hollalinux
/
linux-sg2042
mirror of https://github.com/sophgo/linux-riscv.git
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Merge branch 'net-ReST-convert' 

Mauro Carvalho Chehab says:

====================
net: manually convert files to ReST format - part 1

There are very few documents upstream that aren't converted upstream.

This series convert part of the networking text files into ReST.
It is part of a bigger set of patches, which were split on parts,
in order to make reviewing task easier.

The full series (including those ones) are at:

	https://git.linuxtv.org/mchehab/experimental.git/log/?h=net-docs

And the documents, converted to HTML via the building system
are at:

	https://www.infradead.org/~mchehab/kernel_docs/networking/
====================

Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This commit is contained in:
David S. Miller 2020-04-28 14:40:29 -07:00
parent 790ab249b5 b9dd2bea22
commit c76c223016
74 changed files with 4622 additions and 3735 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

10
Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
View File

@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
shot down by NMI
autoconf= [IPV6]
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
@ -831,7 +831,7 @@
decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
Format: <area>[,<node>]
See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
See also Documentation/networking/decnet.rst.
default_hugepagesz=
[same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
@ -872,7 +872,7 @@
miss to occur.
disable= [IPV6]
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
hardened_usercopy=
[KNL] Under CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY, whether
@ -912,7 +912,7 @@
to workaround buggy firmware.
disable_ipv6= [IPV6]
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
See Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst.
disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
@ -4910,7 +4910,7 @@
Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots.
Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total
ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics
cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst
"tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details.
tdfx= [HW,DRM]

4
Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/net.rst
View File

@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ socket's buffer. It will not take effect unless PF_UNIX flag is specified.
3. /proc/sys/net/ipv4 - IPV4 settings
-------------------------------------
Please see: Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt and ipvs-sysctl.txt for
descriptions of these entries.
Please see: Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst and
Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/net.rst for descriptions of these entries.
4. Appletalk

4
Documentation/bpf/index.rst
View File

@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Filter) facility, with a focus on the extended BPF version (eBPF).
This kernel side documentation is still work in progress. The main
textual documentation is (for historical reasons) described in
`Documentation/networking/filter.txt`_, which describe both classical
`Documentation/networking/filter.rst`_, which describe both classical
and extended BPF instruction-set.
The Cilium project also maintains a `BPF and XDP Reference Guide`_
that goes into great technical depth about the BPF Architecture.
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Testing and debugging BPF
.. Links:
.. _Documentation/networking/filter.txt: ../networking/filter.txt
.. _Documentation/networking/filter.rst: ../networking/filter.txt
.. _man-pages: https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/
.. _bpf(2): http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
.. _BPF and XDP Reference Guide: http://cilium.readthedocs.io/en/latest/bpf/

26
Documentation/networking/6pack.txt → Documentation/networking/6pack.rst
View File

@ -1,18 +1,27 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==============
6pack Protocol
==============
This is the 6pack-mini-HOWTO, written by
Andreas Könsgen DG3KQ
Internet: ajk@comnets.uni-bremen.de
AMPR-net: dg3kq@db0pra.ampr.org
AX.25: dg3kq@db0ach.#nrw.deu.eu
:Internet: ajk@comnets.uni-bremen.de
:AMPR-net: dg3kq@db0pra.ampr.org
:AX.25: dg3kq@db0ach.#nrw.deu.eu
Last update: April 7, 1998
1. What is 6pack, and what are the advantages to KISS?
======================================================
6pack is a transmission protocol for data exchange between the PC and
the TNC over a serial line. It can be used as an alternative to KISS.
6pack has two major advantages:
- The PC is given full control over the radio
channel. Special control data is exchanged between the PC and the TNC so
that the PC knows at any time if the TNC is receiving data, if a TNC
@ -36,6 +45,7 @@ More details about 6pack are described in the file 6pack.ps that is located
in the doc directory of the AX.25 utilities package.
2. Who has developed the 6pack protocol?
========================================
The 6pack protocol has been developed by Ekki Plicht DF4OR, Henning Rech
DF9IC and Gunter Jost DK7WJ. A driver for 6pack, written by Gunter Jost and
@ -44,12 +54,14 @@ They have also written a firmware for TNCs to perform the 6pack
protocol (see section 4 below).
3. Where can I get the latest version of 6pack for LinuX?
=========================================================
At the moment, the 6pack stuff can obtained via anonymous ftp from
db0bm.automation.fh-aachen.de. In the directory /incoming/dg3kq,
there is a file named 6pack.tgz.
4. Preparing the TNC for 6pack operation
========================================
To be able to use 6pack, a special firmware for the TNC is needed. The EPROM
of a newly bought TNC does not contain 6pack, so you will have to
@ -75,12 +87,14 @@ and the status LED are lit for about a second if the firmware initialises
the TNC correctly.
5. Building and installing the 6pack driver
===========================================
The driver has been tested with kernel version 2.1.90. Use with older
kernels may lead to a compilation error because the interface to a kernel
function has been changed in the 2.1.8x kernels.
How to turn on 6pack support:
=============================
- In the linux kernel configuration program, select the code maturity level
options menu and turn on the prompting for development drivers.
@ -94,13 +108,13 @@ To use the driver, the kissattach program delivered with the AX.25 utilities
has to be modified.
- Do a cd to the directory that holds the kissattach sources. Edit the
kissattach.c file. At the top, insert the following lines:
kissattach.c file. At the top, insert the following lines::
#ifndef N_6PACK
#define N_6PACK (N_AX25+1)
#endif
Then find the line
Then find the line:
int disc = N_AX25;
@ -109,6 +123,7 @@ has to be modified.
- Recompile kissattach. Rename it to spattach to avoid confusions.
Installing the driver:
----------------------
- Do an insmod 6pack. Look at your /var/log/messages file to check if the
module has printed its initialization message.
@ -138,6 +153,7 @@ from the PC to the TNC over the serial line, the status LED if data is
sent to the PC.
6. Known problems
=================
When testing the driver with 2.0.3x kernels and
operating with data rates on the radio channel of 9600 Baud or higher,

87
Documentation/networking/altera_tse.txt → Documentation/networking/altera_tse.rst
View File

@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
Altera Triple-Speed Ethernet MAC driver
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
Copyright (C) 2008-2014 Altera Corporation
.. include:: <isonum.txt>
=======================================
Altera Triple-Speed Ethernet MAC driver
=======================================
Copyright |copy| 2008-2014 Altera Corporation
This is the driver for the Altera Triple-Speed Ethernet (TSE) controllers
using the SGDMA and MSGDMA soft DMA IP components. The driver uses the
@ -46,23 +52,33 @@ Jumbo frames are not supported at this time.
The driver limits PHY operations to 10/100Mbps, and has not yet been fully
tested for 1Gbps. This support will be added in a future maintenance update.
1) Kernel Configuration
1. Kernel Configuration
=======================
The kernel configuration option is ALTERA_TSE:
Device Drivers ---> Network device support ---> Ethernet driver support --->
Altera Triple-Speed Ethernet MAC support (ALTERA_TSE)
2) Driver parameters list:
debug: message level (0: no output, 16: all);
dma_rx_num: Number of descriptors in the RX list (default is 64);
dma_tx_num: Number of descriptors in the TX list (default is 64).
2. Driver parameters list
=========================
- debug: message level (0: no output, 16: all);
- dma_rx_num: Number of descriptors in the RX list (default is 64);
- dma_tx_num: Number of descriptors in the TX list (default is 64).
3. Command line options
=======================
Driver parameters can be also passed in command line by using::
3) Command line options
Driver parameters can be also passed in command line by using:
altera_tse=dma_rx_num:128,dma_tx_num:512
4) Driver information and notes
4. Driver information and notes
===============================
4.1) Transmit process
4.1. Transmit process
---------------------
When the driver's transmit routine is called by the kernel, it sets up a
transmit descriptor by calling the underlying DMA transmit routine (SGDMA or
MSGDMA), and initiates a transmit operation. Once the transmit is complete, an
@ -70,7 +86,8 @@ interrupt is driven by the transmit DMA logic. The driver handles the transmit
completion in the context of the interrupt handling chain by recycling
resource required to send and track the requested transmit operation.
4.2) Receive process
4.2. Receive process
--------------------
The driver will post receive buffers to the receive DMA logic during driver
initialization. Receive buffers may or may not be queued depending upon the
underlying DMA logic (MSGDMA is able queue receive buffers, SGDMA is not able
@ -79,34 +96,39 @@ received, the DMA logic generates an interrupt. The driver handles a receive
interrupt by obtaining the DMA receive logic status, reaping receive
completions until no more receive completions are available.
4.3) Interrupt Mitigation
4.3. Interrupt Mitigation
-------------------------
The driver is able to mitigate the number of its DMA interrupts
using NAPI for receive operations. Interrupt mitigation is not yet supported
for transmit operations, but will be added in a future maintenance release.
4.4) Ethtool support
--------------------
Ethtool is supported. Driver statistics and internal errors can be taken using:
ethtool -S ethX command. It is possible to dump registers etc.
4.5) PHY Support
----------------
The driver is compatible with PAL to work with PHY and GPHY devices.
4.7) List of source files:
o Kconfig
o Makefile
o altera_tse_main.c: main network device driver
o altera_tse_ethtool.c: ethtool support
o altera_tse.h: private driver structure and common definitions
o altera_msgdma.h: MSGDMA implementation function definitions
o altera_sgdma.h: SGDMA implementation function definitions
o altera_msgdma.c: MSGDMA implementation
o altera_sgdma.c: SGDMA implementation
o altera_sgdmahw.h: SGDMA register and descriptor definitions
o altera_msgdmahw.h: MSGDMA register and descriptor definitions
o altera_utils.c: Driver utility functions
o altera_utils.h: Driver utility function definitions
--------------------------
- Kconfig
- Makefile
- altera_tse_main.c: main network device driver
- altera_tse_ethtool.c: ethtool support
- altera_tse.h: private driver structure and common definitions
- altera_msgdma.h: MSGDMA implementation function definitions
- altera_sgdma.h: SGDMA implementation function definitions
- altera_msgdma.c: MSGDMA implementation
- altera_sgdma.c: SGDMA implementation
- altera_sgdmahw.h: SGDMA register and descriptor definitions
- altera_msgdmahw.h: MSGDMA register and descriptor definitions
- altera_utils.c: Driver utility functions
- altera_utils.h: Driver utility function definitions
5) Debug Information
5. Debug Information
====================
The driver exports debug information such as internal statistics,
debug information, MAC and DMA registers etc.
@ -118,17 +140,18 @@ or sees the MAC registers: e.g. using: ethtool -d ethX
The developer can also use the "debug" module parameter to get
further debug information.
6) Statistics Support
6. Statistics Support
=====================
The controller and driver support a mix of IEEE standard defined statistics,
RFC defined statistics, and driver or Altera defined statistics. The four
specifications containing the standard definitions for these statistics are
as follows:
o IEEE 802.3-2012 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet.
o RFC 2863 found at http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2863.txt.
o RFC 2819 found at http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2819.txt.
o Altera Triple Speed Ethernet User Guide, found at http://www.altera.com
- IEEE 802.3-2012 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet.
- RFC 2863 found at http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2863.txt.
- RFC 2819 found at http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2819.txt.
- Altera Triple Speed Ethernet User Guide, found at http://www.altera.com
The statistics supported by the TSE and the device driver are as follows:

671
Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.txt → Documentation/networking/arcnet-hardware.rst
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

122
Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt → Documentation/networking/arcnet.rst
View File

@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE: See also arcnet-hardware.txt in this directory for jumper-setting
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
======
ARCnet
======
.. note::
See also arcnet-hardware.txt in this directory for jumper-setting
and cabling information if you're like many of us and didn't happen to get a
manual with your ARCnet card.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since no one seems to listen to me otherwise, perhaps a poem will get your
attention:
attention::
This driver's getting fat and beefy,
But my cat is still named Fifi.
@ -24,9 +31,7 @@ Come on, be a sport! Send me a success report!
(hey, that was even better than my original poem... this is getting bad!)
--------
WARNING:
--------
.. warning::
If you don't e-mail me about your success/failure soon, I may be forced to
start SINGING. And we don't want that, do we?
@ -38,13 +43,8 @@ whether it's working or not.)
My e-mail address is: apenwarr@worldvisions.ca
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
These are the ARCnet drivers for Linux.
This new release (2.91) has been put together by David Woodhouse
<dwmw2@infradead.org>, in an attempt to tidy up the driver after adding support
for yet another chipset. Now the generic support has been separated from the
@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ REAL NAME" to listserv@tichy.ch.uj.edu.pl. Then, to submit messages to the
list, mail to linux-arcnet@tichy.ch.uj.edu.pl.
There are archives of the mailing list at:
http://epistolary.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/arcnet
The people on linux-net@vger.kernel.org (now defunct, replaced by
@ -80,15 +81,18 @@ Other Drivers and Info
----------------------
You can try my ARCNET page on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.qis.net/~jschmitz/arcnet/
Also, SMC (one of the companies that makes ARCnet cards) has a WWW site you
might be interested in, which includes several drivers for various cards
including ARCnet. Try:
http://www.smc.com/
Performance Technologies makes various network software that supports
ARCnet:
http://www.perftech.com/ or ftp to ftp.perftech.com.
Novell makes a networking stack for DOS which includes ARCnet drivers. Try
@ -105,7 +109,8 @@ access.
Installing the Driver
---------------------
All you will need to do in order to install the driver is:
All you will need to do in order to install the driver is::
make config
(be sure to choose ARCnet in the network devices
and at least one chipset driver.)
@ -125,10 +130,12 @@ There are four chipset options:
This is the normal ARCnet card, which you've probably got. This is the only
chipset driver which will autoprobe if not told where the card is.
It following options on the command line:
It following options on the command line::
com90xx=[<io>[,<irq>[,<shmem>]]][,<name>] | <name>
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are::
io=<io> irq=<irq> shmem=<shmem> device=<name>
To disable the autoprobe, just specify "com90xx=" on the kernel command line.
@ -140,10 +147,13 @@ This is the new chipset from SMC with support for promiscuous mode (packet
sniffing), extra diagnostic information, etc. Unfortunately, there is no
sensible method of autoprobing for these cards. You must specify the I/O
address on the kernel command line.
The command line options are:
The command line options are::
com20020=<io>[,<irq>[,<node_ID>[,backplane[,CKP[,timeout]]]]][,name]
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are::
io=<io> irq=<irq> node=<node_ID> backplane=<backplane> clock=<CKP>
timeout=<timeout> device=<name>
@ -160,7 +170,9 @@ you have a card which doesn't support shared memory, or (strangely) in case
you have so many ARCnet cards in your machine that you run out of shmem slots.
If you don't give the IO address on the kernel command line, then the driver
will not find the card.
The command line options are:
The command line options are::
com90io=<io>[,<irq>][,<name>]
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
@ -171,10 +183,12 @@ If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
These are COM90xx chips which are _completely_ memory mapped. The support for
these is not tested. If you have one, please mail the author with a success
report. All options must be specified, except the device name.
Command line options:
Command line options::
arcrimi=<shmem>,<irq>,<node_ID>[,<name>]
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are:
If you load the chipset support as a module, the options are::
shmem=<shmem> irq=<irq> node=<node_ID> device=<name>
@ -186,6 +200,8 @@ support" and to support for your ARCnet chipset if you want to use the
loadable module. You can also say 'y' to "Generic ARCnet support" and 'm'
to the chipset support if you wish.
::
make config
make clean
make zImage
@ -196,7 +212,8 @@ you can specify various characteristics of your card on the command
line. (In recent versions of the driver, autoprobing is much more reliable
and works as a module, so most of this is now unnecessary.)
For example:
For example::
cd /usr/src/linux/modules
insmod arcnet.o
insmod com90xx.o
@ -228,21 +245,25 @@ ARCnet driver has somewhat suffered in this respect. COM90xx support, if
compiled into the kernel, will (try to) autodetect all the installed cards.
If you have other cards, with support compiled into the kernel, then you can
just repeat the options on the kernel command line, e.g.:
just repeat the options on the kernel command line, e.g.::
LILO: linux com20020=0x2e0 com20020=0x380 com90io=0x260
If you have the chipset support built as a loadable module, then you need to
do something like this:
do something like this::
insmod -o arc0 com90xx
insmod -o arc1 com20020 io=0x2e0
insmod -o arc2 com90xx
The ARCnet drivers will now sort out their names automatically.
How do I get it to work with...?
--------------------------------
NFS: Should be fine linux->linux, just pretend you're using Ethernet cards.
NFS:
Should be fine linux->linux, just pretend you're using Ethernet cards.
oak.oakland.edu:/simtel/msdos/nfs has some nice DOS clients. There
is also a DOS-based NFS server called SOSS. It doesn't multitask
quite the way Linux does (actually, it doesn't multitask AT ALL) but
@ -257,16 +278,19 @@ NFS: Should be fine linux->linux, just pretend you're using Ethernet cards.
don't know why the defaults on the Amiga didn't work; write to me if
you know more.
DOS: If you're using the freeware arcether.com, you might want to install
DOS:
If you're using the freeware arcether.com, you might want to install
the driver patch from my web page. It helps with PC/TCP, and also
can get arcether to load if it timed out too quickly during
initialization. In fact, if you use it on a 386+ you REALLY need
the patch, really.
Windows: See DOS :) Trumpet Winsock works fine with either the Novell or
Windows:
See DOS :) Trumpet Winsock works fine with either the Novell or
Arcether client, assuming you remember to load winpkt of course.
LAN Manager and Windows for Workgroups: These programs use protocols that
LAN Manager and Windows for Workgroups:
These programs use protocols that
are incompatible with the Internet standard. They try to pretend
the cards are Ethernet, and confuse everyone else on the network.
@ -278,7 +302,8 @@ LAN Manager and Windows for Workgroups: These programs use protocols that
interface quite nicely with TCP/IP-based WfWg or Lan Manager
networks.
Windows 95: Tools are included with Win95 that let you use either the LANMAN
Windows 95:
Tools are included with Win95 that let you use either the LANMAN
style network drivers (NDIS) or Novell drivers (ODI) to handle your
ARCnet packets. If you use ODI, you'll need to use the 'arc0'
device with Linux. If you use NDIS, then try the 'arc0e' device.
@ -286,7 +311,8 @@ Windows 95: Tools are included with Win95 that let you use either the LANMAN
you're completely insane, and/or you need to build some kind of
hybrid network that uses both encapsulation types.
OS/2: I've been told it works under Warp Connect with an ARCnet driver from
OS/2:
I've been told it works under Warp Connect with an ARCnet driver from
SMC. You need to use the 'arc0e' interface for this. If you get
the SMC driver to work with the TCP/IP stuff included in the
"normal" Warp Bonus Pack, let me know.
@ -295,7 +321,8 @@ OS/2: I've been told it works under Warp Connect with an ARCnet driver from
which should use the same protocol as WfWg does. I had no luck
installing it under Warp, however. Please mail me with any results.
NetBSD/AmiTCP: These use an old version of the Internet standard ARCnet
NetBSD/AmiTCP:
These use an old version of the Internet standard ARCnet
protocol (RFC1051) which is compatible with the Linux driver v2.10
ALPHA and above using the arc0s device. (See "Multiprotocol ARCnet"
below.) ** Newer versions of NetBSD apparently support RFC1201.
@ -307,7 +334,8 @@ Using Multiprotocol ARCnet
The ARCnet driver v2.10 ALPHA supports three protocols, each on its own
"virtual network device":
arc0 - RFC1201 protocol, the official Internet standard which just
====== ===============================================================
arc0 RFC1201 protocol, the official Internet standard which just
happens to be 100% compatible with Novell's TRXNET driver.
Version 1.00 of the ARCnet driver supported _only_ this
protocol. arc0 is the fastest of the three protocols (for
@ -316,7 +344,7 @@ The ARCnet driver v2.10 ALPHA supports three protocols, each on its own
Unless you have a specific need to use a different protocol,
I strongly suggest that you stick with this one.
arc0e - "Ethernet-Encapsulation" which sends packets over ARCnet
arc0e "Ethernet-Encapsulation" which sends packets over ARCnet
that are actually a lot like Ethernet packets, including the
6-byte hardware addresses. This protocol is compatible with
Microsoft's NDIS ARCnet driver, like the one in WfWg and
@ -329,7 +357,7 @@ The ARCnet driver v2.10 ALPHA supports three protocols, each on its own
reasons yet to be determined. (Probably it's the smaller
MTU that does it.)
arc0s - The "[s]imple" RFC1051 protocol is the "previous" Internet
arc0s The "[s]imple" RFC1051 protocol is the "previous" Internet
standard that is completely incompatible with the new
standard. Some software today, however, continues to
support the old standard (and only the old standard)
@ -341,6 +369,7 @@ The ARCnet driver v2.10 ALPHA supports three protocols, each on its own
The arc0s support was contributed by Tomasz Motylewski
and modified somewhat by me. Bugs are probably my fault.
====== ===============================================================
You can choose not to compile arc0e and arc0s into the driver if you want -
this will save you a bit of memory and avoid confusion when eg. trying to
@ -359,13 +388,15 @@ can set up your network then:
only arc0 unless you have a good reason (like some other software, ie.
WfWg, that only works with arc0e).
If you need only arc0, then the following commands should get you going:
If you need only arc0, then the following commands should get you going::
ifconfig arc0 MY.IP.ADD.RESS
route add MY.IP.ADD.RESS arc0
route add -net SUB.NET.ADD.RESS arc0
[add other local routes here]
If you need arc0e (and only arc0e), it's a little different:
If you need arc0e (and only arc0e), it's a little different::
ifconfig arc0 MY.IP.ADD.RESS
ifconfig arc0e MY.IP.ADD.RESS
route add MY.IP.ADD.RESS arc0e
@ -393,11 +424,13 @@ can set up your network then:
To start with, take a simple network with just insight and freedom.
Insight needs to:
- talk to freedom via RFC1201 (arc0) protocol, because I like it
more and it's faster.
- use freedom as its Internet gateway.
That's pretty easy to do. Set up insight like this:
That's pretty easy to do. Set up insight like this::
ifconfig arc0 insight
route add insight arc0
route add freedom arc0 /* I would use the subnet here (like I said
@ -408,7 +441,8 @@ can set up your network then:
things. */
route add default gw freedom
And freedom gets configured like so:
And freedom gets configured like so::
ifconfig arc0 freedom
route add freedom arc0
route add insight arc0
@ -436,11 +470,12 @@ can set up your network then:
the fact that both freedom and insight (courtesy of the arc0e device)
could understand a direct transmission.
I compensate by giving freedom an extra IP address - aliased 'gatekeeper'
- that is on my private subnet, the same subnet that patience is on. I
I compensate by giving freedom an extra IP address - aliased 'gatekeeper' -
that is on my private subnet, the same subnet that patience is on. I
then define gatekeeper to be the default gateway for patience.
To configure freedom (in addition to the commands above):
To configure freedom (in addition to the commands above)::
ifconfig arc0e gatekeeper
route add gatekeeper arc0e
route add patience arc0e
@ -467,7 +502,7 @@ can set up your network then:
hosts that would normally not be able to communicate at all.
For those who like diagrams, I have created two "virtual subnets" on the
same physical ARCnet wire. You can picture it like this:
same physical ARCnet wire. You can picture it like this::
[RFC1201 NETWORK] [ETHER-ENCAP NETWORK]
@ -491,6 +526,7 @@ It works: what now?
Send mail describing your setup, preferably including driver version, kernel
version, ARCnet card model, CPU type, number of systems on your network, and
list of software in use to me at the following address:
apenwarr@worldvisions.ca
I do send (sometimes automated) replies to all messages I receive. My email
@ -535,9 +571,11 @@ decides that the driver is broken). During a transmit, unused parts of the
buffer will be cleared to 0x42 as well. This is to make it easier to figure
out which bytes are being used by a packet.
You can change the debug level without recompiling the kernel by typing:
You can change the debug level without recompiling the kernel by typing::
ifconfig arc0 down metric 1xxx
/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1
where "xxx" is the debug level you want. For example, "metric 1015" would put
you at debug level 15. Debug level 7 is currently the default.

