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Merge branch 'linus' into timers/nohz

This commit is contained in:
Ingo Molnar 2008-07-18 19:53:16 +02:00
parent b8f8c3cf0a 5b664cb235
commit 9b610fda0d
4958 changed files with 298069 additions and 304351 deletions
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11
.gitignore vendored
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@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
# subdirectories here. Add them in the ".gitignore" file
# in that subdirectory instead.
#
# NOTE! Please use 'git-ls-files -i --exclude-standard'
# command after changing this file, to see if there are
# any tracked files which get ignored after the change.
#
# Normal rules
#
.*
@ -18,18 +22,21 @@
*.lst
*.symtypes
*.order
*.elf
*.bin
*.gz
#
# Top-level generic files
#
tags
TAGS
vmlinux*
!vmlinux.lds.S
vmlinux
System.map
Module.markers
Module.symvers
!.gitignore
!.mailmap
#
# Generated include files

5
CREDITS
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@ -2611,8 +2611,9 @@ S: Perth, Western Australia
S: Australia
N: Miguel Ojeda Sandonis
E: maxextreme@gmail.com
W: http://maxextreme.googlepages.com/
E: miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com
W: http://miguelojeda.es
W: http://jair.lab.fi.uva.es/~migojed/
D: Author of the ks0108, cfag12864b and cfag12864bfb auxiliary display drivers.
D: Maintainer of the auxiliary display drivers tree (drivers/auxdisplay/*)
S: C/ Mieses 20, 9-B

34
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-block
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@ -26,3 +26,37 @@ Description:
I/O statistics of partition <part>. The format is the
same as the above-written /sys/block/<disk>/stat
format.
What: /sys/block/<disk>/integrity/format
Date: June 2008
Contact: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Description:
Metadata format for integrity capable block device.
E.g. T10-DIF-TYPE1-CRC.
What: /sys/block/<disk>/integrity/read_verify
Date: June 2008
Contact: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Description:
Indicates whether the block layer should verify the
integrity of read requests serviced by devices that
support sending integrity metadata.
What: /sys/block/<disk>/integrity/tag_size
Date: June 2008
Contact: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Description:
Number of bytes of integrity tag space available per
512 bytes of data.
What: /sys/block/<disk>/integrity/write_generate
Date: June 2008
Contact: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Description:
Indicates whether the block layer should automatically
generate checksums for write requests bound for
devices that support receiving integrity metadata.

35
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-css Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
What: /sys/bus/css/devices/.../type
Date: March 2008
Contact: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com>
linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Description: Contains the subchannel type, as reported by the hardware.
This attribute is present for all subchannel types.
What: /sys/bus/css/devices/.../modalias
Date: March 2008
Contact: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com>
linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Description: Contains the module alias as reported with uevents.
It is of the format css:t<type> and present for all
subchannel types.
What: /sys/bus/css/drivers/io_subchannel/.../chpids
Date: December 2002
Contact: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com>
linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Description: Contains the ids of the channel paths used by this
subchannel, as reported by the channel subsystem
during subchannel recognition.
Note: This is an I/O-subchannel specific attribute.
Users: s390-tools, HAL
What: /sys/bus/css/drivers/io_subchannel/.../pimpampom
Date: December 2002
Contact: Cornelia Huck <cornelia.huck@de.ibm.com>
linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Description: Contains the PIM/PAM/POM values, as reported by the
channel subsystem when last queried by the common I/O
layer (this implies that this attribute is not neccessarily
in sync with the values current in the channel subsystem).
Note: This is an I/O-subchannel specific attribute.
Users: s390-tools, HAL

127
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-acpi
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@ -29,46 +29,46 @@ Description:
$ cd /sys/firmware/acpi/interrupts
$ grep . *
error:0
ff_gbl_lock:0
ff_pmtimer:0
ff_pwr_btn:0
ff_rt_clk:0
ff_slp_btn:0
gpe00:0
gpe01:0
gpe02:0
gpe03:0
gpe04:0
gpe05:0
gpe06:0
gpe07:0
gpe08:0
gpe09:174
gpe0A:0
gpe0B:0
gpe0C:0
gpe0D:0
gpe0E:0
gpe0F:0
gpe10:0
gpe11:60
gpe12:0
gpe13:0
gpe14:0
gpe15:0
gpe16:0
gpe17:0
gpe18:0
gpe19:7
gpe1A:0
gpe1B:0
gpe1C:0
gpe1D:0
gpe1E:0
gpe1F:0
gpe_all:241
sci:241
error: 0
ff_gbl_lock: 0 enable
ff_pmtimer: 0 invalid
ff_pwr_btn: 0 enable
ff_rt_clk: 2 disable
ff_slp_btn: 0 invalid
gpe00: 0 invalid
gpe01: 0 enable
gpe02: 108 enable
gpe03: 0 invalid
gpe04: 0 invalid
gpe05: 0 invalid
gpe06: 0 enable
gpe07: 0 enable
gpe08: 0 invalid
gpe09: 0 invalid
gpe0A: 0 invalid
gpe0B: 0 invalid
gpe0C: 0 invalid
gpe0D: 0 invalid
gpe0E: 0 invalid
gpe0F: 0 invalid
gpe10: 0 invalid
gpe11: 0 invalid
gpe12: 0 invalid
gpe13: 0 invalid
gpe14: 0 invalid
gpe15: 0 invalid
gpe16: 0 invalid
gpe17: 1084 enable
gpe18: 0 enable
gpe19: 0 invalid
gpe1A: 0 invalid
gpe1B: 0 invalid
gpe1C: 0 invalid
gpe1D: 0 invalid
gpe1E: 0 invalid
gpe1F: 0 invalid
gpe_all: 1192
sci: 1194
sci - The total number of times the ACPI SCI
has claimed an interrupt.
@ -89,6 +89,13 @@ Description:
error - an interrupt that can't be accounted for above.
invalid: it's either a wakeup GPE or a GPE/Fixed Event that
doesn't have an event handler.
disable: the GPE/Fixed Event is valid but disabled.
enable: the GPE/Fixed Event is valid and enabled.
Root has permission to clear any of these counters. Eg.
# echo 0 > gpe11
@ -97,3 +104,43 @@ Description:
None of these counters has an effect on the function
of the system, they are simply statistics.
Besides this, user can also write specific strings to these files
to enable/disable/clear ACPI interrupts in user space, which can be
used to debug some ACPI interrupt storm issues.
Note that only writting to VALID GPE/Fixed Event is allowed,
i.e. user can only change the status of runtime GPE and
Fixed Event with event handler installed.
Let's take power button fixed event for example, please kill acpid
and other user space applications so that the machine won't shutdown
when pressing the power button.
# cat ff_pwr_btn
0
# press the power button for 3 times;
# cat ff_pwr_btn
3
# echo disable > ff_pwr_btn
# cat ff_pwr_btn
disable
# press the power button for 3 times;
# cat ff_pwr_btn
disable
# echo enable > ff_pwr_btn
# cat ff_pwr_btn
4
/*
* this is because the status bit is set even if the enable bit is cleared,
* and it triggers an ACPI fixed event when the enable bit is set again
*/
# press the power button for 3 times;
# cat ff_pwr_btn
7
# echo disable > ff_pwr_btn
# press the power button for 3 times;
# echo clear > ff_pwr_btn /* clear the status bit */
# echo disable > ff_pwr_btn
# cat ff_pwr_btn
7

71
Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-firmware-memmap Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
What: /sys/firmware/memmap/
Date: June 2008
Contact: Bernhard Walle <bwalle@suse.de>
Description:
On all platforms, the firmware provides a memory map which the
kernel reads. The resources from that memory map are registered
in the kernel resource tree and exposed to userspace via
/proc/iomem (together with other resources).
However, on most architectures that firmware-provided memory
map is modified afterwards by the kernel itself, either because
the kernel merges that memory map with other information or
just because the user overwrites that memory map via command
line.
kexec needs the raw firmware-provided memory map to setup the
parameter segment of the kernel that should be booted with
kexec. Also, the raw memory map is useful for debugging. For
that reason, /sys/firmware/memmap is an interface that provides
the raw memory map to userspace.
The structure is as follows: Under /sys/firmware/memmap there
are subdirectories with the number of the entry as their name:
/sys/firmware/memmap/0
/sys/firmware/memmap/1
/sys/firmware/memmap/2
/sys/firmware/memmap/3
...
The maximum depends on the number of memory map entries provided
by the firmware. The order is just the order that the firmware
provides.
Each directory contains three files:
start : The start address (as hexadecimal number with the
'0x' prefix).
end : The end address, inclusive (regardless whether the
firmware provides inclusive or exclusive ranges).
type : Type of the entry as string. See below for a list of
valid types.
So, for example:
/sys/firmware/memmap/0/start
/sys/firmware/memmap/0/end
/sys/firmware/memmap/0/type
/sys/firmware/memmap/1/start
...
Currently following types exist:
- System RAM
- ACPI Tables
- ACPI Non-volatile Storage
- reserved
Following shell snippet can be used to display that memory
map in a human-readable format:
-------------------- 8< ----------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash
cd /sys/firmware/memmap
for dir in * ; do
start=$(cat $dir/start)
end=$(cat $dir/end)
type=$(cat $dir/type)
printf "%016x-%016x (%s)\n" $start $[ $end +1] "$type"
done
-------------------- >8 ----------------------------------------

20
Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl
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@ -84,10 +84,9 @@
runs an instance of gdb against the vmlinux file which contains
the symbols (not boot image such as bzImage, zImage, uImage...).
In gdb the developer specifies the connection parameters and
connects to kgdb. Depending on which kgdb I/O modules exist in
the kernel for a given architecture, it may be possible to debug
the test machine's kernel with the development machine using a
rs232 or ethernet connection.
connects to kgdb. The type of connection a developer makes with
gdb depends on the availability of kgdb I/O modules compiled as
builtin's or kernel modules in the test machine's kernel.
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="CompilingAKernel">
@ -223,7 +222,7 @@
</para>
<para>
IMPORTANT NOTE: Using this option with kgdb over the console
(kgdboc) or kgdb over ethernet (kgdboe) is not supported.
(kgdboc) is not supported.
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
@ -249,18 +248,11 @@
(gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
</programlisting>
<para>
Example (kgdb to a terminal server):
Example (kgdb to a terminal server on tcp port 2012):
</para>
<programlisting>
% gdb ./vmlinux
(gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
</programlisting>
<para>
Example (kgdb over ethernet):
</para>
<programlisting>
% gdb ./vmlinux
(gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
(gdb) target remote 192.168.2.2:2012
</programlisting>
<para>
Once connected, you can debug a kernel the way you would debug an

2
Documentation/HOWTO
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@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Bug Reporting
bugzilla.kernel.org is where the Linux kernel developers track kernel
bugs. Users are encouraged to report all bugs that they find in this
tool. For details on how to use the kernel bugzilla, please see:
http://test.kernel.org/bugzilla/faq.html
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/page.cgi?id=faq.html
The file REPORTING-BUGS in the main kernel source directory has a good
template for how to report a possible kernel bug, and details what kind

39
Documentation/IRQ-affinity.txt
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@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
ChangeLog:
Started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Update by Max Krasnyansky <maxk@qualcomm.com>
SMP IRQ affinity, started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
SMP IRQ affinity
/proc/irq/IRQ#/smp_affinity specifies which target CPUs are permitted
for a given IRQ source. It's a bitmask of allowed CPUs. It's not allowed
to turn off all CPUs, and if an IRQ controller does not support IRQ
affinity then the value will not change from the default 0xffffffff.
Here is an example of restricting IRQ44 (eth1) to CPU0-3 then restricting
the IRQ to CPU4-7 (this is an 8-CPU SMP box):
/proc/irq/default_smp_affinity specifies default affinity mask that applies
to all non-active IRQs. Once IRQ is allocated/activated its affinity bitmask
will be set to the default mask. It can then be changed as described above.
Default mask is 0xffffffff.
Here is an example of restricting IRQ44 (eth1) to CPU0-3 then restricting
it to CPU4-7 (this is an 8-CPU SMP box):
[root@moon 44]# cd /proc/irq/44
[root@moon 44]# cat smp_affinity
ffffffff
[root@moon 44]# echo 0f > smp_affinity
[root@moon 44]# cat smp_affinity
0000000f
@ -21,17 +30,27 @@ PING hell (195.4.7.3): 56 data bytes
--- hell ping statistics ---
6029 packets transmitted, 6027 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.1/0.1/0.4 ms
[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 44:
44: 0 1785 1785 1783 1783 1
1 0 IO-APIC-level eth1
[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 'CPU\|44:'
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3 CPU4 CPU5 CPU6 CPU7
44: 1068 1785 1785 1783 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC-level eth1
As can be seen from the line above IRQ44 was delivered only to the first four
processors (0-3).
Now lets restrict that IRQ to CPU(4-7).
[root@moon 44]# echo f0 > smp_affinity
[root@moon 44]# cat smp_affinity
000000f0
[root@moon 44]# ping -f h
PING hell (195.4.7.3): 56 data bytes
..
--- hell ping statistics ---
2779 packets transmitted, 2777 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.1/0.5/585.4 ms
[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | grep 44:
44: 1068 1785 1785 1784 1784 1069 1070 1069 IO-APIC-level eth1
[root@moon 44]#
[root@moon 44]# cat /proc/interrupts | 'CPU\|44:'
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3 CPU4 CPU5 CPU6 CPU7
44: 1068 1785 1785 1783 1784 1069 1070 1069 IO-APIC-level eth1
This time around IRQ44 was delivered only to the last four processors.
i.e counters for the CPU0-3 did not change.

3
Documentation/RCU/NMI-RCU.txt
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@ -93,6 +93,9 @@ Since NMI handlers disable preemption, synchronize_sched() is guaranteed
not to return until all ongoing NMI handlers exit. It is therefore safe
to free up the handler's data as soon as synchronize_sched() returns.
Important note: for this to work, the architecture in question must
invoke irq_enter() and irq_exit() on NMI entry and exit, respectively.
Answer to Quick Quiz

108
Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt
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@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ of each iteration. Unfortunately, chaotic relaxation requires highly
structured data, such as the matrices used in scientific programs, and
is thus inapplicable to most data structures in operating-system kernels.
In 1992, Henry (now Alexia) Massalin completed a dissertation advising
parallel programmers to defer processing when feasible to simplify
synchronization. RCU makes extremely heavy use of this advice.
In 1993, Jacobson [Jacobson93] verbally described what is perhaps the
simplest deferred-free technique: simply waiting a fixed amount of time
before freeing blocks awaiting deferred free. Jacobson did not describe
@ -138,6 +142,13 @@ blocking in read-side critical sections appeared [PaulEMcKenney2006c],
Robert Olsson described an RCU-protected trie-hash combination
[RobertOlsson2006a].
2007 saw the journal version of the award-winning RCU paper from 2006
[ThomasEHart2007a], as well as a paper demonstrating use of Promela
and Spin to mechanically verify an optimization to Oleg Nesterov's
QRCU [PaulEMcKenney2007QRCUspin], a design document describing
preemptible RCU [PaulEMcKenney2007PreemptibleRCU], and the three-part
LWN "What is RCU?" series [PaulEMcKenney2007WhatIsRCUFundamentally,
PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUUsage, and PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUAPI].
Bibtex Entries
@ -202,6 +213,20 @@ Bibtex Entries
,Year="1991"
}
@phdthesis{HMassalinPhD
,author="H. Massalin"
,title="Synthesis: An Efficient Implementation of Fundamental Operating
System Services"
,school="Columbia University"
,address="New York, NY"
,year="1992"
,annotation="
Mondo optimizing compiler.
Wait-free stuff.
Good advice: defer work to avoid synchronization.
"
}
@unpublished{Jacobson93
,author="Van Jacobson"
,title="Avoid Read-Side Locking Via Delayed Free"
@ -635,3 +660,86 @@ Revised:
"
}
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007PreemptibleRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="The design of preemptible read-copy-update"
,month="October"
,day="8"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/253651/}
[Viewed October 25, 2007]"
,annotation="
LWN article describing the design of preemptible RCU.
"
}
########################################################################
#
# "What is RCU?" LWN series.
#
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007WhatIsRCUFundamentally
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="What is {RCU}, Fundamentally?"
,month="December"
,day="17"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/}
[Viewed December 27, 2007]"
,annotation="
Lays out the three basic components of RCU: (1) publish-subscribe,
(2) wait for pre-existing readers to complete, and (2) maintain
multiple versions.
"
}
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUUsage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="What is {RCU}? Part 2: Usage"
,month="January"
,day="4"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/}
[Viewed January 4, 2008]"
,annotation="
Lays out six uses of RCU:
1. RCU is a Reader-Writer Lock Replacement
2. RCU is a Restricted Reference-Counting Mechanism
3. RCU is a Bulk Reference-Counting Mechanism
4. RCU is a Poor Man's Garbage Collector
5. RCU is a Way of Providing Existence Guarantees
6. RCU is a Way of Waiting for Things to Finish
"
}
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUAPI
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU} part 3: the {RCU} {API}"
,month="January"
,day="17"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/}
[Viewed January 10, 2008]"
,annotation="
Gives an overview of the Linux-kernel RCU API and a brief annotated RCU
bibliography.
"
}
@article{DinakarGuniguntala2008IBMSysJ
,author="D. Guniguntala and P. E. McKenney and J. Triplett and J. Walpole"
,title="The read-copy-update mechanism for supporting real-time applications on shared-memory multiprocessor systems with {Linux}"
,Year="2008"
,Month="April"
,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
,volume="47"
,number="2"
,pages="@@-@@"
,annotation="
RCU, realtime RCU, sleepable RCU, performance.
"
}

89
Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt
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@ -13,10 +13,13 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
detailed performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless
the right tool for the job.
The other exception would be where performance is not an issue,
and RCU provides a simpler implementation. An example of this
situation is the dynamic NMI code in the Linux 2.6 kernel,
at least on architectures where NMIs are rare.
Another exception is where performance is not an issue, and RCU
provides a simpler implementation. An example of this situation
is the dynamic NMI code in the Linux 2.6 kernel, at least on
architectures where NMIs are rare.
Yet another exception is where the low real-time latency of RCU's
read-side primitives is critically important.
1. Does the update code have proper mutual exclusion?
@ -39,9 +42,10 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
2. Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of
rcu_read_lock() and friends? These primitives are needed
to suppress preemption (or bottom halves, in the case of
rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections,
and are also an excellent aid to readability.
to prevent grace periods from ending prematurely, which
could result in data being unceremoniously freed out from
under your read-side code, which can greatly increase the
actuarial risk of your kernel.
As a rough rule of thumb, any dereference of an RCU-protected
pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock() or rcu_read_lock_bh()
@ -54,15 +58,30 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
be running while updates are in progress. There are a number
of ways to handle this concurrency, depending on the situation:
a. Make updates appear atomic to readers. For example,
a. Use the RCU variants of the list and hlist update
primitives to add, remove, and replace elements on an
RCU-protected list. Alternatively, use the RCU-protected
trees that have been added to the Linux kernel.
This is almost always the best approach.
b. Proceed as in (a) above, but also maintain per-element
locks (that are acquired by both readers and writers)
that guard per-element state. Of course, fields that
the readers refrain from accessing can be guarded by the
update-side lock.
This works quite well, also.
c. Make updates appear atomic to readers. For example,
pointer updates to properly aligned fields will appear
atomic, as will individual atomic primitives. Operations
performed under a lock and sequences of multiple atomic
primitives will -not- appear to be atomic.
This is almost always the best approach.
This can work, but is starting to get a bit tricky.
b. Carefully order the updates and the reads so that
d. Carefully order the updates and the reads so that
readers see valid data at all phases of the update.
This is often more difficult than it sounds, especially
given modern CPUs' tendency to reorder memory references.
@ -123,18 +142,22 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can
be traversed by an RCU read-side critical section.
5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh(),
is used, the callback function must be written to be called
from softirq context. In particular, it cannot block.
5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh() or
call_rcu_sched(), is used, the callback function must be
written to be called from softirq context. In particular,
it cannot block.
6. Since synchronize_rcu() can block, it cannot be called from
any sort of irq context.
any sort of irq context. Ditto for synchronize_sched() and
synchronize_srcu().
7. If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers
must use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(). If the updater
uses call_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must use
rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). Mixing things up
will result in confusion and broken kernels.
rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). If the updater
uses call_rcu_sched(), then the corresponding readers must
disable preemption. Mixing things up will result in confusion
and broken kernels.
One exception to this rule: rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock()
may be substituted for rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh()
@ -143,9 +166,9 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
such cases is a must, of course! And the jury is still out on
whether the increased speed is worth it.
8. Although synchronize_rcu() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(),
it usually results in simpler code. So, unless update
performance is critically important or the updaters cannot block,
8. Although synchronize_rcu() is slower than is call_rcu(), it
usually results in simpler code. So, unless update performance
is critically important or the updaters cannot block,
synchronize_rcu() should be used in preference to call_rcu().
An especially important property of the synchronize_rcu()
@ -187,23 +210,23 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
number of updates per grace period.
9. All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include
list_for_each_rcu(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(),
rcu_dereference(), list_for_each_rcu(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(),
list_for_each_continue_rcu(), and list_for_each_safe_rcu(),
must be within an RCU read-side critical section. RCU
must be either within an RCU read-side critical section or
must be protected by appropriate update-side locks. RCU
read-side critical sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock()
and rcu_read_unlock(), or by similar primitives such as
rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh().
Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an
RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than
a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs. It can
also be quite helpful in reducing code bloat when common
code is shared between readers and updaters.
The reason that it is permissible to use RCU list-traversal
primitives when the update-side lock is held is that doing so
can be quite helpful in reducing code bloat when common code is
shared between readers and updaters.
10. Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section,
you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros.
Failing to do so will break Alpha and confuse people reading
your code.
and you don't hold the appropriate update-side lock, you -must-
use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros. Failing to do so
will break Alpha and confuse people reading your code.
11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until
all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side
@ -230,6 +253,14 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome!
must use whatever locking or other synchronization is required
to safely access and/or modify that data structure.
RCU callbacks are -usually- executed on the same CPU that executed
the corresponding call_rcu(), call_rcu_bh(), or call_rcu_sched(),
but are by -no- means guaranteed to be. For example, if a given
CPU goes offline while having an RCU callback pending, then that
RCU callback will execute on some surviving CPU. (If this was
not the case, a self-spawning RCU callback would prevent the
victim CPU from ever going offline.)
14. SRCU (srcu_read_lock(), srcu_read_unlock(), and synchronize_srcu())
may only be invoked from process context. Unlike other forms of
RCU, it -is- permissible to block in an SRCU read-side critical

