685-4-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
When snd_gf1_mem_xalloc() returns NULL, the current code still leaves
the formerly allocated block.name string but returns an error
immediately. This patch does code-refactoring to move the kstrdup()
call itself into snd_gf1_mem_xalloc() and deals with the resource free
in the helper code by itself for fixing those memory leaks.
Suggested-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Reviewed-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211213132444.22385-2-tiwai@suse.de
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211213141512.27359-1-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
snd_gf1_mem_xalloc() returns NULL incorrectly when the memory chunk is
allocated in the middle of the chain. This patch corrects the return
value to treat it properly.
Reviewed-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211213132444.22385-1-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
kstrdup() returns NULL when some internal memory errors happen, it is
better to check the return value of it. Otherwise, we may not to be able
to catch some memory errors in time.
Signed-off-by: Xiaoke Wang <xkernel.wang@foxmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/tencent_1E3950293AC22395ACFE99404C985D738309@qq.com
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The pointer block return from snd_gf1_dma_next_block could be
null, so there is a potential null pointer dereference issue.
Fix this by adding a null check before dereference.
Signed-off-by: Chengfeng Ye <cyeaa@connect.ust.hk>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211024104611.9919-1-cyeaa@connect.ust.hk
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The legacy ISA probe tries to probe the card repeatedly, and this
would conflict with the refactoring using devres. Put the card
creation out of the loop and only probe GUS object repeatedly.
Fixes: 5b88da3c80 ("ALSA: gus: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210907093930.29009-2-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
GUS card object may be repeatedly probed for the legacy ISA devices,
and the behavior doesn't fit with the devres resource management.
Revert partially back to the classical way for the snd_gus_card
object, so that the repeated calls of snd_gus_create() are allowed.
Fixes: 5b88da3c80 ("ALSA: gus: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Reported-by: kernel test robot <oliver.sang@intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210907093930.29009-1-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
This patch converts the resource management in ISA gus drivers with
devres as a clean up. Each manual resource management is converted
with the corresponding devres helper. The remove callback became
superfluous and dropped.
This should give no user-visible functional changes.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210715075941.23332-66-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
A final batch of fixes for v5.13, this is larger than I'd like due to
the fixes for a series of suspend issues that Intel turned up in their
testing this week.
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Merge tag 'asoc-fix-v5.13-rc7' of https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/broonie/sound into for-next
ASoC: Fixes for v5.13
A final batch of fixes for v5.13, this is larger than I'd like due to
the fixes for a series of suspend issues that Intel turned up in their
testing this week.
ISA GUS driver code contains lots of assignments in if condition,
which is a bad coding style that may confuse readers and occasionally
lead to bugs.
This patch is merely for coding-style fixes, no functional changes.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210608140540.17885-5-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Fix smatch warning:
sound/isa/gus/gus_main.c:396 snd_gus_check_version() error:
strcpy() 'card->longname' too large for 'card->shortname' (80 vs 32)
Even if this is not a real bug since the longest length of card->longname
now is 31, replace strcpy() with strscpy() in order to avoid possible
future mistake.
Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210514070507.16600-1-yuehaibing@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
This reverts commit 0f25e000cb.
Because of recent interactions with developers from @umn.edu, all
commits from them have been recently re-reviewed to ensure if they were
correct or not.
Upon review, this commit was found to be incorrect for the reasons
below, so it must be reverted. It will be fixed up "correctly" in a
later kernel change.
The original commit did nothing if there was an error, except to print
out a message, which is pointless. So remove the commit as it gives a
"false sense of doing something".
Cc: Kangjie Lu <kjlu@umn.edu>
Reviewed-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210503115736.2104747-33-gregkh@linuxfoundation.org
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE was added in pre-git era and never was
implemented. We can safely remove it, because the kernel has grown
to have many more reliable mechanisms to determine if device is
supported or not.
Signed-off-by: Leon Romanovsky <leonro@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The driver core ignores the return value of the remove callback, so
don't give isa drivers the chance to provide a value.
Adapt all isa_drivers with a remove callbacks accordingly; they all
return 0 unconditionally anyhow.