6
Documentation/networking/atm.txt → Documentation/networking/atm.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===
ATM
===
In order to use anything but the most primitive functions of ATM,
several user-mode programs are required to assist the kernel. These
programs and related material can be found via the ATM on Linux Web

6
Documentation/networking/ax25.txt → Documentation/networking/ax25.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====
AX.25
=====
To use the amateur radio protocols within Linux you will need to get a
suitable copy of the AX.25 Utilities. More detailed information about
AX.25, NET/ROM and ROSE, associated programs and and utilities can be

50
Documentation/networking/baycom.txt → Documentation/networking/baycom.rst
View File

@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
LINUX DRIVERS FOR BAYCOM MODEMS
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===============================
Linux Drivers for Baycom Modems
===============================
Thomas M. Sailer, HB9JNX/AE4WA, <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
!!NEW!! (04/98) The drivers for the baycom modems have been split into
The drivers for the baycom modems have been split into
separate drivers as they did not share any code, and the driver
and device names have changed.
@ -10,10 +14,11 @@ This document describes the Linux Kernel Drivers for simple Baycom style
amateur radio modems.
The following drivers are available:
====================================
baycom_ser_fdx:
This driver supports the SER12 modems either full or half duplex.
Its baud rate may be changed via the `baud' module parameter,
Its baud rate may be changed via the ``baud`` module parameter,
therefore it supports just about every bit bang modem on a
serial port. Its devices are called bcsf0 through bcsf3.
This is the recommended driver for SER12 type modems,
@ -37,7 +42,8 @@ baycom_epp:
The following modems are supported:
ser12: This is a very simple 1200 baud AFSK modem. The modem consists only
======= ========================================================================
ser12 This is a very simple 1200 baud AFSK modem. The modem consists only
of a modulator/demodulator chip, usually a TI TCM3105. The computer
is responsible for regenerating the receiver bit clock, as well as
for handling the HDLC protocol. The modem connects to a serial port,
@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ ser12: This is a very simple 1200 baud AFSK modem. The modem consists only
port, the kernel driver for serial ports cannot be used, and this
driver only supports standard serial hardware (8250, 16450, 16550)
par96: This is a modem for 9600 baud FSK compatible to the G3RUH standard.
par96 This is a modem for 9600 baud FSK compatible to the G3RUH standard.
The modem does all the filtering and regenerates the receiver clock.
Data is transferred from and to the PC via a shift register.
The shift register is filled with 16 bits and an interrupt is signalled.
@ -54,18 +60,19 @@ par96: This is a modem for 9600 baud FSK compatible to the G3RUH standard.
implementation of the HDLC protocol and the scrambler polynomial to
the PC.
picpar: This is a redesign of the par96 modem by Henning Rech, DF9IC. The modem
picpar This is a redesign of the par96 modem by Henning Rech, DF9IC. The modem
is protocol compatible to par96, but uses only three low power ICs
and can therefore be fed from the parallel port and does not require
an additional power supply. Furthermore, it incorporates a carrier
detect circuitry.
EPP: This is a high-speed modem adaptor that connects to an enhanced parallel port.
EPP This is a high-speed modem adaptor that connects to an enhanced parallel
port.
Its target audience is users working over a high speed hub (76.8kbit/s).
eppfpga: This is a redesign of the EPP adaptor.
eppfpga This is a redesign of the EPP adaptor.
======= ========================================================================
All of the above modems only support half duplex communications. However,
the driver supports the KISS (see below) fullduplex command. It then simply
@ -76,6 +83,7 @@ access protocol.
The Interface of the drivers
============================
Unlike previous drivers, these drivers are no longer character devices,
but they are now true kernel network interfaces. Installation is therefore
@ -88,20 +96,22 @@ me for WAMPES which allows attaching a kernel network interface directly.
Configuring the driver
======================
Every time a driver is inserted into the kernel, it has to know which
modems it should access at which ports. This can be done with the setbaycom
utility. If you are only using one modem, you can also configure the
driver from the insmod command line (or by means of an option line in
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf).
``/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf``).
Examples::
Examples:
modprobe baycom_ser_fdx mode="ser12*" iobase=0x3f8 irq=4
sethdlc -i bcsf0 -p mode "ser12*" io 0x3f8 irq 4
Both lines configure the first port to drive a ser12 modem at the first
serial port (COM1 under DOS). The * in the mode parameter instructs the driver to use
the software DCD algorithm (see below).
serial port (COM1 under DOS). The * in the mode parameter instructs the driver
to use the software DCD algorithm (see below)::
insmod baycom_par mode="picpar" iobase=0x378
sethdlc -i bcp0 -p mode "picpar" io 0x378
@ -115,29 +125,33 @@ Note that both utilities interpret the values slightly differently.
Hardware DCD versus Software DCD
================================
To avoid collisions on the air, the driver must know when the channel is
busy. This is the task of the DCD circuitry/software. The driver may either
utilise a software DCD algorithm (options=1) or use a DCD signal from
the hardware (options=0).
ser12: if software DCD is utilised, the radio's squelch should always be
======= =================================================================
ser12 if software DCD is utilised, the radio's squelch should always be
open. It is highly recommended to use the software DCD algorithm,
as it is much faster than most hardware squelch circuitry. The
disadvantage is a slightly higher load on the system.
par96: the software DCD algorithm for this type of modem is rather poor.
par96 the software DCD algorithm for this type of modem is rather poor.
The modem simply does not provide enough information to implement
a reasonable DCD algorithm in software. Therefore, if your radio
feeds the DCD input of the PAR96 modem, the use of the hardware
DCD circuitry is recommended.
picpar: the picpar modem features a builtin DCD hardware, which is highly
picpar the picpar modem features a builtin DCD hardware, which is highly
recommended.
======= =================================================================
Compatibility with the rest of the Linux kernel
===============================================
The serial driver and the baycom serial drivers compete
for the same hardware resources. Of course only one driver can access a given
@ -154,5 +168,7 @@ The parallel port drivers (baycom_par, baycom_epp) now use the parport subsystem
to arbitrate the ports between different client drivers.
vy 73s de
Tom Sailer, sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch
hb9jnx @ hb9w.ampr.org

239
Documentation/networking/bonding.txt → Documentation/networking/bonding.rst
View File

@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===================================
Linux Ethernet Bonding Driver HOWTO
===================================
Latest update: 27 April 2011
Initial release: Thomas Davis <tadavis at lbl.gov>
Corrections, HA extensions: 2000/10/03-15:
- Willy Tarreau <willy at meta-x.org>
- Constantine Gavrilov <const-g at xpert.com>
- Chad N. Tindel <ctindel at ieee dot org>
@ -13,6 +18,7 @@ Corrections, HA extensions : 2000/10/03-15 :
Reorganized and updated Feb 2005 by Jay Vosburgh
Added Sysfs information: 2006/04/24
- Mitch Williams <mitch.a.williams at intel.com>
Introduction
@ -32,8 +38,7 @@ with this version of the driver.
For new versions of the driver, updated userspace tools, and
who to ask for help, please follow the links at the end of this file.
Table of Contents
=================
.. Table of Contents
1. Bonding Driver Installation
@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ to the driver or configure more than one bonding device.
Build and install the new kernel and modules.
1.2 Bonding Control Utility
-------------------------------------
---------------------------
It is recommended to configure bonding via iproute2 (netlink)
or sysfs, the old ifenslave control utility is obsolete.
@ -140,7 +145,7 @@ bonding module at load time, or are specified via sysfs.
Module options may be given as command line arguments to the
insmod or modprobe command, but are usually specified in either the
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf configuration files, or in a distro-specific
``/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf`` configuration files, or in a distro-specific
configuration file (some of which are detailed in the next section).
Details on bonding support for sysfs is provided in the
@ -246,10 +251,13 @@ ad_user_port_key
In an AD system, the port-key has three parts as shown below -
===== ============
Bits Use
===== ============
00 Duplex
01-05 Speed
06-15 User-defined
===== ============
This defines the upper 10 bits of the port key. The values can be
from 0 - 1023. If not given, the system defaults to 0.
@ -699,7 +707,7 @@ mode
swapped with the new curr_active_slave that was
chosen.
num_grat_arp
num_grat_arp,
num_unsol_na
Specify the number of peer notifications (gratuitous ARPs and
@ -998,7 +1006,7 @@ Determining this is fairly straightforward.
If this file is present in your system, then your system use interfaces. See
Configuration with Interfaces Support.
Else, issue the command:
Else, issue the command::
$ rpm -qf /sbin/ifup
@ -1007,7 +1015,7 @@ $ rpm -qf /sbin/ifup
package that provides your network initialization scripts.
Next, to determine if your installation supports bonding,
issue the command:
issue the command::
$ grep ifenslave /sbin/ifup
@ -1031,7 +1039,7 @@ yast2 sysconfig configuration utility. The goal is for to create an
ifcfg-id file for each slave device. The simplest way to accomplish
this is to configure the devices for DHCP (this is only to get the
file ifcfg-id file created; see below for some issues with DHCP). The
name of the configuration file for each device will be of the form:
name of the configuration file for each device will be of the form::
ifcfg-id-xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx
@ -1042,7 +1050,7 @@ the device's permanent MAC address.
created, it is necessary to edit the configuration files for the slave
devices (the MAC addresses correspond to those of the slave devices).
Before editing, the file will contain multiple lines, and will look
something like this:
something like this::
BOOTPROTO='dhcp'
STARTMODE='on'
@ -1050,7 +1058,7 @@ USERCTL='no'
UNIQUE='XNzu.WeZGOGF+4wE'
_nm_name='bus-pci-0001:61:01.0'
Change the BOOTPROTO and STARTMODE lines to the following:
Change the BOOTPROTO and STARTMODE lines to the following::
BOOTPROTO='none'
STARTMODE='off'
@ -1066,7 +1074,7 @@ ifcfg-bond0, the second is ifcfg-bond1, and so on. The sysconfig
network configuration system will correctly start multiple instances
of bonding.
The contents of the ifcfg-bondX file is as follows:
The contents of the ifcfg-bondX file is as follows::
BOOTPROTO="static"
BROADCAST="10.0.2.255"
@ -1086,18 +1094,21 @@ values with the appropriate values for your network.
The STARTMODE specifies when the device is brought online.
The possible values are:
onboot: The device is started at boot time. If you're not
======== ======================================================
onboot The device is started at boot time. If you're not
sure, this is probably what you want.
manual: The device is started only when ifup is called
manual The device is started only when ifup is called
manually. Bonding devices may be configured this
way if you do not wish them to start automatically
at boot for some reason.
hotplug: The device is started by a hotplug event. This is not
hotplug The device is started by a hotplug event. This is not
a valid choice for a bonding device.
off or ignore: The device configuration is ignored.
off or The device configuration is ignored.
ignore
======== ======================================================
The line BONDING_MASTER='yes' indicates that the device is a
bonding master device. The only useful value is "yes."
@ -1122,7 +1133,7 @@ configurations will choose one or the other for all slave devices.
When all configuration files have been modified or created,
networking must be restarted for the configuration changes to take
effect. This can be accomplished via the following:
effect. This can be accomplished via the following::
# /etc/init.d/network restart
@ -1137,11 +1148,11 @@ devices). It is necessary to edit the configuration file by hand to
change the bonding configuration.
Additional general options and details of the ifcfg file
format can be found in an example ifcfg template file:
format can be found in an example ifcfg template file::
/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg.template
Note that the template does not document the various BONDING_
Note that the template does not document the various ``BONDING_*``
settings described above, but does describe many of the other options.
3.1.1 Using DHCP with Sysconfig
@ -1167,7 +1178,7 @@ ifcfg-bondX files.
Because the sysconfig scripts supply the bonding module
options in the ifcfg-bondX file, it is not necessary to add them to
the system /etc/modules.d/*.conf configuration files.
the system ``/etc/modules.d/*.conf`` configuration files.
3.2 Configuration with Initscripts Support
------------------------------------------
@ -1191,7 +1202,7 @@ a bondX link. Network script files are located in the directory:
The file name must be prefixed with "ifcfg-eth" and suffixed
with the adapter's physical adapter number. For example, the script
for eth0 would be named /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0.
Place the following text in the file:
Place the following text in the file::
DEVICE=eth0
USERCTL=no
@ -1212,7 +1223,7 @@ second is bond1, and so on.
script will be /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bondX where X is
the number of the bond. For bond0 the file is named "ifcfg-bond0",
for bond1 it is named "ifcfg-bond1", and so on. Within that file,
place the following text:
place the following text::
DEVICE=bond0
IPADDR=192.168.1.1
@ -1229,7 +1240,7 @@ NETMASK, NETWORK and BROADCAST) to match your network configuration.
For later versions of initscripts, such as that found with Fedora
7 (or later) and Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5 (or later), it is possible,
and, indeed, preferable, to specify the bonding options in the ifcfg-bond0
file, e.g. a line of the format:
file, e.g. a line of the format::
BONDING_OPTS="mode=active-backup arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=192.168.1.254"
@ -1239,12 +1250,13 @@ except for the arp_ip_target field when using versions of initscripts older
than and 8.57 (Fedora 8) and 8.45.19 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2). When
using older versions each target should be included as a separate option and
should be preceded by a '+' to indicate it should be added to the list of
queried targets, e.g.,
queried targets, e.g.,::
arp_ip_target=+192.168.1.1 arp_ip_target=+192.168.1.2
is the proper syntax to specify multiple targets. When specifying
options via BONDING_OPTS, it is not necessary to edit /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf.
options via BONDING_OPTS, it is not necessary to edit
``/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf``.
For even older versions of initscripts that do not support
BONDING_OPTS, it is necessary to edit /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf, depending upon
@ -1305,7 +1317,7 @@ the global init script differs; for sysconfig, it is
For example, if you wanted to make a simple bond of two e100
devices (presumed to be eth0 and eth1), and have it persist across
reboots, edit the appropriate file (/etc/init.d/boot.local or
/etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the following:
/etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the following::
modprobe bonding mode=balance-alb miimon=100
modprobe e100
@ -1319,11 +1331,11 @@ values for your configuration.
Unfortunately, this method will not provide support for the
ifup and ifdown scripts on the bond devices. To reload the bonding
configuration, it is necessary to run the initialization script, e.g.,
configuration, it is necessary to run the initialization script, e.g.,::
# /etc/init.d/boot.local
or
or::
# /etc/rc.d/rc.local
@ -1335,7 +1347,7 @@ enabled without re-running the entire global init script.
To shut down the bonding devices, it is necessary to first
mark the bonding device itself as being down, then remove the
appropriate device driver modules. For our example above, you can do
the following:
the following::
# ifconfig bond0 down
# rmmod bonding
@ -1372,7 +1384,7 @@ network initialization scripts.
specify a different name for each instance (the module loading system
requires that every loaded module, even multiple instances of the same
module, have a unique name). This is accomplished by supplying multiple
sets of bonding options in /etc/modprobe.d/*.conf, for example:
sets of bonding options in ``/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf``, for example::
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 -o bond0 mode=balance-rr miimon=100
@ -1388,7 +1400,7 @@ bond1 device in balance-alb mode with an miimon of 50.
In some circumstances (typically with older distributions),
the above does not work, and the second bonding instance never sees
its options. In that case, the second options line can be substituted
as follows:
as follows::
install bond1 /sbin/modprobe --ignore-install bonding -o bond1 \
mode=balance-alb miimon=50
@ -1426,16 +1438,21 @@ example paths accordingly.
Creating and Destroying Bonds
-----------------------------
To add a new bond foo:
To add a new bond foo::
# echo +foo > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
To remove an existing bond bar:
To remove an existing bond bar::
# echo -bar > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
To show all existing bonds:
To show all existing bonds::
# cat /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
NOTE: due to 4K size limitation of sysfs files, this list may be
.. note::
due to 4K size limitation of sysfs files, this list may be
truncated if you have more than a few hundred bonds. This is unlikely
to occur under normal operating conditions.
@ -1445,11 +1462,13 @@ Adding and Removing Slaves
/sys/class/net/<bond>/bonding/slaves. The semantics for this file
are the same as for the bonding_masters file.
To enslave interface eth0 to bond bond0:
To enslave interface eth0 to bond bond0::
# ifconfig bond0 up
# echo +eth0 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
To free slave eth0 from bond bond0:
To free slave eth0 from bond bond0::
# echo -eth0 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
When an interface is enslaved to a bond, symlinks between the
@ -1477,30 +1496,46 @@ current setting, simply cat the appropriate file.
guidelines for each parameter, see the appropriate section in this
document.
To configure bond0 for balance-alb mode:
To configure bond0 for balance-alb mode::
# ifconfig bond0 down
# echo 6 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
- or -
# echo balance-alb > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
NOTE: The bond interface must be down before the mode can be
changed.
To enable MII monitoring on bond0 with a 1 second interval:
.. note::
The bond interface must be down before the mode can be changed.
To enable MII monitoring on bond0 with a 1 second interval::
# echo 1000 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/miimon
NOTE: If ARP monitoring is enabled, it will disabled when MII
.. note::
If ARP monitoring is enabled, it will disabled when MII
monitoring is enabled, and vice-versa.
To add ARP targets:
To add ARP targets::
# echo +192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
# echo +192.168.0.101 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
NOTE: up to 16 target addresses may be specified.
To remove an ARP target:
.. note::
up to 16 target addresses may be specified.
To remove an ARP target::
# echo -192.168.0.100 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/arp_ip_target
To configure the interval between learning packet transmits:
To configure the interval between learning packet transmits::
# echo 12 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/lp_interval
NOTE: the lp_interval is the number of seconds between instances where
.. note::
the lp_interval is the number of seconds between instances where
the bonding driver sends learning packets to each slaves peer switch. The
default interval is 1 second.
@ -1512,7 +1547,7 @@ executed with sysfs, and without using ifenslave.
To make a simple bond of two e100 devices (presumed to be eth0
and eth1), and have it persist across reboots, edit the appropriate
file (/etc/init.d/boot.local or /etc/rc.d/rc.local), and add the
following:
following::
modprobe bonding
modprobe e100
@ -1524,7 +1559,7 @@ echo +eth1 > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/slaves
To add a second bond, with two e1000 interfaces in
active-backup mode, using ARP monitoring, add the following lines to
your init script:
your init script::
modprobe e1000
echo +bond1 > /sys/class/net/bonding_masters
@ -1544,8 +1579,8 @@ derivatives.
The ifup and ifdown commands on Debian don't support bonding out of
the box. The ifenslave-2.6 package should be installed to provide bonding
support. Once installed, this package will provide bond-* options to be used
into /etc/network/interfaces.
support. Once installed, this package will provide ``bond-*`` options
to be used into /etc/network/interfaces.
Note that ifenslave-2.6 package will load the bonding module and use
the ifenslave command when appropriate.
@ -1554,7 +1589,7 @@ Example Configurations
----------------------
In /etc/network/interfaces, the following stanza will configure bond0, in
active-backup mode, with eth0 and eth1 as slaves.
active-backup mode, with eth0 and eth1 as slaves::
auto bond0
iface bond0 inet dhcp
@ -1566,7 +1601,7 @@ iface bond0 inet dhcp
If the above configuration doesn't work, you might have a system using
upstart for system startup. This is most notably true for recent
Ubuntu versions. The following stanza in /etc/network/interfaces will
produce the same result on those systems.
produce the same result on those systems::
auto bond0
iface bond0 inet dhcp
@ -1584,8 +1619,8 @@ iface eth1 inet manual
bond-master bond0
bond-primary eth0 eth1
For a full list of bond-* supported options in /etc/network/interfaces and some
more advanced examples tailored to you particular distros, see the files in
For a full list of ``bond-*`` supported options in /etc/network/interfaces and
some more advanced examples tailored to you particular distros, see the files in
/usr/share/doc/ifenslave-2.6.
3.6 Overriding Configuration for Special Cases
@ -1610,7 +1645,7 @@ tx_queues can be used to change this value. There is no sysfs parameter
available as the allocation is done at module init time.
The output of the file /proc/net/bonding/bondX has changed so the output Queue
ID is now printed for each slave:
ID is now printed for each slave::
Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup)
Primary Slave: None
@ -1632,7 +1667,7 @@ Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:1a:a0:12:8f:cc
Slave queue ID: 2
The queue_id for a slave can be set using the command:
The queue_id for a slave can be set using the command::
# echo "eth1:2" > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/queue_id
@ -1645,12 +1680,12 @@ These queue id's can be used in conjunction with the tc utility to configure
a multiqueue qdisc and filters to bias certain traffic to transmit on certain
slave devices. For instance, say we wanted, in the above configuration to
force all traffic bound to 192.168.1.100 to use eth1 in the bond as its output
device. The following commands would accomplish this:
device. The following commands would accomplish this::
# tc qdisc add dev bond0 handle 1 root multiq
# tc filter add dev bond0 protocol ip parent 1: prio 1 u32 match ip dst \
192.168.1.100 action skbedit queue_mapping 2
# tc filter add dev bond0 protocol ip parent 1: prio 1 u32 match ip \
dst 192.168.1.100 action skbedit queue_mapping 2
These commands tell the kernel to attach a multiqueue queue discipline to the
bond0 interface and filter traffic enqueued to it, such that packets with a dst
@ -1689,7 +1724,7 @@ few bonding parameters:
(a) ad_actor_system : You can set a random mac-address that can be used for
these LACPDU exchanges. The value can not be either NULL or Multicast.
Also it's preferable to set the local-admin bit. Following shell code
generates a random mac-address as described above.
generates a random mac-address as described above::
# sys_mac_addr=$(printf '%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x' \
$(( (RANDOM & 0xFE) | 0x02 )) \
@ -1702,7 +1737,7 @@ few bonding parameters:
(b) ad_actor_sys_prio : Randomize the system priority. The default value
is 65535, but system can take the value from 1 - 65535. Following shell
code generates random priority and sets it.
code generates random priority and sets it::
# sys_prio=$(( 1 + RANDOM + RANDOM ))
# echo $sys_prio > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/ad_actor_sys_prio
@ -1710,7 +1745,7 @@ few bonding parameters:
(c) ad_user_port_key : Use the user portion of the port-key. The default
keeps this empty. These are the upper 10 bits of the port-key and value
ranges from 0 - 1023. Following shell code generates these 10 bits and
sets it.
sets it::
# usr_port_key=$(( RANDOM & 0x3FF ))
# echo $usr_port_key > /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/ad_user_port_key
@ -1728,7 +1763,7 @@ about the bonding configuration, options and state of each slave.
For example, the contents of /proc/net/bonding/bond0 after the
driver is loaded with parameters of mode=0 and miimon=1000 is
generally as follows:
generally as follows::
Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: 2.6.1 (October 29, 2004)
Bonding Mode: load balancing (round-robin)
@ -1760,7 +1795,7 @@ contain information on which slaves are associated with which masters.
In the example below, the bond0 interface is the master
(MASTER) while eth0 and eth1 are slaves (SLAVE). Notice all slaves of
bond0 have the same MAC address (HWaddr) as bond0 for all modes except
TLB and ALB that require a unique MAC address for each slave.
TLB and ALB that require a unique MAC address for each slave::
# /sbin/ifconfig
bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
@ -1907,13 +1942,13 @@ down or have a problem making it unresponsive to ARP requests. Having
an additional target (or several) increases the reliability of the ARP
monitoring.
Multiple ARP targets must be separated by commas as follows:
Multiple ARP targets must be separated by commas as follows::
# example options for ARP monitoring with three targets
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=192.168.0.1,192.168.0.3,192.168.0.9
For just a single target the options would resemble:
For just a single target the options would resemble::
# example options for ARP monitoring with one target
alias bond0 bonding
@ -1956,7 +1991,7 @@ up.
devices not have routes that supersede routes of the master (or,
generally, not have routes at all). For example, suppose the bonding
device bond0 has two slaves, eth0 and eth1, and the routing table is
as follows:
as follows::
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
@ -1993,7 +2028,7 @@ that the same physical device always has the same "ethX" name), it may
be necessary to add some special logic to config files in
/etc/modprobe.d/.
For example, given a modules.conf containing the following:
For example, given a modules.conf containing the following::
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 mode=some-mode miimon=50
@ -2010,7 +2045,7 @@ when the e1000 driver loads, it will receive eth0 and eth1 for its
devices, but the bonding configuration tries to enslave eth2 and eth3
(which may later be assigned to the tg3 devices).
Adding the following:
Adding the following::
add above bonding e1000 tg3
@ -2020,7 +2055,7 @@ modules.conf manual page.
On systems utilizing modprobe an equivalent problem can occur.
In this case, the following can be added to config files in
/etc/modprobe.d/ as:
/etc/modprobe.d/ as::
softdep bonding pre: tg3 e1000
@ -2070,6 +2105,8 @@ with the eth0 interface. This configuration is shown below, the IP
address 192.168.1.1 has an interface index of 2 which indexes to eth0
in the ifDescr table (ifDescr.2).
::
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = lo
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = eth0
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = eth1
@ -2161,7 +2198,7 @@ network changes dramatically. In multiple switch topologies, there is
a trade off between network availability and usable bandwidth.
Below is a sample network, configured to maximize the
availability of the network:
availability of the network::
| |
|port3 port3|
@ -2188,14 +2225,16 @@ broadcast modes are the only useful bonding modes when optimizing for
availability; the other modes require all links to terminate on the
same peer for them to behave rationally.
active-backup: This is generally the preferred mode, particularly if
active-backup:
This is generally the preferred mode, particularly if
the switches have an ISL and play together well. If the
network configuration is such that one switch is specifically
a backup switch (e.g., has lower capacity, higher cost, etc),
then the primary option can be used to insure that the
preferred link is always used when it is available.
broadcast: This mode is really a special purpose mode, and is suitable
broadcast:
This mode is really a special purpose mode, and is suitable
only for very specific needs. For example, if the two
switches are not connected (no ISL), and the networks beyond
them are totally independent. In this case, if it is
@ -2249,7 +2288,7 @@ categorize them into either "gatewayed" or "local" configurations.
In a gatewayed configuration, the "switch" is acting primarily
as a router, and the majority of traffic passes through this router to
other networks. An example would be the following:
other networks. An example would be the following::
+----------+ +----------+
@ -2277,7 +2316,7 @@ beyond the gateway.
In a local configuration, the "switch" is acting primarily as
a switch, and the majority of traffic passes through this switch to
reach other stations on the same network. An example would be the
following:
following::
+----------+ +----------+ +--------+
| |eth0 port1| +-------+ Host B |
@ -2313,7 +2352,8 @@ mode is described below.
although you will have to decide which bonding mode best suits your
needs. The trade offs for each mode are detailed below:
balance-rr: This mode is the only mode that will permit a single
balance-rr:
This mode is the only mode that will permit a single
TCP/IP connection to stripe traffic across multiple
interfaces. It is therefore the only mode that will allow a
single TCP/IP stream to utilize more than one interface's
@ -2351,7 +2391,8 @@ balance-rr: This mode is the only mode that will permit a single
This mode requires the switch to have the appropriate ports
configured for "etherchannel" or "trunking."
active-backup: There is not much advantage in this network topology to
active-backup:
There is not much advantage in this network topology to
the active-backup mode, as the inactive backup devices are all
connected to the same peer as the primary. In this case, a
load balancing mode (with link monitoring) will provide the
@ -2361,7 +2402,8 @@ active-backup: There is not much advantage in this network topology to
have value if the hardware available does not support any of
the load balance modes.
balance-xor: This mode will limit traffic such that packets destined
balance-xor:
This mode will limit traffic such that packets destined
for specific peers will always be sent over the same
interface. Since the destination is determined by the MAC
addresses involved, this mode works best in a "local" network
@ -2373,10 +2415,12 @@ balance-xor: This mode will limit traffic such that packets destined
As with balance-rr, the switch ports need to be configured for
"etherchannel" or "trunking."
broadcast: Like active-backup, there is not much advantage to this
broadcast:
Like active-backup, there is not much advantage to this
mode in this type of network topology.
802.3ad: This mode can be a good choice for this type of network
802.3ad:
This mode can be a good choice for this type of network
topology. The 802.3ad mode is an IEEE standard, so all peers
that implement 802.3ad should interoperate well. The 802.3ad
protocol includes automatic configuration of the aggregates,
@ -2404,7 +2448,8 @@ broadcast: Like active-backup, there is not much advantage to this
Finally, the 802.3ad mode mandates the use of the MII monitor,
therefore, the ARP monitor is not available in this mode.
balance-tlb: The balance-tlb mode balances outgoing traffic by peer.
balance-tlb:
The balance-tlb mode balances outgoing traffic by peer.
Since the balancing is done according to MAC address, in a
"gatewayed" configuration (as described above), this mode will
send all traffic across a single device. However, in a
@ -2422,7 +2467,8 @@ balance-tlb: The balance-tlb mode balances outgoing traffic by peer.
network device driver of the slave interfaces, and the ARP
monitor is not available.
balance-alb: This mode is everything that balance-tlb is, and more.
balance-alb:
This mode is everything that balance-tlb is, and more.
It has all of the features (and restrictions) of balance-tlb,
and will also balance incoming traffic from local network
peers (as described in the Bonding Module Options section,
@ -2446,7 +2492,7 @@ assurance as the ARP monitor).
Multiple switches may be utilized to optimize for throughput
when they are configured in parallel as part of an isolated network
between two or more systems, for example:
between two or more systems, for example::
+-----------+
| Host A |
@ -2551,7 +2597,7 @@ a "ping" to some other host on the network, and noticing that the
output from ping flags duplicates (typically one per slave).
For example, on a bond in active-backup mode with five slaves
all connected to one switch, the output may appear as follows:
all connected to one switch, the output may appear as follows::
# ping -n 10.0.4.2
PING 10.0.4.2 (10.0.4.2) from 10.0.3.10 : 56(84) bytes of data.
@ -2616,8 +2662,8 @@ network topology in order to function; these are detailed below.
Additional BladeCenter-specific networking information can be
found in two IBM Redbooks (www.ibm.com/redbooks):
"IBM eServer BladeCenter Networking Options"
"IBM eServer BladeCenter Layer 2-7 Network Switching"
- "IBM eServer BladeCenter Networking Options"
- "IBM eServer BladeCenter Layer 2-7 Network Switching"
BladeCenter networking configuration
------------------------------------
@ -2694,11 +2740,13 @@ avoid fail-over delay issues when using bonding.
==============================
1. Is it SMP safe?
-------------------
Yes. The old 2.0.xx channel bonding patch was not SMP safe.
The new driver was designed to be SMP safe from the start.
2. What type of cards will work with it?
-----------------------------------------
Any Ethernet type cards (you can even mix cards - a Intel
EtherExpress PRO/100 and a 3com 3c905b, for example). For most modes,
@ -2708,16 +2756,19 @@ devices need not be of the same speed.
slaves in active-backup mode.
3. How many bonding devices can I have?
----------------------------------------
There is no limit.
4. How many slaves can a bonding device have?
----------------------------------------------
This is limited only by the number of network interfaces Linux
supports and/or the number of network cards you can place in your
system.
5. What happens when a slave link dies?
----------------------------------------
If link monitoring is enabled, then the failing device will be
disabled. The active-backup mode will fail over to a backup link, and
@ -2740,10 +2791,12 @@ resulting degradation of performance. The precise performance loss
depends upon the bonding mode and network configuration.
6. Can bonding be used for High Availability?
----------------------------------------------
Yes. See the section on High Availability for details.
7. Which switches/systems does it work with?
---------------------------------------------
The full answer to this depends upon the desired mode.
@ -2764,6 +2817,7 @@ switches currently available support 802.3ad.
The active-backup mode should work with any Layer-II switch.
8. Where does a bonding device get its MAC address from?
---------------------------------------------------------
When using slave devices that have fixed MAC addresses, or when
the fail_over_mac option is enabled, the bonding device's MAC address is
@ -2776,14 +2830,14 @@ slaves and remains persistent (even if the first slave is removed) until
the bonding device is brought down or reconfigured.
If you wish to change the MAC address, you can set it with
ifconfig or ip link:
ifconfig or ip link::
# ifconfig bond0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55
# ip link set bond0 address 66:77:88:99:aa:bb
The MAC address can be also changed by bringing down/up the
device and then changing its slaves (or their order):
device and then changing its slaves (or their order)::
# ifconfig bond0 down ; modprobe -r bonding
# ifconfig bond0 .... up
@ -2793,7 +2847,7 @@ device and then changing its slaves (or their order):
slave that is added.
To restore your slaves' MAC addresses, you need to detach them
from the bond (`ifenslave -d bond0 eth0'). The bonding driver will
from the bond (``ifenslave -d bond0 eth0``). The bonding driver will
then restore the MAC addresses that the slaves had before they were
enslaved.
@ -2804,7 +2858,7 @@ enslaved.
version of the linux kernel, found on http://kernel.org
The latest version of this document can be found in the latest kernel
source (named Documentation/networking/bonding.txt).
source (named Documentation/networking/bonding.rst).
Discussions regarding the usage of the bonding driver take place on the
bonding-devel mailing list, hosted at sourceforge.net. If you have questions or
@ -2829,9 +2883,8 @@ be found at:
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#netdev
Donald Becker's Ethernet Drivers and diag programs may be found at :
- http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.scyld.com/network/
- http://web.archive.org/web/%2E/http://www.scyld.com/network/
You will also find a lot of information regarding Ethernet, NWay, MII,
etc. at www.scyld.com.
-- END --