48
Documentation/RCU/torture.txt
View File

@ -10,23 +10,30 @@ status messages via printk(), which can be examined via the dmesg
command (perhaps grepping for "torture"). The test is started
when the module is loaded, and stops when the module is unloaded.
However, actually setting this config option to "y" results in the system
running the test immediately upon boot, and ending only when the system
is taken down. Normally, one will instead want to build the system
with CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST=m and to use modprobe and rmmod to control
the test, perhaps using a script similar to the one shown at the end of
this document. Note that you will need CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD in order
to be able to end the test.
CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE
It is also possible to specify CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST=y, which will
result in the tests being loaded into the base kernel. In this case,
the CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE config option is used to specify
whether the RCU torture tests are to be started immediately during
boot or whether the /proc/sys/kernel/rcutorture_runnable file is used
to enable them. This /proc file can be used to repeatedly pause and
restart the tests, regardless of the initial state specified by the
CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE config option.
You will normally -not- want to start the RCU torture tests during boot
(and thus the default is CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_RUNNABLE=n), but doing
this can sometimes be useful in finding boot-time bugs.
MODULE PARAMETERS
This module has the following parameters:
nreaders This is the number of RCU reading threads supported.
The default is twice the number of CPUs. Why twice?
To properly exercise RCU implementations with preemptible
read-side critical sections.
irqreaders Says to invoke RCU readers from irq level. This is currently
done via timers. Defaults to "1" for variants of RCU that
permit this. (Or, more accurately, variants of RCU that do
-not- permit this know to ignore this variable.)
nfakewriters This is the number of RCU fake writer threads to run. Fake
writer threads repeatedly use the synchronous "wait for
@ -37,6 +44,16 @@ nfakewriters This is the number of RCU fake writer threads to run. Fake
to trigger special cases caused by multiple writers, such as
the synchronize_srcu() early return optimization.
nreaders This is the number of RCU reading threads supported.
The default is twice the number of CPUs. Why twice?
To properly exercise RCU implementations with preemptible
read-side critical sections.
shuffle_interval
The number of seconds to keep the test threads affinitied
to a particular subset of the CPUs, defaults to 3 seconds.
Used in conjunction with test_no_idle_hz.
stat_interval The number of seconds between output of torture
statistics (via printk()). Regardless of the interval,
statistics are printed when the module is unloaded.
@ -44,10 +61,11 @@ stat_interval The number of seconds between output of torture
be printed -only- when the module is unloaded, and this
is the default.
shuffle_interval
The number of seconds to keep the test threads affinitied
to a particular subset of the CPUs, defaults to 5 seconds.
Used in conjunction with test_no_idle_hz.
stutter The length of time to run the test before pausing for this
same period of time. Defaults to "stutter=5", so as
to run and pause for (roughly) five-second intervals.
Specifying "stutter=0" causes the test to run continuously
without pausing, which is the old default behavior.
test_no_idle_hz Whether or not to test the ability of RCU to operate in
a kernel that disables the scheduling-clock interrupt to

62
Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
View File

@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
Please note that the "What is RCU?" LWN series is an excellent place
to start learning about RCU:
1. What is RCU, Fundamentally? http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/
2. What is RCU? Part 2: Usage http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/
3. RCU part 3: the RCU API http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/
What is RCU?
RCU is a synchronization mechanism that was added to the Linux kernel
@ -772,26 +780,18 @@ Linux-kernel source code, but it helps to have a full list of the
APIs, since there does not appear to be a way to categorize them
in docbook. Here is the list, by category.
Markers for RCU read-side critical sections:
rcu_read_lock
rcu_read_unlock
rcu_read_lock_bh
rcu_read_unlock_bh
srcu_read_lock
srcu_read_unlock
RCU pointer/list traversal:
rcu_dereference
list_for_each_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of
list_for_each_entry_rcu)
list_for_each_entry_rcu
list_for_each_continue_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of new
list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu)
hlist_for_each_entry_rcu
RCU pointer update:
list_for_each_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of
list_for_each_entry_rcu)
list_for_each_continue_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of new
list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu)
RCU pointer/list update:
rcu_assign_pointer
list_add_rcu
@ -799,16 +799,36 @@ RCU pointer update:
list_del_rcu
list_replace_rcu
hlist_del_rcu
hlist_add_after_rcu
hlist_add_before_rcu
hlist_add_head_rcu
hlist_replace_rcu
list_splice_init_rcu()
RCU grace period:
RCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
rcu_read_lock synchronize_net rcu_barrier
rcu_read_unlock synchronize_rcu
call_rcu
bh: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu_bh rcu_barrier_bh
rcu_read_unlock_bh
sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
[preempt_disable] synchronize_sched rcu_barrier_sched
[and friends] call_rcu_sched
SRCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
srcu_read_lock synchronize_srcu N/A
srcu_read_unlock
synchronize_net
synchronize_sched
synchronize_rcu
synchronize_srcu
call_rcu
call_rcu_bh
See the comment headers in the source code (or the docbook generated
from them) for more information.

46
Documentation/SubmittingPatches
View File

@ -327,6 +327,52 @@ Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored for
now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
point out some special detail about the sign-off.
If you are a subsystem or branch maintainer, sometimes you need to slightly
modify patches you receive in order to merge them, because the code is not
exactly the same in your tree and the submitters'. If you stick strictly to
rule (c), you should ask the submitter to rediff, but this is a totally
counter-productive waste of time and energy. Rule (b) allows you to adjust
the code, but then it is very impolite to change one submitter's code and
make him endorse your bugs. To solve this problem, it is recommended that
you add a line between the last Signed-off-by header and yours, indicating
the nature of your changes. While there is nothing mandatory about this, it
seems like prepending the description with your mail and/or name, all
enclosed in square brackets, is noticeable enough to make it obvious that
you are responsible for last-minute changes. Example :
Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org>
[lucky@maintainer.example.org: struct foo moved from foo.c to foo.h]
Signed-off-by: Lucky K Maintainer <lucky@maintainer.example.org>
This practise is particularly helpful if you maintain a stable branch and
want at the same time to credit the author, track changes, merge the fix,
and protect the submitter from complaints. Note that under no circumstances
can you change the author's identity (the From header), as it is the one
which appears in the changelog.
Special note to back-porters: It seems to be a common and useful practise
to insert an indication of the origin of a patch at the top of the commit
message (just after the subject line) to facilitate tracking. For instance,
here's what we see in 2.6-stable :
Date: Tue May 13 19:10:30 2008 +0000
SCSI: libiscsi regression in 2.6.25: fix nop timer handling
commit 4cf1043593db6a337f10e006c23c69e5fc93e722 upstream
And here's what appears in 2.4 :
Date: Tue May 13 22:12:27 2008 +0200
wireless, airo: waitbusy() won't delay
[backport of 2.6 commit b7acbdfbd1f277c1eb23f344f899cfa4cd0bf36a]
Whatever the format, this information provides a valuable help to people
tracking your trees, and to people trying to trouble-shoot bugs in your
tree.
13) When to use Acked-by: and Cc:

6
Documentation/accounting/taskstats-struct.txt
View File

@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ There are three different groups of fields in the struct taskstats:
4) Per-task and per-thread context switch count statistics
5) Time accounting for SMT machines
Future extension should add fields to the end of the taskstats struct, and
should not change the relative position of each field within the struct.
@ -164,4 +166,8 @@ struct taskstats {
__u64 nvcsw; /* Context voluntary switch counter */
__u64 nivcsw; /* Context involuntary switch counter */
5) Time accounting for SMT machines
__u64 ac_utimescaled; /* utime scaled on frequency etc */
__u64 ac_stimescaled; /* stime scaled on frequency etc */
__u64 cpu_scaled_run_real_total; /* scaled cpu_run_real_total */
}

4
Documentation/auxdisplay/cfag12864b
View File

@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
===================================
License: GPLv2
Author & Maintainer: Miguel Ojeda Sandonis <maxextreme@gmail.com>
Author & Maintainer: Miguel Ojeda Sandonis
Date: 2006-10-27
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Date: 2006-10-27
1. DRIVER INFORMATION
---------------------
This driver support one cfag12864b display at time.
This driver supports a cfag12864b LCD.
---------------------

2
Documentation/auxdisplay/cfag12864b-example.c
View File

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
* Description: cfag12864b LCD userspace example program
* License: GPLv2
*
* Author: Copyright (C) Miguel Ojeda Sandonis <maxextreme@gmail.com>
* Author: Copyright (C) Miguel Ojeda Sandonis
* Date: 2006-10-31
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

4
Documentation/auxdisplay/ks0108
View File

@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
==========================================
License: GPLv2
Author & Maintainer: Miguel Ojeda Sandonis <maxextreme@gmail.com>
Author & Maintainer: Miguel Ojeda Sandonis
Date: 2006-10-27
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Date: 2006-10-27
1. DRIVER INFORMATION
---------------------
This driver support the ks0108 LCD controller.
This driver supports the ks0108 LCD controller.
---------------------

327
Documentation/block/data-integrity.txt Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Modern filesystems feature checksumming of data and metadata to
protect against data corruption. However, the detection of the
corruption is done at read time which could potentially be months
after the data was written. At that point the original data that the
application tried to write is most likely lost.
The solution is to ensure that the disk is actually storing what the
application meant it to. Recent additions to both the SCSI family
protocols (SBC Data Integrity Field, SCC protection proposal) as well
as SATA/T13 (External Path Protection) try to remedy this by adding
support for appending integrity metadata to an I/O. The integrity
metadata (or protection information in SCSI terminology) includes a
checksum for each sector as well as an incrementing counter that
ensures the individual sectors are written in the right order. And
for some protection schemes also that the I/O is written to the right
place on disk.
Current storage controllers and devices implement various protective
measures, for instance checksumming and scrubbing. But these
technologies are working in their own isolated domains or at best
between adjacent nodes in the I/O path. The interesting thing about
DIF and the other integrity extensions is that the protection format
is well defined and every node in the I/O path can verify the
integrity of the I/O and reject it if corruption is detected. This
allows not only corruption prevention but also isolation of the point
of failure.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2. THE DATA INTEGRITY EXTENSIONS
As written, the protocol extensions only protect the path between
controller and storage device. However, many controllers actually
allow the operating system to interact with the integrity metadata
(IMD). We have been working with several FC/SAS HBA vendors to enable
the protection information to be transferred to and from their
controllers.
The SCSI Data Integrity Field works by appending 8 bytes of protection
information to each sector. The data + integrity metadata is stored
in 520 byte sectors on disk. Data + IMD are interleaved when
transferred between the controller and target. The T13 proposal is
similar.
Because it is highly inconvenient for operating systems to deal with
520 (and 4104) byte sectors, we approached several HBA vendors and
encouraged them to allow separation of the data and integrity metadata
scatter-gather lists.
The controller will interleave the buffers on write and split them on
read. This means that the Linux can DMA the data buffers to and from
host memory without changes to the page cache.
Also, the 16-bit CRC checksum mandated by both the SCSI and SATA specs
is somewhat heavy to compute in software. Benchmarks found that
calculating this checksum had a significant impact on system
performance for a number of workloads. Some controllers allow a
lighter-weight checksum to be used when interfacing with the operating
system. Emulex, for instance, supports the TCP/IP checksum instead.
The IP checksum received from the OS is converted to the 16-bit CRC
when writing and vice versa. This allows the integrity metadata to be
generated by Linux or the application at very low cost (comparable to
software RAID5).
The IP checksum is weaker than the CRC in terms of detecting bit
errors. However, the strength is really in the separation of the data
buffers and the integrity metadata. These two distinct buffers much
match up for an I/O to complete.
The separation of the data and integrity metadata buffers as well as
the choice in checksums is referred to as the Data Integrity
Extensions. As these extensions are outside the scope of the protocol
bodies (T10, T13), Oracle and its partners are trying to standardize
them within the Storage Networking Industry Association.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3. KERNEL CHANGES
The data integrity framework in Linux enables protection information
to be pinned to I/Os and sent to/received from controllers that
support it.
The advantage to the integrity extensions in SCSI and SATA is that
they enable us to protect the entire path from application to storage
device. However, at the same time this is also the biggest
disadvantage. It means that the protection information must be in a
format that can be understood by the disk.
Generally Linux/POSIX applications are agnostic to the intricacies of
the storage devices they are accessing. The virtual filesystem switch
and the block layer make things like hardware sector size and
transport protocols completely transparent to the application.
However, this level of detail is required when preparing the
protection information to send to a disk. Consequently, the very
concept of an end-to-end protection scheme is a layering violation.
It is completely unreasonable for an application to be aware whether
it is accessing a SCSI or SATA disk.
The data integrity support implemented in Linux attempts to hide this
from the application. As far as the application (and to some extent
the kernel) is concerned, the integrity metadata is opaque information
that's attached to the I/O.
The current implementation allows the block layer to automatically
generate the protection information for any I/O. Eventually the
intent is to move the integrity metadata calculation to userspace for
user data. Metadata and other I/O that originates within the kernel
will still use the automatic generation interface.
Some storage devices allow each hardware sector to be tagged with a
16-bit value. The owner of this tag space is the owner of the block
device. I.e. the filesystem in most cases. The filesystem can use
this extra space to tag sectors as they see fit. Because the tag
space is limited, the block interface allows tagging bigger chunks by
way of interleaving. This way, 8*16 bits of information can be
attached to a typical 4KB filesystem block.
This also means that applications such as fsck and mkfs will need
access to manipulate the tags from user space. A passthrough
interface for this is being worked on.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. BLOCK LAYER IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
4.1 BIO
The data integrity patches add a new field to struct bio when
CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INTEGRITY is enabled. bio->bi_integrity is a pointer
to a struct bip which contains the bio integrity payload. Essentially
a bip is a trimmed down struct bio which holds a bio_vec containing
the integrity metadata and the required housekeeping information (bvec
pool, vector count, etc.)
A kernel subsystem can enable data integrity protection on a bio by
calling bio_integrity_alloc(bio). This will allocate and attach the
bip to the bio.
Individual pages containing integrity metadata can subsequently be
attached using bio_integrity_add_page().
bio_free() will automatically free the bip.
4.2 BLOCK DEVICE
Because the format of the protection data is tied to the physical
disk, each block device has been extended with a block integrity
profile (struct blk_integrity). This optional profile is registered
with the block layer using blk_integrity_register().
The profile contains callback functions for generating and verifying
the protection data, as well as getting and setting application tags.
The profile also contains a few constants to aid in completing,
merging and splitting the integrity metadata.
Layered block devices will need to pick a profile that's appropriate
for all subdevices. blk_integrity_compare() can help with that. DM
and MD linear, RAID0 and RAID1 are currently supported. RAID4/5/6
will require extra work due to the application tag.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
5.0 BLOCK LAYER INTEGRITY API
5.1 NORMAL FILESYSTEM
The normal filesystem is unaware that the underlying block device
is capable of sending/receiving integrity metadata. The IMD will
be automatically generated by the block layer at submit_bio() time
in case of a WRITE. A READ request will cause the I/O integrity
to be verified upon completion.
IMD generation and verification can be toggled using the
/sys/block/<bdev>/integrity/write_generate
and
/sys/block/<bdev>/integrity/read_verify
flags.
5.2 INTEGRITY-AWARE FILESYSTEM
A filesystem that is integrity-aware can prepare I/Os with IMD
attached. It can also use the application tag space if this is
supported by the block device.
int bdev_integrity_enabled(block_device, int rw);
bdev_integrity_enabled() will return 1 if the block device
supports integrity metadata transfer for the data direction
specified in 'rw'.
bdev_integrity_enabled() honors the write_generate and
read_verify flags in sysfs and will respond accordingly.
int bio_integrity_prep(bio);
To generate IMD for WRITE and to set up buffers for READ, the
filesystem must call bio_integrity_prep(bio).
Prior to calling this function, the bio data direction and start
sector must be set, and the bio should have all data pages
added. It is up to the caller to ensure that the bio does not
change while I/O is in progress.
bio_integrity_prep() should only be called if
bio_integrity_enabled() returned 1.
int bio_integrity_tag_size(bio);
If the filesystem wants to use the application tag space it will
first have to find out how much storage space is available.
Because tag space is generally limited (usually 2 bytes per
sector regardless of sector size), the integrity framework
supports interleaving the information between the sectors in an
I/O.
Filesystems can call bio_integrity_tag_size(bio) to find out how
many bytes of storage are available for that particular bio.
Another option is bdev_get_tag_size(block_device) which will
return the number of available bytes per hardware sector.
int bio_integrity_set_tag(bio, void *tag_buf, len);
After a successful return from bio_integrity_prep(),
bio_integrity_set_tag() can be used to attach an opaque tag
buffer to a bio. Obviously this only makes sense if the I/O is
a WRITE.
int bio_integrity_get_tag(bio, void *tag_buf, len);
Similarly, at READ I/O completion time the filesystem can
retrieve the tag buffer using bio_integrity_get_tag().
6.3 PASSING EXISTING INTEGRITY METADATA
Filesystems that either generate their own integrity metadata or
are capable of transferring IMD from user space can use the
following calls:
struct bip * bio_integrity_alloc(bio, gfp_mask, nr_pages);
Allocates the bio integrity payload and hangs it off of the bio.
nr_pages indicate how many pages of protection data need to be
stored in the integrity bio_vec list (similar to bio_alloc()).
The integrity payload will be freed at bio_free() time.
int bio_integrity_add_page(bio, page, len, offset);
Attaches a page containing integrity metadata to an existing
bio. The bio must have an existing bip,
i.e. bio_integrity_alloc() must have been called. For a WRITE,
the integrity metadata in the pages must be in a format
understood by the target device with the notable exception that
the sector numbers will be remapped as the request traverses the
I/O stack. This implies that the pages added using this call
will be modified during I/O! The first reference tag in the
integrity metadata must have a value of bip->bip_sector.
Pages can be added using bio_integrity_add_page() as long as
there is room in the bip bio_vec array (nr_pages).
Upon completion of a READ operation, the attached pages will
contain the integrity metadata received from the storage device.
It is up to the receiver to process them and verify data
integrity upon completion.
6.4 REGISTERING A BLOCK DEVICE AS CAPABLE OF EXCHANGING INTEGRITY
METADATA
To enable integrity exchange on a block device the gendisk must be
registered as capable:
int blk_integrity_register(gendisk, blk_integrity);
The blk_integrity struct is a template and should contain the
following:
static struct blk_integrity my_profile = {
.name = "STANDARDSBODY-TYPE-VARIANT-CSUM",
.generate_fn = my_generate_fn,
.verify_fn = my_verify_fn,
.get_tag_fn = my_get_tag_fn,
.set_tag_fn = my_set_tag_fn,
.tuple_size = sizeof(struct my_tuple_size),
.tag_size = <tag bytes per hw sector>,
};
'name' is a text string which will be visible in sysfs. This is
part of the userland API so chose it carefully and never change
it. The format is standards body-type-variant.
E.g. T10-DIF-TYPE1-IP or T13-EPP-0-CRC.
'generate_fn' generates appropriate integrity metadata (for WRITE).
'verify_fn' verifies that the data buffer matches the integrity
metadata.
'tuple_size' must be set to match the size of the integrity
metadata per sector. I.e. 8 for DIF and EPP.
'tag_size' must be set to identify how many bytes of tag space
are available per hardware sector. For DIF this is either 2 or
0 depending on the value of the Control Mode Page ATO bit.
See 6.2 for a description of get_tag_fn and set_tag_fn.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2007-12-24 Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>

