gimp/README.i18n

This document exists to document the important things to care 
for because of locale support. It is aimed at developers and
translators. If you are a translator, you can skip the first
sections, but you definitely want to read sections 5 - 9.

 Table of Contents

   1. Why localisation?
   2. How
   3. Deep inside ...
   4. Some magic ...
   5. Tools and how to use them
   6. Gimp is different
   7. Adding additional textdomains
   8. Tip of the Day messages
   9. How to contribute
  10. And more ?


1. Why localisation?

 Many persons from many countries start to get used to Linux.
 Unfortunately not everyone is able to understand English. But
 even those people sometimes like to use good and free software
 without using a dictionary to get the unknown words.
 So why not simply localise the software to make it available to 
 the mass which isn't wholly English native? Of course this also
 eases the migration from PhotoX to GIMP. :))

2. How?

 GNU provides a very nice package called gettext. This one offers
 the possibility to translate chosen messages from the native language
 of the program into that one of the users if a necessary catalog is
 provided. Gettext therefore provides some easy tools to create and
 maintain such catalogs and a few functions which can be called by the
 program to enable automatic translation at runtime. The program gets
 linked to the gettext library or glibc2 which already provides that
 functionality and everything is fine.

3. Deep inside...

 GIMP provides header files called gimpintl.h and stdplugins-intl.h in
 the libgimp directory which check whether gettext is available on the
 system which GIMP is compiled on and will deactivate language support
 if it's not.

 If the gettext system is there it will declare 3 functions which will be 
 described below.

3.1 _() [more correctly: char * _( char * )]

 This one is a macro for the function gettext(). You can wrap any text
 with it that is allowed to be a return value of a function. If you
 use it then libintl will try to translate it into the native language
 of the user according to his/her environmental settings.
 The gettext() function will do a lookup in the hashed catalog which
 contains all the translated texts.

 - If it is found a pointer to the string will be returned to the caller.
 - If not, the caller will receive a pointer to the original string.

 This way it is ensured that there isn't any harm caused to the program 
 (i.e. The GIMP) if no useful catalog is installed. 

 Please note that it is important to use _() directly (and not gettext())
 for simple messages because of reasons that will be mentioned below.

 NOTE: I know some of the developer like short functions like _() but
 for a better source understanding I suggest to use it consistently only
 for text (like _("That's text!")) and not for variables (like _(text)).
 Use gettext(text) instead.
 

3.2 N_() [more correctly: const char * ( const char * ) ]

 This one is a macro for the function gettext_noop(). As you can see
 and guess it doesn't really do anything in the programm i.e. it is a
 dummy macro but nevertheless important. As it isn't possible to call
 functions in a structure as seen here:

 struct blurb
 {
  _("This won't work\n");
 }

 you have to do it in some other way. In GIMP such structures are
 often used to create menus or similar things very simply. Here you
 have to use the dummy to allow the generation of the template catalog
 which will be described below. This one doesn't do anything but it
 marks the text as important to the xgettext extractor.

 The text has to be translated manually with the next function.  
 
3.3 gettext()

 This function is the same as that macro in 3.1. But there is one big
 difference: The _()'s and N_()'s are the only expressions which get
 parsed by the template generator. 
 If you have strings that should be translated but are unfortunately
 in a structure you have to do that on your own which means that you
 have to parse the fields with the messages in a loop and translate
 the texts with this gettext() function.

 Please note that it may be necessary to free or allocate memory in
 this case!      

4. Some magic...

 As you have seen we only did the programming part until now but this
 isn't all by far. To use catalogs we'll have to create them. Now
 there are 3 different files which are importart:

 gimp.pot:
 
 This one is the so called template. It contains the messages which
 are extracted from the sources and empty fields which have to get
 filled by the author. It is used to start a new catalog or to update
 the an already available one. 

 The Makefile will automatically call the program gettext which will
 extract all messages that are wrapped by a _() or a N_() (but NOT
 gettext()) and concat them to this template.

 [language].po: 

 This file has to be an edited gimp.pot and contains the original
 messages plus the translated ones. This file will be delivered
 together with GIMP and is the base for the final catalog.