2
Documentation/networking/caif/caif.rst
View File

@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
:orphan:
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
.. include:: <isonum.txt>

13
Documentation/networking/caif/index.rst Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
CAIF
====
Contents:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
linux_caif
caif
spi_porting

54
Documentation/networking/caif/Linux-CAIF.txt → Documentation/networking/caif/linux_caif.rst
View File

@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
.. include:: <isonum.txt>
==========
Linux CAIF
===========
copyright (C) ST-Ericsson AB 2010
Author: Sjur Brendeland/ sjur.brandeland@stericsson.com
License terms: GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2
==========
Copyright |copy| ST-Ericsson AB 2010
:Author: Sjur Brendeland/ sjur.brandeland@stericsson.com
:License terms: GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2
Introduction
------------
============
CAIF is a MUX protocol used by ST-Ericsson cellular modems for
communication between Modem and host. The host processes can open virtual AT
channels, initiate GPRS Data connections, Video channels and Utility Channels.
@ -16,13 +23,16 @@ ST-Ericsson modems support a number of transports between modem
and host. Currently, UART and Loopback are available for Linux.
Architecture:
------------
Architecture
============
The implementation of CAIF is divided into:
* CAIF Socket Layer and GPRS IP Interface.
* CAIF Core Protocol Implementation
* CAIF Link Layer, implemented as NET devices.
::
RTNL
!
@ -46,12 +56,12 @@ The implementation of CAIF is divided into:
I M P L E M E N T A T I O N
===========================
Implementation
==============
CAIF Core Protocol Layer
=========================================
------------------------
CAIF Core layer implements the CAIF protocol as defined by ST-Ericsson.
It implements the CAIF protocol stack in a layered approach, where
@ -59,8 +69,11 @@ each layer described in the specification is implemented as a separate layer.
The architecture is inspired by the design patterns "Protocol Layer" and
"Protocol Packet".
== CAIF structure ==
CAIF structure
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The Core CAIF implementation contains:
- Simple implementation of CAIF.
- Layered architecture (a la Streams), each layer in the CAIF
specification is implemented in a separate c-file.
@ -73,7 +86,8 @@ The Core CAIF implementation contains:
to the called function (except for framing layers' receive function)
Layered Architecture
--------------------
====================
The CAIF protocol can be divided into two parts: Support functions and Protocol
Implementation. The support functions include:
@ -112,7 +126,7 @@ The CAIF Protocol implementation contains:
- CFSERL CAIF Serial layer. Handles concatenation/split of frames
into CAIF Frames with correct length.
::
+---------+
| Config |
@ -143,18 +157,24 @@ The CAIF Protocol implementation contains:
In this layered approach the following "rules" apply.
- All layers embed the same structure "struct cflayer"
- A layer does not depend on any other layer's private data.
- Layers are stacked by setting the pointers
- Layers are stacked by setting the pointers::
layer->up , layer->dn
- In order to send data upwards, each layer should do
- In order to send data upwards, each layer should do::
layer->up->receive(layer->up, packet);
- In order to send data downwards, each layer should do
- In order to send data downwards, each layer should do::
layer->dn->transmit(layer->dn, packet);
CAIF Socket and IP interface
===========================
============================
The IP interface and CAIF socket API are implemented on top of the
CAIF Core protocol. The IP Interface and CAIF socket have an instance of

229
Documentation/networking/caif/spi_porting.rst Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
================
CAIF SPI porting
================
CAIF SPI basics
===============
Running CAIF over SPI needs some extra setup, owing to the nature of SPI.
Two extra GPIOs have been added in order to negotiate the transfers
between the master and the slave. The minimum requirement for running
CAIF over SPI is a SPI slave chip and two GPIOs (more details below).
Please note that running as a slave implies that you need to keep up
with the master clock. An overrun or underrun event is fatal.
CAIF SPI framework
==================
To make porting as easy as possible, the CAIF SPI has been divided in
two parts. The first part (called the interface part) deals with all
generic functionality such as length framing, SPI frame negotiation
and SPI frame delivery and transmission. The other part is the CAIF
SPI slave device part, which is the module that you have to write if
you want to run SPI CAIF on a new hardware. This part takes care of
the physical hardware, both with regard to SPI and to GPIOs.
- Implementing a CAIF SPI device:
- Functionality provided by the CAIF SPI slave device:
In order to implement a SPI device you will, as a minimum,
need to implement the following
functions:
::
int (*init_xfer) (struct cfspi_xfer * xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev):
This function is called by the CAIF SPI interface to give
you a chance to set up your hardware to be ready to receive
a stream of data from the master. The xfer structure contains
both physical and logical addresses, as well as the total length
of the transfer in both directions.The dev parameter can be used
to map to different CAIF SPI slave devices.
::
void (*sig_xfer) (bool xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev):
This function is called by the CAIF SPI interface when the output
(SPI_INT) GPIO needs to change state. The boolean value of the xfer
variable indicates whether the GPIO should be asserted (HIGH) or
deasserted (LOW). The dev parameter can be used to map to different CAIF
SPI slave devices.
- Functionality provided by the CAIF SPI interface:
::
void (*ss_cb) (bool assert, struct cfspi_ifc *ifc);
This function is called by the CAIF SPI slave device in order to
signal a change of state of the input GPIO (SS) to the interface.
Only active edges are mandatory to be reported.
This function can be called from IRQ context (recommended in order
not to introduce latency). The ifc parameter should be the pointer
returned from the platform probe function in the SPI device structure.
::
void (*xfer_done_cb) (struct cfspi_ifc *ifc);
This function is called by the CAIF SPI slave device in order to
report that a transfer is completed. This function should only be
called once both the transmission and the reception are completed.
This function can be called from IRQ context (recommended in order
not to introduce latency). The ifc parameter should be the pointer
returned from the platform probe function in the SPI device structure.
- Connecting the bits and pieces:
- Filling in the SPI slave device structure:
Connect the necessary callback functions.
Indicate clock speed (used to calculate toggle delays).
Chose a suitable name (helps debugging if you use several CAIF
SPI slave devices).
Assign your private data (can be used to map to your
structure).
- Filling in the SPI slave platform device structure:
Add name of driver to connect to ("cfspi_sspi").
Assign the SPI slave device structure as platform data.
Padding
=======
In order to optimize throughput, a number of SPI padding options are provided.
Padding can be enabled independently for uplink and downlink transfers.
Padding can be enabled for the head, the tail and for the total frame size.
The padding needs to be correctly configured on both sides of the link.
The padding can be changed via module parameters in cfspi_sspi.c or via
the sysfs directory of the cfspi_sspi driver (before device registration).
- CAIF SPI device template::
/*
* Copyright (C) ST-Ericsson AB 2010
* Author: Daniel Martensson / Daniel.Martensson@stericsson.com
* License terms: GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2.
*
*/
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
#include <net/caif/caif_spi.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
struct sspi_struct {
struct cfspi_dev sdev;
struct cfspi_xfer *xfer;
};
static struct sspi_struct slave;
static struct platform_device slave_device;
static irqreturn_t sspi_irq(int irq, void *arg)
{
/* You only need to trigger on an edge to the active state of the
* SS signal. Once a edge is detected, the ss_cb() function should be
* called with the parameter assert set to true. It is OK
* (and even advised) to call the ss_cb() function in IRQ context in
* order not to add any delay. */
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
static void sspi_complete(void *context)
{
/* Normally the DMA or the SPI framework will call you back
* in something similar to this. The only thing you need to
* do is to call the xfer_done_cb() function, providing the pointer
* to the CAIF SPI interface. It is OK to call this function
* from IRQ context. */
}
static int sspi_init_xfer(struct cfspi_xfer *xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev)
{
/* Store transfer info. For a normal implementation you should
* set up your DMA here and make sure that you are ready to
* receive the data from the master SPI. */
struct sspi_struct *sspi = (struct sspi_struct *)dev->priv;
sspi->xfer = xfer;
return 0;
}
void sspi_sig_xfer(bool xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev)
{
/* If xfer is true then you should assert the SPI_INT to indicate to
* the master that you are ready to receive the data from the master
* SPI. If xfer is false then you should de-assert SPI_INT to indicate
* that the transfer is done.
*/
struct sspi_struct *sspi = (struct sspi_struct *)dev->priv;
}
static void sspi_release(struct device *dev)
{
/*
* Here you should release your SPI device resources.
*/
}
static int __init sspi_init(void)
{
/* Here you should initialize your SPI device by providing the
* necessary functions, clock speed, name and private data. Once
* done, you can register your device with the
* platform_device_register() function. This function will return
* with the CAIF SPI interface initialized. This is probably also
* the place where you should set up your GPIOs, interrupts and SPI
* resources. */
int res = 0;
/* Initialize slave device. */
slave.sdev.init_xfer = sspi_init_xfer;
slave.sdev.sig_xfer = sspi_sig_xfer;
slave.sdev.clk_mhz = 13;
slave.sdev.priv = &slave;
slave.sdev.name = "spi_sspi";
slave_device.dev.release = sspi_release;
/* Initialize platform device. */
slave_device.name = "cfspi_sspi";
slave_device.dev.platform_data = &slave.sdev;
/* Register platform device. */
res = platform_device_register(&slave_device);
if (res) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "sspi_init: failed to register dev.\n");
return -ENODEV;
}
return res;
}
static void __exit sspi_exit(void)
{
platform_device_del(&slave_device);
}
module_init(sspi_init);
module_exit(sspi_exit);

208
Documentation/networking/caif/spi_porting.txt
View File

@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
- CAIF SPI porting -
- CAIF SPI basics:
Running CAIF over SPI needs some extra setup, owing to the nature of SPI.
Two extra GPIOs have been added in order to negotiate the transfers
between the master and the slave. The minimum requirement for running
CAIF over SPI is a SPI slave chip and two GPIOs (more details below).
Please note that running as a slave implies that you need to keep up
with the master clock. An overrun or underrun event is fatal.
- CAIF SPI framework:
To make porting as easy as possible, the CAIF SPI has been divided in
two parts. The first part (called the interface part) deals with all
generic functionality such as length framing, SPI frame negotiation
and SPI frame delivery and transmission. The other part is the CAIF
SPI slave device part, which is the module that you have to write if
you want to run SPI CAIF on a new hardware. This part takes care of
the physical hardware, both with regard to SPI and to GPIOs.
- Implementing a CAIF SPI device:
- Functionality provided by the CAIF SPI slave device:
In order to implement a SPI device you will, as a minimum,
need to implement the following
functions:
int (*init_xfer) (struct cfspi_xfer * xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev):
This function is called by the CAIF SPI interface to give
you a chance to set up your hardware to be ready to receive
a stream of data from the master. The xfer structure contains
both physical and logical addresses, as well as the total length
of the transfer in both directions.The dev parameter can be used
to map to different CAIF SPI slave devices.
void (*sig_xfer) (bool xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev):
This function is called by the CAIF SPI interface when the output
(SPI_INT) GPIO needs to change state. The boolean value of the xfer
variable indicates whether the GPIO should be asserted (HIGH) or
deasserted (LOW). The dev parameter can be used to map to different CAIF
SPI slave devices.
- Functionality provided by the CAIF SPI interface:
void (*ss_cb) (bool assert, struct cfspi_ifc *ifc);
This function is called by the CAIF SPI slave device in order to
signal a change of state of the input GPIO (SS) to the interface.
Only active edges are mandatory to be reported.
This function can be called from IRQ context (recommended in order
not to introduce latency). The ifc parameter should be the pointer
returned from the platform probe function in the SPI device structure.
void (*xfer_done_cb) (struct cfspi_ifc *ifc);
This function is called by the CAIF SPI slave device in order to
report that a transfer is completed. This function should only be
called once both the transmission and the reception are completed.
This function can be called from IRQ context (recommended in order
not to introduce latency). The ifc parameter should be the pointer
returned from the platform probe function in the SPI device structure.
- Connecting the bits and pieces:
- Filling in the SPI slave device structure:
Connect the necessary callback functions.
Indicate clock speed (used to calculate toggle delays).
Chose a suitable name (helps debugging if you use several CAIF
SPI slave devices).
Assign your private data (can be used to map to your structure).
- Filling in the SPI slave platform device structure:
Add name of driver to connect to ("cfspi_sspi").
Assign the SPI slave device structure as platform data.
- Padding:
In order to optimize throughput, a number of SPI padding options are provided.
Padding can be enabled independently for uplink and downlink transfers.
Padding can be enabled for the head, the tail and for the total frame size.
The padding needs to be correctly configured on both sides of the link.
The padding can be changed via module parameters in cfspi_sspi.c or via
the sysfs directory of the cfspi_sspi driver (before device registration).
- CAIF SPI device template:
/*
* Copyright (C) ST-Ericsson AB 2010
* Author: Daniel Martensson / Daniel.Martensson@stericsson.com
* License terms: GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2.
*
*/
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
#include <net/caif/caif_spi.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
struct sspi_struct {
struct cfspi_dev sdev;
struct cfspi_xfer *xfer;
};
static struct sspi_struct slave;
static struct platform_device slave_device;
static irqreturn_t sspi_irq(int irq, void *arg)
{
/* You only need to trigger on an edge to the active state of the
* SS signal. Once a edge is detected, the ss_cb() function should be
* called with the parameter assert set to true. It is OK
* (and even advised) to call the ss_cb() function in IRQ context in
* order not to add any delay. */
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
static void sspi_complete(void *context)
{
/* Normally the DMA or the SPI framework will call you back
* in something similar to this. The only thing you need to
* do is to call the xfer_done_cb() function, providing the pointer
* to the CAIF SPI interface. It is OK to call this function
* from IRQ context. */
}
static int sspi_init_xfer(struct cfspi_xfer *xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev)
{
/* Store transfer info. For a normal implementation you should
* set up your DMA here and make sure that you are ready to
* receive the data from the master SPI. */
struct sspi_struct *sspi = (struct sspi_struct *)dev->priv;
sspi->xfer = xfer;
return 0;
}
void sspi_sig_xfer(bool xfer, struct cfspi_dev *dev)
{
/* If xfer is true then you should assert the SPI_INT to indicate to
* the master that you are ready to receive the data from the master
* SPI. If xfer is false then you should de-assert SPI_INT to indicate
* that the transfer is done.
*/
struct sspi_struct *sspi = (struct sspi_struct *)dev->priv;
}
static void sspi_release(struct device *dev)
{
/*
* Here you should release your SPI device resources.
*/
}
static int __init sspi_init(void)
{
/* Here you should initialize your SPI device by providing the
* necessary functions, clock speed, name and private data. Once
* done, you can register your device with the
* platform_device_register() function. This function will return
* with the CAIF SPI interface initialized. This is probably also
* the place where you should set up your GPIOs, interrupts and SPI
* resources. */
int res = 0;
/* Initialize slave device. */
slave.sdev.init_xfer = sspi_init_xfer;
slave.sdev.sig_xfer = sspi_sig_xfer;
slave.sdev.clk_mhz = 13;
slave.sdev.priv = &slave;
slave.sdev.name = "spi_sspi";
slave_device.dev.release = sspi_release;
/* Initialize platform device. */
slave_device.name = "cfspi_sspi";
slave_device.dev.platform_data = &slave.sdev;
/* Register platform device. */
res = platform_device_register(&slave_device);
if (res) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "sspi_init: failed to register dev.\n");
return -ENODEV;
}
return res;
}
static void __exit sspi_exit(void)
{
platform_device_del(&slave_device);
}
module_init(sspi_init);
module_exit(sspi_exit);