5
Documentation/cciss.txt
View File

@ -21,6 +21,11 @@ This driver is known to work with the following cards:
* SA E200
* SA E200i
* SA E500
* SA P212
* SA P410
* SA P410i
* SA P411
* SA P812
Detecting drive failures:
-------------------------

4
Documentation/cgroups.txt
View File

@ -390,6 +390,10 @@ If you have several tasks to attach, you have to do it one after another:
...
# /bin/echo PIDn > tasks
You can attach the current shell task by echoing 0:
# echo 0 > tasks
3. Kernel API
=============

8
Documentation/controllers/devices.txt
View File

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ either an integer or * for all. Access is a composition of r
The root device cgroup starts with rwm to 'all'. A child device
cgroup gets a copy of the parent. Administrators can then remove
devices from the whitelist or add new entries. A child cgroup can
never receive a device access which is denied its parent. However
never receive a device access which is denied by its parent. However
when a device access is removed from a parent it will not also be
removed from the child(ren).
@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ allows cgroup 1 to read and mknod the device usually known as
echo a > /cgroups/1/devices.deny
will remove the default 'a *:* mrw' entry.
will remove the default 'a *:* rwm' entry. Doing
echo a > /cgroups/1/devices.allow
will add the 'a *:* rwm' entry to the whitelist.
3. Security

20
Documentation/cpusets.txt
View File

@ -154,13 +154,15 @@ browsing and modifying the cpusets presently known to the kernel. No
new system calls are added for cpusets - all support for querying and
modifying cpusets is via this cpuset file system.
The /proc/<pid>/status file for each task has two added lines,
The /proc/<pid>/status file for each task has four added lines,
displaying the tasks cpus_allowed (on which CPUs it may be scheduled)
and mems_allowed (on which Memory Nodes it may obtain memory),
in the format seen in the following example:
in the two formats seen in the following example:
Cpus_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff
Cpus_allowed_list: 0-127
Mems_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff
Mems_allowed_list: 0-63
Each cpuset is represented by a directory in the cgroup file system
containing (on top of the standard cgroup files) the following
@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ using the sched_setaffinity, mbind and set_mempolicy system calls.
The following rules apply to each cpuset:
- Its CPUs and Memory Nodes must be a subset of its parents.
- It can only be marked exclusive if its parent is.
- It can't be marked exclusive unless its parent is.
- If its cpu or memory is exclusive, they may not overlap any sibling.
These rules, and the natural hierarchy of cpusets, enable efficient
@ -345,7 +347,7 @@ is modified to perform an inline check for this PF_SPREAD_PAGE task
flag, and if set, a call to a new routine cpuset_mem_spread_node()
returns the node to prefer for the allocation.
Similarly, setting 'memory_spread_cache' turns on the flag
Similarly, setting 'memory_spread_slab' turns on the flag
PF_SPREAD_SLAB, and appropriately marked slab caches will allocate
pages from the node returned by cpuset_mem_spread_node().
@ -542,7 +544,10 @@ otherwise initial value -1 that indicates the cpuset has no request.
2 : search cores in a package.
3 : search cpus in a node [= system wide on non-NUMA system]
( 4 : search nodes in a chunk of node [on NUMA system] )
( 5~ : search system wide [on NUMA system])
( 5 : search system wide [on NUMA system] )
The system default is architecture dependent. The system default
can be changed using the relax_domain_level= boot parameter.
This file is per-cpuset and affect the sched domain where the cpuset
belongs to. Therefore if the flag 'sched_load_balance' of a cpuset
@ -709,7 +714,10 @@ Now you want to do something with this cpuset.
In this directory you can find several files:
# ls
cpus cpu_exclusive mems mem_exclusive mem_hardwall tasks
cpu_exclusive memory_migrate mems tasks
cpus memory_pressure notify_on_release
mem_exclusive memory_spread_page sched_load_balance
mem_hardwall memory_spread_slab sched_relax_domain_level
Reading them will give you information about the state of this cpuset:
the CPUs and Memory Nodes it can use, the processes that are using

26
Documentation/cputopology.txt
View File

@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ represent the thread siblings to cpu X in the same physical package;
To implement it in an architecture-neutral way, a new source file,
drivers/base/topology.c, is to export the 4 attributes.
If one architecture wants to support this feature, it just needs to
implement 4 defines, typically in file include/asm-XXX/topology.h.
The 4 defines are:
For an architecture to support this feature, it must define some of
these macros in include/asm-XXX/topology.h:
#define topology_physical_package_id(cpu)
#define topology_core_id(cpu)
#define topology_thread_siblings(cpu)
@ -25,17 +24,10 @@ The 4 defines are:
The type of **_id is int.
The type of siblings is cpumask_t.
To be consistent on all architectures, the 4 attributes should have
default values if their values are unavailable. Below is the rule.
1) physical_package_id: If cpu has no physical package id, -1 is the
default value.
2) core_id: If cpu doesn't support multi-core, its core id is 0.
3) thread_siblings: Just include itself, if the cpu doesn't support
HT/multi-thread.
4) core_siblings: Just include itself, if the cpu doesn't support
multi-core and HT/Multi-thread.
So be careful when declaring the 4 defines in include/asm-XXX/topology.h.
If an attribute isn't defined on an architecture, it won't be exported.
To be consistent on all architectures, include/linux/topology.h
provides default definitions for any of the above macros that are
not defined by include/asm-XXX/topology.h:
1) physical_package_id: -1
2) core_id: 0
3) thread_siblings: just the given CPU
4) core_siblings: just the given CPU

16
Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt
View File

@ -222,13 +222,6 @@ Who: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
---------------------------
What: i2c-i810, i2c-prosavage and i2c-savage4
When: May 2008
Why: These drivers are superseded by i810fb, intelfb and savagefb.
Who: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
---------------------------
What (Why):
- include/linux/netfilter_ipv4/ipt_TOS.h ipt_tos.h header files
(superseded by xt_TOS/xt_tos target & match)
@ -312,3 +305,12 @@ When: 2.6.26
Why: Implementation became generic; users should now include
linux/semaphore.h instead.
Who: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
---------------------------
What: CONFIG_THERMAL_HWMON
When: January 2009
Why: This option was introduced just to allow older lm-sensors userspace
to keep working over the upgrade to 2.6.26. At the scheduled time of
removal fixed lm-sensors (2.x or 3.x) should be readily available.
Who: Rene Herman <rene.herman@gmail.com>

10
Documentation/filesystems/configfs/configfs.txt
View File

@ -233,10 +233,12 @@ accomplished via the group operations specified on the group's
config_item_type.
struct configfs_group_operations {
struct config_item *(*make_item)(struct config_group *group,
const char *name);
struct config_group *(*make_group)(struct config_group *group,
const char *name);
int (*make_item)(struct config_group *group,
const char *name,
struct config_item **new_item);
int (*make_group)(struct config_group *group,
const char *name,
struct config_group **new_group);
int (*commit_item)(struct config_item *item);
void (*disconnect_notify)(struct config_group *group,
struct config_item *item);

14
Documentation/filesystems/configfs/configfs_example.c
View File

@ -273,13 +273,13 @@ static inline struct simple_children *to_simple_children(struct config_item *ite
return item ? container_of(to_config_group(item), struct simple_children, group) : NULL;
}
static struct config_item *simple_children_make_item(struct config_group *group, const char *name)
static int simple_children_make_item(struct config_group *group, const char *name, struct config_item **new_item)
{
struct simple_child *simple_child;
simple_child = kzalloc(sizeof(struct simple_child), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!simple_child)
return NULL;
return -ENOMEM;
config_item_init_type_name(&simple_child->item, name,
@ -287,7 +287,8 @@ static struct config_item *simple_children_make_item(struct config_group *group,
simple_child->storeme = 0;
return &simple_child->item;
*new_item = &simple_child->item;
return 0;
}
static struct configfs_attribute simple_children_attr_description = {
@ -359,20 +360,21 @@ static struct configfs_subsystem simple_children_subsys = {
* children of its own.
*/
static struct config_group *group_children_make_group(struct config_group *group, const char *name)
static int group_children_make_group(struct config_group *group, const char *name, struct config_group **new_group)
{
struct simple_children *simple_children;
simple_children = kzalloc(sizeof(struct simple_children),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (!simple_children)
return NULL;
return -ENOMEM;
config_group_init_type_name(&simple_children->group, name,
&simple_children_type);
return &simple_children->group;
*new_group = &simple_children->group;
return 0;
}
static struct configfs_attribute group_children_attr_description = {

137
Documentation/filesystems/ext4.txt
View File

@ -13,72 +13,93 @@ Mailing list: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
1. Quick usage instructions:
===========================
- Grab updated e2fsprogs from
ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs-interim/
This is a patchset on top of e2fsprogs-1.39, which can be found at
- Compile and install the latest version of e2fsprogs (as of this
writing version 1.41) from:
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2406
or
ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/
- It's still mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
or grab the latest git repository from:
- mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git
- To enable extents,
- Create a new filesystem using the ext4dev filesystem type:
mount /dev/hda1 /wherever -t ext4dev -o extents
# mke2fs -t ext4dev /dev/hda1
- The filesystem is compatible with the ext3 driver until you add a file
which has extents (ie: `mount -o extents', then create a file).
Or configure an existing ext3 filesystem to support extents and set
the test_fs flag to indicate that it's ok for an in-development
filesystem to touch this filesystem:
NOTE: The "extents" mount flag is temporary. It will soon go away and
extents will be enabled by the "-o extents" flag to mke2fs or tune2fs
# tune2fs -O extents -E test_fs /dev/hda1
If the filesystem was created with 128 byte inodes, it can be
converted to use 256 byte for greater efficiency via:
# tune2fs -I 256 /dev/hda1
(Note: we currently do not have tools to convert an ext4dev
filesystem back to ext3; so please do not do try this on production
filesystems.)
- Mounting:
# mount -t ext4dev /dev/hda1 /wherever
- When comparing performance with other filesystems, remember that
ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most. So
when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, use `mount -o
data=writeback'. And you might as well use `mount -o nobh' too along
with it. Making the journal larger than the mke2fs default often helps
performance with metadata-intensive workloads.
ext3/4 by default offers higher data integrity guarantees than most.
So when comparing with a metadata-only journalling filesystem, such
as ext3, use `mount -o data=writeback'. And you might as well use
`mount -o nobh' too along with it. Making the journal larger than
the mke2fs default often helps performance with metadata-intensive
workloads.
2. Features
===========
2.1 Currently available
* ability to use filesystems > 16TB
* ability to use filesystems > 16TB (e2fsprogs support not available yet)
* extent format reduces metadata overhead (RAM, IO for access, transactions)
* extent format more robust in face of on-disk corruption due to magics,
* internal redunancy in tree
2.1 Previously available, soon to be enabled by default by "mkefs.ext4":
* dir_index and resize inode will be on by default
* large inodes will be used by default for fast EAs, nsec timestamps, etc
* improved file allocation (multi-block alloc)
* fix 32000 subdirectory limit
* nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time
* inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre)
* reduced e2fsck time via uninit_bg feature
* journal checksumming for robustness, performance
* persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)
* ability to pack bitmaps and inode tables into larger virtual groups via the
flex_bg feature
* large file support
* Inode allocation using large virtual block groups via flex_bg
* delayed allocation
* large block (up to pagesize) support
* efficent new ordered mode in JBD2 and ext4(avoid using buffer head to force
the ordering)
2.2 Candidate features for future inclusion
There are several under discussion, whether they all make it in is
partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them:
* Online defrag (patches available but not well tested)
* reduced mke2fs time via lazy itable initialization in conjuction with
the uninit_bg feature (capability to do this is available in e2fsprogs
but a kernel thread to do lazy zeroing of unused inode table blocks
after filesystem is first mounted is required for safety)
* improved file allocation (multi-block alloc, delayed alloc; basically done)
* fix 32000 subdirectory limit (patch exists, needs some e2fsck work)
* nsec timestamps for mtime, atime, ctime, create time (patch exists,
needs some e2fsck work)
* inode version field on disk (NFSv4, Lustre; prototype exists)
* reduced mke2fs/e2fsck time via uninitialized groups (prototype exists)
* journal checksumming for robustness, performance (prototype exists)
* persistent file preallocation (e.g for streaming media, databases)
There are several others under discussion, whether they all make it in is
partly a function of how much time everyone has to work on them. Features like
metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for a bit but no patches
exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term roadmap.
Features like metadata checksumming have been discussed and planned for
a bit but no patches exist yet so I'm not sure they're in the near-term
roadmap.
The big performance win will come with mballoc, delalloc and flex_bg
grouping of bitmaps and inode tables. Some test results available here:
The big performance win will come with mballoc and delalloc. CFS has
been using mballoc for a few years already with Lustre, and IBM + Bull
did a lot of benchmarking on it. The reason it isn't in the first set of
patches is partly a manageability issue, and partly because it doesn't
directly affect the on-disk format (outside of much better allocation)
so it isn't critical to get into the first round of changes. I believe
Alex is working on a new set of patches right now.
- http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/20080530/ffsb-write-2.6.26-rc2.html
- http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/20080530/ffsb-readwrite-2.6.26-rc2.html
3. Options
==========
@ -139,8 +160,16 @@ commit=nrsec (*) Ext4 can be told to sync all its data and metadata
Setting it to very large values will improve
performance.
barrier=1 This enables/disables barriers. barrier=0 disables
it, barrier=1 enables it.
barrier=<0|1(*)> This enables/disables the use of write barriers in
the jbd code. barrier=0 disables, barrier=1 enables.
This also requires an IO stack which can support
barriers, and if jbd gets an error on a barrier
write, it will disable again with a warning.
Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering
of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches
safe to use, at some performance penalty. If
your disks are battery-backed in one way or another,
disabling barriers may safely improve performance.
orlov (*) This enables the new Orlov block allocator. It is
enabled by default.
@ -214,9 +243,11 @@ stripe=n Number of filesystem blocks that mballoc will try
to use for allocation size and alignment. For RAID5/6
systems this should be the number of data
disks * RAID chunk size in file system blocks.
delalloc (*) Deferring block allocation until write-out time.
nodelalloc Disable delayed allocation. Blocks are allocation
when data is copied from user to page cache.
Data Mode
---------
=========
There are 3 different data modes:
* writeback mode
@ -228,10 +259,10 @@ typically provide the best ext4 performance.
* ordered mode
In data=ordered mode, ext4 only officially journals metadata, but it logically
groups metadata and data blocks into a single unit called a transaction. When
it's time to write the new metadata out to disk, the associated data blocks
are written first. In general, this mode performs slightly slower than
writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.
groups metadata information related to data changes with the data blocks into a
single unit called a transaction. When it's time to write the new metadata
out to disk, the associated data blocks are written first. In general,
this mode performs slightly slower than writeback but significantly faster than journal mode.
* journal mode
data=journal mode provides full data and metadata journaling. All new data is
@ -239,7 +270,8 @@ written to the journal first, and then to its final location.
In the event of a crash, the journal can be replayed, bringing both data and
metadata into a consistent state. This mode is the slowest except when data
needs to be read from and written to disk at the same time where it
outperforms all others modes.
outperforms all others modes. Curently ext4 does not have delayed
allocation support if this data journalling mode is selected.
References
==========
@ -248,7 +280,8 @@ kernel source: <file:fs/ext4/>
<file:fs/jbd2/>
programs: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net
useful links: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/ext3-devel
http://www.bullopensource.org/ext4/
http://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/Ext4

114
Documentation/filesystems/gfs2-glocks.txt Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
Glock internal locking rules
------------------------------
This documents the basic principles of the glock state machine
internals. Each glock (struct gfs2_glock in fs/gfs2/incore.h)
has two main (internal) locks:
1. A spinlock (gl_spin) which protects the internal state such
as gl_state, gl_target and the list of holders (gl_holders)
2. A non-blocking bit lock, GLF_LOCK, which is used to prevent other
threads from making calls to the DLM, etc. at the same time. If a
thread takes this lock, it must then call run_queue (usually via the
workqueue) when it releases it in order to ensure any pending tasks
are completed.
The gl_holders list contains all the queued lock requests (not
just the holders) associated with the glock. If there are any
held locks, then they will be contiguous entries at the head
of the list. Locks are granted in strictly the order that they
are queued, except for those marked LM_FLAG_PRIORITY which are
used only during recovery, and even then only for journal locks.
There are three lock states that users of the glock layer can request,
namely shared (SH), deferred (DF) and exclusive (EX). Those translate
to the following DLM lock modes:
Glock mode | DLM lock mode
------------------------------
UN | IV/NL Unlocked (no DLM lock associated with glock) or NL
SH | PR (Protected read)
DF | CW (Concurrent write)
EX | EX (Exclusive)
Thus DF is basically a shared mode which is incompatible with the "normal"
shared lock mode, SH. In GFS2 the DF mode is used exclusively for direct I/O
operations. The glocks are basically a lock plus some routines which deal
with cache management. The following rules apply for the cache:
Glock mode | Cache data | Cache Metadata | Dirty Data | Dirty Metadata
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
UN | No | No | No | No
SH | Yes | Yes | No | No
DF | No | Yes | No | No
EX | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes
These rules are implemented using the various glock operations which
are defined for each type of glock. Not all types of glocks use
all the modes. Only inode glocks use the DF mode for example.
Table of glock operations and per type constants:
Field | Purpose
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
go_xmote_th | Called before remote state change (e.g. to sync dirty data)
go_xmote_bh | Called after remote state change (e.g. to refill cache)
go_inval | Called if remote state change requires invalidating the cache
go_demote_ok | Returns boolean value of whether its ok to demote a glock
| (e.g. checks timeout, and that there is no cached data)
go_lock | Called for the first local holder of a lock
go_unlock | Called on the final local unlock of a lock
go_dump | Called to print content of object for debugfs file, or on
| error to dump glock to the log.
go_type; | The type of the glock, LM_TYPE_.....
go_min_hold_time | The minimum hold time
The minimum hold time for each lock is the time after a remote lock
grant for which we ignore remote demote requests. This is in order to
prevent a situation where locks are being bounced around the cluster
from node to node with none of the nodes making any progress. This
tends to show up most with shared mmaped files which are being written
to by multiple nodes. By delaying the demotion in response to a
remote callback, that gives the userspace program time to make
some progress before the pages are unmapped.
There is a plan to try and remove the go_lock and go_unlock callbacks
if possible, in order to try and speed up the fast path though the locking.
Also, eventually we hope to make the glock "EX" mode locally shared
such that any local locking will be done with the i_mutex as required
rather than via the glock.
Locking rules for glock operations:
Operation | GLF_LOCK bit lock held | gl_spin spinlock held
-----------------------------------------------------------------
go_xmote_th | Yes | No
go_xmote_bh | Yes | No
go_inval | Yes | No
go_demote_ok | Sometimes | Yes
go_lock | Yes | No
go_unlock | Yes | No
go_dump | Sometimes | Yes
N.B. Operations must not drop either the bit lock or the spinlock
if its held on entry. go_dump and do_demote_ok must never block.
Note that go_dump will only be called if the glock's state
indicates that it is caching uptodate data.
Glock locking order within GFS2:
1. i_mutex (if required)
2. Rename glock (for rename only)
3. Inode glock(s)
(Parents before children, inodes at "same level" with same parent in
lock number order)
4. Rgrp glock(s) (for (de)allocation operations)
5. Transaction glock (via gfs2_trans_begin) for non-read operations
6. Page lock (always last, very important!)
There are two glocks per inode. One deals with access to the inode
itself (locking order as above), and the other, known as the iopen
glock is used in conjunction with the i_nlink field in the inode to
determine the lifetime of the inode in question. Locking of inodes
is on a per-inode basis. Locking of rgrps is on a per rgrp basis.