Acked-by: Marc Kleine-Budde <mkl@pengutronix.de> # for drivers/net/can/sja1000/tscan1.c
Acked-by: William Breathitt Gray <vilhelm.gray@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Wolfram Sang <wsa@kernel.org> # for drivers/i2c/
Reviewed-by: Takashi Iway <tiwai@suse.de> # for sound/
Reviewed-by: Hans Verkuil <hverkuil-cisco@xs4all.nl> # for drivers/media/
Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <uwe@kleine-koenig.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210122092449.426097-4-uwe@kleine-koenig.org
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Fix W=1 warning by noting variable as __always_unused.
sound/isa/gus/gus_uart.c: In function ‘snd_gf1_interrupt_midi_in’:
sound/isa/gus/gus_uart.c:16:22: warning: variable ‘data’ set but not
used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
16 | unsigned char stat, data, byte;
Signed-off-by: Pierre-Louis Bossart <pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200702193604.169059-3-pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Apply const prefix to each possible place: the static resource tables,
the volume table, etc.
Just for minor optimization and no functional changes.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200105144823.29547-50-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Most of snd_kcontrol_new definitions are read-only and passed as-is.
Let's declare them as const for further optimization.
There should be no functional changes by this patch.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200103081714.9560-36-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The reference to snd_info_entry_ops is rather read-only, so declare it
as a const pointer. This allows a bit more optimization.
There should be no functional changes by this patch.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200103081714.9560-29-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Most of snd_timer_hardware definitions do simply copying to another
struct as-is. Mark them as const for further optimization.
There should be no functional changes by this patch.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200103081714.9560-22-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Now we may declare const for snd_device_ops definitions, so let's do
it for optimization.
There should be no functional changes by this patch.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200103081714.9560-8-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
The driver invokes snd_pcm_period_elapsed() simply from the interrupt
handler. Set card->sync_irq for enabling the missing sync_stop PCM
operation.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20191210063454.31603-43-tiwai@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Based on 1 normalized pattern(s):
this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify
it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by
the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at
your option any later version this program is distributed in the
hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even
the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
purpose see the gnu general public license for more details you
should have received a copy of the gnu general public license along
with this program if not write to the free software foundation inc
59 temple place suite 330 boston ma 02111 1307 usa
extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier
GPL-2.0-or-later
has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 1334 file(s).
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net>
Reviewed-by: Richard Fontana <rfontana@redhat.com>
Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190527070033.113240726@linutronix.de
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Pointers should be printed with %p or %px rather than
cast to long type and printed with %lx.
Drop the address printing.
Signed-off-by: Fuqian Huang <huangfq.daxian@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Simplify the proc fs creation code with new helper functions,
snd_card_ro_proc_new() and snd_card_rw_proc_new().
Just a code refactoring and no functional changes.
Reviewed-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
We used to pass NULL to memory allocators for ISA devices due to
historical reasons. But we prefer rather a proper device object to be
assigned, so let's fix it by replacing snd_dma_isa_data() call with
card->dev reference, and kill snd_dma_isa_data() definition.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
snd_ctl_add() could fail, so let's check its status and issue an error
message if it indeed fails.
Signed-off-by: Kangjie Lu <kjlu@umn.edu>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
For a sake of code simplification, remove the init and the exit
entries that do nothing.
Notes for readers: actually it's OK to remove *both* init and exit,
but not OK to remove the exit entry. By removing only the exit while
keeping init, the module becomes permanently loaded; i.e. you cannot
unload it any longer!
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Pointer private_data is being assigned but is never used hence it is
redundant and can be removed.
Cleans up clang warning:
warning: variable 'private_data' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Omit an extra message for a memory allocation failure in this function.
This issue was detected by using the Coccinelle software.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Make these const as they are only used in a copy operation.
Done using Coccinelle.
Signed-off-by: Bhumika Goyal <bhumirks@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
pnp_card_device_id are not supposed to change at runtime. All functions
working with pnp_card_device_id provided by <linux/pnp.h> work with
const pnp_card_device_id. So mark the non-const structs as const.
Signed-off-by: Arvind Yadav <arvind.yadav.cs@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
snd_pcm_ops are not supposed to change at runtime. All functions
working with snd_pcm_ops provided by <sound/pcm.h> work with
const snd_pcm_ops. So mark the non-const structs as const.