52
Documentation/networking/cdc_mbim.txt → Documentation/networking/cdc_mbim.rst
View File

@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
======================================================
cdc_mbim - Driver for CDC MBIM Mobile Broadband modems
========================================================
======================================================
The cdc_mbim driver supports USB devices conforming to the "Universal
Serial Bus Communications Class Subclass Specification for Mobile
@ -19,9 +22,9 @@ by a cdc_ncm driver parameter:
prefer_mbim
-----------
Type: Boolean
Valid Range: N/Y (0-1)
Default Value: Y (MBIM is preferred)
:Type: Boolean
:Valid Range: N/Y (0-1)
:Default Value: Y (MBIM is preferred)
This parameter sets the system policy for NCM/MBIM functions. Such
functions will be handled by either the cdc_ncm driver or the cdc_mbim
@ -44,11 +47,13 @@ userspace MBIM management application always is required to enable a
MBIM function.
Such userspace applications includes, but are not limited to:
- mbimcli (included with the libmbim [3] library), and
- ModemManager [4]
Establishing a MBIM IP session reequires at least these actions by the
management application:
- open the control channel
- configure network connection settings
- connect to network
@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ complies with all the control channel requirements in [1].
The cdc-wdmX device is created as a child of the MBIM control
interface USB device. The character device associated with a specific
MBIM function can be looked up using sysfs. For example:
MBIM function can be looked up using sysfs. For example::
bjorn@nemi:~$ ls /sys/bus/usb/drivers/cdc_mbim/2-4:2.12/usbmisc
cdc-wdm0
@ -119,13 +124,15 @@ negotiated control message size.
/dev/cdc-wdmX ioctl()
--------------------
---------------------
IOCTL_WDM_MAX_COMMAND: Get Maximum Command Size
This ioctl returns the wMaxControlMessage field of the CDC MBIM
functional descriptor for MBIM devices. This is intended as a
convenience, eliminating the need to parse the USB descriptors from
userspace.
::
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
@ -178,7 +185,7 @@ VLAN links prior to establishing MBIM IP sessions where the SessionId
is greater than 0. These links can be added by using the normal VLAN
kernel interfaces, either ioctl or netlink.
For example, adding a link for a MBIM IP session with SessionId 3:
For example, adding a link for a MBIM IP session with SessionId 3::
ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.3 type vlan id 3
@ -207,6 +214,7 @@ the stream to the end user in an appropriate way for the stream type.
The network device ABI requires a dummy ethernet header for every DSS
data frame being transported. The contents of this header is
arbitrary, with the following exceptions:
- TX frames using an IP protocol (0x0800 or 0x86dd) will be dropped
- RX frames will have the protocol field set to ETH_P_802_3 (but will
not be properly formatted 802.3 frames)
@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ adding the dummy ethernet header on TX and stripping it on RX.
This is a simple example using tools commonly available, exporting
DssSessionId 5 as a pty character device pointed to by a /dev/nmea
symlink:
symlink::
ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.dss5 type vlan id 261
ip link set dev wwan0.dss5 up
@ -236,7 +244,7 @@ map frames to the correct DSS session and adding 18 byte VLAN ethernet
headers with the appropriate tag on TX. In this case using a socket
filter is recommended, matching only the DSS VLAN subset. This avoid
unnecessary copying of unrelated IP session data to userspace. For
example:
example::
static struct sock_filter dssfilter[] = {
/* use special negative offsets to get VLAN tag */
@ -266,6 +274,7 @@ network device.
This mapping implies a few restrictions on multiplexed IPS and DSS
sessions, which may not always be practical:
- no IPS or DSS session can use a frame size greater than the MTU on
IP session 0
- no IPS or DSS session can be in the up state unless the network
@ -280,7 +289,7 @@ device.
Tip: It might be less confusing to the end user to name this VLAN
subdevice after the MBIM SessionID instead of the VLAN ID. For
example:
example::
ip link add link wwan0 name wwan0.0 type vlan id 4094
@ -290,7 +299,7 @@ VLAN mapping
Summarizing the cdc_mbim driver mapping described above, we have this
relationship between VLAN tags on the wwanY network device and MBIM
sessions on the shared USB data channel:
sessions on the shared USB data channel::
VLAN ID MBIM type MBIM SessionID Notes
---------------------------------------------------------
@ -310,30 +319,37 @@ sessions on the shared USB data channel:
References
==========
[1] USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
1) USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
Communications Class Subclass Specification for Mobile Broadband
Interface Model", Revision 1.0 (Errata 1), May 1, 2013
- http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/
[2] USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
2) USB Implementers Forum, Inc. - "Universal Serial Bus
Communications Class Subclass Specifications for Network Control
Model Devices", Revision 1.0 (Errata 1), November 24, 2010
- http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/devclass_docs/
[3] libmbim - "a glib-based library for talking to WWAN modems and
3) libmbim - "a glib-based library for talking to WWAN modems and
devices which speak the Mobile Interface Broadband Model (MBIM)
protocol"
- http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/libmbim/
[4] ModemManager - "a DBus-activated daemon which controls mobile
4) ModemManager - "a DBus-activated daemon which controls mobile
broadband (2G/3G/4G) devices and connections"
- http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/ModemManager/
[5] "MBIM (Mobile Broadband Interface Model) Registry"
5) "MBIM (Mobile Broadband Interface Model) Registry"
- http://compliance.usb.org/mbim/
[6] "/sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices output format"
6) "/sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices output format"
- Documentation/driver-api/usb/usb.rst
[7] "/sys/bus/usb/devices/.../descriptors"
7) "/sys/bus/usb/devices/.../descriptors"
- Documentation/ABI/stable/sysfs-bus-usb

80
Documentation/networking/cops.rst Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
========================================
The COPS LocalTalk Linux driver (cops.c)
========================================
By Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
This driver has two modes and they are: Dayna mode and Tangent mode.
Each mode corresponds with the type of card. It has been found
that there are 2 main types of cards and all other cards are
the same and just have different names or only have minor differences
such as more IO ports. As this driver is tested it will
become more clear exactly what cards are supported.
Right now these cards are known to work with the COPS driver. The
LT-200 cards work in a somewhat more limited capacity than the
DL200 cards, which work very well and are in use by many people.
TANGENT driver mode:
- Tangent ATB-II, Novell NL-1000, Daystar Digital LT-200
DAYNA driver mode:
- Dayna DL2000/DaynaTalk PC (Half Length), COPS LT-95,
- Farallon PhoneNET PC III, Farallon PhoneNET PC II
Other cards possibly supported mode unknown though:
- Dayna DL2000 (Full length)
The COPS driver defaults to using Dayna mode. To change the driver's
mode if you built a driver with dual support use board_type=1 or
board_type=2 for Dayna or Tangent with insmod.
Operation/loading of the driver
===============================
Use modprobe like this: /sbin/modprobe cops.o (IO #) (IRQ #)
If you do not specify any options the driver will try and use the IO = 0x240,
IRQ = 5. As of right now I would only use IRQ 5 for the card, if autoprobing.
To load multiple COPS driver Localtalk cards you can do one of the following::
insmod cops io=0x240 irq=5
insmod -o cops2 cops io=0x260 irq=3
Or in lilo.conf put something like this::
append="ether=5,0x240,lt0 ether=3,0x260,lt1"
Then bring up the interface with ifconfig. It will look something like this::
lt0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-F7-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:600 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 coll:0
Netatalk Configuration
======================
You will need to configure atalkd with something like the following to make
it work with the cops.c driver.
* For single LTalk card use::
dummy -seed -phase 2 -net 2000 -addr 2000.10 -zone "1033"
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
* For multiple cards, Ethernet and LocalTalk::
eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.20 -zone "1033"
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
* For multiple LocalTalk cards, and an Ethernet card.
* Order seems to matter here, Ethernet last::
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.10 -zone "LocalTalk1"
lt1 -seed -phase 1 -net 2000 -addr 2000.20 -zone "LocalTalk2"
eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.30 -zone "EtherTalk"

63
Documentation/networking/cops.txt
View File

@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
Text File for the COPS LocalTalk Linux driver (cops.c).
By Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
This driver has two modes and they are: Dayna mode and Tangent mode.
Each mode corresponds with the type of card. It has been found
that there are 2 main types of cards and all other cards are
the same and just have different names or only have minor differences
such as more IO ports. As this driver is tested it will
become more clear exactly what cards are supported.
Right now these cards are known to work with the COPS driver. The
LT-200 cards work in a somewhat more limited capacity than the
DL200 cards, which work very well and are in use by many people.
TANGENT driver mode:
Tangent ATB-II, Novell NL-1000, Daystar Digital LT-200
DAYNA driver mode:
Dayna DL2000/DaynaTalk PC (Half Length), COPS LT-95,
Farallon PhoneNET PC III, Farallon PhoneNET PC II
Other cards possibly supported mode unknown though:
Dayna DL2000 (Full length)
The COPS driver defaults to using Dayna mode. To change the driver's
mode if you built a driver with dual support use board_type=1 or
board_type=2 for Dayna or Tangent with insmod.
** Operation/loading of the driver.
Use modprobe like this: /sbin/modprobe cops.o (IO #) (IRQ #)
If you do not specify any options the driver will try and use the IO = 0x240,
IRQ = 5. As of right now I would only use IRQ 5 for the card, if autoprobing.
To load multiple COPS driver Localtalk cards you can do one of the following.
insmod cops io=0x240 irq=5
insmod -o cops2 cops io=0x260 irq=3
Or in lilo.conf put something like this:
append="ether=5,0x240,lt0 ether=3,0x260,lt1"
Then bring up the interface with ifconfig. It will look something like this:
lt0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-F7-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:600 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 coll:0
** Netatalk Configuration
You will need to configure atalkd with something like the following to make
it work with the cops.c driver.
* For single LTalk card use.
dummy -seed -phase 2 -net 2000 -addr 2000.10 -zone "1033"
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
* For multiple cards, Ethernet and LocalTalk.
eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.20 -zone "1033"
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.50 -zone "1033"
* For multiple LocalTalk cards, and an Ethernet card.
* Order seems to matter here, Ethernet last.
lt0 -seed -phase 1 -net 1000 -addr 1000.10 -zone "LocalTalk1"
lt1 -seed -phase 1 -net 2000 -addr 2000.20 -zone "LocalTalk2"
eth0 -seed -phase 2 -net 3000 -addr 3000.30 -zone "EtherTalk"

78
Documentation/networking/cxacru.txt → Documentation/networking/cxacru.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
========================
ATM cxacru device driver
========================
Firmware is required for this device: http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/
While it is capable of managing/maintaining the ADSL connection without the
@ -19,14 +25,18 @@ several sysfs attribute files for retrieving device statistics:
* adsl_headend
* adsl_headend_environment
Information about the remote headend.
- Information about the remote headend.
* adsl_config
Configuration writing interface.
Write parameters in hexadecimal format <index>=<value>,
- Configuration writing interface.
- Write parameters in hexadecimal format <index>=<value>,
separated by whitespace, e.g.:
"1=0 a=5"
Up to 7 parameters at a time will be sent and the modem will restart
- Up to 7 parameters at a time will be sent and the modem will restart
the ADSL connection when any value is set. These are logged for future
reference.
@ -34,14 +44,16 @@ several sysfs attribute files for retrieving device statistics:
* downstream_bits_per_frame
* downstream_rate (kbps)
* downstream_snr_margin (dB)
Downstream stats.
- Downstream stats.
* upstream_attenuation (dB)
* upstream_bits_per_frame
* upstream_rate (kbps)
* upstream_snr_margin (dB)
* transmitter_power (dBm/Hz)
Upstream stats.
- Upstream stats.
* downstream_crc_errors
* downstream_fec_errors
@ -49,48 +61,56 @@ several sysfs attribute files for retrieving device statistics:
* upstream_crc_errors
* upstream_fec_errors
* upstream_hec_errors
Error counts.
- Error counts.
* line_startable
Indicates that ADSL support on the device
- Indicates that ADSL support on the device
is/can be enabled, see adsl_start.
* line_status
"initialising"
"down"
"attempting to activate"
"training"
"channel analysis"
"exchange"
"waiting"
"up"
- "initialising"
- "down"
- "attempting to activate"
- "training"
- "channel analysis"
- "exchange"
- "waiting"
- "up"
Changes between "down" and "attempting to activate"
if there is no signal.
* link_status
"not connected"
"connected"
"lost"
- "not connected"
- "connected"
- "lost"
* mac_address
* modulation
"" (when not connected)
"ANSI T1.413"
"ITU-T G.992.1 (G.DMT)"
"ITU-T G.992.2 (G.LITE)"
- "" (when not connected)
- "ANSI T1.413"
- "ITU-T G.992.1 (G.DMT)"
- "ITU-T G.992.2 (G.LITE)"
* startup_attempts
Count of total attempts to initialise ADSL.
- Count of total attempts to initialise ADSL.
To enable/disable ADSL, the following can be written to the adsl_state file:
"start"
"stop
"restart" (stops, waits 1.5s, then starts)
"poll" (used to resume status polling if it was disabled due to failure)
Changes in adsl/line state are reported via kernel log messages:
- "start"
- "stop
- "restart" (stops, waits 1.5s, then starts)
- "poll" (used to resume status polling if it was disabled due to failure)
Changes in adsl/line state are reported via kernel log messages::
[4942145.150704] ATM dev 0: ADSL state: running
[4942243.663766] ATM dev 0: ADSL line: down
[4942249.665075] ATM dev 0: ADSL line: attempting to activate

25
Documentation/networking/dccp.txt → Documentation/networking/dccp.rst
View File

@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=============
DCCP protocol
=============
Contents
========
.. Contents
- Introduction
- Missing features
- Socket options
@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ The Linux DCCP implementation does not currently support all the features that a
specified in RFCs 4340...42.
The known bugs are at:
http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/todo#DCCP
For more up-to-date versions of the DCCP implementation, please consider using
@ -54,7 +57,8 @@ defined: the "simple" policy (DCCPQ_POLICY_SIMPLE), which does nothing special,
and a priority-based variant (DCCPQ_POLICY_PRIO). The latter allows to pass an
u32 priority value as ancillary data to sendmsg(), where higher numbers indicate
a higher packet priority (similar to SO_PRIORITY). This ancillary data needs to
be formatted using a cmsg(3) message header filled in as follows:
be formatted using a cmsg(3) message header filled in as follows::
cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_DCCP;
cmsg->cmsg_type = DCCP_SCM_PRIORITY;
cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(sizeof(uint32_t)); /* or CMSG_LEN(4) */
@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ must be registered on the socket before calling connect() or listen().
DCCP_SOCKOPT_TX_CCID is read/write. It returns the current CCID (if set) or sets
the preference list for the TX CCID, using the same format as DCCP_SOCKOPT_CCID.
Please note that the getsockopt argument type here is `int', not uint8_t.
Please note that the getsockopt argument type here is ``int``, not uint8_t.
DCCP_SOCKOPT_RX_CCID is analogous to DCCP_SOCKOPT_TX_CCID, but for the RX CCID.
@ -113,6 +117,7 @@ be enabled at the receiver, too with suitable choice of CsCov.
DCCP_SOCKOPT_SEND_CSCOV sets the sender checksum coverage. Values in the
range 0..15 are acceptable. The default setting is 0 (full coverage),
values between 1..15 indicate partial coverage.
DCCP_SOCKOPT_RECV_CSCOV is for the receiver and has a different meaning: it
sets a threshold, where again values 0..15 are acceptable. The default
of 0 means that all packets with a partial coverage will be discarded.
@ -123,11 +128,13 @@ DCCP_SOCKOPT_RECV_CSCOV is for the receiver and has a different meaning: it
The following two options apply to CCID 3 exclusively and are getsockopt()-only.
In either case, a TFRC info struct (defined in <linux/tfrc.h>) is returned.
DCCP_SOCKOPT_CCID_RX_INFO
Returns a `struct tfrc_rx_info' in optval; the buffer for optval and
Returns a ``struct tfrc_rx_info`` in optval; the buffer for optval and
optlen must be set to at least sizeof(struct tfrc_rx_info).
DCCP_SOCKOPT_CCID_TX_INFO
Returns a `struct tfrc_tx_info' in optval; the buffer for optval and
Returns a ``struct tfrc_tx_info`` in optval; the buffer for optval and
optlen must be set to at least sizeof(struct tfrc_tx_info).
On unidirectional connections it is useful to close the unused half-connection
@ -182,7 +189,7 @@ sync_ratelimit = 125 ms
IOCTLS
======
FIONREAD
Works as in udp(7): returns in the `int' argument pointer the size of
Works as in udp(7): returns in the ``int`` argument pointer the size of
the next pending datagram in bytes, or 0 when no datagram is pending.
@ -191,10 +198,12 @@ Other tunables
Per-route rto_min support
CCID-2 supports the RTAX_RTO_MIN per-route setting for the minimum value
of the RTO timer. This setting can be modified via the 'rto_min' option
of iproute2; for example:
of iproute2; for example::
> ip route change 10.0.0.0/24 rto_min 250j dev wlan0
> ip route add 10.0.0.254/32 rto_min 800j dev wlan0
> ip route show dev wlan0
CCID-3 also supports the rto_min setting: it is used to define the lower
bound for the expiry of the nofeedback timer. This can be useful on LANs
with very low RTTs (e.g., loopback, Gbit ethernet).

14
Documentation/networking/dctcp.txt → Documentation/networking/dctcp.rst
View File

@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
======================
DCTCP (DataCenter TCP)
----------------------
======================
DCTCP is an enhancement to the TCP congestion control algorithm for data
center networks and leverages Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) in
the data center network to provide multi-bit feedback to the end hosts.
To enable it on end hosts:
To enable it on end hosts::
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=dctcp
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_ecn_fallback=0 (optional)
@ -25,14 +28,19 @@ SIGCOMM/SIGMETRICS papers:
i) Mohammad Alizadeh, Albert Greenberg, David A. Maltz, Jitendra Padhye,
Parveen Patel, Balaji Prabhakar, Sudipta Sengupta, and Murari Sridharan:
"Data Center TCP (DCTCP)", Data Center Networks session
"Data Center TCP (DCTCP)", Data Center Networks session"
Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, New Delhi, 2010.
http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp-final.pdf
http://www.sigcomm.org/ccr/papers/2010/October/1851275.1851192
ii) Mohammad Alizadeh, Adel Javanmard, and Balaji Prabhakar:
"Analysis of DCTCP: Stability, Convergence, and Fairness"
Proc. ACM SIGMETRICS, San Jose, 2011.
http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp_analysis-full.pdf
IETF informational draft:

59
Documentation/networking/decnet.txt → Documentation/networking/decnet.rst
View File

@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=========================================
Linux DECnet Networking Layer Information
===========================================
=========================================
1) Other documentation....
1. Other documentation....
==========================
o Project Home Pages
http://www.chygwyn.com/ - Kernel info
http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net/ - Userland tools
http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/linux-decnet/ - Status page
- Project Home Pages
- http://www.chygwyn.com/ - Kernel info
- http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net/ - Userland tools
- http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/linux-decnet/ - Status page
2) Configuring the kernel
2. Configuring the kernel
=========================
Be sure to turn on the following options:
CONFIG_DECNET (obviously)
CONFIG_PROC_FS (to see what's going on)
CONFIG_SYSCTL (for easy configuration)
- CONFIG_DECNET (obviously)
- CONFIG_PROC_FS (to see what's going on)
- CONFIG_SYSCTL (for easy configuration)
if you want to try out router support (not properly debugged yet)
you'll need the following options as well...
CONFIG_DECNET_ROUTER (to be able to add/delete routes)
CONFIG_NETFILTER (will be required for the DECnet routing daemon)
- CONFIG_DECNET_ROUTER (to be able to add/delete routes)
- CONFIG_NETFILTER (will be required for the DECnet routing daemon)
Don't turn on SIOCGIFCONF support for DECnet unless you are really sure
that you need it, in general you won't and it can cause ifconfig to
@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ malfunction.
Run time configuration has changed slightly from the 2.4 system. If you
want to configure an endnode, then the simplified procedure is as follows:
o Set the MAC address on your ethernet card before starting _any_ other
- Set the MAC address on your ethernet card before starting _any_ other
network protocols.
As soon as your network card is brought into the UP state, DECnet should
@ -37,7 +42,8 @@ start working. If you need something more complicated or are unsure how
to set the MAC address, see the next section. Also all configurations which
worked with 2.4 will work under 2.5 with no change.
3) Command line options
3. Command line options
=======================
You can set a DECnet address on the kernel command line for compatibility
with the 2.4 configuration procedure, but in general it's not needed any more.
@ -56,7 +62,7 @@ interface then you won't see any entries in /proc/net/neigh for the local
host until such time as you start a connection. This doesn't affect the
operation of the local communications in any other way though.
The kernel command line takes options looking like the following:
The kernel command line takes options looking like the following::
decnet.addr=1,2
@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ address of the node in order for it to be autoconfigured (and then appear in
FTP sites called dn2ethaddr which can compute the correct ethernet
address to use. The address can be set by ifconfig either before or
at the time the device is brought up. If you are using RedHat you can
add the line:
add the line::
MACADDR=AA:00:04:00:03:04
@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ verify with iproute2).
The default device for routing can be set through the /proc filesystem
by setting /proc/sys/net/decnet/default_device to the
device you want DECnet to route packets out of when no specific route
is available. Usually this will be eth0, for example:
is available. Usually this will be eth0, for example::
echo -n "eth0" >/proc/sys/net/decnet/default_device
@ -106,7 +112,9 @@ confirm that by looking in the default_device file of course.
There is a list of what the other files under /proc/sys/net/decnet/ do
on the kernel patch web site (shown above).
4) Run time kernel configuration
4. Run time kernel configuration
================================
This is either done through the sysctl/proc interface (see the kernel web
pages for details on what the various options do) or through the iproute2
@ -128,7 +136,8 @@ The DECnet raw socket layer has been removed since it was there purely
for use by the routing daemon which will now use netfilter (a much cleaner
and more generic solution) instead.
5) How can I tell if its working ?
5. How can I tell if its working?
=================================
Here is a quick guide of what to look for in order to know if your DECnet
kernel subsystem is working.
@ -160,7 +169,8 @@ kernel subsystem is working.
network, and see if you can obtain the same results.
- At this point you are on your own... :-)
6) How to send a bug report
6. How to send a bug report
===========================
If you've found a bug and want to report it, then there are several things
you can do to help me work out exactly what it is that is wrong. Useful
@ -181,7 +191,8 @@ information (_most_ of which _is_ _essential_) includes:
You may also need to increase the length grabbed with the -s flag. The
-e flag also provides very useful information (ethernet MAC addresses))
7) MAC FAQ
7. MAC FAQ
==========
A quick FAQ on ethernet MAC addresses to explain how Linux and DECnet
interact and how to get the best performance from your hardware.
@ -210,7 +221,8 @@ to gain the best efficiency. Better still is to use a card which supports
NAPI as well.
8) Mailing list
8. Mailing list
===============
If you are keen to get involved in development, or want to ask questions
about configuration, or even just report bugs, then there is a mailing
@ -218,7 +230,8 @@ list that you can join, details are at:
http://sourceforge.net/mail/?group_id=4993
9) Legal Info
9. Legal Info
=============
The Linux DECnet project team have placed their code under the GPL. The
software is provided "as is" and without warranty express or implied.