29
Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
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@ -380,28 +380,35 @@ i386 and x86_64 platforms support the new IRQ vector displays.
Of some interest is the introduction of the /proc/irq directory to 2.4.
It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and one file; prof_cpu_mask
irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
prof_cpu_mask.
For example
> ls /proc/irq/
0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9
1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
> ls /proc/irq/0/
smp_affinity
The contents of the prof_cpu_mask file and each smp_affinity file for each IRQ
is the same by default:
smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
IRQ, you can set it by doing:
> cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
> echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
5 which means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
> cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
ffffffff
It's a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the IRQ, you can
set it by doing:
The default_smp_affinity mask applies to all non-active IRQs, which are the
IRQs which have not yet been allocated/activated, and hence which lack a
/proc/irq/[0-9]* directory.
> echo 1 > /proc/irq/prof_cpu_mask
This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo 5
which means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
prof_cpu_mask specifies which CPUs are to be profiled by the system wide
profiler. Default value is ffffffff (all cpus).
The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has

1
Documentation/filesystems/sysfs-pci.txt
View File

@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ files, each with their own function.
local_cpus nearby CPU mask (cpumask, ro)
resource PCI resource host addresses (ascii, ro)
resource0..N PCI resource N, if present (binary, mmap)
resource0_wc..N_wc PCI WC map resource N, if prefetchable (binary, mmap)
rom PCI ROM resource, if present (binary, ro)
subsystem_device PCI subsystem device (ascii, ro)
subsystem_vendor PCI subsystem vendor (ascii, ro)

164
Documentation/filesystems/ubifs.txt Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
Introduction
=============
UBIFS file-system stands for UBI File System. UBI stands for "Unsorted
Block Images". UBIFS is a flash file system, which means it is designed
to work with flash devices. It is important to understand, that UBIFS
is completely different to any traditional file-system in Linux, like
Ext2, XFS, JFS, etc. UBIFS represents a separate class of file-systems
which work with MTD devices, not block devices. The other Linux
file-system of this class is JFFS2.
To make it more clear, here is a small comparison of MTD devices and
block devices.
1 MTD devices represent flash devices and they consist of eraseblocks of
rather large size, typically about 128KiB. Block devices consist of
small blocks, typically 512 bytes.
2 MTD devices support 3 main operations - read from some offset within an
eraseblock, write to some offset within an eraseblock, and erase a whole
eraseblock. Block devices support 2 main operations - read a whole
block and write a whole block.
3 The whole eraseblock has to be erased before it becomes possible to
re-write its contents. Blocks may be just re-written.
4 Eraseblocks become worn out after some number of erase cycles -
typically 100K-1G for SLC NAND and NOR flashes, and 1K-10K for MLC
NAND flashes. Blocks do not have the wear-out property.
5 Eraseblocks may become bad (only on NAND flashes) and software should
deal with this. Blocks on hard drives typically do not become bad,
because hardware has mechanisms to substitute bad blocks, at least in
modern LBA disks.
It should be quite obvious why UBIFS is very different to traditional
file-systems.
UBIFS works on top of UBI. UBI is a separate software layer which may be
found in drivers/mtd/ubi. UBI is basically a volume management and
wear-leveling layer. It provides so called UBI volumes which is a higher
level abstraction than a MTD device. The programming model of UBI devices
is very similar to MTD devices - they still consist of large eraseblocks,
they have read/write/erase operations, but UBI devices are devoid of
limitations like wear and bad blocks (items 4 and 5 in the above list).
In a sense, UBIFS is a next generation of JFFS2 file-system, but it is
very different and incompatible to JFFS2. The following are the main
differences.
* JFFS2 works on top of MTD devices, UBIFS depends on UBI and works on
top of UBI volumes.
* JFFS2 does not have on-media index and has to build it while mounting,
which requires full media scan. UBIFS maintains the FS indexing
information on the flash media and does not require full media scan,
so it mounts many times faster than JFFS2.
* JFFS2 is a write-through file-system, while UBIFS supports write-back,
which makes UBIFS much faster on writes.
Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS supports on-the-flight compression which makes
it possible to fit quite a lot of data to the flash.
Similarly to JFFS2, UBIFS is tolerant of unclean reboots and power-cuts.
It does not need stuff like ckfs.ext2. UBIFS automatically replays its
journal and recovers from crashes, ensuring that the on-flash data
structures are consistent.
UBIFS scales logarithmically (most of the data structures it uses are
trees), so the mount time and memory consumption do not linearly depend
on the flash size, like in case of JFFS2. This is because UBIFS
maintains the FS index on the flash media. However, UBIFS depends on
UBI, which scales linearly. So overall UBI/UBIFS stack scales linearly.
Nevertheless, UBI/UBIFS scales considerably better than JFFS2.
The authors of UBIFS believe, that it is possible to develop UBI2 which
would scale logarithmically as well. UBI2 would support the same API as UBI,
but it would be binary incompatible to UBI. So UBIFS would not need to be
changed to use UBI2
Mount options
=============
(*) == default.
norm_unmount (*) commit on unmount; the journal is committed
when the file-system is unmounted so that the
next mount does not have to replay the journal
and it becomes very fast;
fast_unmount do not commit on unmount; this option makes
unmount faster, but the next mount slower
because of the need to replay the journal.
Quick usage instructions
========================
The UBI volume to mount is specified using "ubiX_Y" or "ubiX:NAME" syntax,
where "X" is UBI device number, "Y" is UBI volume number, and "NAME" is
UBI volume name.
Mount volume 0 on UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs:
$ mount -t ubifs ubi0_0 /mnt/ubifs
Mount "rootfs" volume of UBI device 0 to /mnt/ubifs ("rootfs" is volume
name):
$ mount -t ubifs ubi0:rootfs /mnt/ubifs
The following is an example of the kernel boot arguments to attach mtd0
to UBI and mount volume "rootfs":
ubi.mtd=0 root=ubi0:rootfs rootfstype=ubifs
Module Parameters for Debugging
===============================
When UBIFS has been compiled with debugging enabled, there are 3 module
parameters that are available to control aspects of testing and debugging.
The parameters are unsigned integers where each bit controls an option.
The parameters are:
debug_msgs Selects which debug messages to display, as follows:
Message Type Flag value
General messages 1
Journal messages 2
Mount messages 4
Commit messages 8
LEB search messages 16
Budgeting messages 32
Garbage collection messages 64
Tree Node Cache (TNC) messages 128
LEB properties (lprops) messages 256
Input/output messages 512
Log messages 1024
Scan messages 2048
Recovery messages 4096
debug_chks Selects extra checks that UBIFS can do while running:
Check Flag value
General checks 1
Check Tree Node Cache (TNC) 2
Check indexing tree size 4
Check orphan area 8
Check old indexing tree 16
Check LEB properties (lprops) 32
Check leaf nodes and inodes 64
debug_tsts Selects a mode of testing, as follows:
Test mode Flag value
Force in-the-gaps method 2
Failure mode for recovery testing 4
For example, set debug_msgs to 5 to display General messages and Mount
messages.
References
==========
UBIFS documentation and FAQ/HOWTO at the MTD web site:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/faq/ubifs.html

1360
Documentation/ftrace.txt Normal file
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

33
Documentation/hwmon/sysfs-interface
View File

@ -2,17 +2,12 @@ Naming and data format standards for sysfs files
------------------------------------------------
The libsensors library offers an interface to the raw sensors data
through the sysfs interface. See libsensors documentation and source for
further information. As of writing this document, libsensors
(from lm_sensors 2.8.3) is heavily chip-dependent. Adding or updating
support for any given chip requires modifying the library's code.
This is because libsensors was written for the procfs interface
older kernel modules were using, which wasn't standardized enough.
Recent versions of libsensors (from lm_sensors 2.8.2 and later) have
support for the sysfs interface, though.
The new sysfs interface was designed to be as chip-independent as
possible.
through the sysfs interface. Since lm-sensors 3.0.0, libsensors is
completely chip-independent. It assumes that all the kernel drivers
implement the standard sysfs interface described in this document.
This makes adding or updating support for any given chip very easy, as
libsensors, and applications using it, do not need to be modified.
This is a major improvement compared to lm-sensors 2.
Note that motherboards vary widely in the connections to sensor chips.
There is no standard that ensures, for example, that the second
@ -35,19 +30,17 @@ access this data in a simple and consistent way. That said, such programs
will have to implement conversion, labeling and hiding of inputs. For
this reason, it is still not recommended to bypass the library.
If you are developing a userspace application please send us feedback on
this standard.
Note that this standard isn't completely established yet, so it is subject
to changes. If you are writing a new hardware monitoring driver those
features can't seem to fit in this interface, please contact us with your
extension proposal. Keep in mind that backward compatibility must be
preserved.
Each chip gets its own directory in the sysfs /sys/devices tree. To
find all sensor chips, it is easier to follow the device symlinks from
/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*.
Up to lm-sensors 3.0.0, libsensors looks for hardware monitoring attributes
in the "physical" device directory. Since lm-sensors 3.0.1, attributes found
in the hwmon "class" device directory are also supported. Complex drivers
(e.g. drivers for multifunction chips) may want to use this possibility to
avoid namespace pollution. The only drawback will be that older versions of
libsensors won't support the driver in question.
All sysfs values are fixed point numbers.
There is only one value per file, unlike the older /proc specification.

47
Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-i810
View File

@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
Kernel driver i2c-i810
Supported adapters:
* Intel 82810, 82810-DC100, 82810E, and 82815 (GMCH)
* Intel 82845G (GMCH)
Authors:
Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>,
Philip Edelbrock <phil@netroedge.com>,
Kyösti Mälkki <kmalkki@cc.hut.fi>,
Ralph Metzler <rjkm@thp.uni-koeln.de>,
Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
Main contact: Mark Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
Description
-----------
WARNING: If you have an '810' or '815' motherboard, your standard I2C
temperature sensors are most likely on the 801's I2C bus. You want the
i2c-i801 driver for those, not this driver.
Now for the i2c-i810...
The GMCH chip contains two I2C interfaces.
The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
http://www.vesa.org .
The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus. It may be connected to a
TV-out chip such as the BT869 or possibly to a digital flat-panel display.
Features
--------
Both busses use the i2c-algo-bit driver for 'bit banging'
and support for specific transactions is provided by i2c-algo-bit.
Issues
------
If you enable bus testing in i2c-algo-bit (insmod i2c-algo-bit bit_test=1),
the test may fail; if so, the i2c-i810 driver won't be inserted. However,
we think this has been fixed.

23
Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-prosavage
View File

@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
Kernel driver i2c-prosavage
Supported adapters:
S3/VIA KM266/VT8375 aka ProSavage8
S3/VIA KM133/VT8365 aka Savage4
Author: Henk Vergonet <henk@god.dyndns.org>
Description
-----------
The Savage4 chips contain two I2C interfaces (aka a I2C 'master' or
'host').
The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
http://www.vesa.org . The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus.
Usefull for gaining access to the TV Encoder chips.

26
Documentation/i2c/busses/i2c-savage4
View File

@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
Kernel driver i2c-savage4
Supported adapters:
* Savage4
* Savage2000
Authors:
Alexander Wold <awold@bigfoot.com>,
Mark D. Studebaker <mdsxyz123@yahoo.com>
Description
-----------
The Savage4 chips contain two I2C interfaces (aka a I2C 'master'
or 'host').
The first interface is used for DDC (Data Display Channel) which is a
serial channel through the VGA monitor connector to a DDC-compliant
monitor. This interface is defined by the Video Electronics Standards
Association (VESA). The standards are available for purchase at
http://www.vesa.org . The DDC bus is not yet supported because its register
is not directly memory-mapped.
The second interface is a general-purpose I2C bus. This is the only
interface supported by the driver at the moment.

2
Documentation/i2c/chips/max6875
View File

@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ $ modprobe max6875 force=0,0x50
The MAX6874/MAX6875 ignores address bit 0, so this driver attaches to multiple
addresses. For example, for address 0x50, it also reserves 0x51.
The even-address instance is called 'max6875', the odd one is 'max6875 subclient'.
The even-address instance is called 'max6875', the odd one is 'dummy'.
Programming the chip using i2c-dev

10
Documentation/i2c/chips/pca9539
View File

@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ drivers/gpio/pca9539.c instead.
Supported chips:
* Philips PCA9539
Prefix: 'pca9539'
Addresses scanned: 0x74 - 0x77
Addresses scanned: none
Datasheet:
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/datasheets/PCA9539_2.pdf
@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ The input sense can also be inverted.
The 16 lines are split between two bytes.
Detection
---------
The PCA9539 is difficult to detect and not commonly found in PC machines,
so you have to pass the I2C bus and address of the installed PCA9539
devices explicitly to the driver at load time via the force=... parameter.
Sysfs entries
-------------

12
Documentation/i2c/chips/pcf8574
View File

@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ Kernel driver pcf8574
Supported chips:
* Philips PCF8574
Prefix: 'pcf8574'
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x20 - 0x27
Addresses scanned: none
Datasheet: Publicly available at the Philips Semiconductors website
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/pip/PCF8574P.html
* Philips PCF8574A
Prefix: 'pcf8574a'
Addresses scanned: I2C 0x38 - 0x3f
Addresses scanned: none
Datasheet: Publicly available at the Philips Semiconductors website
http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/pip/PCF8574P.html
@ -38,12 +38,10 @@ For more informations see the datasheet.
Accessing PCF8574(A) via /sys interface
-------------------------------------
! Be careful !
The PCF8574(A) is plainly impossible to detect ! Stupid chip.
So every chip with address in the interval [20..27] and [38..3f] are
detected as PCF8574(A). If you have other chips in this address
range, the workaround is to load this module after the one
for your others chips.
So, you have to pass the I2C bus and address of the installed PCF857A
and PCF8574A devices explicitly to the driver at load time via the
force=... parameter.
On detection (i.e. insmod, modprobe et al.), directories are being
created for each detected PCF8574(A):

9
Documentation/i2c/chips/pcf8575
View File

@ -40,12 +40,9 @@ Detection
---------
There is no method known to detect whether a chip on a given I2C address is
a PCF8575 or whether it is any other I2C device. So there are two alternatives
to let the driver find the installed PCF8575 devices:
- Load this driver after any other I2C driver for I2C devices with addresses
in the range 0x20 .. 0x27.
- Pass the I2C bus and address of the installed PCF8575 devices explicitly to
the driver at load time via the probe=... or force=... parameters.
a PCF8575 or whether it is any other I2C device, so you have to pass the I2C
bus and address of the installed PCF8575 devices explicitly to the driver at
load time via the force=... parameter.
/sys interface
--------------

127
Documentation/i2c/fault-codes Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
This is a summary of the most important conventions for use of fault
codes in the I2C/SMBus stack.
A "Fault" is not always an "Error"
----------------------------------
Not all fault reports imply errors; "page faults" should be a familiar
example. Software often retries idempotent operations after transient
faults. There may be fancier recovery schemes that are appropriate in
some cases, such as re-initializing (and maybe resetting). After such
recovery, triggered by a fault report, there is no error.
In a similar way, sometimes a "fault" code just reports one defined
result for an operation ... it doesn't indicate that anything is wrong
at all, just that the outcome wasn't on the "golden path".
In short, your I2C driver code may need to know these codes in order
to respond correctly. Other code may need to rely on YOUR code reporting
the right fault code, so that it can (in turn) behave correctly.
I2C and SMBus fault codes
-------------------------
These are returned as negative numbers from most calls, with zero or
some positive number indicating a non-fault return. The specific
numbers associated with these symbols differ between architectures,
though most Linux systems use <asm-generic/errno*.h> numbering.
Note that the descriptions here are not exhaustive. There are other
codes that may be returned, and other cases where these codes should
be returned. However, drivers should not return other codes for these
cases (unless the hardware doesn't provide unique fault reports).
Also, codes returned by adapter probe methods follow rules which are
specific to their host bus (such as PCI, or the platform bus).
EAGAIN
Returned by I2C adapters when they lose arbitration in master
transmit mode: some other master was transmitting different
data at the same time.
Also returned when trying to invoke an I2C operation in an
atomic context, when some task is already using that I2C bus
to execute some other operation.
EBADMSG
Returned by SMBus logic when an invalid Packet Error Code byte
is received. This code is a CRC covering all bytes in the
transaction, and is sent before the terminating STOP. This
fault is only reported on read transactions; the SMBus slave
may have a way to report PEC mismatches on writes from the
host. Note that even if PECs are in use, you should not rely
on these as the only way to detect incorrect data transfers.
EBUSY
Returned by SMBus adapters when the bus was busy for longer
than allowed. This usually indicates some device (maybe the
SMBus adapter) needs some fault recovery (such as resetting),
or that the reset was attempted but failed.
EINVAL
This rather vague error means an invalid parameter has been
detected before any I/O operation was started. Use a more
specific fault code when you can.
One example would be a driver trying an SMBus Block Write
with block size outside the range of 1-32 bytes.
EIO
This rather vague error means something went wrong when
performing an I/O operation. Use a more specific fault
code when you can.
ENODEV
Returned by driver probe() methods. This is a bit more
specific than ENXIO, implying the problem isn't with the
address, but with the device found there. Driver probes
may verify the device returns *correct* responses, and
return this as appropriate. (The driver core will warn
about probe faults other than ENXIO and ENODEV.)
ENOMEM
Returned by any component that can't allocate memory when
it needs to do so.
ENXIO
Returned by I2C adapters to indicate that the address phase
of a transfer didn't get an ACK. While it might just mean
an I2C device was temporarily not responding, usually it
means there's nothing listening at that address.
Returned by driver probe() methods to indicate that they
found no device to bind to. (ENODEV may also be used.)
EOPNOTSUPP
Returned by an adapter when asked to perform an operation
that it doesn't, or can't, support.
For example, this would be returned when an adapter that
doesn't support SMBus block transfers is asked to execute
one. In that case, the driver making that request should
have verified that functionality was supported before it
made that block transfer request.
Similarly, if an I2C adapter can't execute all legal I2C
messages, it should return this when asked to perform a
transaction it can't. (These limitations can't be seen in
the adapter's functionality mask, since the assumption is
that if an adapter supports I2C it supports all of I2C.)
EPROTO
Returned when slave does not conform to the relevant I2C
or SMBus (or chip-specific) protocol specifications. One
case is when the length of an SMBus block data response
(from the SMBus slave) is outside the range 1-32 bytes.
ETIMEDOUT
This is returned by drivers when an operation took too much
time, and was aborted before it completed.
SMBus adapters may return it when an operation took more
time than allowed by the SMBus specification; for example,
when a slave stretches clocks too far. I2C has no such
timeouts, but it's normal for I2C adapters to impose some
arbitrary limits (much longer than SMBus!) too.

4
Documentation/i2c/smbus-protocol
View File

@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ Count (8 bits): A data byte containing the length of a block operation.
[..]: Data sent by I2C device, as opposed to data sent by the host adapter.
SMBus Quick Command: i2c_smbus_write_quick()
=============================================
SMBus Quick Command
===================
This sends a single bit to the device, at the place of the Rd/Wr bit.

69
Documentation/i2c/writing-clients
View File

@ -25,14 +25,29 @@ routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
provide. A client structure holds device-specific information like the
driver model device node, and its I2C address.
/* iff driver uses driver model ("new style") binding model: */
static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
{ "foo", my_id_for_foo },
{ "bar", my_id_for_bar },
{ }
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "foo",
},
/* iff driver uses driver model ("new style") binding model: */
.id_table = foo_ids,
.probe = foo_probe,
.remove = foo_remove,
/* if device autodetection is needed: */
.class = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
.detect = foo_detect,
.address_data = &addr_data,
/* else, driver uses "legacy" binding model: */
.attach_adapter = foo_attach_adapter,
@ -173,10 +188,9 @@ handle may be used during foo_probe(). If foo_probe() reports success
(zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
foo_remove() returns. That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
Drivers match devices when i2c_client.driver_name and the driver name are
the same; this approach is used in several other busses that don't have
device typing support in the hardware. The driver and module name should
match, so hotplug/coldplug mechanisms will modprobe the driver.
The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
matches the device's name. It is passed the entry that was matched so
the driver knows which one in the table matched.
Device Creation (Standard driver model)
@ -207,6 +221,31 @@ in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
reference for later use.
Device Detection (Standard driver model)
----------------------------------------
Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
a given I2C bus. This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
devices on a PC's SMBus. In that case, you may want to let your driver
detect supported devices automatically. This is how the legacy model
was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
driver model (so that we can finally get rid of the legacy model.)
You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
(or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed. The i2c
core will then call you back as needed and will instantiate a device
for you for every successful detection.
Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
devices. You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
(typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
quickly.
Device Deletion (Standard driver model)
---------------------------------------
@ -559,7 +598,6 @@ SMBus communication
in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client * client, u8 value);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client * client);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client * client, u8 value);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client * client, u8 command);
@ -568,30 +606,31 @@ SMBus communication
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client * client, u8 command);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u16 value);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 length,
u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
These ones were removed in Linux 2.6.10 because they had no users, but could
be added back later if needed:
extern s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 *values);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u8 length,
u8 *values);
These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
be added back later if needed:
extern s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client * client, u8 value);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client * client,
u8 command, u16 value);
extern s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
u8 command, u8 length,
u8 *values)
All these transactions return -1 on failure. The 'write' transactions
return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read value, except
for read_block, which returns the number of values read. The block buffers
need not be longer than 32 bytes.
All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
You can read the file `smbus-protocol' for more information about the
actual SMBus protocol.

