scikit-learn/examples/miscellaneous/plot_johnson_lindenstrauss_bound.py

r"""
=====================================================================
The Johnson-Lindenstrauss bound for embedding with random projections
=====================================================================


The `Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma`_ states that any high dimensional
dataset can be randomly projected into a lower dimensional Euclidean
space while controlling the distortion in the pairwise distances.

.. _`Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma`: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/\
    Johnson%E2%80%93Lindenstrauss_lemma
"""

print(__doc__)

import sys
from time import time
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.random_projection import johnson_lindenstrauss_min_dim
from sklearn.random_projection import SparseRandomProjection
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups_vectorized
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import euclidean_distances
from sklearn.utils.fixes import parse_version

# `normed` is being deprecated in favor of `density` in histograms
if parse_version(matplotlib.__version__) >= parse_version('2.1'):
    density_param = {'density': True}
else:
    density_param = {'normed': True}

# %%
# Theoretical bounds
# ==================
# The distortion introduced by a random projection `p` is asserted by
# the fact that `p` is defining an eps-embedding with good probability
# as defined by:
#
# .. math::
#    (1 - eps) \|u - v\|^2 < \|p(u) - p(v)\|^2 < (1 + eps) \|u - v\|^2
#
# Where u and v are any rows taken from a dataset of shape (n_samples,
# n_features) and p is a projection by a random Gaussian N(0, 1) matrix
# of shape (n_components, n_features) (or a sparse Achlioptas matrix).
#
# The minimum number of components to guarantees the eps-embedding is
# given by:
#
# .. math::
#    n\_components \geq 4 log(n\_samples) / (eps^2 / 2 - eps^3 / 3)
#
#
# The first plot shows that with an increasing number of samples ``n_samples``,
# the minimal number of dimensions ``n_components`` increased logarithmically
# in order to guarantee an ``eps``-embedding.

# range of admissible distortions
eps_range = np.linspace(0.1, 0.99, 5)
colors = plt.cm.Blues(np.linspace(0.3, 1.0, len(eps_range)))

# range of number of samples (observation) to embed
n_samples_range = np.logspace(1, 9, 9)

plt.figure()
for eps, color in zip(eps_range, colors):
    min_n_components = johnson_lindenstrauss_min_dim(n_samples_range, eps=eps)
    plt.loglog(n_samples_range, min_n_components, color=color)

plt.legend(["eps = %0.1f" % eps for eps in eps_range], loc="lower right")
plt.xlabel("Number of observations to eps-embed")
plt.ylabel("Minimum number of dimensions")
plt.title("Johnson-Lindenstrauss bounds:\nn_samples vs n_components")
plt.show()


# %%
# The second plot shows that an increase of the admissible
# distortion ``eps`` allows to reduce drastically the minimal number of
# dimensions ``n_components`` for a given number of samples ``n_samples``

# range of admissible distortions
eps_range = np.linspace(0.01, 0.99, 100)

# range of number of samples (observation) to embed
n_samples_range = np.logspace(2, 6, 5)
colors = plt.cm.Blues(np.linspace(0.3, 1.0, len(n_samples_range)))

plt.figure()
for n_samples, color in zip(n_samples_range, colors):
    min_n_components = johnson_lindenstrauss_min_dim(n_samples, eps=eps_range)
    plt.semilogy(eps_range, min_n_components, color=color)

plt.legend(["n_samples = %d" % n for n in n_samples_range], loc="upper right")
plt.xlabel("Distortion eps")
plt.ylabel("Minimum number of dimensions")
plt.title("Johnson-Lindenstrauss bounds:\nn_components vs eps")
plt.show()

# %%
# Empirical validation
# ====================
#
# We validate the above bounds on the 20 newsgroups text document
# (TF-IDF word frequencies) dataset or on the digits dataset:
#
# - for the 20 newsgroups dataset some 500 documents with 100k
#   features in total are projected using a sparse random matrix to smaller
#   euclidean spaces with various values for the target number of dimensions
#   ``n_components``.
#
# - for the digits dataset, some 8x8 gray level pixels data for 500
#   handwritten digits pictures are randomly projected to spaces for various
#   larger number of dimensions ``n_components``.
#
# The default dataset is the 20 newsgroups dataset. To run the example on the
# digits dataset, pass the ``--use-digits-dataset`` command line argument to
# this script.

if '--use-digits-dataset' in sys.argv:
    data = load_digits().data[:500]
else:
    data = fetch_20newsgroups_vectorized().data[:500]

# %%
# For each value of ``n_components``, we plot:
#
# - 2D distribution of sample pairs with pairwise distances in original
#   and projected spaces as x and y axis respectively.
#
# - 1D histogram of the ratio of those distances (projected / original).

n_samples, n_features = data.shape
print("Embedding %d samples with dim %d using various random projections"
      % (n_samples, n_features))

n_components_range = np.array([300, 1000, 10000])
dists = euclidean_distances(data, squared=True).ravel()

# select only non-identical samples pairs
nonzero = dists != 0
dists = dists[nonzero]

for n_components in n_components_range:
    t0 = time()
    rp = SparseRandomProjection(n_components=n_components)
    projected_data = rp.fit_transform(data)
    print("Projected %d samples from %d to %d in %0.3fs"
          % (n_samples, n_features, n_components, time() - t0))
    if hasattr(rp, 'components_'):
        n_bytes = rp.components_.data.nbytes
        n_bytes += rp.components_.indices.nbytes
        print("Random matrix with size: %0.3fMB" % (n_bytes / 1e6))

    projected_dists = euclidean_distances(
        projected_data, squared=True).ravel()[nonzero]

    plt.figure()
    min_dist = min(projected_dists.min(), dists.min())
    max_dist = max(projected_dists.max(), dists.max())
    plt.hexbin(dists, projected_dists, gridsize=100, cmap=plt.cm.PuBu,
               extent=[min_dist, max_dist, min_dist, max_dist])
    plt.xlabel("Pairwise squared distances in original space")
    plt.ylabel("Pairwise squared distances in projected space")
    plt.title("Pairwise distances distribution for n_components=%d" %
              n_components)
    cb = plt.colorbar()
    cb.set_label('Sample pairs counts')

    rates = projected_dists / dists
    print("Mean distances rate: %0.2f (%0.2f)"
          % (np.mean(rates), np.std(rates)))

    plt.figure()
    plt.hist(rates, bins=50, range=(0., 2.), edgecolor='k', **density_param)
    plt.xlabel("Squared distances rate: projected / original")
    plt.ylabel("Distribution of samples pairs")
    plt.title("Histogram of pairwise distance rates for n_components=%d" %
              n_components)

    # TODO: compute the expected value of eps and add them to the previous plot
    # as vertical lines / region

plt.show()


# %%
# We can see that for low values of ``n_components`` the distribution is wide
# with many distorted pairs and a skewed distribution (due to the hard
# limit of zero ratio on the left as distances are always positives)
# while for larger values of n_components the distortion is controlled
# and the distances are well preserved by the random projection.


# %%
# Remarks
# =======
#
# According to the JL lemma, projecting 500 samples without too much distortion
# will require at least several thousands dimensions, irrespective of the
# number of features of the original dataset.
#
# Hence using random projections on the digits dataset which only has 64
# features in the input space does not make sense: it does not allow
# for dimensionality reduction in this case.
#
# On the twenty newsgroups on the other hand the dimensionality can be
# decreased from 56436 down to 10000 while reasonably preserving
# pairwise distances.