8
Documentation/networking/defza.txt → Documentation/networking/defza.rst
View File

@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
Notes on the DEC FDDIcontroller 700 (DEFZA-xx) driver v.1.1.4.
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====================================================
Notes on the DEC FDDIcontroller 700 (DEFZA-xx) driver
=====================================================
:Version: v.1.1.4
DEC FDDIcontroller 700 is DEC's first-generation TURBOchannel FDDI

2
Documentation/networking/device_drivers/intel/e100.rst
View File

@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The following features are now available in supported kernels:
- SNMP
Channel Bonding documentation can be found in the Linux kernel source:
/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
/Documentation/networking/bonding.rst
Identifying Your Adapter

2
Documentation/networking/device_drivers/intel/ixgb.rst
View File

@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The following features are available in this kernel:
- SNMP
Channel Bonding documentation can be found in the Linux kernel source:
/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt
/Documentation/networking/bonding.rst
The driver information previously displayed in the /proc filesystem is not
supported in this release. Alternatively, you can use ethtool (version 1.6

42
Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.txt → Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.rst
View File

@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===================
DNS Resolver Module
===================
Contents:
.. Contents:
- Overview.
- Compilation.
@ -12,8 +14,7 @@ Contents:
- Debugging.
========
OVERVIEW
Overview
========
The DNS resolver module provides a way for kernel services to make DNS queries
@ -33,50 +34,50 @@ It does not yet support the following AFS features:
This code is extracted from the CIFS filesystem.
===========
COMPILATION
Compilation
===========
The module should be enabled by turning on the kernel configuration options:
The module should be enabled by turning on the kernel configuration options::
CONFIG_DNS_RESOLVER - tristate "DNS Resolver support"
==========
SETTING UP
Setting up
==========
To set up this facility, the /etc/request-key.conf file must be altered so that
/sbin/request-key can appropriately direct the upcalls. For example, to handle
basic dname to IPv4/IPv6 address resolution, the following line should be
added:
added::
#OP TYPE DESC CO-INFO PROGRAM ARG1 ARG2 ARG3 ...
#====== ============ ======= ======= ==========================
create dns_resolver * * /usr/sbin/cifs.upcall %k
To direct a query for query type 'foo', a line of the following should be added
before the more general line given above as the first match is the one taken.
before the more general line given above as the first match is the one taken::
create dns_resolver foo:* * /usr/sbin/dns.foo %k
=====
USAGE
Usage
=====
To make use of this facility, one of the following functions that are
implemented in the module can be called after doing:
implemented in the module can be called after doing::
#include <linux/dns_resolver.h>
(1) int dns_query(const char *type, const char *name, size_t namelen,
::
int dns_query(const char *type, const char *name, size_t namelen,
const char *options, char **_result, time_t *_expiry);
This is the basic access function. It looks for a cached DNS query and if
it doesn't find it, it upcalls to userspace to make a new DNS query, which
may then be cached. The key description is constructed as a string of the
form:
form::
[<type>:]<name>
@ -107,16 +108,14 @@ This can be cleared by any process that has the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability by
the use of KEYCTL_KEYRING_CLEAR on the keyring ID.
===============================
READING DNS KEYS FROM USERSPACE
Reading DNS Keys from Userspace
===============================
Keys of dns_resolver type can be read from userspace using keyctl_read() or
"keyctl read/print/pipe".
=========
MECHANISM
Mechanism
=========
The dnsresolver module registers a key type called "dns_resolver". Keys of
@ -147,11 +146,10 @@ See <file:Documentation/security/keys/request-key.rst> for further
information about request-key function.
=========
DEBUGGING
Debugging
=========
Debugging messages can be turned on dynamically by writing a 1 into the
following file:
following file::
/sys/module/dnsresolver/parameters/debug

16
Documentation/networking/driver.txt → Documentation/networking/driver.rst
View File

@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
Document about softnet driver issues
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====================
Softnet Driver Issues
=====================
Transmit path guidelines:
@ -8,7 +12,7 @@ Transmit path guidelines:
transmit function will become busy.
Instead it must maintain the queue properly. For example,
for a driver implementing scatter-gather this means:
for a driver implementing scatter-gather this means::
static netdev_tx_t drv_hard_start_xmit(struct sk_buff *skb,
struct net_device *dev)
@ -38,22 +42,22 @@ Transmit path guidelines:
return NETDEV_TX_OK;
}
And then at the end of your TX reclamation event handling:
And then at the end of your TX reclamation event handling::
if (netif_queue_stopped(dp->dev) &&
TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) > (MAX_SKB_FRAGS + 1))
netif_wake_queue(dp->dev);
For a non-scatter-gather supporting card, the three tests simply become:
For a non-scatter-gather supporting card, the three tests simply become::
/* This is a hard error log it. */
if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) <= 0)
and:
and::
if (TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) == 0)
and:
and::
if (netif_queue_stopped(dp->dev) &&
TX_BUFFS_AVAIL(dp) > 0)

225
Documentation/networking/eql.txt → Documentation/networking/eql.rst
View File

@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==========================================
EQL Driver: Serial IP Load Balancing HOWTO
==========================================
Simon "Guru Aleph-Null" Janes, simon@ncm.com
v1.1, February 27, 1995
This is the manual for the EQL device driver. EQL is a software device
@ -13,6 +19,7 @@
source trees. (Yes, it worked fine.)
1. Introduction
===============
Which is worse? A huge fee for a 56K leased line or two phone lines?
It's probably the former. If you find yourself craving more bandwidth,
@ -42,46 +49,39 @@
2. Kernel Configuration
=======================
Here I describe the general steps of getting a kernel up and working
with the eql driver. From patching, building, to installing.
2.1. Patching The Kernel
------------------------
If you do not have or cannot get a copy of the kernel with the eql
driver folded into it, get your copy of the driver from
ftp://slaughter.ncm.com/pub/Linux/LOAD_BALANCING/eql-1.1.tar.gz.
Unpack this archive someplace obvious like /usr/local/src/. It will
create the following files:
create the following files::
______________________________________________________________________
-rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 198 Jan 19 18:53 1995 eql-1.1/NO-WARRANTY
-rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 30620 Feb 27 21:40 1995 eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
-rwxr-xr-x guru/ncm 16111 Jan 12 22:29 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave
-rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 2195 Jan 10 21:48 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave.c
______________________________________________________________________
Unpack a recent kernel (something after 1.1.92) someplace convenient
like say /usr/src/linux-1.1.92.eql. Use symbolic links to point
/usr/src/linux to this development directory.
Apply the patch by running the commands:
Apply the patch by running the commands::
______________________________________________________________________
cd /usr/src
patch </usr/local/src/eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
______________________________________________________________________
2.2. Building The Kernel
------------------------
After patching the kernel, run make config and configure the kernel
for your hardware.
@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
3. Network Configuration
========================
So far, I have only used the eql device with the DSLIP SLIP connection
manager by Matt Dillon (-- "The man who sold his soul to code so much
@ -101,36 +102,26 @@
3.1. /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1
-----------------------
In rc.inet1, ifconfig the eql device to the IP address you usually use
for your machine, and the MTU you prefer for your SLIP lines. One
could argue that MTU should be roughly half the usual size for two
modems, one-third for three, one-fourth for four, etc... But going
too far below 296 is probably overkill. Here is an example ifconfig
command that sets up the eql device:
command that sets up the eql device::
______________________________________________________________________
ifconfig eql 198.67.33.239 mtu 1006
______________________________________________________________________
Once the eql device is up and running, add a static default route to
it in the routing table using the cool new route syntax that makes
life so much easier:
life so much easier::
______________________________________________________________________
route add default eql
______________________________________________________________________
3.2. Enslaving Devices By Hand
------------------------------
Enslaving devices by hand requires two utility programs: eql_enslave
and eql_emancipate (-- eql_emancipate hasn't been written because when
@ -140,63 +131,35 @@
The syntax for enslaving a device is "eql_enslave <master-name>
<slave-name> <estimated-bps>". Here are some example enslavings:
<slave-name> <estimated-bps>". Here are some example enslavings::
______________________________________________________________________
eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400
eql_enslave eql sl1 57600
______________________________________________________________________
When you want to free a device from its life of slavery, you can
either down the device with ifconfig (eql will automatically bury the
dead slave and remove it from its queue) or use eql_emancipate to free
it. (-- Or just ifconfig it down, and the eql driver will take it out
for you.--)
for you.--)::
______________________________________________________________________
eql_emancipate eql sl0
eql_emancipate eql ppp0
eql_emancipate eql sl1
______________________________________________________________________
3.3. DSLIP Configuration for the eql Device
-------------------------------------------
The general idea is to bring up and keep up as many SLIP connections
as you need, automatically.
3.3.1. /etc/slip/runslip.conf
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Here is an example runslip.conf:
Here is an example runslip.conf::
______________________________________________________________________
name sl-line-1
enabled
baud 38400
@ -214,13 +177,10 @@
command eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
address 198.67.33.239
line /dev/cua3
______________________________________________________________________
3.4. Using PPP and the eql Device
---------------------------------
I have not yet done any load-balancing testing for PPP devices, mainly
because I don't have a PPP-connection manager like SLIP has with
@ -236,6 +196,7 @@
4. About the Slave Scheduler Algorithm
======================================
The slave scheduler probably could be replaced with a dozen other
things and push traffic much faster. The formula in the current set
@ -255,6 +216,7 @@
5. Testers' Reports
===================
Some people have experimented with the eql device with newer
kernels (than 1.1.75). I have since updated the driver to patch
@ -262,71 +224,13 @@
balancing" driver config option.
o icee from LinuxNET patched 1.1.86 without any rejects and was able
- icee from LinuxNET patched 1.1.86 without any rejects and was able
to boot the kernel and enslave a couple of ISDN PPP links.
5.1. Randolph Bentson's Test Report
-----------------------------------
::
From bentson@grieg.seaslug.org Wed Feb 8 19:08:09 1995
Date: Tue, 7 Feb 95 22:57 PST
@ -342,7 +246,7 @@
Randolph Bentson
bentson@grieg.seaslug.org
---------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
A pseudo-device driver, EQL, written by Simon Janes, can be used
@ -363,7 +267,7 @@
Once a link was established, I timed a binary ftp transfer of
289284 bytes of data. If there were no overhead (packet headers,
inter-character and inter-packet delays, etc.) the transfers
would take the following times:
would take the following times::
bits/sec seconds
345600 8.3
@ -388,8 +292,10 @@
that the connection establishment seemed fragile for the higher
speeds. Once established, the connection seemed robust enough.)
====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
#lines speed mtu seconds theory actual %of
kbit/sec duration speed speed max
====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
3 115200 900 _ 345600
3 115200 400 18.1 345600 159825 46
2 115200 900 _ 230400
@ -447,18 +353,12 @@
1 9600 900 305 9600 9484.72 98
1 9600 600 314 9600 9212.87 95
1 9600 400 332 9600 8713.37 90
====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
5.2. Anthony Healy's Report
---------------------------
::
Date: Mon, 13 Feb 1995 16:17:29 +1100 (EST)
From: Antony Healey <ahealey@st.nepean.uws.edu.au>
@ -471,58 +371,3 @@
able to data at over 48Kb/s [ISDN link -Simon]. I managed a
transfer of up to 7.5 Kbyte/s on one go, but averaged around
6.4 Kbyte/s, which I think is pretty cool. :)

6
Documentation/networking/fib_trie.txt → Documentation/networking/fib_trie.rst
View File

@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
LC-trie implementation notes.
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============================
LC-trie implementation notes
============================
Node types
----------