1
Documentation/ioctl-number.txt
View File

@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ Code Seq# Include File Comments
<mailto:natalia@nikhefk.nikhef.nl>
'c' 00-7F linux/comstats.h conflict!
'c' 00-7F linux/coda.h conflict!
'c' 80-9F asm-s390/chsc.h
'd' 00-FF linux/char/drm/drm/h conflict!
'd' 00-DF linux/video_decoder.h conflict!
'd' F0-FF linux/digi1.h

7
Documentation/ioctl/hdio.txt
View File

@ -508,12 +508,13 @@ HDIO_DRIVE_RESET execute a device reset
error returns:
EACCES Access denied: requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN
ENXIO No such device: phy dead or ctl_addr == 0
EIO I/O error: reset timed out or hardware error
notes:
Abort any current command, prevent anything else from being
queued, execute a reset on the device, and issue BLKRRPART
ioctl on the block device.
Execute a reset on the device as soon as the current IO
operation has completed.
Executes an ATAPI soft reset if applicable, otherwise
executes an ATA soft reset on the controller.

2
Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt
View File

@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ There are two possible methods of using Kdump.
2) Or use the system kernel binary itself as dump-capture kernel and there is
no need to build a separate dump-capture kernel. This is possible
only with the architecutres which support a relocatable kernel. As
of today i386 and ia64 architectures support relocatable kernel.
of today, i386, x86_64 and ia64 architectures support relocatable kernel.
Building a relocatable kernel is advantageous from the point of view that
one does not have to build a second kernel for capturing the dump. But

99
Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
View File

@ -1,6 +1,105 @@
kernel-doc nano-HOWTO
=====================
How to format kernel-doc comments
---------------------------------
In order to provide embedded, 'C' friendly, easy to maintain,
but consistent and extractable documentation of the functions and
data structures in the Linux kernel, the Linux kernel has adopted
a consistent style for documenting functions and their parameters,
and structures and their members.
The format for this documentation is called the kernel-doc format.
It is documented in this Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt file.
This style embeds the documentation within the source files, using
a few simple conventions. The scripts/kernel-doc perl script, some
SGML templates in Documentation/DocBook, and other tools understand
these conventions, and are used to extract this embedded documentation
into various documents.
In order to provide good documentation of kernel functions and data
structures, please use the following conventions to format your
kernel-doc comments in Linux kernel source.
We definitely need kernel-doc formatted documentation for functions
that are exported to loadable modules using EXPORT_SYMBOL.
We also look to provide kernel-doc formatted documentation for
functions externally visible to other kernel files (not marked
"static").
We also recommend providing kernel-doc formatted documentation
for private (file "static") routines, for consistency of kernel
source code layout. But this is lower priority and at the
discretion of the MAINTAINER of that kernel source file.
Data structures visible in kernel include files should also be
documented using kernel-doc formatted comments.
The opening comment mark "/**" is reserved for kernel-doc comments.
Only comments so marked will be considered by the kernel-doc scripts,
and any comment so marked must be in kernel-doc format. Do not use
"/**" to be begin a comment block unless the comment block contains
kernel-doc formatted comments. The closing comment marker for
kernel-doc comments can be either "*/" or "**/".
Kernel-doc comments should be placed just before the function
or data structure being described.
Example kernel-doc function comment:
/**
* foobar() - short function description of foobar
* @arg1: Describe the first argument to foobar.
* @arg2: Describe the second argument to foobar.
* One can provide multiple line descriptions
* for arguments.
*
* A longer description, with more discussion of the function foobar()
* that might be useful to those using or modifying it. Begins with
* empty comment line, and may include additional embedded empty
* comment lines.
*
* The longer description can have multiple paragraphs.
**/
The first line, with the short description, must be on a single line.
The @argument descriptions must begin on the very next line following
this opening short function description line, with no intervening
empty comment lines.
Example kernel-doc data structure comment.
/**
* struct blah - the basic blah structure
* @mem1: describe the first member of struct blah
* @mem2: describe the second member of struct blah,
* perhaps with more lines and words.
*
* Longer description of this structure.
**/
The kernel-doc function comments describe each parameter to the
function, in order, with the @name lines.
The kernel-doc data structure comments describe each structure member
in the data structure, with the @name lines.
The longer description formatting is "reflowed", losing your line
breaks. So presenting carefully formatted lists within these
descriptions won't work so well; derived documentation will lose
the formatting.
See the section below "How to add extractable documentation to your
source files" for more details and notes on how to format kernel-doc
comments.
Components of the kernel-doc system
-----------------------------------
Many places in the source tree have extractable documentation in the
form of block comments above functions. The components of this system
are:

8
Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
View File

@ -715,14 +715,14 @@
* Name: "Gary's Encyclopedia - The Linux Kernel"
Author: Gary (I suppose...).
URL: http://www.lisoleg.net/cgi-bin/lisoleg.pl?view=kernel.htm
Keywords: links, not found here?.
URL: http://slencyclopedia.berlios.de/index.html
Keywords: linux, community, everything!
Description: Gary's Encyclopedia exists to allow the rapid finding
of documentation and other information of interest to GNU/Linux
users. It has about 4000 links to external pages in 150 major
categories. This link is for kernel-specific links, documents,
sites... Look there if you could not find here what you were
looking for.
sites... This list is now hosted by developer.Berlios.de,
but seems not to have been updated since sometime in 1999.
* Name: "The home page of Linux-MM"
Author: The Linux-MM team.

73
Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt
View File

@ -147,10 +147,14 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
default: 0
acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep }
Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, old_ordering }
See Documentation/power/video.txt for s3_bios and s3_mode.
s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
control method, wrt putting devices into low power
states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering of _PTS is
used by default).
acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
Format: { level | edge | high | low }
@ -271,6 +275,17 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
aic79xx= [HW,SCSI]
See Documentation/scsi/aic79xx.txt.
amd_iommu= [HW,X86-84]
Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
Possible values are:
isolate - enable device isolation (each device, as far
as possible, will get its own protection
domain)
amd_iommu_size= [HW,X86-64]
Define the size of the aperture for the AMD IOMMU
driver. Possible values are:
'32M', '64M' (default), '128M', '256M', '512M', '1G'
amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
Format: <a>,<b>
@ -295,7 +310,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
See header of arch/i386/kernel/apm.c.
See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
@ -560,6 +575,8 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
Format: <area>[,<node>]
See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
@ -599,6 +616,29 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
See drivers/char/README.epca and
Documentation/digiepca.txt.
disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
entry later. This parameter enables/disables that.
mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continous chunk
that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
Default is 1.
Large value could prevent small alignment from
using up MTRRs.
mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
Format: <integer>
Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
Default : 1
Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
memory out of your available memory pool based on
@ -638,7 +678,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
elanfreq= [X86-32]
See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
arch/i386/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
elevator= [IOSCHED]
Format: {"anticipatory" | "cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
@ -722,9 +762,6 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
hd?= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
hd?lun= See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
@ -785,7 +822,7 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
idle= [X86]
Format: idle=poll or idle=mwait
Format: idle=poll or idle=mwait, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly improves the performance
of waking up a idle CPU, but will use a lot of power and make the system
run hot. Not recommended.
@ -793,6 +830,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
to not use it because it doesn't save as much power as a normal idle
loop use the MONITOR/MWAIT idle loop anyways. Performance should be the same
as idle=poll.
idle=halt. Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
idle=nomwait. Disable mwait for CPU C-states
ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
@ -1208,6 +1248,11 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
mtdparts= [MTD]
See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
mtdset= [ARM]
ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
@ -1496,6 +1541,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
Use with caution as certain devices share
address decoders between ROMs and other
resources.
norom [X86-32,X86_64] Do not assign address space to
expansion ROMs that do not already have
BIOS assigned address ranges.
irqmask=0xMMMM [X86-32] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
@ -1571,6 +1619,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
See also Documentation/parport.txt.
pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
e.g. pmtmr=0x508
pnpacpi= [ACPI]
{ off }
@ -1679,6 +1731,10 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
Format: <reboot_mode>[,<reboot_mode2>[,...]]
See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c or arch/*/kernel/process.c
relax_domain_level=
[KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
See Documentation/cpusets.txt.
reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
reservetop= [X86-32]
@ -2112,6 +2168,9 @@ and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
usbhid.mousepoll=
[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
add_efi_memmap [EFI; x86-32,X86-64] Include EFI memory map in
kernel's map of available physical RAM.
vdso= [X86-32,SH,x86-64]
vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)

2
Documentation/kobject.txt
View File

@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ should not be manipulated by any other user.
A kset keeps its children in a standard kernel linked list. Kobjects point
back to their containing kset via their kset field. In almost all cases,
the kobjects belonging to a ket have that kset (or, strictly, its embedded
the kobjects belonging to a kset have that kset (or, strictly, its embedded
kobject) in their parent.
As a kset contains a kobject within it, it should always be dynamically

1
Documentation/kprobes.txt
View File

@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ architectures:
- ia64 (Does not support probes on instruction slot1.)
- sparc64 (Return probes not yet implemented.)
- arm
- ppc
3. Configuring Kprobes

2
Documentation/laptops/acer-wmi.txt
View File

@ -174,8 +174,6 @@ The LED is exposed through the LED subsystem, and can be found in:
The mail LED is autodetected, so if you don't have one, the LED device won't
be registered.
If you have a mail LED that is not green, please report this to me.
Backlight
*********

2
Documentation/laptops/thinkpad-acpi.txt
View File

@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ generate input device EV_KEY events.
In addition to the EV_KEY events, thinkpad-acpi may also issue EV_SW
events for switches:
SW_RADIO T60 and later hardare rfkill rocker switch
SW_RFKILL_ALL T60 and later hardare rfkill rocker switch
SW_TABLET_MODE Tablet ThinkPads HKEY events 0x5009 and 0x500A
Non hot-key ACPI HKEY event map:

12
Documentation/lguest/lguest.c
View File

@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ struct virtqueue
/* The routine to call when the Guest pings us. */
void (*handle_output)(int fd, struct virtqueue *me);
/* Outstanding buffers */
unsigned int inflight;
};
/* Remember the arguments to the program so we can "reboot" */
@ -702,6 +705,7 @@ static unsigned get_vq_desc(struct virtqueue *vq,
errx(1, "Looped descriptor");
} while ((i = next_desc(vq, i)) != vq->vring.num);
vq->inflight++;
return head;
}
@ -719,6 +723,7 @@ static void add_used(struct virtqueue *vq, unsigned int head, int len)
/* Make sure buffer is written before we update index. */
wmb();
vq->vring.used->idx++;
vq->inflight--;
}
/* This actually sends the interrupt for this virtqueue */
@ -726,8 +731,9 @@ static void trigger_irq(int fd, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
unsigned long buf[] = { LHREQ_IRQ, vq->config.irq };
/* If they don't want an interrupt, don't send one. */
if (vq->vring.avail->flags & VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT)
/* If they don't want an interrupt, don't send one, unless empty. */
if ((vq->vring.avail->flags & VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT)
&& vq->inflight)
return;
/* Send the Guest an interrupt tell them we used something up. */
@ -1107,6 +1113,7 @@ static void add_virtqueue(struct device *dev, unsigned int num_descs,
vq->next = NULL;
vq->last_avail_idx = 0;
vq->dev = dev;
vq->inflight = 0;
/* Initialize the configuration. */
vq->config.num = num_descs;
@ -1368,6 +1375,7 @@ static void setup_tun_net(const char *arg)
/* Tell Guest what MAC address to use. */
add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_NET_F_MAC);
add_feature(dev, VIRTIO_F_NOTIFY_ON_EMPTY);
set_config(dev, sizeof(conf), &conf);
/* We don't need the socket any more; setup is done. */

2
Documentation/networking/arcnet.txt
View File

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ These are the ARCnet drivers for Linux.
This new release (2.91) has been put together by David Woodhouse
<dwmw2@cam.ac.uk>, in an attempt to tidy up the driver after adding support
<dwmw2@infradead.org>, in an attempt to tidy up the driver after adding support
for yet another chipset. Now the generic support has been separated from the
individual chipset drivers, and the source files aren't quite so packed with
#ifdefs! I've changed this file a bit, but kept it in the first person from

2
Documentation/networking/bridge.txt
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
In order to use the Ethernet bridging functionality, you'll need the
userspace tools. These programs and documentation are available
at http://bridge.sourceforge.net. The download page is
at http://www.linux-foundation.org/en/Net:Bridge. The download page is
http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/bridge.
If you still have questions, don't hesitate to post to the mailing list

266
Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
View File

@ -81,23 +81,23 @@ inet_peer_minttl - INTEGER
Minimum time-to-live of entries. Should be enough to cover fragment
time-to-live on the reassembling side. This minimum time-to-live is
guaranteed if the pool size is less than inet_peer_threshold.
Measured in jiffies(1).
Measured in seconds.
inet_peer_maxttl - INTEGER
Maximum time-to-live of entries. Unused entries will expire after
this period of time if there is no memory pressure on the pool (i.e.
when the number of entries in the pool is very small).
Measured in jiffies(1).
Measured in seconds.
inet_peer_gc_mintime - INTEGER
Minimum interval between garbage collection passes. This interval is
in effect under high memory pressure on the pool.
Measured in jiffies(1).
Measured in seconds.
inet_peer_gc_maxtime - INTEGER
Minimum interval between garbage collection passes. This interval is
in effect under low (or absent) memory pressure on the pool.
Measured in jiffies(1).
Measured in seconds.
TCP variables:
@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ tcp_available_congestion_control - STRING
but not loaded.
tcp_base_mss - INTEGER
The initial value of search_low to be used by Packetization Layer
Path MTU Discovery (MTU probing). If MTU probing is enabled,
this is the inital MSS used by the connection.
The initial value of search_low to be used by the packetization layer
Path MTU discovery (MTU probing). If MTU probing is enabled,
this is the initial MSS used by the connection.
tcp_congestion_control - STRING
Set the congestion control algorithm to be used for new
@ -185,10 +185,9 @@ tcp_frto - INTEGER
timeouts. It is particularly beneficial in wireless environments
where packet loss is typically due to random radio interference
rather than intermediate router congestion. F-RTO is sender-side
only modification. Therefore it does not require any support from
the peer, but in a typical case, however, where wireless link is
the local access link and most of the data flows downlink, the
faraway servers should have F-RTO enabled to take advantage of it.
only modification. Therefore it does not require any support from
the peer.
If set to 1, basic version is enabled. 2 enables SACK enhanced
F-RTO if flow uses SACK. The basic version can be used also when
SACK is in use though scenario(s) with it exists where F-RTO
@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
memory.
tcp_moderate_rcvbuf - BOOLEAN
If set, TCP performs receive buffer autotuning, attempting to
If set, TCP performs receive buffer auto-tuning, attempting to
automatically size the buffer (no greater than tcp_rmem[2]) to
match the size required by the path for full throughput. Enabled by
default.
@ -336,7 +335,7 @@ tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
pressure.
Default: 8K
default: default size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
default: initial size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols.
Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with
default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit
@ -344,8 +343,10 @@ tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically
selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
net.core.rmem_max, "static" selection via SO_RCVBUF does not use this.
Default: 87380*2 bytes.
net.core.rmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_RCVBUF disables
automatic tuning of that socket's receive buffer size, in which
case this value is ignored.
Default: between 87380B and 4MB, depending on RAM size.
tcp_sack - BOOLEAN
Enable select acknowledgments (SACKS).
@ -358,7 +359,7 @@ tcp_slow_start_after_idle - BOOLEAN
Default: 1
tcp_stdurg - BOOLEAN
Use the Host requirements interpretation of the TCP urg pointer field.
Use the Host requirements interpretation of the TCP urgent pointer field.
Most hosts use the older BSD interpretation, so if you turn this on
Linux might not communicate correctly with them.
Default: FALSE
@ -371,12 +372,12 @@ tcp_synack_retries - INTEGER
tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN
Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES
Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket
overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'syn flood attack'
overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'SYN flood attack'
Default: FALSE
Note, that syncookies is fallback facility.
It MUST NOT be used to help highly loaded servers to stand
against legal connection rate. If you see synflood warnings
against legal connection rate. If you see SYN flood warnings
in your logs, but investigation shows that they occur
because of overload with legal connections, you should tune
another parameters until this warning disappear.
@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN
to use TCP extensions, can result in serious degradation
of some services (f.e. SMTP relaying), visible not by you,
but your clients and relays, contacting you. While you see
synflood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server
SYN flood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server
is seriously misconfigured.
tcp_syn_retries - INTEGER
@ -419,19 +420,21 @@ tcp_window_scaling - BOOLEAN
Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.
tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP socket.
min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP sockets.
Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth.
Default: 4K
default: Amount of memory allowed for send buffers for TCP socket
by default. This value overrides net.core.wmem_default used
by other protocols, it is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
default: initial size of send buffer used by TCP sockets. This
value overrides net.core.wmem_default used by other protocols.
It is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
Default: 16K
max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically selected
send buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
net.core.wmem_max, "static" selection via SO_SNDBUF does not use this.
Default: 128K
max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically tuned
send buffers for TCP sockets. This value does not override
net.core.wmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_SNDBUF disables
automatic tuning of that socket's send buffer size, in which case
this value is ignored.
Default: between 64K and 4MB, depending on RAM size.
tcp_workaround_signed_windows - BOOLEAN
If set, assume no receipt of a window scaling option means the
@ -794,10 +797,6 @@ tag - INTEGER
Allows you to write a number, which can be used as required.
Default value is 0.
(1) Jiffie: internal timeunit for the kernel. On the i386 1/100s, on the
Alpha 1/1024s. See the HZ define in /usr/include/asm/param.h for the exact
value on your system.
Alexey Kuznetsov.
kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru
@ -1064,24 +1063,193 @@ bridge-nf-filter-pppoe-tagged - BOOLEAN
Default: 1
proc/sys/net/sctp/* Variables:
addip_enable - BOOLEAN
Enable or disable extension of Dynamic Address Reconfiguration
(ADD-IP) functionality specified in RFC5061. This extension provides
the ability to dynamically add and remove new addresses for the SCTP
associations.
1: Enable extension.
0: Disable extension.
Default: 0
addip_noauth_enable - BOOLEAN
Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (ADD-IP) requires the use of
authentication to protect the operations of adding or removing new
addresses. This requirement is mandated so that unauthorized hosts
would not be able to hijack associations. However, older
implementations may not have implemented this requirement while
allowing the ADD-IP extension. For reasons of interoperability,
we provide this variable to control the enforcement of the
authentication requirement.
1: Allow ADD-IP extension to be used without authentication. This
should only be set in a closed environment for interoperability
with older implementations.
0: Enforce the authentication requirement
Default: 0
auth_enable - BOOLEAN
Enable or disable Authenticated Chunks extension. This extension
provides the ability to send and receive authenticated chunks and is
required for secure operation of Dynamic Address Reconfiguration
(ADD-IP) extension.
1: Enable this extension.
0: Disable this extension.
Default: 0
prsctp_enable - BOOLEAN
Enable or disable the Partial Reliability extension (RFC3758) which
is used to notify peers that a given DATA should no longer be expected.
1: Enable extension
0: Disable
Default: 1
max_burst - INTEGER
The limit of the number of new packets that can be initially sent. It
controls how bursty the generated traffic can be.
Default: 4
association_max_retrans - INTEGER
Set the maximum number for retransmissions that an association can
attempt deciding that the remote end is unreachable. If this value
is exceeded, the association is terminated.
Default: 10
max_init_retransmits - INTEGER
The maximum number of retransmissions of INIT and COOKIE-ECHO chunks
that an association will attempt before declaring the destination
unreachable and terminating.
Default: 8
path_max_retrans - INTEGER
The maximum number of retransmissions that will be attempted on a given
path. Once this threshold is exceeded, the path is considered
unreachable, and new traffic will use a different path when the
association is multihomed.
Default: 5
rto_initial - INTEGER
The initial round trip timeout value in milliseconds that will be used
in calculating round trip times. This is the initial time interval
for retransmissions.
Default: 3000
rto_max - INTEGER
The maximum value (in milliseconds) of the round trip timeout. This
is the largest time interval that can elapse between retransmissions.
Default: 60000
rto_min - INTEGER
The minimum value (in milliseconds) of the round trip timeout. This
is the smallest time interval the can elapse between retransmissions.
Default: 1000
hb_interval - INTEGER
The interval (in milliseconds) between HEARTBEAT chunks. These chunks
are sent at the specified interval on idle paths to probe the state of
a given path between 2 associations.
Default: 30000
sack_timeout - INTEGER
The amount of time (in milliseconds) that the implementation will wait
to send a SACK.
Default: 200
valid_cookie_life - INTEGER
The default lifetime of the SCTP cookie (in milliseconds). The cookie
is used during association establishment.
Default: 60000
cookie_preserve_enable - BOOLEAN
Enable or disable the ability to extend the lifetime of the SCTP cookie
that is used during the establishment phase of SCTP association
1: Enable cookie lifetime extension.
0: Disable
Default: 1
rcvbuf_policy - INTEGER
Determines if the receive buffer is attributed to the socket or to
association. SCTP supports the capability to create multiple
associations on a single socket. When using this capability, it is
possible that a single stalled association that's buffering a lot
of data may block other associations from delivering their data by
consuming all of the receive buffer space. To work around this,
the rcvbuf_policy could be set to attribute the receiver buffer space
to each association instead of the socket. This prevents the described
blocking.
1: rcvbuf space is per association
0: recbuf space is per socket
Default: 0
sndbuf_policy - INTEGER
Similar to rcvbuf_policy above, this applies to send buffer space.
1: Send buffer is tracked per association
0: Send buffer is tracked per socket.
Default: 0
sctp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
Number of pages allowed for queueing by all SCTP sockets.
min: Below this number of pages SCTP is not bothered about its
memory appetite. When amount of memory allocated by SCTP exceeds
this number, SCTP starts to moderate memory usage.
pressure: This value was introduced to follow format of tcp_mem.
max: Number of pages allowed for queueing by all SCTP sockets.
Default is calculated at boot time from amount of available memory.
sctp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
See tcp_rmem for a description.
sctp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
See tcp_wmem for a description.
UNDOCUMENTED:
dev_weight FIXME
discovery_slots FIXME
discovery_timeout FIXME
fast_poll_increase FIXME
ip6_queue_maxlen FIXME
lap_keepalive_time FIXME
lo_cong FIXME
max_baud_rate FIXME
max_dgram_qlen FIXME
max_noreply_time FIXME
max_tx_data_size FIXME
max_tx_window FIXME
min_tx_turn_time FIXME
mod_cong FIXME
no_cong FIXME
no_cong_thresh FIXME
slot_timeout FIXME
warn_noreply_time FIXME
/proc/sys/net/core/*
dev_weight FIXME
/proc/sys/net/unix/*
max_dgram_qlen FIXME
/proc/sys/net/irda/*
fast_poll_increase FIXME
warn_noreply_time FIXME
discovery_slots FIXME
slot_timeout FIXME
max_baud_rate FIXME
discovery_timeout FIXME
lap_keepalive_time FIXME
max_noreply_time FIXME
max_tx_data_size FIXME
max_tx_window FIXME
min_tx_turn_time FIXME