 [language].mo:

 This file is a compiled version of [language.po] which will be
 automatically compiled by the Makefile system and installed in the
 locale directory of the system. It contains everything that the .po
 file contains except not translated messages, comments and other
 overhead. For maximum speed it is also hashed to allow gettext a
 faster search.

5. Tools and how to use them

 As mentioned the to be translated strings are extracted directly from
 the source and written to the template.

 I guess many of you will now ask if it is necessary to add new
 strings directly to the template or if there's a tool to achieve
 that. I think I can calm down those of you who fear lots of had work
 just to update the language files. There's a program called msgmerge
 which will add all strings that are in the template but not in the
 uncompiled catalog to it. Msgmerge does this job very nicely and also
 tries to use some kind of fuzzy logic method for already translated
 strings for possible reduction of translators work: If an original
 string seems similar to a new one and it already has a translation,
 it will be taken over to the new catalog together with a remark that
this one may not necessarily fit.
 
6. Gimp is different

 Gimp is a complex application which has a bunch of scripts and
 plug-ins that all want to be internationalized. Therefore there is
 not one catalog but many. For a full translation of the GIMP's UI,
 you will have to add translations for the following catalogs:

	 po/gimp.pot		          --  the core
	 po-libgimp/gimp-libgimp.pot	  --  the libgimp library
	 po-plugins/gimp-std-plugins.pot  --  most of the plug-ins
	 plug-ins/perl/po/gimp-perl.pot   --  the gimp-perl scripts
	 po-script-fu/gimp-script-fu.pot  --  the script-fu scripts

 When translating menu_paths, please do not translate the name of the
 item_factory (that is the one in brackets at the front), e.g.
 <Image>/Edit/Copy should _not_ be translated to <Bild>/Bearbeiten/Kopieren,
 but to <Image>/Bearbeiten/Kopieren. If you get this wrong, Gimp will
 warn you at startup about bad translations. So do always test your
 translations and watch the console for output.

 The version of The GIMP you are holding in your hand uses
 GTK+-2.0. GTK+-2.0 requires that all strings are UTF-8
 encoded. Therefore to make internationalisation work, po files need
 to be UTF-8 encoded. Unfortunately most editors don't support UTF-8,
 so to edit your po file, you need to convert it to an encoding your
 editor can handle and convert it back to UTF-8 before commiting your
 changes back. The gnome-i18n module in CVS has some scripts that help
 with this task, but it can also easily done using iconv.

7. Adding additional textdomains

 Third-party plug-ins (plug-ins that are not distributed with The
 GIMP) can't have their messages in the gimp-std-plugins
 textdomain. We have therefore provided a mechanism that allows
 plug-ins to install their own message catalogs and tell The GIMP to
 bind to that textdomain. This is necessary so that The GIMP can
 correctly translate the menupaths the plug-in registers. Basically
 the plug-in has to call gimp_plugin_domain_add() or
 gimp_domain_plugin_add_with_path() before it registers any
 functions. Have a look at the script-fu plug-in to see how it is done
 in detail.

8. Tip of the Day messages

 In addition to message catalogs Gimp provides a file with tips that
 are displayed in a Tip of The Day window. This file is in XML format
 and can be found in the tips directory. The english tips messages are
 extracted from gimp-tips.xml.in so translators can use the usual
 tools to create a <lang>.po file that holds the translations. All
 translations are then merged into gimp-tips.xml with language
 identifiers taken from the po filename. 

 GIMP needs to know what language it should select from gimp-tips.xml.
 Therefore, there's the special message "tips-locale:C" in the main
 message catalog that needs to be translated correctly. For a german
 translation of the tips this would look like this:

 #: app/gui/tips-parser.c:158
 msgid "tips-locale:C"
 msgstr "tips-locale:de"

9. How to contribute

 Any help with translations is appreciated. If you want to help,
 please get in contact with the people from the GNOME Translation
 Project who coordinate all translation efforts in the GNOME CVS
 tree. They have a nice web-page at 
	http://developer.gnome.org/projects/gtp/. 

10. And more?

 We hope we mentioned everything that is worth it and hope that this
 document will clarify some things. If it doesn't please write us a
 mail. This text of course contains errors, so if you find one tell
 us...


Happy Gimping.
	Daniel Egger
	Sven Neumann