354
Documentation/networking/filter.txt → Documentation/networking/filter.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=======================================================
Linux Socket Filtering aka Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF)
=======================================================
@ -42,10 +45,10 @@ displays what is being placed into this structure.
Although we were only speaking about sockets here, BPF in Linux is used
in many more places. There's xt_bpf for netfilter, cls_bpf in the kernel
qdisc layer, SECCOMP-BPF (SECure COMPuting [1]), and lots of other places
qdisc layer, SECCOMP-BPF (SECure COMPuting [1]_), and lots of other places
such as team driver, PTP code, etc where BPF is being used.
[1] Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst
.. [1] Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst
Original BPF paper:
@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ Structure
---------
User space applications include <linux/filter.h> which contains the
following relevant structures:
following relevant structures::
struct sock_filter { /* Filter block */
__u16 code; /* Actual filter code */
@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ struct sock_filter { /* Filter block */
Such a structure is assembled as an array of 4-tuples, that contains
a code, jt, jf and k value. jt and jf are jump offsets and k a generic
value to be used for a provided code.
value to be used for a provided code::
struct sock_fprog { /* Required for SO_ATTACH_FILTER. */
unsigned short len; /* Number of filter blocks */
@ -83,6 +86,8 @@ follow-up example) is being passed to the kernel through setsockopt(2).
Example
-------
::
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
@ -178,15 +183,17 @@ closely modelled after Steven McCanne's and Van Jacobson's BPF paper.
The BPF architecture consists of the following basic elements:
======= ====================================================
Element Description
======= ====================================================
A 32 bit wide accumulator
X 32 bit wide X register
M[] 16 x 32 bit wide misc registers aka "scratch memory
store", addressable from 0 to 15
======= ====================================================
A program, that is translated by bpf_asm into "opcodes" is an array that
consists of the following elements (as already mentioned):
consists of the following elements (as already mentioned)::
op:16, jt:8, jf:8, k:32
@ -201,8 +208,9 @@ and return instructions that are also represented in bpf_asm syntax. This
table lists all bpf_asm instructions available resp. what their underlying
opcodes as defined in linux/filter.h stand for:
=========== =================== =====================
Instruction Addressing mode Description
=========== =================== =====================
ld 1, 2, 3, 4, 12 Load word into A
ldi 4 Load word into A
ldh 1, 2 Load half-word into A
@ -241,11 +249,13 @@ opcodes as defined in linux/filter.h stand for:
txa Copy X into A
ret 4, 11 Return
=========== =================== =====================
The next table shows addressing formats from the 2nd column:
=============== =================== ===============================================
Addressing mode Syntax Description
=============== =================== ===============================================
0 x/%x Register X
1 [k] BHW at byte offset k in the packet
2 [x + k] BHW at the offset X + k in the packet
@ -259,6 +269,7 @@ The next table shows addressing formats from the 2nd column:
10 x/%x,Lt Jump to Lt if predicate is true
11 a/%a Accumulator A
12 extension BPF extension
=============== =================== ===============================================
The Linux kernel also has a couple of BPF extensions that are used along
with the class of load instructions by "overloading" the k argument with
@ -267,8 +278,9 @@ extensions are loaded into A.
Possible BPF extensions are shown in the following table:
=================================== =================================================
Extension Description
=================================== =================================================
len skb->len
proto skb->protocol
type skb->pkt_type
@ -285,18 +297,19 @@ Possible BPF extensions are shown in the following table:
vlan_avail skb_vlan_tag_present(skb)
vlan_tpid skb->vlan_proto
rand prandom_u32()
=================================== =================================================
These extensions can also be prefixed with '#'.
Examples for low-level BPF:
** ARP packets:
**ARP packets**::
ldh [12]
jne #0x806, drop
ret #-1
drop: ret #0
** IPv4 TCP packets:
**IPv4 TCP packets**::
ldh [12]
jne #0x800, drop
@ -305,14 +318,15 @@ Examples for low-level BPF:
ret #-1
drop: ret #0
** (Accelerated) VLAN w/ id 10:
**(Accelerated) VLAN w/ id 10**::
ld vlan_tci
jneq #10, drop
ret #-1
drop: ret #0
** icmp random packet sampling, 1 in 4
**icmp random packet sampling, 1 in 4**:
ldh [12]
jne #0x800, drop
ldb [23]
@ -324,7 +338,7 @@ Examples for low-level BPF:
ret #-1
drop: ret #0
** SECCOMP filter example:
**SECCOMP filter example**::
ld [4] /* offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch) */
jne #0xc000003e, bad /* AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 */
@ -345,12 +359,12 @@ Examples for low-level BPF:
The above example code can be placed into a file (here called "foo"), and
then be passed to the bpf_asm tool for generating opcodes, output that xt_bpf
and cls_bpf understands and can directly be loaded with. Example with above
ARP code:
ARP code::
$ ./bpf_asm foo
4,40 0 0 12,21 0 1 2054,6 0 0 4294967295,6 0 0 0,
In copy and paste C-like output:
In copy and paste C-like output::
$ ./bpf_asm -c foo
{ 0x28, 0, 0, 0x0000000c },
@ -365,7 +379,7 @@ bpf_dbg under tools/bpf/ in the kernel source directory. This debugger allows
for testing BPF filters against given pcap files, single stepping through the
BPF code on the pcap's packets and to do BPF machine register dumps.
Starting bpf_dbg is trivial and just requires issuing:
Starting bpf_dbg is trivial and just requires issuing::
# ./bpf_dbg
@ -381,31 +395,36 @@ Interaction in bpf_dbg happens through a shell that also has auto-completion
support (follow-up example commands starting with '>' denote bpf_dbg shell).
The usual workflow would be to ...
> load bpf 6,40 0 0 12,21 0 3 2048,48 0 0 23,21 0 1 1,6 0 0 65535,6 0 0 0
* load bpf 6,40 0 0 12,21 0 3 2048,48 0 0 23,21 0 1 1,6 0 0 65535,6 0 0 0
Loads a BPF filter from standard output of bpf_asm, or transformed via
e.g. `tcpdump -iem1 -ddd port 22 | tr '\n' ','`. Note that for JIT
e.g. ``tcpdump -iem1 -ddd port 22 | tr '\n' ','``. Note that for JIT
debugging (next section), this command creates a temporary socket and
loads the BPF code into the kernel. Thus, this will also be useful for
JIT developers.
> load pcap foo.pcap
* load pcap foo.pcap
Loads standard tcpdump pcap file.
> run [<n>]
* run [<n>]
bpf passes:1 fails:9
Runs through all packets from a pcap to account how many passes and fails
the filter will generate. A limit of packets to traverse can be given.
> disassemble
* disassemble::
l0: ldh [12]
l1: jeq #0x800, l2, l5
l2: ldb [23]
l3: jeq #0x1, l4, l5
l4: ret #0xffff
l5: ret #0
Prints out BPF code disassembly.
> dump
* dump::
/* { op, jt, jf, k }, */
{ 0x28, 0, 0, 0x0000000c },
{ 0x15, 0, 3, 0x00000800 },
@ -413,19 +432,26 @@ l5: ret #0
{ 0x15, 0, 1, 0x00000001 },
{ 0x06, 0, 0, 0x0000ffff },
{ 0x06, 0, 0, 0000000000 },
Prints out C-style BPF code dump.
> breakpoint 0
* breakpoint 0::
breakpoint at: l0: ldh [12]
> breakpoint 1
* breakpoint 1::
breakpoint at: l1: jeq #0x800, l2, l5
...
Sets breakpoints at particular BPF instructions. Issuing a `run` command
will walk through the pcap file continuing from the current packet and
break when a breakpoint is being hit (another `run` will continue from
the currently active breakpoint executing next instructions):
> run
* run::
-- register dump --
pc: [0] <-- program counter
code: [40] jt[0] jf[0] k[12] <-- plain BPF code of current instruction
@ -441,24 +467,28 @@ breakpoint at: l1: jeq #0x800, l2, l5
(breakpoint)
>
> breakpoint
* breakpoint::
breakpoints: 0 1
Prints currently set breakpoints.
> step [-<n>, +<n>]
* step [-<n>, +<n>]
Performs single stepping through the BPF program from the current pc
offset. Thus, on each step invocation, above register dump is issued.
This can go forwards and backwards in time, a plain `step` will break
on the next BPF instruction, thus +1. (No `run` needs to be issued here.)
> select <n>
* select <n>
Selects a given packet from the pcap file to continue from. Thus, on
the next `run` or `step`, the BPF program is being evaluated against
the user pre-selected packet. Numbering starts just as in Wireshark
with index 1.
> quit
#
* quit
Exits bpf_dbg.
JIT compiler
@ -468,16 +498,16 @@ The Linux kernel has a built-in BPF JIT compiler for x86_64, SPARC,
PowerPC, ARM, ARM64, MIPS, RISC-V and s390 and can be enabled through
CONFIG_BPF_JIT. The JIT compiler is transparently invoked for each
attached filter from user space or for internal kernel users if it has
been previously enabled by root:
been previously enabled by root::
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable
For JIT developers, doing audits etc, each compile run can output the generated
opcode image into the kernel log via:
opcode image into the kernel log via::
echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable
Example output from dmesg:
Example output from dmesg::
[ 3389.935842] flen=6 proglen=70 pass=3 image=ffffffffa0069c8f
[ 3389.935847] JIT code: 00000000: 55 48 89 e5 48 83 ec 60 48 89 5d f8 44 8b 4f 68
@ -493,7 +523,7 @@ is discouraged and introspection through bpftool (under tools/bpf/bpftool/) is t
generally recommended approach instead.
In the kernel source tree under tools/bpf/, there's bpf_jit_disasm for
generating disassembly out of the kernel log's hexdump:
generating disassembly out of the kernel log's hexdump::
# ./bpf_jit_disasm
70 bytes emitted from JIT compiler (pass:3, flen:6)
@ -663,9 +693,9 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
- Conditional jt/jf targets replaced with jt/fall-through:
While the original design has constructs such as "if (cond) jump_true;
else jump_false;", they are being replaced into alternative constructs like
"if (cond) jump_true; /* else fall-through */".
While the original design has constructs such as ``if (cond) jump_true;
else jump_false;``, they are being replaced into alternative constructs like
``if (cond) jump_true; /* else fall-through */``.
- Introduces bpf_call insn and register passing convention for zero overhead
calls from/to other kernel functions:
@ -684,13 +714,13 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
a return value of the function. Since R6 - R9 are callee saved, their state
is preserved across the call.
For example, consider three C functions:
For example, consider three C functions::
u64 f1() { return (*_f2)(1); }
u64 f2(u64 a) { return f3(a + 1, a); }
u64 f3(u64 a, u64 b) { return a - b; }
GCC can compile f1, f3 into x86_64:
GCC can compile f1, f3 into x86_64::
f1:
movl $1, %edi
@ -701,7 +731,7 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
subq %rsi, %rax
ret
Function f2 in eBPF may look like:
Function f2 in eBPF may look like::
f2:
bpf_mov R2, R1
@ -709,7 +739,7 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
bpf_call f3
bpf_exit
If f2 is JITed and the pointer stored to '_f2'. The calls f1 -> f2 -> f3 and
If f2 is JITed and the pointer stored to ``_f2``. The calls f1 -> f2 -> f3 and
returns will be seamless. Without JIT, __bpf_prog_run() interpreter needs to
be used to call into f2.
@ -722,6 +752,8 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
On 64-bit architectures all register map to HW registers one to one. For
example, x86_64 JIT compiler can map them as ...
::
R0 - rax
R1 - rdi
R2 - rsi
@ -737,7 +769,7 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
... since x86_64 ABI mandates rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, r8, r9 for argument passing
and rbx, r12 - r15 are callee saved.
Then the following internal BPF pseudo-program:
Then the following internal BPF pseudo-program::
bpf_mov R6, R1 /* save ctx */
bpf_mov R2, 2
@ -755,7 +787,7 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
bpf_add R0, R7
bpf_exit
After JIT to x86_64 may look like:
After JIT to x86_64 may look like::
push %rbp
mov %rsp,%rbp
@ -781,7 +813,7 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
leaveq
retq
Which is in this example equivalent in C to:
Which is in this example equivalent in C to::
u64 bpf_filter(u64 ctx)
{
@ -790,12 +822,12 @@ Some core changes of the new internal format:
In-kernel functions foo() and bar() with prototype: u64 (*)(u64 arg1, u64
arg2, u64 arg3, u64 arg4, u64 arg5); will receive arguments in proper
registers and place their return value into '%rax' which is R0 in eBPF.
registers and place their return value into ``%rax`` which is R0 in eBPF.
Prologue and epilogue are emitted by JIT and are implicit in the
interpreter. R0-R5 are scratch registers, so eBPF program needs to preserve
them across the calls as defined by calling convention.
For example the following program is invalid:
For example the following program is invalid::
bpf_mov R1, 1
bpf_call foo
@ -814,7 +846,7 @@ The input context pointer for invoking the interpreter function is generic,
its content is defined by a specific use case. For seccomp register R1 points
to seccomp_data, for converted BPF filters R1 points to a skb.
A program, that is translated internally consists of the following elements:
A program, that is translated internally consists of the following elements::
op:16, jt:8, jf:8, k:32 ==> op:8, dst_reg:4, src_reg:4, off:16, imm:32
@ -824,7 +856,7 @@ instructions must be multiple of 8 bytes to preserve backward compatibility.
Internal BPF is a general purpose RISC instruction set. Not every register and
every instruction are used during translation from original BPF to new format.
For example, socket filters are not using 'exclusive add' instruction, but
For example, socket filters are not using ``exclusive add`` instruction, but
tracing filters may do to maintain counters of events, for example. Register R9
is not used by socket filters either, but more complex filters may be running
out of registers and would have to resort to spill/fill to stack.
@ -849,7 +881,7 @@ eBPF opcode encoding
eBPF is reusing most of the opcode encoding from classic to simplify conversion
of classic BPF to eBPF. For arithmetic and jump instructions the 8-bit 'code'
field is divided into three parts:
field is divided into three parts::
+----------------+--------+--------------------+
| 4 bits | 1 bit | 3 bits |
@ -859,8 +891,9 @@ field is divided into three parts:
Three LSB bits store instruction class which is one of:
Classic BPF classes: eBPF classes:
=================== ===============
Classic BPF classes eBPF classes
=================== ===============
BPF_LD 0x00 BPF_LD 0x00
BPF_LDX 0x01 BPF_LDX 0x01
BPF_ST 0x02 BPF_ST 0x02
@ -869,25 +902,28 @@ Three LSB bits store instruction class which is one of:
BPF_JMP 0x05 BPF_JMP 0x05
BPF_RET 0x06 BPF_JMP32 0x06
BPF_MISC 0x07 BPF_ALU64 0x07
=================== ===============
When BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_ALU or BPF_JMP, 4th bit encodes source operand ...
::
BPF_K 0x00
BPF_X 0x08
* in classic BPF, this means:
* in classic BPF, this means::
BPF_SRC(code) == BPF_X - use register X as source operand
BPF_SRC(code) == BPF_K - use 32-bit immediate as source operand
* in eBPF, this means:
* in eBPF, this means::
BPF_SRC(code) == BPF_X - use 'src_reg' register as source operand
BPF_SRC(code) == BPF_K - use 32-bit immediate as source operand
... and four MSB bits store operation code.
If BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_ALU or BPF_ALU64 [ in eBPF ], BPF_OP(code) is one of:
If BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_ALU or BPF_ALU64 [ in eBPF ], BPF_OP(code) is one of::
BPF_ADD 0x00
BPF_SUB 0x10
@ -904,7 +940,7 @@ If BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_ALU or BPF_ALU64 [ in eBPF ], BPF_OP(code) is one of:
BPF_ARSH 0xc0 /* eBPF only: sign extending shift right */
BPF_END 0xd0 /* eBPF only: endianness conversion */
If BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_JMP or BPF_JMP32 [ in eBPF ], BPF_OP(code) is one of:
If BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_JMP or BPF_JMP32 [ in eBPF ], BPF_OP(code) is one of::
BPF_JA 0x00 /* BPF_JMP only */
BPF_JEQ 0x10
@ -934,7 +970,7 @@ exactly the same operations as BPF_ALU, but with 64-bit wide operands
instead. So BPF_ADD | BPF_X | BPF_ALU64 means 64-bit addition, i.e.:
dst_reg = dst_reg + src_reg
Classic BPF wastes the whole BPF_RET class to represent a single 'ret'
Classic BPF wastes the whole BPF_RET class to represent a single ``ret``
operation. Classic BPF_RET | BPF_K means copy imm32 into return register
and perform function exit. eBPF is modeled to match CPU, so BPF_JMP | BPF_EXIT
in eBPF means function exit only. The eBPF program needs to store return
@ -942,7 +978,7 @@ value into register R0 before doing a BPF_EXIT. Class 6 in eBPF is used as
BPF_JMP32 to mean exactly the same operations as BPF_JMP, but with 32-bit wide
operands for the comparisons instead.
For load and store instructions the 8-bit 'code' field is divided as:
For load and store instructions the 8-bit 'code' field is divided as::
+--------+--------+-------------------+
| 3 bits | 2 bits | 3 bits |
@ -952,19 +988,21 @@ For load and store instructions the 8-bit 'code' field is divided as:
Size modifier is one of ...
::
BPF_W 0x00 /* word */
BPF_H 0x08 /* half word */
BPF_B 0x10 /* byte */
BPF_DW 0x18 /* eBPF only, double word */
... which encodes size of load/store operation:
... which encodes size of load/store operation::
B - 1 byte
H - 2 byte
W - 4 byte
DW - 8 byte (eBPF only)
Mode modifier is one of:
Mode modifier is one of::
BPF_IMM 0x00 /* used for 32-bit mov in classic BPF and 64-bit in eBPF */
BPF_ABS 0x20
@ -979,7 +1017,7 @@ eBPF has two non-generic instructions: (BPF_ABS | <size> | BPF_LD) and
They had to be carried over from classic to have strong performance of
socket filters running in eBPF interpreter. These instructions can only
be used when interpreter context is a pointer to 'struct sk_buff' and
be used when interpreter context is a pointer to ``struct sk_buff`` and
have seven implicit operands. Register R6 is an implicit input that must
contain pointer to sk_buff. Register R0 is an implicit output which contains
the data fetched from the packet. Registers R1-R5 are scratch registers
@ -992,14 +1030,14 @@ the interpreter will abort the execution of the program. JIT compilers
therefore must preserve this property. src_reg and imm32 fields are
explicit inputs to these instructions.
For example:
For example::
BPF_IND | BPF_W | BPF_LD means:
R0 = ntohl(*(u32 *) (((struct sk_buff *) R6)->data + src_reg + imm32))
and R1 - R5 were scratched.
Unlike classic BPF instruction set, eBPF has generic load/store operations:
Unlike classic BPF instruction set, eBPF has generic load/store operations::
BPF_MEM | <size> | BPF_STX: *(size *) (dst_reg + off) = src_reg
BPF_MEM | <size> | BPF_ST: *(size *) (dst_reg + off) = imm32
@ -1011,7 +1049,7 @@ Where size is one of: BPF_B or BPF_H or BPF_W or BPF_DW. Note that 1 and
2 byte atomic increments are not supported.
eBPF has one 16-byte instruction: BPF_LD | BPF_DW | BPF_IMM which consists
of two consecutive 'struct bpf_insn' 8-byte blocks and interpreted as single
of two consecutive ``struct bpf_insn`` 8-byte blocks and interpreted as single
instruction that loads 64-bit immediate value into a dst_reg.
Classic BPF has similar instruction: BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_IMM which loads
32-bit immediate value into a register.
@ -1037,38 +1075,48 @@ since addition of two valid pointers makes invalid pointer.
(In 'secure' mode verifier will reject any type of pointer arithmetic to make
sure that kernel addresses don't leak to unprivileged users)
If register was never written to, it's not readable:
If register was never written to, it's not readable::
bpf_mov R0 = R2
bpf_exit
will be rejected, since R2 is unreadable at the start of the program.
After kernel function call, R1-R5 are reset to unreadable and
R0 has a return type of the function.
Since R6-R9 are callee saved, their state is preserved across the call.
::
bpf_mov R6 = 1
bpf_call foo
bpf_mov R0 = R6
bpf_exit
is a correct program. If there was R1 instead of R6, it would have
been rejected.
load/store instructions are allowed only with registers of valid types, which
are PTR_TO_CTX, PTR_TO_MAP, PTR_TO_STACK. They are bounds and alignment checked.
For example:
For example::
bpf_mov R1 = 1
bpf_mov R2 = 2
bpf_xadd *(u32 *)(R1 + 3) += R2
bpf_exit
will be rejected, since R1 doesn't have a valid pointer type at the time of
execution of instruction bpf_xadd.
At the start R1 type is PTR_TO_CTX (a pointer to generic 'struct bpf_context')
At the start R1 type is PTR_TO_CTX (a pointer to generic ``struct bpf_context``)
A callback is used to customize verifier to restrict eBPF program access to only
certain fields within ctx structure with specified size and alignment.
For example, the following insn:
For example, the following insn::
bpf_ld R0 = *(u32 *)(R6 + 8)
intends to load a word from address R6 + 8 and store it into R0
If R6=PTR_TO_CTX, via is_valid_access() callback the verifier will know
that offset 8 of size 4 bytes can be accessed for reading, otherwise
@ -1079,10 +1127,13 @@ so it will fail verification, since it's out of bounds.
The verifier will allow eBPF program to read data from stack only after
it wrote into it.
Classic BPF verifier does similar check with M[0-15] memory slots.
For example:
For example::
bpf_ld R0 = *(u32 *)(R10 - 4)
bpf_exit
is invalid program.
Though R10 is correct read-only register and has type PTR_TO_STACK
and R10 - 4 is within stack bounds, there were no stores into that location.
@ -1113,24 +1164,33 @@ Register value tracking
-----------------------
In order to determine the safety of an eBPF program, the verifier must track
the range of possible values in each register and also in each stack slot.
This is done with 'struct bpf_reg_state', defined in include/linux/
This is done with ``struct bpf_reg_state``, defined in include/linux/
bpf_verifier.h, which unifies tracking of scalar and pointer values. Each
register state has a type, which is either NOT_INIT (the register has not been
written to), SCALAR_VALUE (some value which is not usable as a pointer), or a
pointer type. The types of pointers describe their base, as follows:
PTR_TO_CTX Pointer to bpf_context.
CONST_PTR_TO_MAP Pointer to struct bpf_map. "Const" because arithmetic
PTR_TO_CTX
Pointer to bpf_context.
CONST_PTR_TO_MAP
Pointer to struct bpf_map. "Const" because arithmetic
on these pointers is forbidden.
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE Pointer to the value stored in a map element.
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE
Pointer to the value stored in a map element.
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL
Either a pointer to a map value, or NULL; map accesses
(see section 'eBPF maps', below) return this type,
which becomes a PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE when checked != NULL.
Arithmetic on these pointers is forbidden.
PTR_TO_STACK Frame pointer.
PTR_TO_PACKET skb->data.
PTR_TO_PACKET_END skb->data + headlen; arithmetic forbidden.
PTR_TO_SOCKET Pointer to struct bpf_sock_ops, implicitly refcounted.
PTR_TO_STACK
Frame pointer.
PTR_TO_PACKET
skb->data.
PTR_TO_PACKET_END
skb->data + headlen; arithmetic forbidden.
PTR_TO_SOCKET
Pointer to struct bpf_sock_ops, implicitly refcounted.
PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL
Either a pointer to a socket, or NULL; socket lookup
returns this type, which becomes a PTR_TO_SOCKET when
@ -1138,15 +1198,19 @@ pointer type. The types of pointers describe their base, as follows:
so programs must release the reference through the
socket release function before the end of the program.
Arithmetic on these pointers is forbidden.
However, a pointer may be offset from this base (as a result of pointer
arithmetic), and this is tracked in two parts: the 'fixed offset' and 'variable
offset'. The former is used when an exactly-known value (e.g. an immediate
operand) is added to a pointer, while the latter is used for values which are
not exactly known. The variable offset is also used in SCALAR_VALUEs, to track
the range of possible values in the register.
The verifier's knowledge about the variable offset consists of:
* minimum and maximum values as unsigned
* minimum and maximum values as signed
* knowledge of the values of individual bits, in the form of a 'tnum': a u64
'mask' and a u64 'value'. 1s in the mask represent bits whose value is unknown;
1s in the value represent bits known to be 1. Bits known to be 0 have 0 in both
@ -1188,7 +1252,7 @@ The 'id' field is also used on PTR_TO_SOCKET and PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL, common
to all copies of the pointer returned from a socket lookup. This has similar
behaviour to the handling for PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL->PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, but
it also handles reference tracking for the pointer. PTR_TO_SOCKET implicitly
represents a reference to the corresponding 'struct sock'. To ensure that the
represents a reference to the corresponding ``struct sock``. To ensure that the
reference is not leaked, it is imperative to NULL-check the reference and in
the non-NULL case, and pass the valid reference to the socket release function.
@ -1196,7 +1260,8 @@ Direct packet access
--------------------
In cls_bpf and act_bpf programs the verifier allows direct access to the packet
data via skb->data and skb->data_end pointers.
Ex:
Ex::
1: r4 = *(u32 *)(r1 +80) /* load skb->data_end */
2: r3 = *(u32 *)(r1 +76) /* load skb->data */
3: r5 = r3
@ -1206,7 +1271,7 @@ R1=ctx R3=pkt(id=0,off=0,r=14) R4=pkt_end R5=pkt(id=0,off=14,r=14) R10=fp
6: r0 = *(u16 *)(r3 +12) /* access 12 and 13 bytes of the packet */
this 2byte load from the packet is safe to do, since the program author
did check 'if (skb->data + 14 > skb->data_end) goto err' at insn #5 which
did check ``if (skb->data + 14 > skb->data_end) goto err`` at insn #5 which
means that in the fall-through case the register R3 (which points to skb->data)
has at least 14 directly accessible bytes. The verifier marks it
as R3=pkt(id=0,off=0,r=14).
@ -1215,10 +1280,12 @@ off=0 means that no additional constants were added.
r=14 is the range of safe access which means that bytes [R3, R3 + 14) are ok.
Note that R5 is marked as R5=pkt(id=0,off=14,r=14). It also points
to the packet data, but constant 14 was added to the register, so
it now points to 'skb->data + 14' and accessible range is [R5, R5 + 14 - 14)
it now points to ``skb->data + 14`` and accessible range is [R5, R5 + 14 - 14)
which is zero bytes.
More complex packet access may look like:
More complex packet access may look like::
R0=inv1 R1=ctx R3=pkt(id=0,off=0,r=14) R4=pkt_end R5=pkt(id=0,off=14,r=14) R10=fp
6: r0 = *(u8 *)(r3 +7) /* load 7th byte from the packet */
7: r4 = *(u8 *)(r3 +12)
@ -1235,32 +1302,36 @@ More complex packet access may look like:
18: if r2 > r1 goto pc+2
R0=inv(id=0,umax_value=255,var_off=(0x0; 0xff)) R1=pkt_end R2=pkt(id=2,off=8,r=8) R3=pkt(id=2,off=0,r=8) R4=inv(id=0,umax_value=3570,var_off=(0x0; 0xfffe)) R5=pkt(id=0,off=14,r=14) R10=fp
19: r1 = *(u8 *)(r3 +4)
The state of the register R3 is R3=pkt(id=2,off=0,r=8)
id=2 means that two 'r3 += rX' instructions were seen, so r3 points to some
id=2 means that two ``r3 += rX`` instructions were seen, so r3 points to some
offset within a packet and since the program author did
'if (r3 + 8 > r1) goto err' at insn #18, the safe range is [R3, R3 + 8).
``if (r3 + 8 > r1) goto err`` at insn #18, the safe range is [R3, R3 + 8).
The verifier only allows 'add'/'sub' operations on packet registers. Any other
operation will set the register state to 'SCALAR_VALUE' and it won't be
available for direct packet access.
Operation 'r3 += rX' may overflow and become less than original skb->data,
therefore the verifier has to prevent that. So when it sees 'r3 += rX'
Operation ``r3 += rX`` may overflow and become less than original skb->data,
therefore the verifier has to prevent that. So when it sees ``r3 += rX``
instruction and rX is more than 16-bit value, any subsequent bounds-check of r3
against skb->data_end will not give us 'range' information, so attempts to read
through the pointer will give "invalid access to packet" error.
Ex. after insn 'r4 = *(u8 *)(r3 +12)' (insn #7 above) the state of r4 is
Ex. after insn ``r4 = *(u8 *)(r3 +12)`` (insn #7 above) the state of r4 is
R4=inv(id=0,umax_value=255,var_off=(0x0; 0xff)) which means that upper 56 bits
of the register are guaranteed to be zero, and nothing is known about the lower
8 bits. After insn 'r4 *= 14' the state becomes
8 bits. After insn ``r4 *= 14`` the state becomes
R4=inv(id=0,umax_value=3570,var_off=(0x0; 0xfffe)), since multiplying an 8-bit
value by constant 14 will keep upper 52 bits as zero, also the least significant
bit will be zero as 14 is even. Similarly 'r2 >>= 48' will make
bit will be zero as 14 is even. Similarly ``r2 >>= 48`` will make
R2=inv(id=0,umax_value=65535,var_off=(0x0; 0xffff)), since the shift is not sign
extending. This logic is implemented in adjust_reg_min_max_vals() function,
which calls adjust_ptr_min_max_vals() for adding pointer to scalar (or vice
versa) and adjust_scalar_min_max_vals() for operations on two scalars.
The end result is that bpf program author can access packet directly
using normal C code as:
using normal C code as::
void *data = (void *)(long)skb->data;
void *data_end = (void *)(long)skb->data_end;
struct eth_hdr *eth = data;
@ -1275,6 +1346,7 @@ using normal C code as:
return 0;
if (udp->dest == 53 || udp->source == 9)
...;
which makes such programs easier to write comparing to LD_ABS insn
and significantly faster.
@ -1284,23 +1356,24 @@ eBPF maps
and userspace.
The maps are accessed from user space via BPF syscall, which has commands:
- create a map with given type and attributes
map_fd = bpf(BPF_MAP_CREATE, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)
``map_fd = bpf(BPF_MAP_CREATE, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)``
using attr->map_type, attr->key_size, attr->value_size, attr->max_entries
returns process-local file descriptor or negative error
- lookup key in a given map
err = bpf(BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)
``err = bpf(BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)``
using attr->map_fd, attr->key, attr->value
returns zero and stores found elem into value or negative error
- create or update key/value pair in a given map
err = bpf(BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)
``err = bpf(BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)``
using attr->map_fd, attr->key, attr->value
returns zero or negative error
- find and delete element by key in a given map
err = bpf(BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)
``err = bpf(BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM, union bpf_attr *attr, u32 size)``
using attr->map_fd, attr->key
- to delete map: close(fd)
@ -1312,10 +1385,11 @@ are concurrently updating.
maps can have different types: hash, array, bloom filter, radix-tree, etc.
The map is defined by:
. type
. max number of elements
. key size in bytes
. value size in bytes
- type
- max number of elements
- key size in bytes
- value size in bytes
Pruning
-------
@ -1339,57 +1413,75 @@ Understanding eBPF verifier messages
The following are few examples of invalid eBPF programs and verifier error
messages as seen in the log:
Program with unreachable instructions:
Program with unreachable instructions::
static struct bpf_insn prog[] = {
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
};
Error:
unreachable insn 1
Program that reads uninitialized register:
Program that reads uninitialized register::
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_2),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (bf) r0 = r2
R2 !read_ok
Program that doesn't initialize R0 before exiting:
Program that doesn't initialize R0 before exiting::
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_1),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (bf) r2 = r1
1: (95) exit
R0 !read_ok
Program that accesses stack out of bounds:
Program that accesses stack out of bounds::
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, 8, 0),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 +8) = 0
invalid stack off=8 size=8
Program that doesn't initialize stack before passing its address into function:
Program that doesn't initialize stack before passing its address into function::
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -8),
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, 0),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (bf) r2 = r10
1: (07) r2 += -8
2: (b7) r1 = 0x0
3: (85) call 1
invalid indirect read from stack off -8+0 size 8
Program that uses invalid map_fd=0 while calling to map_lookup_elem() function:
Program that uses invalid map_fd=0 while calling to map_lookup_elem() function::
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, -8, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -8),
BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, 0),
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0
1: (bf) r2 = r10
2: (07) r2 += -8
@ -1398,7 +1490,8 @@ Error:
fd 0 is not pointing to valid bpf_map
Program that doesn't check return value of map_lookup_elem() before accessing
map element:
map element::
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, -8, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -8),
@ -1406,7 +1499,9 @@ map element:
BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_0, 0, 0),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0
1: (bf) r2 = r10
2: (07) r2 += -8
@ -1416,7 +1511,8 @@ Error:
R0 invalid mem access 'map_value_or_null'
Program that correctly checks map_lookup_elem() returned value for NULL, but
accesses the memory with incorrect alignment:
accesses the memory with incorrect alignment::
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, -8, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -8),
@ -1425,7 +1521,9 @@ accesses the memory with incorrect alignment:
BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 1),
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_0, 4, 0),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0
1: (bf) r2 = r10
2: (07) r2 += -8
@ -1438,7 +1536,8 @@ Error:
Program that correctly checks map_lookup_elem() returned value for NULL and
accesses memory with correct alignment in one side of 'if' branch, but fails
to do so in the other side of 'if' branch:
to do so in the other side of 'if' branch::
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, -8, 0),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -8),
@ -1449,7 +1548,9 @@ to do so in the other side of 'if' branch:
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
BPF_ST_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_0, 0, 1),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -8) = 0
1: (bf) r2 = r10
2: (07) r2 += -8
@ -1465,8 +1566,8 @@ Error:
R0 invalid mem access 'imm'
Program that performs a socket lookup then sets the pointer to NULL without
checking it:
value:
checking it::
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 0),
BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -8),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
@ -1477,7 +1578,9 @@ value:
BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp),
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (b7) r2 = 0
1: (63) *(u32 *)(r10 -8) = r2
2: (bf) r2 = r10
@ -1491,7 +1594,8 @@ Error:
Unreleased reference id=1, alloc_insn=7
Program that performs a socket lookup but does not NULL-check the returned
value:
value::
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 0),
BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -8),
BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),
@ -1501,7 +1605,9 @@ value:
BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_5, 0),
BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp),
BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
Error:
Error::
0: (b7) r2 = 0
1: (63) *(u32 *)(r10 -8) = r2
2: (bf) r2 = r10
@ -1519,7 +1625,7 @@ Testing
Next to the BPF toolchain, the kernel also ships a test module that contains
various test cases for classic and internal BPF that can be executed against
the BPF interpreter and JIT compiler. It can be found in lib/test_bpf.c and
enabled via Kconfig:
enabled via Kconfig::
CONFIG_TEST_BPF=m
@ -1540,6 +1646,6 @@ The document was written in the hope that it is found useful and in order
to give potential BPF hackers or security auditors a better overview of
the underlying architecture.
Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
- Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
- Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
- Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

4
Documentation/networking/fore200e.txt → Documentation/networking/fore200e.rst
View File

@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=============================================
FORE Systems PCA-200E/SBA-200E ATM NIC driver
---------------------------------------------
=============================================
This driver adds support for the FORE Systems 200E-series ATM adapters
to the Linux operating system. It is based on the earlier PCA-200E driver

7
Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt → Documentation/networking/framerelay.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
================
Frame Relay (FR)
================
Frame Relay (FR) support for linux is built into a two tiered system of device
drivers. The upper layer implements RFC1490 FR specification, and uses the
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) as its hardware address. Usually these
@ -36,4 +42,3 @@ the net-tools distribution. They can be found at ftp.invlogic.com, in
/pub/linux. Note that with OS/2 FTPD, you end up in /pub by default, so just
use 'cd linux'. v0.10 is for use on pre-2.0.3 and earlier, v0.15 is for
pre-2.0.4 and later.