6
Documentation/networking/s2io.txt
View File

@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ Valid range: Limited by memory on system
Default: 30
e. intr_type
Specifies interrupt type. Possible values 1(INTA), 2(MSI), 3(MSI-X)
Valid range: 1-3
Default: 1
Specifies interrupt type. Possible values 0(INTA), 2(MSI-X)
Valid values: 0, 2
Default: 2
5. Performance suggestions
General:

16
Documentation/nmi_watchdog.txt
View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ us to generate 'watchdog NMI interrupts'. (NMI: Non Maskable Interrupt
which get executed even if the system is otherwise locked up hard).
This can be used to debug hard kernel lockups. By executing periodic
NMI interrupts, the kernel can monitor whether any CPU has locked up,
and print out debugging messages if so.
and print out debugging messages if so.
In order to use the NMI watchdog, you need to have APIC support in your
kernel. For SMP kernels, APIC support gets compiled in automatically. For
@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC is for uniprocessor with an IO-APIC. [Note: certain
kernel debugging options, such as Kernel Stack Meter or Kernel Tracer,
may implicitly disable the NMI watchdog.]
For x86-64, the needed APIC is always compiled in, and the NMI watchdog is
always enabled with I/O-APIC mode (nmi_watchdog=1).
For x86-64, the needed APIC is always compiled in.
Using local APIC (nmi_watchdog=2) needs the first performance register, so
you can't use it for other purposes (such as high precision performance
@ -63,16 +62,15 @@ when the system is idle), but if your system locks up on anything but the
"hlt", then you are out of luck -- the event will not happen at all and the
watchdog won't trigger. This is a shortcoming of the local APIC watchdog
-- unfortunately there is no "clock ticks" event that would work all the
time. The I/O APIC watchdog is driven externally and has no such shortcoming.
time. The I/O APIC watchdog is driven externally and has no such shortcoming.
But its NMI frequency is much higher, resulting in a more significant hit
to the overall system performance.
NOTE: starting with 2.4.2-ac18 the NMI-oopser is disabled by default,
you have to enable it with a boot time parameter. Prior to 2.4.2-ac18
the NMI-oopser is enabled unconditionally on x86 SMP boxes.
On x86 nmi_watchdog is disabled by default so you have to enable it with
a boot time parameter.
On x86-64 the NMI oopser is on by default. On 64bit Intel CPUs
it uses IO-APIC by default and on AMD it uses local APIC.
NOTE: In kernels prior to 2.4.2-ac18 the NMI-oopser is enabled unconditionally
on x86 SMP boxes.
[ feel free to send bug reports, suggestions and patches to
Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> or the Linux SMP mailing

1082
Documentation/powerpc/booting-without-of.txt
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

141
Documentation/powerpc/bootwrapper.txt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
The PowerPC boot wrapper
------------------------
Copyright (C) Secret Lab Technologies Ltd.
PowerPC image targets compresses and wraps the kernel image (vmlinux) with
a boot wrapper to make it usable by the system firmware. There is no
standard PowerPC firmware interface, so the boot wrapper is designed to
be adaptable for each kind of image that needs to be built.
The boot wrapper can be found in the arch/powerpc/boot/ directory. The
Makefile in that directory has targets for all the available image types.
The different image types are used to support all of the various firmware
interfaces found on PowerPC platforms. OpenFirmware is the most commonly
used firmware type on general purpose PowerPC systems from Apple, IBM and
others. U-Boot is typically found on embedded PowerPC hardware, but there
are a handful of other firmware implementations which are also popular. Each
firmware interface requires a different image format.
The boot wrapper is built from the makefile in arch/powerpc/boot/Makefile and
it uses the wrapper script (arch/powerpc/boot/wrapper) to generate target
image. The details of the build system is discussed in the next section.
Currently, the following image format targets exist:
cuImage.%: Backwards compatible uImage for older version of
U-Boot (for versions that don't understand the device
tree). This image embeds a device tree blob inside
the image. The boot wrapper, kernel and device tree
are all embedded inside the U-Boot uImage file format
with boot wrapper code that extracts data from the old
bd_info structure and loads the data into the device
tree before jumping into the kernel.
Because of the series of #ifdefs found in the
bd_info structure used in the old U-Boot interfaces,
cuImages are platform specific. Each specific
U-Boot platform has a different platform init file
which populates the embedded device tree with data
from the platform specific bd_info file. The platform
specific cuImage platform init code can be found in
arch/powerpc/boot/cuboot.*.c. Selection of the correct
cuImage init code for a specific board can be found in
the wrapper structure.
dtbImage.%: Similar to zImage, except device tree blob is embedded
inside the image instead of provided by firmware. The
output image file can be either an elf file or a flat
binary depending on the platform.
dtbImages are used on systems which do not have an
interface for passing a device tree directly.
dtbImages are similar to simpleImages except that
dtbImages have platform specific code for extracting
data from the board firmware, but simpleImages do not
talk to the firmware at all.
PlayStation 3 support uses dtbImage. So do Embedded
Planet boards using the PlanetCore firmware. Board
specific initialization code is typically found in a
file named arch/powerpc/boot/<platform>.c; but this
can be overridden by the wrapper script.
simpleImage.%: Firmware independent compressed image that does not
depend on any particular firmware interface and embeds
a device tree blob. This image is a flat binary that
can be loaded to any location in RAM and jumped to.
Firmware cannot pass any configuration data to the
kernel with this image type and it depends entirely on
the embedded device tree for all information.
The simpleImage is useful for booting systems with
an unknown firmware interface or for booting from
a debugger when no firmware is present (such as on
the Xilinx Virtex platform). The only assumption that
simpleImage makes is that RAM is correctly initialized
and that the MMU is either off or has RAM mapped to
base address 0.
simpleImage also supports inserting special platform
specific initialization code to the start of the bootup
sequence. The virtex405 platform uses this feature to
ensure that the cache is invalidated before caching
is enabled. Platform specific initialization code is
added as part of the wrapper script and is keyed on
the image target name. For example, all
simpleImage.virtex405-* targets will add the
virtex405-head.S initialization code (This also means
that the dts file for virtex405 targets should be
named (virtex405-<board>.dts). Search the wrapper
script for 'virtex405' and see the file
arch/powerpc/boot/virtex405-head.S for details.
treeImage.%; Image format for used with OpenBIOS firmware found
on some ppc4xx hardware. This image embeds a device
tree blob inside the image.
uImage: Native image format used by U-Boot. The uImage target
does not add any boot code. It just wraps a compressed
vmlinux in the uImage data structure. This image
requires a version of U-Boot that is able to pass
a device tree to the kernel at boot. If using an older
version of U-Boot, then you need to use a cuImage
instead.
zImage.%: Image format which does not embed a device tree.
Used by OpenFirmware and other firmware interfaces
which are able to supply a device tree. This image
expects firmware to provide the device tree at boot.
Typically, if you have general purpose PowerPC
hardware then you want this image format.
Image types which embed a device tree blob (simpleImage, dtbImage, treeImage,
and cuImage) all generate the device tree blob from a file in the
arch/powerpc/boot/dts/ directory. The Makefile selects the correct device
tree source based on the name of the target. Therefore, if the kernel is
built with 'make treeImage.walnut simpleImage.virtex405-ml403', then the
build system will use arch/powerpc/boot/dts/walnut.dts to build
treeImage.walnut and arch/powerpc/boot/dts/virtex405-ml403.dts to build
the simpleImage.virtex405-ml403.
Two special targets called 'zImage' and 'zImage.initrd' also exist. These
targets build all the default images as selected by the kernel configuration.
Default images are selected by the boot wrapper Makefile
(arch/powerpc/boot/Makefile) by adding targets to the $image-y variable. Look
at the Makefile to see which default image targets are available.
How it is built
---------------
arch/powerpc is designed to support multiplatform kernels, which means
that a single vmlinux image can be booted on many different target boards.
It also means that the boot wrapper must be able to wrap for many kinds of
images on a single build. The design decision was made to not use any
conditional compilation code (#ifdef, etc) in the boot wrapper source code.
All of the boot wrapper pieces are buildable at any time regardless of the
kernel configuration. Building all the wrapper bits on every kernel build
also ensures that obscure parts of the wrapper are at the very least compile
tested in a large variety of environments.
The wrapper is adapted for different image types at link time by linking in
just the wrapper bits that are appropriate for the image type. The 'wrapper
script' (found in arch/powerpc/boot/wrapper) is called by the Makefile and
is responsible for selecting the correct wrapper bits for the image type.
The arguments are well documented in the script's comment block, so they
are not repeated here. However, it is worth mentioning that the script
uses the -p (platform) argument as the main method of deciding which wrapper
bits to compile in. Look for the large 'case "$platform" in' block in the
middle of the script. This is also the place where platform specific fixups
can be selected by changing the link order.
In particular, care should be taken when working with cuImages. cuImage
wrapper bits are very board specific and care should be taken to make sure
the target you are trying to build is supported by the wrapper bits.

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* Board Control and Status (BCSR)
Required properties:
- device_type : Should be "board-control"
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
Example:
bcsr@f8000000 {
device_type = "board-control";
reg = <f8000000 8000>;
};
* Freescale on board FPGA
This is the memory-mapped registers for on board FPGA.
Required properities:
- compatible : should be "fsl,fpga-pixis".
- reg : should contain the address and the lenght of the FPPGA register
set.
Example (MPC8610HPCD):
board-control@e8000000 {
compatible = "fsl,fpga-pixis";
reg = <0xe8000000 32>;
};

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* Freescale Communications Processor Module
NOTE: This is an interim binding, and will likely change slightly,
as more devices are supported. The QE bindings especially are
incomplete.
* Root CPM node
Properties:
- compatible : "fsl,cpm1", "fsl,cpm2", or "fsl,qe".
- reg : A 48-byte region beginning with CPCR.
Example:
cpm@119c0 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272-cpm", "fsl,cpm2";
reg = <119c0 30>;
}
* Properties common to mulitple CPM/QE devices
- fsl,cpm-command : This value is ORed with the opcode and command flag
to specify the device on which a CPM command operates.
- fsl,cpm-brg : Indicates which baud rate generator the device
is associated with. If absent, an unused BRG
should be dynamically allocated. If zero, the
device uses an external clock rather than a BRG.
- reg : Unless otherwise specified, the first resource represents the
scc/fcc/ucc registers, and the second represents the device's
parameter RAM region (if it has one).
* Multi-User RAM (MURAM)
The multi-user/dual-ported RAM is expressed as a bus under the CPM node.
Ranges must be set up subject to the following restrictions:
- Children's reg nodes must be offsets from the start of all muram, even
if the user-data area does not begin at zero.
- If multiple range entries are used, the difference between the parent
address and the child address must be the same in all, so that a single
mapping can cover them all while maintaining the ability to determine
CPM-side offsets with pointer subtraction. It is recommended that
multiple range entries not be used.
- A child address of zero must be translatable, even if no reg resources
contain it.
A child "data" node must exist, compatible with "fsl,cpm-muram-data", to
indicate the portion of muram that is usable by the OS for arbitrary
purposes. The data node may have an arbitrary number of reg resources,
all of which contribute to the allocatable muram pool.
Example, based on mpc8272:
muram@0 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
ranges = <0 0 10000>;
data@0 {
compatible = "fsl,cpm-muram-data";
reg = <0 2000 9800 800>;
};
};

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* Baud Rate Generators
Currently defined compatibles:
fsl,cpm-brg
fsl,cpm1-brg
fsl,cpm2-brg
Properties:
- reg : There may be an arbitrary number of reg resources; BRG
numbers are assigned to these in order.
- clock-frequency : Specifies the base frequency driving
the BRG.
Example:
brg@119f0 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272-brg",
"fsl,cpm2-brg",
"fsl,cpm-brg";
reg = <119f0 10 115f0 10>;
clock-frequency = <d#25000000>;
};

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* I2C
The I2C controller is expressed as a bus under the CPM node.
Properties:
- compatible : "fsl,cpm1-i2c", "fsl,cpm2-i2c"
- reg : On CPM2 devices, the second resource doesn't specify the I2C
Parameter RAM itself, but the I2C_BASE field of the CPM2 Parameter RAM
(typically 0x8afc 0x2).
- #address-cells : Should be one. The cell is the i2c device address with
the r/w bit set to zero.
- #size-cells : Should be zero.
- clock-frequency : Can be used to set the i2c clock frequency. If
unspecified, a default frequency of 60kHz is being used.
The following two properties are deprecated. They are only used by legacy
i2c drivers to find the bus to probe:
- linux,i2c-index : Can be used to hard code an i2c bus number. By default,
the bus number is dynamically assigned by the i2c core.
- linux,i2c-class : Can be used to override the i2c class. The class is used
by legacy i2c device drivers to find a bus in a specific context like
system management, video or sound. By default, I2C_CLASS_HWMON (1) is
being used. The definition of the classes can be found in
include/i2c/i2c.h
Example, based on mpc823:
i2c@860 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc823-i2c",
"fsl,cpm1-i2c";
reg = <0x860 0x20 0x3c80 0x30>;
interrupts = <16>;
interrupt-parent = <&CPM_PIC>;
fsl,cpm-command = <0x10>;
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
rtc@68 {
compatible = "dallas,ds1307";
reg = <0x68>;
};
};

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* Interrupt Controllers
Currently defined compatibles:
- fsl,cpm1-pic
- only one interrupt cell
- fsl,pq1-pic
- fsl,cpm2-pic
- second interrupt cell is level/sense:
- 2 is falling edge
- 8 is active low
Example:
interrupt-controller@10c00 {
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
interrupt-controller;
reg = <10c00 80>;
compatible = "mpc8272-pic", "fsl,cpm2-pic";
};

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* USB (Universal Serial Bus Controller)
Properties:
- compatible : "fsl,cpm1-usb", "fsl,cpm2-usb", "fsl,qe-usb"
Example:
usb@11bc0 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
compatible = "fsl,cpm2-usb";
reg = <11b60 18 8b00 100>;
interrupts = <b 8>;
interrupt-parent = <&PIC>;
fsl,cpm-command = <2e600000>;
};

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* Network
Currently defined compatibles:
- fsl,cpm1-scc-enet
- fsl,cpm2-scc-enet
- fsl,cpm1-fec-enet
- fsl,cpm2-fcc-enet (third resource is GFEMR)
- fsl,qe-enet
Example:
ethernet@11300 {
device_type = "network";
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272-fcc-enet",
"fsl,cpm2-fcc-enet";
reg = <11300 20 8400 100 11390 1>;
local-mac-address = [ 00 00 00 00 00 00 ];
interrupts = <20 8>;
interrupt-parent = <&PIC>;
phy-handle = <&PHY0>;
fsl,cpm-command = <12000300>;
};
* MDIO
Currently defined compatibles:
fsl,pq1-fec-mdio (reg is same as first resource of FEC device)
fsl,cpm2-mdio-bitbang (reg is port C registers)
Properties for fsl,cpm2-mdio-bitbang:
fsl,mdio-pin : pin of port C controlling mdio data
fsl,mdc-pin : pin of port C controlling mdio clock
Example:
mdio@10d40 {
device_type = "mdio";
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272ads-mdio-bitbang",
"fsl,mpc8272-mdio-bitbang",
"fsl,cpm2-mdio-bitbang";
reg = <10d40 14>;
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
fsl,mdio-pin = <12>;
fsl,mdc-pin = <13>;
};

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* Freescale QUICC Engine module (QE)
This represents qe module that is installed on PowerQUICC II Pro.
NOTE: This is an interim binding; it should be updated to fit
in with the CPM binding later in this document.
Basically, it is a bus of devices, that could act more or less
as a complete entity (UCC, USB etc ). All of them should be siblings on
the "root" qe node, using the common properties from there.
The description below applies to the qe of MPC8360 and
more nodes and properties would be extended in the future.
i) Root QE device
Required properties:
- compatible : should be "fsl,qe";
- model : precise model of the QE, Can be "QE", "CPM", or "CPM2"
- reg : offset and length of the device registers.
- bus-frequency : the clock frequency for QUICC Engine.
Recommended properties
- brg-frequency : the internal clock source frequency for baud-rate
generators in Hz.
Example:
qe@e0100000 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
#interrupt-cells = <2>;
compatible = "fsl,qe";
ranges = <0 e0100000 00100000>;
reg = <e0100000 480>;
brg-frequency = <0>;
bus-frequency = <179A7B00>;
}
* Multi-User RAM (MURAM)
Required properties:
- compatible : should be "fsl,qe-muram", "fsl,cpm-muram".
- mode : the could be "host" or "slave".
- ranges : Should be defined as specified in 1) to describe the
translation of MURAM addresses.
- data-only : sub-node which defines the address area under MURAM
bus that can be allocated as data/parameter
Example:
muram@10000 {
compatible = "fsl,qe-muram", "fsl,cpm-muram";
ranges = <0 00010000 0000c000>;
data-only@0{
compatible = "fsl,qe-muram-data",
"fsl,cpm-muram-data";
reg = <0 c000>;
};
};

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* Uploaded QE firmware
If a new firwmare has been uploaded to the QE (usually by the
boot loader), then a 'firmware' child node should be added to the QE
node. This node provides information on the uploaded firmware that
device drivers may need.
Required properties:
- id: The string name of the firmware. This is taken from the 'id'
member of the qe_firmware structure of the uploaded firmware.
Device drivers can search this string to determine if the
firmware they want is already present.
- extended-modes: The Extended Modes bitfield, taken from the
firmware binary. It is a 64-bit number represented
as an array of two 32-bit numbers.
- virtual-traps: The virtual traps, taken from the firmware binary.
It is an array of 8 32-bit numbers.
Example:
firmware {
id = "Soft-UART";
extended-modes = <0 0>;
virtual-traps = <0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0>;
};