Signed-off-by: Arvind Yadav <arvind.yadav.cs@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list(), *_ratnums() and *_ratdens() receive the
const pointers. Constify the corresponding static objects for better
hardening.
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Replace the copy and the silence ops with the new PCM ops.
For simplifying the code a bit, two local helpers are introduced here:
get_bpos() and playback_copy_ack().
Reviewed-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
ALSA driver series for devices of Gravis Ultra Sound includes local
variable 'snd_gf1_pcm_use_dma'. Although this is a flag to change
behaviours of local implementations for 'struct snd_pcm_ops.copy' and
'struct snd_pcm_ops.silence', it's invariable during module lifetime.
This commit removes this local variable and the relevant operations.
Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Declare snd_kcontrol_new structures as const as they are only passed an
argument to the function snd_ctl_new1. This argument is of type const,
so snd_kcontrol_new structures having this property can be made const.
Done using Coccinelle:
@r disable optional_qualifier@
identifier x;
position p;
@@
static struct snd_kcontrol_new x@p={...};
@ok@
identifier r.x;
position p;
@@
snd_ctl_new1(&x@p,...)
@bad@
position p != {r.p,ok.p};
identifier r.x;
@@
x@p
@depends on !bad disable optional_qualifier@
identifier r.x;
@@
+const
struct snd_kcontrol_new x;
Signed-off-by: Bhumika Goyal <bhumirks@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
When the kernel is running in secure boot mode, we lock down the kernel to
prevent userspace from modifying the running kernel image. Whilst this
includes prohibiting access to things like /dev/mem, it must also prevent
access by means of configuring driver modules in such a way as to cause a
device to access or modify the kernel image.
To this end, annotate module_param* statements that refer to hardware
configuration and indicate for future reference what type of parameter they
specify. The parameter parser in the core sees this information and can
skip such parameters with an error message if the kernel is locked down.
The module initialisation then runs as normal, but just sees whatever the
default values for those parameters is.
Note that we do still need to do the module initialisation because some
drivers have viable defaults set in case parameters aren't specified and
some drivers support automatic configuration (e.g. PNP or PCI) in addition
to manually coded parameters.
This patch annotates drivers in sound/isa/.
Suggested-by: Alan Cox <gnomes@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
cc: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.com>
cc: alsa-devel@alsa-project.org
Fix up affected files that include this signal functionality via sched.h.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Now snd_rawmidi_ops is maintained as a const pointer in snd_rawmidi,
we can constify the definitions.
Reviewed-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
This driver does not do anything special in module init/exit. This patch
eliminates the module init/exit boilerplate code by utilizing the
module_isa_driver macro.
Signed-off-by: William Breathitt Gray <vilhelm.gray@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
This driver does not do anything special in module init/exit. This patch
eliminates the module init/exit boilerplate code by utilizing the
module_isa_driver macro.
Signed-off-by: William Breathitt Gray <vilhelm.gray@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
This driver does not do anything special in module init/exit. This patch
eliminates the module init/exit boilerplate code by utilizing the
module_isa_driver macro.
Signed-off-by: William Breathitt Gray <vilhelm.gray@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Use kernel.h macro definition.
Thanks to Julia Lawall for Coccinelle scripting support.
Signed-off-by: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Most callers of snd_wss_pcm(), snd_wss_timer() and snd_cs4236_pcm() pass
NULL as the last parameter, some callers pass a pointer but never use it
after the function has been called and only a few callers pass a pointer and
actually use it. The later is only the case for snd_wss_pcm() for
snd_cs4236_pcm() and it is possible to get the same PCM object by accessing
the pcm field of the snd_wss struct that was passed as the first parameter.
This function removes the last parameters from the functions mentioned above
and updates the callers which used it to use chip->pcm instead. This allows
us to slightly simplify the functions since they don't have to check and set
the last parameter anymore which makes the code slightly shorter and
cleaner.
Signed-off-by: Lars-Peter Clausen <lars@metafoo.de>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
snd_gf1_pcm_new() and snd_gf1_rawmidi_new() take a pointer to a pointer of a
PCM/MIDI where if this parameter is provided the newly allocated object is
stored. All callers pass NULL though, so remove the parameter. This makes
the code a bit cleaner and shorter.
Signed-off-by: Lars-Peter Clausen <lars@metafoo.de>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Takashi Iwai