28
Documentation/networking/gen_stats.txt → Documentation/networking/gen_stats.rst
View File

@ -1,27 +1,34 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===============================================
Generic networking statistics for netlink users
======================================================================
===============================================
Statistic counters are grouped into structs:
==================== ===================== =====================
Struct TLV type Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------
==================== ===================== =====================
gnet_stats_basic TCA_STATS_BASIC Basic statistics
gnet_stats_rate_est TCA_STATS_RATE_EST Rate estimator
gnet_stats_queue TCA_STATS_QUEUE Queue statistics
none TCA_STATS_APP Application specific
==================== ===================== =====================
Collecting:
-----------
Declare the statistic structs you need:
Declare the statistic structs you need::
struct mystruct {
struct gnet_stats_basic bstats;
struct gnet_stats_queue qstats;
...
};
Update statistics, in dequeue() methods only, (while owning qdisc->running)
Update statistics, in dequeue() methods only, (while owning qdisc->running)::
mystruct->tstats.packet++;
mystruct->qstats.backlog += skb->pkt_len;
@ -29,6 +36,8 @@ mystruct->qstats.backlog += skb->pkt_len;
Export to userspace (Dump):
---------------------------
::
my_dumping_routine(struct sk_buff *skb, ...)
{
struct gnet_dump dump;
@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ TCA_STATS/TCA_XSTATS backward compatibility:
Prior users of struct tc_stats and xstats can maintain backward
compatibility by calling the compat wrappers to keep providing the
existing TLV types.
existing TLV types::
my_dumping_routine(struct sk_buff *skb, ...)
{
@ -77,7 +86,7 @@ are responsible for making sure that the lock is initialized.
Rate Estimator:
--------------
---------------
0) Prepare an estimator attribute. Most likely this would be in user
space. The value of this TLV should contain a tc_estimator structure.
@ -92,10 +101,11 @@ Rate Estimator:
TCA_RATE to your code in the kernel.
In the kernel when setting up:
1) make sure you have basic stats and rate stats setup first.
2) make sure you have initialized stats lock that is used to setup such
stats.
3) Now initialize a new estimator:
3) Now initialize a new estimator::
int ret = gen_new_estimator(my_basicstats,my_rate_est_stats,
mystats_lock, attr_with_tcestimator_struct);
@ -115,5 +125,5 @@ are still valid (i.e still exist) at the time of making this call.
Authors:
--------
Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>
- Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
- Jamal Hadi Salim <hadi@cyberus.ca>

82
Documentation/networking/generic-hdlc.txt → Documentation/networking/generic-hdlc.rst
View File

@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==================
Generic HDLC layer
==================
Krzysztof Halasa <khc@pm.waw.pl>
Generic HDLC layer currently supports:
1. Frame Relay (ANSI, CCITT, Cisco and no LMI)
- Normal (routed) and Ethernet-bridged (Ethernet device emulation)
interfaces can share a single PVC.
- ARP support (no InARP support in the kernel - there is an
experimental InARP user-space daemon available on:
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/hdlc/).
2. raw HDLC - either IP (IPv4) interface or Ethernet device emulation
3. Cisco HDLC
4. PPP
@ -24,19 +32,24 @@ with IEEE 802.1Q (VLANs) and 802.1D (Ethernet bridging).
Make sure the hdlc.o and the hardware driver are loaded. It should
create a number of "hdlc" (hdlc0 etc) network devices, one for each
WAN port. You'll need the "sethdlc" utility, get it from:
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/hdlc/
Compile sethdlc.c utility:
Compile sethdlc.c utility::
gcc -O2 -Wall -o sethdlc sethdlc.c
Make sure you're using a correct version of sethdlc for your kernel.
Use sethdlc to set physical interface, clock rate, HDLC mode used,
and add any required PVCs if using Frame Relay.
Usually you want something like:
Usually you want something like::
sethdlc hdlc0 clock int rate 128000
sethdlc hdlc0 cisco interval 10 timeout 25
or
or::
sethdlc hdlc0 rs232 clock ext
sethdlc hdlc0 fr lmi ansi
sethdlc hdlc0 create 99
@ -49,28 +62,40 @@ any IP address to it) before using pvc devices.
Setting interface:
* v35 | rs232 | x21 | t1 | e1 - sets physical interface for a given port
* v35 | rs232 | x21 | t1 | e1
- sets physical interface for a given port
if the card has software-selectable interfaces
loopback - activate hardware loopback (for testing only)
* clock ext - both RX clock and TX clock external
* clock int - both RX clock and TX clock internal
* clock txint - RX clock external, TX clock internal
* clock txfromrx - RX clock external, TX clock derived from RX clock
* rate - sets clock rate in bps (for "int" or "txint" clock only)
loopback
- activate hardware loopback (for testing only)
* clock ext
- both RX clock and TX clock external
* clock int
- both RX clock and TX clock internal
* clock txint
- RX clock external, TX clock internal
* clock txfromrx
- RX clock external, TX clock derived from RX clock
* rate
- sets clock rate in bps (for "int" or "txint" clock only)
Setting protocol:
* hdlc - sets raw HDLC (IP-only) mode
nrz / nrzi / fm-mark / fm-space / manchester - sets transmission code
no-parity / crc16 / crc16-pr0 (CRC16 with preset zeros) / crc32-itu
crc16-itu (CRC16 with ITU-T polynomial) / crc16-itu-pr0 - sets parity
* hdlc-eth - Ethernet device emulation using HDLC. Parity and encoding
as above.
* cisco - sets Cisco HDLC mode (IP, IPv6 and IPX supported)
interval - time in seconds between keepalive packets
timeout - time in seconds after last received keepalive packet before
we assume the link is down
@ -79,16 +104,21 @@ Setting protocol:
* x25 - sets X.25 mode
* fr - Frame Relay mode
lmi ansi / ccitt / cisco / none - LMI (link management) type
dce - Frame Relay DCE (network) side LMI instead of default DTE (user).
It has nothing to do with clocks!
t391 - link integrity verification polling timer (in seconds) - user
t392 - polling verification timer (in seconds) - network
n391 - full status polling counter - user
n392 - error threshold - both user and network
n393 - monitored events count - both user and network
- t391 - link integrity verification polling timer (in seconds) - user
- t392 - polling verification timer (in seconds) - network
- n391 - full status polling counter - user
- n392 - error threshold - both user and network
- n393 - monitored events count - both user and network
Frame-Relay only:
* create n | delete n - adds / deletes PVC interface with DLCI #n.
Newly created interface will be named pvc0, pvc1 etc.
@ -101,26 +131,34 @@ Frame-Relay only:
Board-specific issues
---------------------
n2.o and c101.o need parameters to work:
n2.o and c101.o need parameters to work::
insmod n2 hw=io,irq,ram,ports[:io,irq,...]
example:
example::
insmod n2 hw=0x300,10,0xD0000,01
or
or::
insmod c101 hw=irq,ram[:irq,...]
example:
example::
insmod c101 hw=9,0xdc000
If built into the kernel, these drivers need kernel (command line) parameters:
If built into the kernel, these drivers need kernel (command line) parameters::
n2.hw=io,irq,ram,ports:...
or
or::
c101.hw=irq,ram:...
If you have a problem with N2, C101 or PLX200SYN card, you can issue the
"private" command to see port's packet descriptor rings (in kernel logs):
"private" command to see port's packet descriptor rings (in kernel logs)::
sethdlc hdlc0 private

6
Documentation/networking/generic_netlink.txt → Documentation/networking/generic_netlink.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===============
Generic Netlink
===============
A wiki document on how to use Generic Netlink can be found here:
* http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/generic_netlink_howto

89
Documentation/networking/gtp.txt → Documentation/networking/gtp.rst
View File

@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====================================
The Linux kernel GTP tunneling module
======================================================================
Documentation by Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org> and
=====================================
Documentation by
Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org> and
Andreas Schultz <aschultz@tpip.net>
In 'drivers/net/gtp.c' you are finding a kernel-level implementation
of a GTP tunnel endpoint.
== What is GTP ==
What is GTP
===========
GTP is the Generic Tunnel Protocol, which is a 3GPP protocol used for
tunneling User-IP payload between a mobile station (phone, modem)
@ -41,7 +47,8 @@ publicly via the 3GPP website at http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/29060.htm
A direct PDF link to v13.6.0 is provided for convenience below:
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/129000_129099/129060/13.06.00_60/ts_129060v130600p.pdf
== The Linux GTP tunnelling module ==
The Linux GTP tunnelling module
===============================
The module implements the function of a tunnel endpoint, i.e. it is
able to decapsulate tunneled IP packets in the uplink originated by
@ -70,7 +77,8 @@ Userspace :)
The official homepage of the module is at
https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/wiki
== Userspace Programs with Linux Kernel GTP-U support ==
Userspace Programs with Linux Kernel GTP-U support
==================================================
At the time of this writing, there are at least two Free Software
implementations that implement GTP-C and can use the netlink interface
@ -82,7 +90,8 @@ to make use of the Linux kernel GTP-U support:
* ergw (GGSN + P-GW in Erlang):
https://github.com/travelping/ergw
== Userspace Library / Command Line Utilities ==
Userspace Library / Command Line Utilities
==========================================
There is a userspace library called 'libgtpnl' which is based on
libmnl and which implements a C-language API towards the netlink
@ -90,7 +99,8 @@ interface provided by the Kernel GTP module:
http://git.osmocom.org/libgtpnl/
== Protocol Versions ==
Protocol Versions
=================
There are two different versions of GTP-U: v0 [GSM TS 09.60] and v1
[3GPP TS 29.281]. Both are implemented in the Kernel GTP module.
@ -105,7 +115,8 @@ doesn't implement GTP-C, we don't have to worry about this. It's the
responsibility of the control plane implementation in userspace to
implement that.
== IPv6 ==
IPv6
====
The 3GPP specifications indicate either IPv4 or IPv6 can be used both
on the inner (user) IP layer, or on the outer (transport) layer.
@ -114,22 +125,25 @@ Unfortunately, the Kernel module currently supports IPv6 neither for
the User IP payload, nor for the outer IP layer. Patches or other
Contributions to fix this are most welcome!
== Mailing List ==
Mailing List
============
If yo have questions regarding how to use the Kernel GTP module from
If you have questions regarding how to use the Kernel GTP module from
your own software, or want to contribute to the code, please use the
osmocom-net-grps mailing list for related discussion. The list can be
reached at osmocom-net-gprs@lists.osmocom.org and the mailman
interface for managing your subscription is at
https://lists.osmocom.org/mailman/listinfo/osmocom-net-gprs
== Issue Tracker ==
Issue Tracker
=============
The Osmocom project maintains an issue tracker for the Kernel GTP-U
module at
https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/issues
== History / Acknowledgements ==
History / Acknowledgements
==========================
The Module was originally created in 2012 by Harald Welte, but never
completed. Pablo came in to finish the mess Harald left behind. But
@ -139,9 +153,11 @@ In 2015, Andreas Schultz came to the rescue and fixed lots more bugs,
extended it with new features and finally pushed all of us to get it
mainline, where it was merged in 4.7.0.
== Architectural Details ==
Architectural Details
=====================
=== Local GTP-U entity and tunnel identification ===
Local GTP-U entity and tunnel identification
--------------------------------------------
GTP-U uses UDP for transporting PDU's. The receiving UDP port is 2152
for GTPv1-U and 3386 for GTPv0-U.
@ -164,15 +180,15 @@ Therefore:
destination IP and the tunnel endpoint id. The source IP and port
have no meaning and can change at any time.
[3GPP TS 29.281] Section 4.3.0 defines this so:
[3GPP TS 29.281] Section 4.3.0 defines this so::
> The TEID in the GTP-U header is used to de-multiplex traffic
> incoming from remote tunnel endpoints so that it is delivered to the
> User plane entities in a way that allows multiplexing of different
> users, different packet protocols and different QoS levels.
> Therefore no two remote GTP-U endpoints shall send traffic to a
> GTP-U protocol entity using the same TEID value except
> for data forwarding as part of mobility procedures.
The TEID in the GTP-U header is used to de-multiplex traffic
incoming from remote tunnel endpoints so that it is delivered to the
User plane entities in a way that allows multiplexing of different
users, different packet protocols and different QoS levels.
Therefore no two remote GTP-U endpoints shall send traffic to a
GTP-U protocol entity using the same TEID value except
for data forwarding as part of mobility procedures.
The definition above only defines that two remote GTP-U endpoints
*should not* send to the same TEID, it *does not* forbid or exclude
@ -183,7 +199,8 @@ multiple or unknown peers.
Therefore, the receiving side identifies tunnels exclusively based on
TEIDs, not based on the source IP!
== APN vs. Network Device ==
APN vs. Network Device
======================
The GTP-U driver creates a Linux network device for each Gi/SGi
interface.
@ -201,29 +218,33 @@ number of Gi/SGi interfaces implemented by a GGSN/P-GW.
[3GPP TS 29.061] Section 11.3 makes it clear that the selection of a
specific Gi/SGi interfaces is made through the Access Point Name
(APN):
(APN)::
> 2. each private network manages its own addressing. In general this
> will result in different private networks having overlapping
> address ranges. A logically separate connection (e.g. an IP in IP
> tunnel or layer 2 virtual circuit) is used between the GGSN/P-GW
> and each private network.
>
> In this case the IP address alone is not necessarily unique. The
> pair of values, Access Point Name (APN) and IPv4 address and/or
> IPv6 prefixes, is unique.
2. each private network manages its own addressing. In general this
will result in different private networks having overlapping
address ranges. A logically separate connection (e.g. an IP in IP
tunnel or layer 2 virtual circuit) is used between the GGSN/P-GW
and each private network.
In this case the IP address alone is not necessarily unique. The
pair of values, Access Point Name (APN) and IPv4 address and/or
IPv6 prefixes, is unique.
In order to support the overlapping address range use case, each APN
is mapped to a separate Gi/SGi interface (network device).
NOTE: The Access Point Name is purely a control plane (GTP-C) concept.
.. note::
The Access Point Name is purely a control plane (GTP-C) concept.
At the GTP-U level, only Tunnel Endpoint Identifiers are present in
GTP-U packets and network devices are known
Therefore for a given UE the mapping in IP to PDN network is:
* network device + MS IP -> Peer IP + Peer TEID,
and from PDN to IP network:
* local GTP-U IP + TEID -> network device
Furthermore, before a received T-PDU is injected into the network

5
Documentation/networking/hinic.txt → Documentation/networking/hinic.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
============================================================
Linux Kernel Driver for Huawei Intelligent NIC(HiNIC) family
============================================================
@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ hinic_dev - de/constructs the Logical Tx and Rx Queues.
(hinic_main.c, hinic_dev.h)
Miscellaneous:
Miscellaneous
=============
Common functions that are used by HW and Logical Device.

33
Documentation/networking/ila.txt → Documentation/networking/ila.rst
View File

@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===================================
Identifier Locator Addressing (ILA)
===================================
Introduction
@ -26,11 +30,13 @@ The ILA protocol is described in Internet-Draft draft-herbert-intarea-ila.
ILA terminology
===============
- Identifier A number that identifies an addressable node in the network
- Identifier
A number that identifies an addressable node in the network
independent of its location. ILA identifiers are sixty-four
bit values.
- Locator A network prefix that routes to a physical host. Locators
- Locator
A network prefix that routes to a physical host. Locators
provide the topological location of an addressed node. ILA
locators are sixty-four bit prefixes.
@ -51,17 +57,20 @@ ILA terminology
bits) and an identifier (low order sixty-four bits). ILA
addresses are never visible to an application.
- ILA host An end host that is capable of performing ILA translations
- ILA host
An end host that is capable of performing ILA translations
on transmit or receive.
- ILA router A network node that performs ILA translation and forwarding
- ILA router
A network node that performs ILA translation and forwarding
of translated packets.
- ILA forwarding cache
A type of ILA router that only maintains a working set
cache of mappings.
- ILA node A network node capable of performing ILA translations. This
- ILA node
A network node capable of performing ILA translations. This
can be an ILA router, ILA forwarding cache, or ILA host.
@ -82,7 +91,7 @@ Configuration and datapath for these two points of deployment is somewhat
different.
The diagram below illustrates the flow of packets through ILA as well
as showing ILA hosts and routers.
as showing ILA hosts and routers::
+--------+ +--------+
| Host A +-+ +--->| Host B |
@ -173,7 +182,7 @@ ILA address, never a SIR address.
In the simplest format the identifier types, C-bit, and checksum
adjustment value are not present so an identifier is considered an
unstructured sixty-four bit value.
unstructured sixty-four bit value::
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
@ -184,7 +193,7 @@ unstructured sixty-four bit value.
The checksum neutral adjustment may be configured to always be
present using neutral-map-auto. In this case there is no C-bit, but the
checksum adjustment is in the low order 16 bits. The identifier is
still sixty-four bits.
still sixty-four bits::
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
@ -193,7 +202,7 @@ still sixty-four bits.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The C-bit may used to explicitly indicate that checksum neutral
mapping has been applied to an ILA address. The format is:
mapping has been applied to an ILA address. The format is::
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |C| Identifier |
@ -204,7 +213,7 @@ mapping has been applied to an ILA address. The format is:
The identifier type field may be present to indicate the identifier
type. If it is not present then the type is inferred based on mapping
configuration. The checksum neutral adjustment may automatically
used with the identifier type as illustrated below.
used with the identifier type as illustrated below::
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type| Identifier |
@ -213,7 +222,7 @@ used with the identifier type as illustrated below.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
If the identifier type and the C-bit can be present simultaneously so
the identifier format would be:
the identifier format would be::
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type|C| Identifier |
@ -258,6 +267,8 @@ same meanings as described above.
Some examples
=============
::
# Configure an ILA route that uses checksum neutral mapping as well
# as type field. Note that the type field is set in the SIR address
# (the 2000 implies type is 1 which is LUID).

38
Documentation/networking/index.rst
View File

@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Contents:
device_drivers/index
dsa/index
devlink/index
caif/index
ethtool-netlink
ieee802154
j1939
@ -36,6 +37,43 @@ Contents:
tls-offload
nfc
6lowpan
6pack
altera_tse
arcnet-hardware
arcnet
atm
ax25
baycom
bonding
cdc_mbim
cops
cxacru
dccp
dctcp
decnet
defza
dns_resolver
driver
eql
fib_trie
filter
fore200e
framerelay
generic-hdlc
generic_netlink
gen_stats
gtp
hinic
ila
ipddp
ip_dynaddr
iphase
ipsec
ip-sysctl
ipv6
ipvlan
ipvs-sysctl
kcm
.. only:: subproject and html

647
Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt → Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

27
Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.txt → Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.rst
View File

@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==================================
IP dynamic address hack-port v0.03
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
==================================
This stuff allows diald ONESHOT connections to get established by
dynamically changing packet source address (and socket's if local procs).
It is implemented for TCP diald-box connections(1) and IP_MASQuerading(2).
If enabled[*] and forwarding interface has changed:
If enabled\ [#]_ and forwarding interface has changed:
1) Socket (and packet) source address is rewritten ON RETRANSMISSIONS
while in SYN_SENT state (diald-box processes).
2) Out-bounded MASQueraded source address changes ON OUTPUT (when
@ -12,18 +17,24 @@ If enabled[*] and forwarding interface has changed:
received by the tunnel.
This is specially helpful for auto dialup links (diald), where the
``actual'' outgoing address is unknown at the moment the link is
``actual`` outgoing address is unknown at the moment the link is
going up. So, the *same* (local AND masqueraded) connections requests that
bring the link up will be able to get established.
[*] At boot, by default no address rewriting is attempted.
To enable:
.. [#] At boot, by default no address rewriting is attempted.
To enable::
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
To enable verbose mode:
To enable verbose mode::
# echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
To disable (default)
To disable (default)::
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
Enjoy!
-- Juanjo <jjciarla@raiz.uncu.edu.ar>
Juanjo <jjciarla@raiz.uncu.edu.ar>

13
Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt → Documentation/networking/ipddp.rst
View File

@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
Text file for ipddp.c:
AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation and AppleTalk-IP Encapsulation
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
This text file is written by Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
=========================================================
AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation and AppleTalk-IP Encapsulation
=========================================================
Documentation ipddp.c
This file is written by Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
Introduction
------------
@ -21,7 +26,7 @@ kernel AppleTalk layer and drivers are available.
Each mode requires its own user space software.
Compiling AppleTalk-IP Decapsulation/Encapsulation
=================================================
==================================================
AppleTalk-IP decapsulation needs to be compiled into your kernel. You
will need to turn on AppleTalk-IP driver support. Then you will need to

69
Documentation/networking/iphase.txt → Documentation/networking/iphase.rst
View File

@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==================================
ATM (i)Chip IA Linux Driver Source
==================================
READ ME FISRT
ATM (i)Chip IA Linux Driver Source
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read This Before You Begin!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Description
-----------
===========
This is the README file for the Interphase PCI ATM (i)Chip IA Linux driver
source release.
The features and limitations of this driver are as follows:
- A single VPI (VPI value of 0) is supported.
- Supports 4K VCs for the server board (with 512K control memory) and 1K
VCs for the client board (with 128K control memory).
@ -29,14 +37,16 @@ The features and limitations of this driver are as follows:
Before You Start
----------------
================
Installation
------------
1. Installing the adapters in the system
To install the ATM adapters in the system, follow the steps below.
a. Login as root.
b. Shut down the system and power off the system.
c. Install one or more ATM adapters in the system.
@ -48,25 +58,28 @@ Installation
2. [ Removed ]
3. Rebuild kernel with ABR support
[ a. and b. removed ]
c. Reconfigure the kernel, choose the Interphase ia driver through "make
menuconfig" or "make xconfig".
d. Rebuild the kernel, loadable modules and the atm tools.
e. Install the new built kernel and modules and reboot.
4. Load the adapter hardware driver (ia driver) if it is built as a module
a. Login as root.
b. Change directory to /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/atm.
c. Run "insmod suni.o;insmod iphase.o"
The yellow 'status' LED on the front panel of the adapter will blink
while the driver is loaded in the system.
d. To verify that the 'ia' driver is loaded successfully, run the
following command:
following command::
cat /proc/atm/devices
If the driver is loaded successfully, the output of the command will
be similar to the following lines:
be similar to the following lines::
Itf Type ESI/"MAC"addr AAL(TX,err,RX,err,drop) ...
0 ia xxxxxxxxx 0 ( 0 0 0 0 0 ) 5 ( 0 0 0 0 0 )
@ -81,23 +94,27 @@ Installation
1M. The RAM size decides the number of buffers and buffer size. The default
size and number of buffers are set as following:
========= ======= ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
Total Rx RAM Tx RAM Rx Buf Tx Buf Rx buf Tx buf
RAM size size size size size cnt cnt
-------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
========= ======= ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
128K 64K 64K 10K 10K 6 6
512K 256K 256K 10K 10K 25 25
1M 512K 512K 10K 10K 51 51
========= ======= ====== ====== ====== ====== ======
These setting should work well in most environments, but can be
changed by typing the following command:
changed by typing the following command::
insmod <IA_DIR>/ia.o IA_RX_BUF=<RX_CNT> IA_RX_BUF_SZ=<RX_SIZE> \
IA_TX_BUF=<TX_CNT> IA_TX_BUF_SZ=<TX_SIZE>
Where:
RX_CNT = number of receive buffers in the range (1-128)
RX_SIZE = size of receive buffers in the range (48-64K)
TX_CNT = number of transmit buffers in the range (1-128)
TX_SIZE = size of transmit buffers in the range (48-64K)
- RX_CNT = number of receive buffers in the range (1-128)
- RX_SIZE = size of receive buffers in the range (48-64K)
- TX_CNT = number of transmit buffers in the range (1-128)
- TX_SIZE = size of transmit buffers in the range (48-64K)
1. Transmit and receive buffer size must be a multiple of 4.
2. Care should be taken so that the memory required for the
@ -121,33 +138,51 @@ Installation
configured for the PVC(s).
a. For UBR test:
At the test machine intended to receive data, type:
At the test machine intended to receive data, type::
ttcp_atm -r -a -s 0.100
At the other test machine, type:
At the other test machine, type::
ttcp_atm -t -a -s 0.100 -n 10000
Run "ttcp_atm -h" to display more options of the ttcp_atm tool.
b. For ABR test:
It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option:
It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option::
-Pabr:max_pcr=<xxx>
where:
xxx = the maximum peak cell rate, from 170 - 353207.
This option must be set on both the machines.
c. For CBR test:
It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option:
It is the same as the UBR testing, but with an extra command option::
-Pcbr:max_pcr=<xxx>
where:
xxx = the maximum peak cell rate, from 170 - 353207.
This option may only be set on the transmit machine.
OUTSTANDING ISSUES
------------------
Outstanding Issues
==================
Contact Information
-------------------
::
Customer Support:
United States: Telephone: (214) 654-5555
Fax: (214) 654-5500

12
Documentation/networking/ipsec.txt → Documentation/networking/ipsec.rst
View File

@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=====
IPsec
=====
Here documents known IPsec corner cases which need to be keep in mind when
deploy various IPsec configuration in real world production environment.
1. IPcomp: Small IP packet won't get compressed at sender, and failed on
1. IPcomp:
Small IP packet won't get compressed at sender, and failed on
policy check on receiver.
Quote from RFC3173:
Quote from RFC3173::
2.2. Non-Expansion Policy
If the total size of a compressed payload and the IPComp header, as

8
Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt → Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst
View File

@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
====
IPv6
====
Options for the ipv6 module are supplied as parameters at load time.
Module options may be given as command line arguments to the insmod
or modprobe command, but are usually specified in either
/etc/modules.d/*.conf configuration files, or in a distro-specific
``/etc/modules.d/*.conf`` configuration files, or in a distro-specific
configuration file.
The available ipv6 module parameters are listed below. If a parameter