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* Parallel I/O Ports
This node configures Parallel I/O ports for CPUs with QE support.
The node should reside in the "soc" node of the tree. For each
device that using parallel I/O ports, a child node should be created.
See the definition of the Pin configuration nodes below for more
information.
Required properties:
- device_type : should be "par_io".
- reg : offset to the register set and its length.
- num-ports : number of Parallel I/O ports
Example:
par_io@1400 {
reg = <1400 100>;
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
device_type = "par_io";
num-ports = <7>;
ucc_pin@01 {
......
};
Note that "par_io" nodes are obsolete, and should not be used for
the new device trees. Instead, each Par I/O bank should be represented
via its own gpio-controller node:
Required properties:
- #gpio-cells : should be "2".
- compatible : should be "fsl,<chip>-qe-pario-bank",
"fsl,mpc8323-qe-pario-bank".
- reg : offset to the register set and its length.
- gpio-controller : node to identify gpio controllers.
Example:
qe_pio_a: gpio-controller@1400 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8360-qe-pario-bank",
"fsl,mpc8323-qe-pario-bank";
reg = <0x1400 0x18>;
gpio-controller;
};
qe_pio_e: gpio-controller@1460 {
#gpio-cells = <2>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8360-qe-pario-bank",
"fsl,mpc8323-qe-pario-bank";
reg = <0x1460 0x18>;
gpio-controller;
};

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* Pin configuration nodes
Required properties:
- linux,phandle : phandle of this node; likely referenced by a QE
device.
- pio-map : array of pin configurations. Each pin is defined by 6
integers. The six numbers are respectively: port, pin, dir,
open_drain, assignment, has_irq.
- port : port number of the pin; 0-6 represent port A-G in UM.
- pin : pin number in the port.
- dir : direction of the pin, should encode as follows:
0 = The pin is disabled
1 = The pin is an output
2 = The pin is an input
3 = The pin is I/O
- open_drain : indicates the pin is normal or wired-OR:
0 = The pin is actively driven as an output
1 = The pin is an open-drain driver. As an output, the pin is
driven active-low, otherwise it is three-stated.
- assignment : function number of the pin according to the Pin Assignment
tables in User Manual. Each pin can have up to 4 possible functions in
QE and two options for CPM.
- has_irq : indicates if the pin is used as source of external
interrupts.
Example:
ucc_pin@01 {
linux,phandle = <140001>;
pio-map = <
/* port pin dir open_drain assignment has_irq */
0 3 1 0 1 0 /* TxD0 */
0 4 1 0 1 0 /* TxD1 */
0 5 1 0 1 0 /* TxD2 */
0 6 1 0 1 0 /* TxD3 */
1 6 1 0 3 0 /* TxD4 */
1 7 1 0 1 0 /* TxD5 */
1 9 1 0 2 0 /* TxD6 */
1 a 1 0 2 0 /* TxD7 */
0 9 2 0 1 0 /* RxD0 */
0 a 2 0 1 0 /* RxD1 */
0 b 2 0 1 0 /* RxD2 */
0 c 2 0 1 0 /* RxD3 */
0 d 2 0 1 0 /* RxD4 */
1 1 2 0 2 0 /* RxD5 */
1 0 2 0 2 0 /* RxD6 */
1 4 2 0 2 0 /* RxD7 */
0 7 1 0 1 0 /* TX_EN */
0 8 1 0 1 0 /* TX_ER */
0 f 2 0 1 0 /* RX_DV */
0 10 2 0 1 0 /* RX_ER */
0 0 2 0 1 0 /* RX_CLK */
2 9 1 0 3 0 /* GTX_CLK - CLK10 */
2 8 2 0 1 0>; /* GTX125 - CLK9 */
};

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* UCC (Unified Communications Controllers)
Required properties:
- device_type : should be "network", "hldc", "uart", "transparent"
"bisync", "atm", or "serial".
- compatible : could be "ucc_geth" or "fsl_atm" and so on.
- cell-index : the ucc number(1-8), corresponding to UCCx in UM.
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
- pio-handle : The phandle for the Parallel I/O port configuration.
- port-number : for UART drivers, the port number to use, between 0 and 3.
This usually corresponds to the /dev/ttyQE device, e.g. <0> = /dev/ttyQE0.
The port number is added to the minor number of the device. Unlike the
CPM UART driver, the port-number is required for the QE UART driver.
- soft-uart : for UART drivers, if specified this means the QE UART device
driver should use "Soft-UART" mode, which is needed on some SOCs that have
broken UART hardware. Soft-UART is provided via a microcode upload.
- rx-clock-name: the UCC receive clock source
"none": clock source is disabled
"brg1" through "brg16": clock source is BRG1-BRG16, respectively
"clk1" through "clk24": clock source is CLK1-CLK24, respectively
- tx-clock-name: the UCC transmit clock source
"none": clock source is disabled
"brg1" through "brg16": clock source is BRG1-BRG16, respectively
"clk1" through "clk24": clock source is CLK1-CLK24, respectively
The following two properties are deprecated. rx-clock has been replaced
with rx-clock-name, and tx-clock has been replaced with tx-clock-name.
Drivers that currently use the deprecated properties should continue to
do so, in order to support older device trees, but they should be updated
to check for the new properties first.
- rx-clock : represents the UCC receive clock source.
0x00 : clock source is disabled;
0x1~0x10 : clock source is BRG1~BRG16 respectively;
0x11~0x28: clock source is QE_CLK1~QE_CLK24 respectively.
- tx-clock: represents the UCC transmit clock source;
0x00 : clock source is disabled;
0x1~0x10 : clock source is BRG1~BRG16 respectively;
0x11~0x28: clock source is QE_CLK1~QE_CLK24 respectively.
Required properties for network device_type:
- mac-address : list of bytes representing the ethernet address.
- phy-handle : The phandle for the PHY connected to this controller.
Recommended properties:
- phy-connection-type : a string naming the controller/PHY interface type,
i.e., "mii" (default), "rmii", "gmii", "rgmii", "rgmii-id" (Internal
Delay), "rgmii-txid" (delay on TX only), "rgmii-rxid" (delay on RX only),
"tbi", or "rtbi".
Example:
ucc@2000 {
device_type = "network";
compatible = "ucc_geth";
cell-index = <1>;
reg = <2000 200>;
interrupts = <a0 0>;
interrupt-parent = <700>;
mac-address = [ 00 04 9f 00 23 23 ];
rx-clock = "none";
tx-clock = "clk9";
phy-handle = <212000>;
phy-connection-type = "gmii";
pio-handle = <140001>;
};

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* USB (Universal Serial Bus Controller)
Required properties:
- compatible : could be "qe_udc" or "fhci-hcd".
- mode : the could be "host" or "slave".
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
Example(slave):
usb@6c0 {
compatible = "qe_udc";
reg = <6c0 40>;
interrupts = <8b 0>;
interrupt-parent = <700>;
mode = "slave";
};

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* Serial
Currently defined compatibles:
- fsl,cpm1-smc-uart
- fsl,cpm2-smc-uart
- fsl,cpm1-scc-uart
- fsl,cpm2-scc-uart
- fsl,qe-uart
Example:
serial@11a00 {
device_type = "serial";
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272-scc-uart",
"fsl,cpm2-scc-uart";
reg = <11a00 20 8000 100>;
interrupts = <28 8>;
interrupt-parent = <&PIC>;
fsl,cpm-brg = <1>;
fsl,cpm-command = <00800000>;
};

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* Freescale Display Interface Unit
The Freescale DIU is a LCD controller, with proper hardware, it can also
drive DVI monitors.
Required properties:
- compatible : should be "fsl-diu".
- reg : should contain at least address and length of the DIU register
set.
- Interrupts : one DIU interrupt should be describe here.
Example (MPC8610HPCD):
display@2c000 {
compatible = "fsl,diu";
reg = <0x2c000 100>;
interrupts = <72 2>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
};

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* Freescale 83xx DMA Controller
Freescale PowerPC 83xx have on chip general purpose DMA controllers.
Required properties:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries, first is
"fsl,CHIP-dma", where CHIP is the processor
(mpc8349, mpc8360, etc.) and the second is
"fsl,elo-dma"
- reg : <registers mapping for DMA general status reg>
- ranges : Should be defined as specified in 1) to describe the
DMA controller channels.
- cell-index : controller index. 0 for controller @ 0x8100
- interrupts : <interrupt mapping for DMA IRQ>
- interrupt-parent : optional, if needed for interrupt mapping
- DMA channel nodes:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries, first is
"fsl,CHIP-dma-channel", where CHIP is the processor
(mpc8349, mpc8350, etc.) and the second is
"fsl,elo-dma-channel"
- reg : <registers mapping for channel>
- cell-index : dma channel index starts at 0.
Optional properties:
- interrupts : <interrupt mapping for DMA channel IRQ>
(on 83xx this is expected to be identical to
the interrupts property of the parent node)
- interrupt-parent : optional, if needed for interrupt mapping
Example:
dma@82a8 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8349-dma", "fsl,elo-dma";
reg = <82a8 4>;
ranges = <0 8100 1a4>;
interrupt-parent = <&ipic>;
interrupts = <47 8>;
cell-index = <0>;
dma-channel@0 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8349-dma-channel", "fsl,elo-dma-channel";
cell-index = <0>;
reg = <0 80>;
};
dma-channel@80 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8349-dma-channel", "fsl,elo-dma-channel";
cell-index = <1>;
reg = <80 80>;
};
dma-channel@100 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8349-dma-channel", "fsl,elo-dma-channel";
cell-index = <2>;
reg = <100 80>;
};
dma-channel@180 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8349-dma-channel", "fsl,elo-dma-channel";
cell-index = <3>;
reg = <180 80>;
};
};
* Freescale 85xx/86xx DMA Controller
Freescale PowerPC 85xx/86xx have on chip general purpose DMA controllers.
Required properties:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries, first is
"fsl,CHIP-dma", where CHIP is the processor
(mpc8540, mpc8540, etc.) and the second is
"fsl,eloplus-dma"
- reg : <registers mapping for DMA general status reg>
- cell-index : controller index. 0 for controller @ 0x21000,
1 for controller @ 0xc000
- ranges : Should be defined as specified in 1) to describe the
DMA controller channels.
- DMA channel nodes:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries, first is
"fsl,CHIP-dma-channel", where CHIP is the processor
(mpc8540, mpc8560, etc.) and the second is
"fsl,eloplus-dma-channel"
- cell-index : dma channel index starts at 0.
- reg : <registers mapping for channel>
- interrupts : <interrupt mapping for DMA channel IRQ>
- interrupt-parent : optional, if needed for interrupt mapping
Example:
dma@21300 {
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <1>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8540-dma", "fsl,eloplus-dma";
reg = <21300 4>;
ranges = <0 21100 200>;
cell-index = <0>;
dma-channel@0 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8540-dma-channel", "fsl,eloplus-dma-channel";
reg = <0 80>;
cell-index = <0>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
interrupts = <14 2>;
};
dma-channel@80 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8540-dma-channel", "fsl,eloplus-dma-channel";
reg = <80 80>;
cell-index = <1>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
interrupts = <15 2>;
};
dma-channel@100 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8540-dma-channel", "fsl,eloplus-dma-channel";
reg = <100 80>;
cell-index = <2>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
interrupts = <16 2>;
};
dma-channel@180 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8540-dma-channel", "fsl,eloplus-dma-channel";
reg = <180 80>;
cell-index = <3>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
interrupts = <17 2>;
};
};

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* Freescale General-purpose Timers Module
Required properties:
- compatible : should be
"fsl,<chip>-gtm", "fsl,gtm" for SOC GTMs
"fsl,<chip>-qe-gtm", "fsl,qe-gtm", "fsl,gtm" for QE GTMs
"fsl,<chip>-cpm2-gtm", "fsl,cpm2-gtm", "fsl,gtm" for CPM2 GTMs
- reg : should contain gtm registers location and length (0x40).
- interrupts : should contain four interrupts.
- interrupt-parent : interrupt source phandle.
- clock-frequency : specifies the frequency driving the timer.
Example:
timer@500 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8360-gtm", "fsl,gtm";
reg = <0x500 0x40>;
interrupts = <90 8 78 8 84 8 72 8>;
interrupt-parent = <&ipic>;
/* filled by u-boot */
clock-frequency = <0>;
};
timer@440 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8360-qe-gtm", "fsl,qe-gtm", "fsl,gtm";
reg = <0x440 0x40>;
interrupts = <12 13 14 15>;
interrupt-parent = <&qeic>;
/* filled by u-boot */
clock-frequency = <0>;
};

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* Global Utilities Block
The global utilities block controls power management, I/O device
enabling, power-on-reset configuration monitoring, general-purpose
I/O signal configuration, alternate function selection for multiplexed
signals, and clock control.
Required properties:
- compatible : Should define the compatible device type for
global-utilities.
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device.
Recommended properties:
- fsl,has-rstcr : Indicates that the global utilities register set
contains a functioning "reset control register" (i.e. the board
is wired to reset upon setting the HRESET_REQ bit in this register).
Example:
global-utilities@e0000 { /* global utilities block */
compatible = "fsl,mpc8548-guts";
reg = <e0000 1000>;
fsl,has-rstcr;
};

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* I2C
Required properties :
- device_type : Should be "i2c"
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
Recommended properties :
- compatible : Should be "fsl-i2c" for parts compatible with
Freescale I2C specifications.
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
- dfsrr : boolean; if defined, indicates that this I2C device has
a digital filter sampling rate register
- fsl5200-clocking : boolean; if defined, indicated that this device
uses the FSL 5200 clocking mechanism.
Example :
i2c@3000 {
interrupt-parent = <40000>;
interrupts = <1b 3>;
reg = <3000 18>;
device_type = "i2c";
compatible = "fsl-i2c";
dfsrr;
};

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* Chipselect/Local Bus
Properties:
- name : Should be localbus
- #address-cells : Should be either two or three. The first cell is the
chipselect number, and the remaining cells are the
offset into the chipselect.
- #size-cells : Either one or two, depending on how large each chipselect
can be.
- ranges : Each range corresponds to a single chipselect, and cover
the entire access window as configured.
Example:
localbus@f0010100 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272-localbus",
"fsl,pq2-localbus";
#address-cells = <2>;
#size-cells = <1>;
reg = <f0010100 40>;
ranges = <0 0 fe000000 02000000
1 0 f4500000 00008000>;
flash@0,0 {
compatible = "jedec-flash";
reg = <0 0 2000000>;
bank-width = <4>;
device-width = <1>;
};
board-control@1,0 {
reg = <1 0 20>;
compatible = "fsl,mpc8272ads-bcsr";
};
};

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* Freescale MSI interrupt controller
Reguired properities:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries,
first is "fsl,CHIP-msi", where CHIP is the processor(mpc8610, mpc8572,
etc.) and the second is "fsl,mpic-msi" or "fsl,ipic-msi" depending on
the parent type.
- reg : should contain the address and the length of the shared message
interrupt register set.
- msi-available-ranges: use <start count> style section to define which
msi interrupt can be used in the 256 msi interrupts. This property is
optional, without this, all the 256 MSI interrupts can be used.
- interrupts : each one of the interrupts here is one entry per 32 MSIs,
and routed to the host interrupt controller. the interrupts should
be set as edge sensitive.
- interrupt-parent: the phandle for the interrupt controller
that services interrupts for this device. for 83xx cpu, the interrupts
are routed to IPIC, and for 85xx/86xx cpu the interrupts are routed
to MPIC.
Example:
msi@41600 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8610-msi", "fsl,mpic-msi";
reg = <0x41600 0x80>;
msi-available-ranges = <0 0x100>;
interrupts = <
0xe0 0
0xe1 0
0xe2 0
0xe3 0
0xe4 0
0xe5 0
0xe6 0
0xe7 0>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
};

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* Freescale 8xxx/3.0 Gb/s SATA nodes
SATA nodes are defined to describe on-chip Serial ATA controllers.
Each SATA port should have its own node.
Required properties:
- compatible : compatible list, contains 2 entries, first is
"fsl,CHIP-sata", where CHIP is the processor
(mpc8315, mpc8379, etc.) and the second is
"fsl,pq-sata"
- interrupts : <interrupt mapping for SATA IRQ>
- cell-index : controller index.
1 for controller @ 0x18000
2 for controller @ 0x19000
3 for controller @ 0x1a000
4 for controller @ 0x1b000
Optional properties:
- interrupt-parent : optional, if needed for interrupt mapping
- reg : <registers mapping>
Example:
sata@18000 {
compatible = "fsl,mpc8379-sata", "fsl,pq-sata";
reg = <0x18000 0x1000>;
cell-index = <1>;
interrupts = <2c 8>;
interrupt-parent = < &ipic >;
};

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Freescale SoC SEC Security Engines
Required properties:
- compatible : Should contain entries for this and backward compatible
SEC versions, high to low, e.g., "fsl,sec2.1", "fsl,sec2.0"
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- interrupts : the SEC's interrupt number
- fsl,num-channels : An integer representing the number of channels
available.
- fsl,channel-fifo-len : An integer representing the number of
descriptor pointers each channel fetch fifo can hold.
- fsl,exec-units-mask : The bitmask representing what execution units
(EUs) are available. It's a single 32-bit cell. EU information
should be encoded following the SEC's Descriptor Header Dword
EU_SEL0 field documentation, i.e. as follows:
bit 0 = reserved - should be 0
bit 1 = set if SEC has the ARC4 EU (AFEU)
bit 2 = set if SEC has the DES/3DES EU (DEU)
bit 3 = set if SEC has the message digest EU (MDEU/MDEU-A)
bit 4 = set if SEC has the random number generator EU (RNG)
bit 5 = set if SEC has the public key EU (PKEU)
bit 6 = set if SEC has the AES EU (AESU)
bit 7 = set if SEC has the Kasumi EU (KEU)
bit 8 = set if SEC has the CRC EU (CRCU)
bit 11 = set if SEC has the message digest EU extended alg set (MDEU-B)
remaining bits are reserved for future SEC EUs.
- fsl,descriptor-types-mask : The bitmask representing what descriptors
are available. It's a single 32-bit cell. Descriptor type information
should be encoded following the SEC's Descriptor Header Dword DESC_TYPE
field documentation, i.e. as follows:
bit 0 = set if SEC supports the aesu_ctr_nonsnoop desc. type
bit 1 = set if SEC supports the ipsec_esp descriptor type
bit 2 = set if SEC supports the common_nonsnoop desc. type
bit 3 = set if SEC supports the 802.11i AES ccmp desc. type
bit 4 = set if SEC supports the hmac_snoop_no_afeu desc. type
bit 5 = set if SEC supports the srtp descriptor type
bit 6 = set if SEC supports the non_hmac_snoop_no_afeu desc.type
bit 7 = set if SEC supports the pkeu_assemble descriptor type
bit 8 = set if SEC supports the aesu_key_expand_output desc.type
bit 9 = set if SEC supports the pkeu_ptmul descriptor type
bit 10 = set if SEC supports the common_nonsnoop_afeu desc. type
bit 11 = set if SEC supports the pkeu_ptadd_dbl descriptor type
..and so on and so forth.
Optional properties:
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
Example:
/* MPC8548E */
crypto@30000 {
compatible = "fsl,sec2.1", "fsl,sec2.0";
reg = <0x30000 0x10000>;
interrupts = <29 2>;
interrupt-parent = <&mpic>;
fsl,num-channels = <4>;
fsl,channel-fifo-len = <24>;
fsl,exec-units-mask = <0xfe>;
fsl,descriptor-types-mask = <0x12b0ebf>;
};

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* SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
Required properties:
- cell-index : SPI controller index.
- compatible : should be "fsl,spi".
- mode : the SPI operation mode, it can be "cpu" or "cpu-qe".
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
Example:
spi@4c0 {
cell-index = <0>;
compatible = "fsl,spi";
reg = <4c0 40>;
interrupts = <82 0>;
interrupt-parent = <700>;
mode = "cpu";
};

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Freescale Synchronous Serial Interface
The SSI is a serial device that communicates with audio codecs. It can
be programmed in AC97, I2S, left-justified, or right-justified modes.
Required properties:
- compatible : compatible list, containing "fsl,ssi"
- cell-index : the SSI, <0> = SSI1, <1> = SSI2, and so on
- reg : offset and length of the register set for the device
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and
level information for the interrupt. This should be
encoded based on the information in section 2)
depending on the type of interrupt controller you
have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
- fsl,mode : the operating mode for the SSI interface
"i2s-slave" - I2S mode, SSI is clock slave
"i2s-master" - I2S mode, SSI is clock master
"lj-slave" - left-justified mode, SSI is clock slave
"lj-master" - l.j. mode, SSI is clock master
"rj-slave" - right-justified mode, SSI is clock slave
"rj-master" - r.j., SSI is clock master
"ac97-slave" - AC97 mode, SSI is clock slave
"ac97-master" - AC97 mode, SSI is clock master
Optional properties:
- codec-handle : phandle to a 'codec' node that defines an audio
codec connected to this SSI. This node is typically
a child of an I2C or other control node.
Child 'codec' node required properties:
- compatible : compatible list, contains the name of the codec
Child 'codec' node optional properties:
- clock-frequency : The frequency of the input clock, which typically
comes from an on-board dedicated oscillator.

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* MDIO IO device
The MDIO is a bus to which the PHY devices are connected. For each
device that exists on this bus, a child node should be created. See
the definition of the PHY node below for an example of how to define
a PHY.
Required properties:
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- compatible : Should define the compatible device type for the
mdio. Currently, this is most likely to be "fsl,gianfar-mdio"
Example:
mdio@24520 {
reg = <24520 20>;
compatible = "fsl,gianfar-mdio";
ethernet-phy@0 {
......
};
};
* Gianfar-compatible ethernet nodes
Required properties:
- device_type : Should be "network"
- model : Model of the device. Can be "TSEC", "eTSEC", or "FEC"
- compatible : Should be "gianfar"
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- mac-address : List of bytes representing the ethernet address of
this controller
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
- phy-handle : The phandle for the PHY connected to this ethernet
controller.
- fixed-link : <a b c d e> where a is emulated phy id - choose any,
but unique to the all specified fixed-links, b is duplex - 0 half,
1 full, c is link speed - d#10/d#100/d#1000, d is pause - 0 no
pause, 1 pause, e is asym_pause - 0 no asym_pause, 1 asym_pause.
Recommended properties:
- phy-connection-type : a string naming the controller/PHY interface type,
i.e., "mii" (default), "rmii", "gmii", "rgmii", "rgmii-id", "sgmii",
"tbi", or "rtbi". This property is only really needed if the connection
is of type "rgmii-id", as all other connection types are detected by
hardware.
Example:
ethernet@24000 {
#size-cells = <0>;
device_type = "network";
model = "TSEC";
compatible = "gianfar";
reg = <24000 1000>;
mac-address = [ 00 E0 0C 00 73 00 ];
interrupts = <d 3 e 3 12 3>;
interrupt-parent = <40000>;
phy-handle = <2452000>
};

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Freescale SOC USB controllers
The device node for a USB controller that is part of a Freescale
SOC is as described in the document "Open Firmware Recommended
Practice : Universal Serial Bus" with the following modifications
and additions :
Required properties :
- compatible : Should be "fsl-usb2-mph" for multi port host USB
controllers, or "fsl-usb2-dr" for dual role USB controllers
- phy_type : For multi port host USB controllers, should be one of
"ulpi", or "serial". For dual role USB controllers, should be
one of "ulpi", "utmi", "utmi_wide", or "serial".
- reg : Offset and length of the register set for the device
- port0 : boolean; if defined, indicates port0 is connected for
fsl-usb2-mph compatible controllers. Either this property or
"port1" (or both) must be defined for "fsl-usb2-mph" compatible
controllers.
- port1 : boolean; if defined, indicates port1 is connected for
fsl-usb2-mph compatible controllers. Either this property or
"port0" (or both) must be defined for "fsl-usb2-mph" compatible
controllers.
- dr_mode : indicates the working mode for "fsl-usb2-dr" compatible
controllers. Can be "host", "peripheral", or "otg". Default to
"host" if not defined for backward compatibility.
Recommended properties :
- interrupts : <a b> where a is the interrupt number and b is a
field that represents an encoding of the sense and level
information for the interrupt. This should be encoded based on
the information in section 2) depending on the type of interrupt
controller you have.
- interrupt-parent : the phandle for the interrupt controller that
services interrupts for this device.
Example multi port host USB controller device node :
usb@22000 {
compatible = "fsl-usb2-mph";
reg = <22000 1000>;
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
interrupt-parent = <700>;
interrupts = <27 1>;
phy_type = "ulpi";
port0;
port1;
};
Example dual role USB controller device node :
usb@23000 {
compatible = "fsl-usb2-dr";
reg = <23000 1000>;
#address-cells = <1>;
#size-cells = <0>;
interrupt-parent = <700>;
interrupts = <26 1>;
dr_mode = "otg";
phy = "ulpi";
};

7
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@ -61,10 +61,7 @@ builder by #define'ing ARCH_HASH_SCHED_DOMAIN, and exporting your
arch_init_sched_domains function. This function will attach domains to all
CPUs using cpu_attach_domain.
Implementors should change the line
#undef SCHED_DOMAIN_DEBUG
to
#define SCHED_DOMAIN_DEBUG
in kernel/sched.c as this enables an error checking parse of the sched domains
The sched-domains debugging infrastructure can be enabled by enabling
CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG. This enables an error checking parse of the sched domains
which should catch most possible errors (described above). It also prints out
the domain structure in a visual format.

4
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@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ needs only about 3% CPU time to do so, it can do with a 0.03 * 0.005s =
0.00015s. So this group can be scheduled with a period of 0.005s and a run time
of 0.00015s.
The remaining CPU time will be used for user input and other tass. Because
The remaining CPU time will be used for user input and other tasks. Because
realtime tasks have explicitly allocated the CPU time they need to perform
their tasks, buffer underruns in the graphocs or audio can be eliminated.
their tasks, buffer underruns in the graphics or audio can be eliminated.
NOTE: the above example is not fully implemented as of yet (2.6.25). We still
lack an EDF scheduler to make non-uniform periods usable.

24
Documentation/scsi/aacraid.txt
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@ -56,19 +56,33 @@ Supported Cards/Chipsets
9005:0285:9005:02d1 Adaptec 5405 (Voodoo40)
9005:0285:15d9:02d2 SMC AOC-USAS-S8i-LP
9005:0285:15d9:02d3 SMC AOC-USAS-S8iR-LP
9005:0285:9005:02d4 Adaptec 2045 (Voodoo04 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d5 Adaptec 2405 (Voodoo40 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d6 Adaptec 2445 (Voodoo44 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d7 Adaptec 2805 (Voodoo80 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d4 Adaptec ASR-2045 (Voodoo04 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d5 Adaptec ASR-2405 (Voodoo40 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d6 Adaptec ASR-2445 (Voodoo44 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d7 Adaptec ASR-2805 (Voodoo80 Lite)
9005:0285:9005:02d8 Adaptec 5405G (Voodoo40 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02d9 Adaptec 5445G (Voodoo44 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02da Adaptec 5805G (Voodoo80 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02db Adaptec 5085G (Voodoo08 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02dc Adaptec 51245G (Voodoo124 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02dd Adaptec 51645G (Voodoo164 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02de Adaptec 52445G (Voodoo244 PM)
9005:0285:9005:02df Adaptec ASR-2045G (Voodoo04 Lite PM)
9005:0285:9005:02e0 Adaptec ASR-2405G (Voodoo40 Lite PM)
9005:0285:9005:02e1 Adaptec ASR-2445G (Voodoo44 Lite PM)
9005:0285:9005:02e2 Adaptec ASR-2805G (Voodoo80 Lite PM)
1011:0046:9005:0364 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang)
1011:0046:9005:0365 Adaptec 5400S (Mustang)
9005:0287:9005:0800 Adaptec Themisto (Jupiter)
9005:0200:9005:0200 Adaptec Themisto (Jupiter)
9005:0286:9005:0800 Adaptec Callisto (Jupiter)
1011:0046:9005:1364 Dell PERC 2/QC (Quad Channel, Mustang)
1011:0046:9005:1365 Dell PERC 2/QC (Quad Channel, Mustang)
1028:0001:1028:0001 Dell PERC 2/Si (Iguana)
1028:0003:1028:0003 Dell PERC 3/Si (SlimFast)
1028:0002:1028:0002 Dell PERC 3/Di (Opal)
1028:0004:1028:0004 Dell PERC 3/DiF (Iguana)
1028:0004:1028:0004 Dell PERC 3/SiF (Iguana)
1028:0004:1028:00d0 Dell PERC 3/DiF (Iguana)
1028:0002:1028:00d1 Dell PERC 3/DiV (Viper)
1028:0002:1028:00d9 Dell PERC 3/DiL (Lexus)
1028:000a:1028:0106 Dell PERC 3/DiJ (Jaguar)

17
Documentation/sound/alsa/ALSA-Configuration.txt
View File

@ -753,8 +753,11 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
[Multiple options for each card instance]
model - force the model name
position_fix - Fix DMA pointer (0 = auto, 1 = none, 2 = POSBUF, 3 = FIFO size)
position_fix - Fix DMA pointer (0 = auto, 1 = use LPIB, 2 = POSBUF)
probe_mask - Bitmask to probe codecs (default = -1, meaning all slots)
bdl_pos_adj - Specifies the DMA IRQ timing delay in samples.
Passing -1 will make the driver to choose the appropriate
value based on the controller chip.
[Single (global) options]
single_cmd - Use single immediate commands to communicate with
@ -845,7 +848,7 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
ALC269
basic Basic preset
ALC662
ALC662/663
3stack-dig 3-stack (2-channel) with SPDIF
3stack-6ch 3-stack (6-channel)
3stack-6ch-dig 3-stack (6-channel) with SPDIF
@ -853,6 +856,10 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
lenovo-101e Lenovo laptop
eeepc-p701 ASUS Eeepc P701
eeepc-ep20 ASUS Eeepc EP20
m51va ASUS M51VA
g71v ASUS G71V
h13 ASUS H13
g50v ASUS G50V
auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
ALC882/885
@ -1091,7 +1098,7 @@ Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
This occurs when the access to non-existing or non-working codec slot
(likely a modem one) causes a stall of the communication via HD-audio
bus. You can see which codec slots are probed by enabling
CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_DETECT, or simply from the file name of the codec
CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE, or simply from the file name of the codec
proc files. Then limit the slots to probe by probe_mask option.
For example, probe_mask=1 means to probe only the first slot, and
probe_mask=4 means only the third slot.
@ -2267,6 +2274,10 @@ case above again, the first two slots are already reserved. If any
other driver (e.g. snd-usb-audio) is loaded before snd-interwave or
snd-ens1371, it will be assigned to the third or later slot.
When a module name is given with '!', the slot will be given for any
modules but that name. For example, "slots=!snd-pcsp" will reserve
the first slot for any modules but snd-pcsp.
ALSA PCM devices to OSS devices mapping
=======================================

4
Documentation/sound/alsa/DocBook/writing-an-alsa-driver.tmpl
View File

@ -6127,8 +6127,8 @@ struct _snd_pcm_runtime {
<para>
<function>snd_printdd()</function> is compiled in only when
<constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_DETECT</constant> is set. Please note
that <constant>DEBUG_DETECT</constant> is not set as default
<constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE</constant> is set. Please note
that <constant>CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE</constant> is not set as default
even if you configure the alsa-driver with
<option>--with-debug=full</option> option. You need to give
explicitly <option>--with-debug=detect</option> option instead.

164
Documentation/tracers/mmiotrace.txt Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
In-kernel memory-mapped I/O tracing
Home page and links to optional user space tools:
http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/MmioTrace
MMIO tracing was originally developed by Intel around 2003 for their Fault
Injection Test Harness. In Dec 2006 - Jan 2007, using the code from Intel,
Jeff Muizelaar created a tool for tracing MMIO accesses with the Nouveau
project in mind. Since then many people have contributed.
Mmiotrace was built for reverse engineering any memory-mapped IO device with
the Nouveau project as the first real user. Only x86 and x86_64 architectures
are supported.
Out-of-tree mmiotrace was originally modified for mainline inclusion and
ftrace framework by Pekka Paalanen <pq@iki.fi>.
Preparation
-----------
Mmiotrace feature is compiled in by the CONFIG_MMIOTRACE option. Tracing is
disabled by default, so it is safe to have this set to yes. SMP systems are
supported, but tracing is unreliable and may miss events if more than one CPU
is on-line, therefore mmiotrace takes all but one CPU off-line during run-time
activation. You can re-enable CPUs by hand, but you have been warned, there
is no way to automatically detect if you are losing events due to CPUs racing.
Usage Quick Reference
---------------------
$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /debug
$ echo mmiotrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
$ cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt &
Start X or whatever.
$ echo "X is up" > /debug/tracing/marker
$ echo none > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
Check for lost events.
Usage
-----
Make sure debugfs is mounted to /debug. If not, (requires root privileges)
$ mount -t debugfs debugfs /debug
Check that the driver you are about to trace is not loaded.
Activate mmiotrace (requires root privileges):
$ echo mmiotrace > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
Start storing the trace:
$ cat /debug/tracing/trace_pipe > mydump.txt &
The 'cat' process should stay running (sleeping) in the background.
Load the driver you want to trace and use it. Mmiotrace will only catch MMIO
accesses to areas that are ioremapped while mmiotrace is active.
[Unimplemented feature:]
During tracing you can place comments (markers) into the trace by
$ echo "X is up" > /debug/tracing/marker
This makes it easier to see which part of the (huge) trace corresponds to
which action. It is recommended to place descriptive markers about what you
do.
Shut down mmiotrace (requires root privileges):
$ echo none > /debug/tracing/current_tracer
The 'cat' process exits. If it does not, kill it by issuing 'fg' command and
pressing ctrl+c.
Check that mmiotrace did not lose events due to a buffer filling up. Either
$ grep -i lost mydump.txt
which tells you exactly how many events were lost, or use
$ dmesg
to view your kernel log and look for "mmiotrace has lost events" warning. If
events were lost, the trace is incomplete. You should enlarge the buffers and
try again. Buffers are enlarged by first seeing how large the current buffers
are:
$ cat /debug/tracing/trace_entries
gives you a number. Approximately double this number and write it back, for
instance:
$ echo 128000 > /debug/tracing/trace_entries
Then start again from the top.
If you are doing a trace for a driver project, e.g. Nouveau, you should also
do the following before sending your results:
$ lspci -vvv > lspci.txt
$ dmesg > dmesg.txt
$ tar zcf pciid-nick-mmiotrace.tar.gz mydump.txt lspci.txt dmesg.txt
and then send the .tar.gz file. The trace compresses considerably. Replace
"pciid" and "nick" with the PCI ID or model name of your piece of hardware
under investigation and your nick name.
How Mmiotrace Works
-------------------
Access to hardware IO-memory is gained by mapping addresses from PCI bus by
calling one of the ioremap_*() functions. Mmiotrace is hooked into the
__ioremap() function and gets called whenever a mapping is created. Mapping is
an event that is recorded into the trace log. Note, that ISA range mappings
are not caught, since the mapping always exists and is returned directly.
MMIO accesses are recorded via page faults. Just before __ioremap() returns,
the mapped pages are marked as not present. Any access to the pages causes a
fault. The page fault handler calls mmiotrace to handle the fault. Mmiotrace
marks the page present, sets TF flag to achieve single stepping and exits the
fault handler. The instruction that faulted is executed and debug trap is
entered. Here mmiotrace again marks the page as not present. The instruction
is decoded to get the type of operation (read/write), data width and the value
read or written. These are stored to the trace log.
Setting the page present in the page fault handler has a race condition on SMP
machines. During the single stepping other CPUs may run freely on that page
and events can be missed without a notice. Re-enabling other CPUs during
tracing is discouraged.
Trace Log Format
----------------
The raw log is text and easily filtered with e.g. grep and awk. One record is
one line in the log. A record starts with a keyword, followed by keyword
dependant arguments. Arguments are separated by a space, or continue until the
end of line. The format for version 20070824 is as follows:
Explanation Keyword Space separated arguments
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
read event R width, timestamp, map id, physical, value, PC, PID
write event W width, timestamp, map id, physical, value, PC, PID
ioremap event MAP timestamp, map id, physical, virtual, length, PC, PID
iounmap event UNMAP timestamp, map id, PC, PID
marker MARK timestamp, text
version VERSION the string "20070824"
info for reader LSPCI one line from lspci -v
PCI address map PCIDEV space separated /proc/bus/pci/devices data
unk. opcode UNKNOWN timestamp, map id, physical, data, PC, PID
Timestamp is in seconds with decimals. Physical is a PCI bus address, virtual
is a kernel virtual address. Width is the data width in bytes and value is the
data value. Map id is an arbitrary id number identifying the mapping that was
used in an operation. PC is the program counter and PID is process id. PC is
zero if it is not recorded. PID is always zero as tracing MMIO accesses
originating in user space memory is not yet supported.
For instance, the following awk filter will pass all 32-bit writes that target
physical addresses in the range [0xfb73ce40, 0xfb800000[
$ awk '/W 4 / { adr=strtonum($5); if (adr >= 0xfb73ce40 &&
adr < 0xfb800000) print; }'
Tools for Developers
--------------------
The user space tools include utilities for:
- replacing numeric addresses and values with hardware register names
- replaying MMIO logs, i.e., re-executing the recorded writes

2
Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.au0828
View File

@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
0 -> Unknown board (au0828)
1 -> Hauppauge HVR950Q (au0828) [2040:7200]
1 -> Hauppauge HVR950Q (au0828) [2040:7200,2040:7210,2040:7217,2040:721b,2040:721f,2040:7280,0fd9:0008]
2 -> Hauppauge HVR850 (au0828) [2040:7240]
3 -> DViCO FusionHDTV USB (au0828) [0fe9:d620]

2
Documentation/video4linux/CARDLIST.cx88
View File

@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
59 -> DViCO FusionHDTV 5 PCI nano [18ac:d530]
60 -> Pinnacle Hybrid PCTV [12ab:1788]
61 -> Winfast TV2000 XP Global [107d:6f18]
62 -> PowerColor Real Angel 330 [14f1:ea3d]
62 -> PowerColor RA330 [14f1:ea3d]
63 -> Geniatech X8000-MT DVBT [14f1:8852]
64 -> DViCO FusionHDTV DVB-T PRO [18ac:db30]
65 -> DViCO FusionHDTV 7 Gold [18ac:d610]

4
Documentation/video4linux/cx18.txt
View File

@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
Some notes regarding the cx18 driver for the Conexant CX23418 MPEG
encoder chip:
1) The only hardware currently supported is the Hauppauge HVR-1600.
1) The only hardware currently supported is the Hauppauge HVR-1600
card and the Compro VideoMate H900 (note that this card only
supports analog input, it has no digital tuner!).
2) Some people have problems getting the i2c bus to work. Cause unknown.
The symptom is that the eeprom cannot be read and the card is

77
Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
pagemap, from the userspace perspective
---------------------------------------
pagemap is a new (as of 2.6.25) set of interfaces in the kernel that allow
userspace programs to examine the page tables and related information by
reading files in /proc.
There are three components to pagemap:
* /proc/pid/pagemap. This file lets a userspace process find out which
physical frame each virtual page is mapped to. It contains one 64-bit
value for each virtual page, containing the following data (from
fs/proc/task_mmu.c, above pagemap_read):
* Bits 0-55 page frame number (PFN) if present
* Bits 0-4 swap type if swapped
* Bits 5-55 swap offset if swapped
* Bits 55-60 page shift (page size = 1<<page shift)
* Bit 61 reserved for future use
* Bit 62 page swapped
* Bit 63 page present
If the page is not present but in swap, then the PFN contains an
encoding of the swap file number and the page's offset into the
swap. Unmapped pages return a null PFN. This allows determining
precisely which pages are mapped (or in swap) and comparing mapped
pages between processes.
Efficient users of this interface will use /proc/pid/maps to
determine which areas of memory are actually mapped and llseek to
skip over unmapped regions.
* /proc/kpagecount. This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of
times each page is mapped, indexed by PFN.
* /proc/kpageflags. This file contains a 64-bit set of flags for each
page, indexed by PFN.
The flags are (from fs/proc/proc_misc, above kpageflags_read):
0. LOCKED
1. ERROR
2. REFERENCED
3. UPTODATE
4. DIRTY
5. LRU
6. ACTIVE
7. SLAB
8. WRITEBACK
9. RECLAIM
10. BUDDY
Using pagemap to do something useful:
The general procedure for using pagemap to find out about a process' memory
usage goes like this:
1. Read /proc/pid/maps to determine which parts of the memory space are
mapped to what.
2. Select the maps you are interested in -- all of them, or a particular
library, or the stack or the heap, etc.
3. Open /proc/pid/pagemap and seek to the pages you would like to examine.
4. Read a u64 for each page from pagemap.
5. Open /proc/kpagecount and/or /proc/kpageflags. For each PFN you just
read, seek to that entry in the file, and read the data you want.
For example, to find the "unique set size" (USS), which is the amount of
memory that a process is using that is not shared with any other process,
you can go through every map in the process, find the PFNs, look those up
in kpagecount, and tally up the number of pages that are only referenced
once.
Other notes:
Reading from any of the files will return -EINVAL if you are not starting
the read on an 8-byte boundary (e.g., if you seeked an odd number of bytes
into the file), or if the size of the read is not a multiple of 8 bytes.

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