63
Documentation/networking/ipvlan.txt → Documentation/networking/ipvlan.rst
View File

@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===================
IPVLAN Driver HOWTO
===================
Initial Release:
Mahesh Bandewar <maheshb AT google.com>
1. Introduction:
================
This is conceptually very similar to the macvlan driver with one major
exception of using L3 for mux-ing /demux-ing among slaves. This property makes
the master device share the L2 with it's slave devices. I have developed this
@ -13,14 +17,19 @@ outside of it.
2. Building and Installation:
=============================
In order to build the driver, please select the config item CONFIG_IPVLAN.
The driver can be built into the kernel (CONFIG_IPVLAN=y) or as a module
(CONFIG_IPVLAN=m).
3. Configuration:
=================
There are no module parameters for this driver and it can be configured
using IProute2/ip utility.
::
ip link add link <master> name <slave> type ipvlan [ mode MODE ] [ FLAGS ]
where
@ -28,18 +37,27 @@ using IProute2/ip utility.
FLAGS: bridge (default) | private | vepa
e.g.
(a) Following will create IPvlan link with eth0 as master in
L3 bridge mode
L3 bridge mode::
bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvl0 type ipvlan
(b) This command will create IPvlan link in L2 bridge mode.
(b) This command will create IPvlan link in L2 bridge mode::
bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvl0 type ipvlan mode l2 bridge
(c) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 private mode.
(c) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 private mode::
bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvlan type ipvlan mode l2 private
(d) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 vepa mode.
(d) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 vepa mode::
bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvlan type ipvlan mode l2 vepa
4. Operating modes:
===================
IPvlan has two modes of operation - L2 and L3. For a given master device,
you can select one of these two modes and all slaves on that master will
operate in the same (selected) mode. The RX mode is almost identical except
@ -48,12 +66,16 @@ L3 mode is more restrictive since routing is controlled from the other (mostly)
default namespace.
4.1 L2 mode:
------------
In this mode TX processing happens on the stack instance attached to the
slave device and packets are switched and queued to the master device to send
out. In this mode the slaves will RX/TX multicast and broadcast (if applicable)
as well.
4.2 L3 mode:
------------
In this mode TX processing up to L3 happens on the stack instance attached
to the slave device and packets are switched to the stack instance of the
master device for the L2 processing and routing from that instance will be
@ -61,25 +83,32 @@ used before packets are queued on the outbound device. In this mode the slaves
will not receive nor can send multicast / broadcast traffic.
4.3 L3S mode:
-------------
This is very similar to the L3 mode except that iptables (conn-tracking)
works in this mode and hence it is L3-symmetric (L3s). This will have slightly less
performance but that shouldn't matter since you are choosing this mode over plain-L3
mode to make conn-tracking work.
5. Mode flags:
==============
At this time following mode flags are available
5.1 bridge:
-----------
This is the default option. To configure the IPvlan port in this mode,
user can choose to either add this option on the command-line or don't specify
anything. This is the traditional mode where slaves can cross-talk among
themselves apart from talking through the master device.
5.2 private:
------------
If this option is added to the command-line, the port is set in private
mode. i.e. port won't allow cross communication between slaves.
5.3 vepa:
---------
If this is added to the command-line, the port is set in VEPA mode.
i.e. port will offload switching functionality to the external entity as
described in 802.1Qbg
@ -89,9 +118,13 @@ neighbor will have source and destination mac same. This will make the switch /
router send the redirect message.
6. What to choose (macvlan vs. ipvlan)?
=======================================
These two devices are very similar in many regards and the specific use
case could very well define which device to choose. if one of the following
situations defines your use case then you can choose to use ipvlan -
situations defines your use case then you can choose to use ipvlan:
(a) The Linux host that is connected to the external switch / router has
policy configured that allows only one mac per port.
(b) No of virtual devices created on a master exceed the mac capacity and
@ -101,6 +134,9 @@ namespace where L2 on the slave could be changed / misused.
6. Example configuration:
=========================
::
+=============================================================+
| Host: host1 |
@ -117,27 +153,34 @@ namespace where L2 on the slave could be changed / misused.
+==============================#==============================+
(a) Create two network namespaces - ns0, ns1
(a) Create two network namespaces - ns0, ns1::
ip netns add ns0
ip netns add ns1
(b) Create two ipvlan slaves on eth0 (master device)
(b) Create two ipvlan slaves on eth0 (master device)::
ip link add link eth0 ipvl0 type ipvlan mode l2
ip link add link eth0 ipvl1 type ipvlan mode l2
(c) Assign slaves to the respective network namespaces
(c) Assign slaves to the respective network namespaces::
ip link set dev ipvl0 netns ns0
ip link set dev ipvl1 netns ns1
(d) Now switch to the namespace (ns0 or ns1) to configure the slave devices
- For ns0
- For ns0::
(1) ip netns exec ns0 bash
(2) ip link set dev ipvl0 up
(3) ip link set dev lo up
(4) ip -4 addr add 127.0.0.1 dev lo
(5) ip -4 addr add $IPADDR dev ipvl0
(6) ip -4 route add default via $ROUTER dev ipvl0
- For ns1
- For ns1::
(1) ip netns exec ns1 bash
(2) ip link set dev ipvl1 up
(3) ip link set dev lo up

76
Documentation/networking/ipvs-sysctl.txt → Documentation/networking/ipvs-sysctl.rst
View File

@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
===========
IPvs-sysctl
===========
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/vs/* Variables:
==================================
am_droprate - INTEGER
default 10
@ -16,8 +23,8 @@ amemthresh - INTEGER
the strategy is disabled and the variable is set to 1.
backup_only - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
If set, disable the director function while the server is
in backup mode to avoid packet loops for DR/TUN methods.
@ -44,8 +51,8 @@ conn_reuse_mode - INTEGER
real servers to a very busy cluster.
conntrack - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
If set, maintain connection tracking entries for
connections handled by IPVS.
@ -61,8 +68,8 @@ conntrack - BOOLEAN
Only available when IPVS is compiled with CONFIG_IP_VS_NFCT enabled.
cache_bypass - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
If it is enabled, forward packets to the original destination
directly when no cache server is available and destination
@ -70,19 +77,19 @@ cache_bypass - BOOLEAN
used in transparent web cache cluster.
debug_level - INTEGER
0 - transmission error messages (default)
1 - non-fatal error messages
2 - configuration
3 - destination trash
4 - drop entry
5 - service lookup
6 - scheduling
7 - connection new/expire, lookup and synchronization
8 - state transition
9 - binding destination, template checks and applications
10 - IPVS packet transmission
11 - IPVS packet handling (ip_vs_in/ip_vs_out)
12 or more - packet traversal
- 0 - transmission error messages (default)
- 1 - non-fatal error messages
- 2 - configuration
- 3 - destination trash
- 4 - drop entry
- 5 - service lookup
- 6 - scheduling
- 7 - connection new/expire, lookup and synchronization
- 8 - state transition
- 9 - binding destination, template checks and applications
- 10 - IPVS packet transmission
- 11 - IPVS packet handling (ip_vs_in/ip_vs_out)
- 12 or more - packet traversal
Only available when IPVS is compiled with CONFIG_IP_VS_DEBUG enabled.
@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ debug_level - INTEGER
the level.
drop_entry - INTEGER
0 - disabled (default)
- 0 - disabled (default)
The drop_entry defense is to randomly drop entries in the
connection hash table, just in order to collect back some
@ -110,7 +117,7 @@ drop_entry - INTEGER
1), and 3 means that that the strategy is always enabled.
drop_packet - INTEGER
0 - disabled (default)
- 0 - disabled (default)
The drop_packet defense is designed to drop 1/rate packets
before forwarding them to real servers. If the rate is 1, then
@ -124,8 +131,8 @@ drop_packet - INTEGER
is controlled by the /proc/sys/net/ipv4/vs/am_droprate.
expire_nodest_conn - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
The default value is 0, the load balancer will silently drop
packets when its destination server is not available. It may
@ -142,8 +149,8 @@ expire_nodest_conn - BOOLEAN
connections when its destination is not available.
expire_quiescent_template - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
When set to a non-zero value, the load balancer will expire
persistent templates when the destination server is quiescent.
@ -158,8 +165,8 @@ expire_quiescent_template - BOOLEAN
connection and the destination server is quiescent.
ignore_tunneled - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
If set, ipvs will set the ipvs_property on all packets which are of
unrecognized protocols. This prevents us from routing tunneled
@ -168,23 +175,23 @@ ignore_tunneled - BOOLEAN
ipvs routing loops when ipvs is also acting as a real server).
nat_icmp_send - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled (default)
not 0 - enabled
- 0 - disabled (default)
- not 0 - enabled
It controls sending icmp error messages (ICMP_DEST_UNREACH)
for VS/NAT when the load balancer receives packets from real
servers but the connection entries don't exist.
pmtu_disc - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled
not 0 - enabled (default)
- 0 - disabled
- not 0 - enabled (default)
By default, reject with FRAG_NEEDED all DF packets that exceed
the PMTU, irrespective of the forwarding method. For TUN method
the flag can be disabled to fragment such packets.
secure_tcp - INTEGER
0 - disabled (default)
- 0 - disabled (default)
The secure_tcp defense is to use a more complicated TCP state
transition table. For VS/NAT, it also delays entering the
@ -248,8 +255,8 @@ sync_ports - INTEGER
8848+sync_ports-1.
snat_reroute - BOOLEAN
0 - disabled
not 0 - enabled (default)
- 0 - disabled
- not 0 - enabled (default)
If enabled, recalculate the route of SNATed packets from
realservers so that they are routed as if they originate from the
@ -270,6 +277,7 @@ sync_persist_mode - INTEGER
Controls the synchronisation of connections when using persistence
0: All types of connections are synchronised
1: Attempt to reduce the synchronisation traffic depending on
the connection type. For persistent services avoid synchronisation
for normal connections, do it only for persistence templates.

35
Documentation/networking/kcm.txt → Documentation/networking/kcm.rst
View File

@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
=============================
Kernel Connection Multiplexor
-----------------------------
=============================
Kernel Connection Multiplexor (KCM) is a mechanism that provides a message based
interface over TCP for generic application protocols. With KCM an application
can efficiently send and receive application protocol messages over TCP using
datagram sockets.
KCM implements an NxM multiplexor in the kernel as diagrammed below:
KCM implements an NxM multiplexor in the kernel as diagrammed below::
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+ +------------+
| KCM socket | | KCM socket | | KCM socket | | KCM socket |
@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ KCM implements an NxM multiplexor in the kernel as diagrammed below:
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+
KCM sockets
-----------
===========
The KCM sockets provide the user interface to the multiplexor. All the KCM sockets
bound to a multiplexor are considered to have equivalent function, and I/O
@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ operations in different sockets may be done in parallel without the need for
synchronization between threads in userspace.
Multiplexor
-----------
===========
The multiplexor provides the message steering. In the transmit path, messages
written on a KCM socket are sent atomically on an appropriate TCP socket.
@ -45,14 +48,14 @@ Similarly, in the receive path, messages are constructed on each TCP socket
(Psock) and complete messages are steered to a KCM socket.
TCP sockets & Psocks
--------------------
====================
TCP sockets may be bound to a KCM multiplexor. A Psock structure is allocated
for each bound TCP socket, this structure holds the state for constructing
messages on receive as well as other connection specific information for KCM.
Connected mode semantics
------------------------
========================
Each multiplexor assumes that all attached TCP connections are to the same
destination and can use the different connections for load balancing when
@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ transmitting. The normal send and recv calls (include sendmmsg and recvmmsg)
can be used to send and receive messages from the KCM socket.
Socket types
------------
============
KCM supports SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET socket types.
@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ User interface
Creating a multiplexor
----------------------
A new multiplexor and initial KCM socket is created by a socket call:
A new multiplexor and initial KCM socket is created by a socket call::
socket(AF_KCM, type, protocol)
@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ Cloning KCM sockets
After the first KCM socket is created using the socket call as described
above, additional sockets for the multiplexor can be created by cloning
a KCM socket. This is accomplished by an ioctl on a KCM socket:
a KCM socket. This is accomplished by an ioctl on a KCM socket::
/* From linux/kcm.h */
struct kcm_clone {
@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ Attach transport sockets
------------------------
Attaching of transport sockets to a multiplexor is performed by calling an
ioctl on a KCM socket for the multiplexor. e.g.:
ioctl on a KCM socket for the multiplexor. e.g.::
/* From linux/kcm.h */
struct kcm_attach {
@ -160,14 +163,15 @@ ioctl on a KCM socket for the multiplexor. e.g.:
ioctl(kcmfd, SIOCKCMATTACH, &info);
The kcm_attach structure contains:
fd: file descriptor for TCP socket being attached
bpf_prog_fd: file descriptor for compiled BPF program downloaded
- fd: file descriptor for TCP socket being attached
- bpf_prog_fd: file descriptor for compiled BPF program downloaded
Unattach transport sockets
--------------------------
Unattaching a transport socket from a multiplexor is straightforward. An
"unattach" ioctl is done with the kcm_unattach structure as the argument:
"unattach" ioctl is done with the kcm_unattach structure as the argument::
/* From linux/kcm.h */
struct kcm_unattach {
@ -190,7 +194,7 @@ When receive is disabled, any pending messages in the socket's
receive buffer are moved to other sockets. This feature is useful
if an application thread knows that it will be doing a lot of
work on a request and won't be able to service new messages for a
while. Example use:
while. Example use::
int val = 1;
@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ BFP programs for message delineation
------------------------------------
BPF programs can be compiled using the BPF LLVM backend. For example,
the BPF program for parsing Thrift is:
the BPF program for parsing Thrift is::
#include "bpf.h" /* for __sk_buff */
#include "bpf_helpers.h" /* for load_word intrinsic */
@ -250,6 +254,7 @@ based on groups, or batches of messages, can be beneficial for performance.
On transmit, there are three ways an application can batch (pipeline)
messages on a KCM socket.
1) Send multiple messages in a single sendmmsg.
2) Send a group of messages each with a sendmsg call, where all messages
except the last have MSG_BATCH in the flags of sendmsg call.

2
Documentation/networking/ltpc.txt
View File

@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ treat the LocalTalk device like an ordinary Ethernet device, even if
that's what it looks like to Netatalk.
Instead, you follow the same procedure as for doing IP in EtherTalk.
See Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt for more information about the
See Documentation/networking/ipddp.rst for more information about the
kernel driver and userspace tools needed.
--------------------------------------

2
Documentation/networking/packet_mmap.txt
View File

@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ for more information on hardware timestamps.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Packet sockets work well together with Linux socket filters, thus you also
might want to have a look at Documentation/networking/filter.txt
might want to have a look at Documentation/networking/filter.rst
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ THANKS

2
Documentation/networking/snmp_counter.rst
View File

@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ counters to indicate the ACK is skipped in which scenario. The ACK
would only be skipped if the received packet is either a SYN packet or
it has no data.
.. _sysctl document: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
.. _sysctl document: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst
* TcpExtTCPACKSkippedSynRecv

8
MAINTAINERS
View File

@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ Q: https://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/netdev/list/?delegate=77147
T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf.git
T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next.git
F: Documentation/bpf/
F: Documentation/networking/filter.txt
F: Documentation/networking/filter.rst
F: arch/*/net/*
F: include/linux/bpf*
F: include/linux/filter.h
@ -4728,7 +4728,7 @@ DECnet NETWORK LAYER
L: linux-decnet-user@lists.sourceforge.net
S: Orphan
W: http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net
F: Documentation/networking/decnet.txt
F: Documentation/networking/decnet.rst
F: net/decnet/
DECSTATION PLATFORM SUPPORT
@ -7815,7 +7815,7 @@ HUAWEI ETHERNET DRIVER
M: Aviad Krawczyk <aviad.krawczyk@huawei.com>
L: netdev@vger.kernel.org
S: Supported
F: Documentation/networking/hinic.txt
F: Documentation/networking/hinic.rst
F: drivers/net/ethernet/huawei/hinic/
HUGETLB FILESYSTEM
@ -8934,7 +8934,7 @@ L: lvs-devel@vger.kernel.org
S: Maintained
T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/horms/ipvs-next.git
T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/horms/ipvs.git
F: Documentation/networking/ipvs-sysctl.txt
F: Documentation/networking/ipvs-sysctl.rst
F: include/net/ip_vs.h
F: include/uapi/linux/ip_vs.h
F: net/netfilter/ipvs/

4
drivers/atm/Kconfig
View File

@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ config ATM_IA
for more info about the cards. Say Y (or M to compile as a module
named iphase) here if you have one of these cards.
See the file <file:Documentation/networking/iphase.txt> for further
See the file <file:Documentation/networking/iphase.rst> for further
details.
config ATM_IA_DEBUG
@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ config ATM_FORE200E
on PCI and SBUS hosts. Say Y (or M to compile as a module
named fore_200e) here if you have one of these ATM adapters.
See the file <file:Documentation/networking/fore200e.txt> for
See the file <file:Documentation/networking/fore200e.rst> for
further details.
config ATM_FORE200E_USE_TASKLET

4
drivers/net/Kconfig
View File

@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ config BONDING
The driver supports multiple bonding modes to allow for both high
performance and high availability operation.
Refer to <file:Documentation/networking/bonding.txt> for more
Refer to <file:Documentation/networking/bonding.rst> for more
information.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ config EQUALIZER
Linux driver or with a Livingston Portmaster 2e.
Say Y if you want this and read
<file:Documentation/networking/eql.txt>. You may also want to read
<file:Documentation/networking/eql.rst>. You may also want to read
section 6.2 of the NET-3-HOWTO, available from
<http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#howto>.

6
drivers/net/appletalk/Kconfig
View File

@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ config COPS
package. This driver is experimental, which means that it may not
work. This driver will only work if you choose "AppleTalk DDP"
networking support, above.
Please read the file <file:Documentation/networking/cops.txt>.
Please read the file <file:Documentation/networking/cops.rst>.
config COPS_DAYNA
bool "Dayna firmware support"
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ config IPDDP
box is stuck on an AppleTalk only network) or decapsulate (e.g. if
you want your Linux box to act as an Internet gateway for a zoo of
AppleTalk connected Macs). Please see the file
<file:Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt> for more information.
<file:Documentation/networking/ipddp.rst> for more information.
If you say Y here, the AppleTalk-IP support will be compiled into
the kernel. In this case, you can either use encapsulation or
@ -107,4 +107,4 @@ config IPDDP_ENCAP
IP packets inside AppleTalk frames; this is useful if your Linux box
is stuck on an AppleTalk network (which hopefully contains a
decapsulator somewhere). Please see
<file:Documentation/networking/ipddp.txt> for more information.
<file:Documentation/networking/ipddp.rst> for more information.

6
drivers/net/arcnet/Kconfig
View File

@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ menuconfig ARCNET
---help---
If you have a network card of this type, say Y and check out the
(arguably) beautiful poetry in
<file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.rst>.
You need both this driver, and the driver for the particular ARCnet
chipset of your card. If you don't know, then it's probably a
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ config ARCNET_1201
arc0 device. You need to say Y here to communicate with
industry-standard RFC1201 implementations, like the arcether.com
packet driver or most DOS/Windows ODI drivers. Please read the
ARCnet documentation in <file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt>
ARCnet documentation in <file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.rst>
for more information about using arc0.
config ARCNET_1051
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ config ARCNET_1051
industry-standard RFC1201 implementations, like the arcether.com
packet driver or most DOS/Windows ODI drivers. RFC1201 is included
automatically as the arc0 device. Please read the ARCnet
documentation in <file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt> for more
documentation in <file:Documentation/networking/arcnet.rst> for more
information about using arc0e and arc0s.
config ARCNET_RAW

2
drivers/net/caif/Kconfig
View File

@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ config CAIF_SPI_SLAVE
The CAIF Link layer SPI Protocol driver for Slave SPI interface.
This driver implements a platform driver to accommodate for a
platform specific SPI device. A sample CAIF SPI Platform device is
provided in <file:Documentation/networking/caif/spi_porting.txt>.
provided in <file:Documentation/networking/caif/spi_porting.rst>.
config CAIF_SPI_SYNC
bool "Next command and length in start of frame"

10
drivers/net/hamradio/Kconfig
View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ config 6PACK
Note that this driver is still experimental and might cause
problems. For details about the features and the usage of the
driver, read <file:Documentation/networking/6pack.txt>.
driver, read <file:Documentation/networking/6pack.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
will be called 6pack.
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ config BAYCOM_SER_FDX
your serial interface chip. To configure the driver, use the sethdlc
utility available in the standard ax25 utilities package. For
information on the modems, see <http://www.baycom.de/> and
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
will be called baycom_ser_fdx. This is recommended.
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ config BAYCOM_SER_HDX
the driver, use the sethdlc utility available in the standard ax25
utilities package. For information on the modems, see
<http://www.baycom.de/> and
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
will be called baycom_ser_hdx. This is recommended.
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ config BAYCOM_PAR
par96 designs. To configure the driver, use the sethdlc utility
available in the standard ax25 utilities package. For information on
the modems, see <http://www.baycom.de/> and the file
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
will be called baycom_par. This is recommended.
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ config BAYCOM_EPP
designs. To configure the driver, use the sethdlc utility available
in the standard ax25 utilities package. For information on the
modems, see <http://www.baycom.de/> and the file
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/baycom.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the module
will be called baycom_epp. This is recommended.

4
drivers/net/wan/Kconfig
View File

@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ config DLCI
To use frame relay, you need supporting hardware (called FRAD) and
certain programs from the net-tools package as explained in
<file:Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/framerelay.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the
module will be called dlci.
@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ config SDLA
These are multi-protocol cards, but only Frame Relay is supported
by the driver at this time. Please read
<file:Documentation/networking/framerelay.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/framerelay.rst>.
To compile this driver as a module, choose M here: the
module will be called sdla.

2
net/Kconfig
View File

@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ config INET
"Sysctl support" below, you can change various aspects of the
behavior of the TCP/IP code by writing to the (virtual) files in
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/*; the options are explained in the file
<file:Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst>.
Short answer: say Y.

2
net/atm/Kconfig
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ config ATM
of your ATM card below.
Note that you need a set of user-space programs to actually make use
of ATM. See the file <file:Documentation/networking/atm.txt> for
of ATM. See the file <file:Documentation/networking/atm.rst> for
further details.
config ATM_CLIP

6
net/ax25/Kconfig
View File

@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ config AX25
radio as well as information about how to configure an AX.25 port is
contained in the AX25-HOWTO, available from
<http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#howto>. You might also want to
check out the file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.txt> in the
check out the file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.rst> in the
kernel source. More information about digital amateur radio in
general is on the WWW at
<http://www.tapr.org/>.
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ config NETROM
users as well as information about how to configure an AX.25 port is
contained in the Linux Ham Wiki, available from
<http://www.linux-ax25.org>. You also might want to check out the
file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.txt>. More information about
file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.rst>. More information about
digital amateur radio in general is on the WWW at
<http://www.tapr.org/>.
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ config ROSE
users as well as information about how to configure an AX.25 port is
contained in the Linux Ham Wiki, available from
<http://www.linux-ax25.org>. You also might want to check out the
file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.txt>. More information about
file <file:Documentation/networking/ax25.rst>. More information about
digital amateur radio in general is on the WWW at
<http://www.tapr.org/>.

2
net/ceph/Kconfig
View File

@ -39,6 +39,6 @@ config CEPH_LIB_USE_DNS_RESOLVER
be resolved using the CONFIG_DNS_RESOLVER facility.
For information on how to use CONFIG_DNS_RESOLVER consult
Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.txt
Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.rst
If unsure, say N.

2
net/core/gen_stats.c
View File

@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
* Jamal Hadi Salim
* Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
*
* See Documentation/networking/gen_stats.txt
* See Documentation/networking/gen_stats.rst
*/
#include <linux/types.h>

4
net/decnet/Kconfig
View File

@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ config DECNET
<http://linux-decnet.sourceforge.net/>.
More detailed documentation is available in
<file:Documentation/networking/decnet.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/decnet.rst>.
Be sure to say Y to "/proc file system support" and "Sysctl support"
below when using DECnet, since you will need sysctl support to aid
@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ config DECNET_ROUTER
filtering" option will be required for the forthcoming routing daemon
to work.
See <file:Documentation/networking/decnet.txt> for more information.
See <file:Documentation/networking/decnet.rst> for more information.

2
net/dns_resolver/Kconfig
View File

@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ config DNS_RESOLVER
SMB2 later. DNS Resolver is supported by the userspace upcall
helper "/sbin/dns.resolver" via /etc/request-key.conf.
See <file:Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.txt> for further
See <file:Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.rst> for further
information.
To compile this as a module, choose M here: the module will be called

2
net/dns_resolver/dns_key.c
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/* Key type used to cache DNS lookups made by the kernel
*
* See Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.txt
* See Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.rst
*
* Copyright (c) 2007 Igor Mammedov
* Author(s): Igor Mammedov (niallain@gmail.com)

2
net/dns_resolver/dns_query.c
View File

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
/* Upcall routine, designed to work as a key type and working through
* /sbin/request-key to contact userspace when handling DNS queries.
*
* See Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.txt
* See Documentation/networking/dns_resolver.rst
*
* Copyright (c) 2007 Igor Mammedov
* Author(s): Igor Mammedov (niallain@gmail.com)

2
net/ipv4/Kconfig
View File

@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ config IP_ADVANCED_ROUTER
Note that some distributions enable it in startup scripts.
For details about rp_filter strict and loose mode read
<file:Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt>.
<file:Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst>.
If unsure, say N here.

2
net/ipv4/icmp.c
View File

@ -853,7 +853,7 @@ static bool icmp_unreach(struct sk_buff *skb)
case ICMP_FRAG_NEEDED:
/* for documentation of the ip_no_pmtu_disc
* values please see
* Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
* Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.rst
*/
switch (net->ipv4.sysctl_ip_no_pmtu_disc) {
default:

2
net/ipv6/Kconfig
View File

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ menuconfig IPV6
For general information about IPv6, see
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6>.
For specific information about IPv6 under Linux, see
Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt and read the HOWTO at
Documentation/networking/ipv6.rst and read the HOWTO at
<http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/>
To compile this protocol support as a module, choose M here: the

2
tools/bpf/bpf_asm.c
View File

@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
*
* How to get into it:
*
* 1) read Documentation/networking/filter.txt
* 1) read Documentation/networking/filter.rst
* 2) Run `bpf_asm [-c] <filter-prog file>` to translate into binary
* blob that is loadable with xt_bpf, cls_bpf et al. Note: -c will
* pretty print a C-like construct.

2
tools/bpf/bpf_dbg.c
View File

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
* for making a verdict when multiple simple BPF programs are combined
* into one in order to prevent parsing same headers multiple times.
*
* More on how to debug BPF opcodes see Documentation/networking/filter.txt
* More on how to debug BPF opcodes see Documentation/networking/filter.rst
* which is the main document on BPF. Mini howto for getting started:
*
* 1) `./bpf_dbg` to enter the shell (shell cmds denoted with '>'):