1297 lines
44 KiB
XML
1297 lines
44 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
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<book id="MTD-NAND-Guide">
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<bookinfo>
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<title>MTD NAND Driver Programming Interface</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Thomas</firstname>
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<surname>Gleixner</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<copyright>
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<year>2004</year>
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<holder>Thomas Gleixner</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>
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This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
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it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
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</para>
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<para>
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
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useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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</para>
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<para>
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
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Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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MA 02111-1307 USA
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</para>
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<para>
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For more details see the file COPYING in the source
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distribution of Linux.
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</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</bookinfo>
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<toc></toc>
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<chapter id="intro">
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>
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The generic NAND driver supports almost all NAND and AG-AND based
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chips and connects them to the Memory Technology Devices (MTD)
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subsystem of the Linux Kernel.
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</para>
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<para>
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This documentation is provided for developers who want to implement
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board drivers or filesystem drivers suitable for NAND devices.
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</para>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="bugs">
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<title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
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<para>
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None.
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</para>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="dochints">
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<title>Documentation hints</title>
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<para>
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The function and structure docs are autogenerated. Each function and
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struct member has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
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The following chapters explain the meaning of those identifiers.
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</para>
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<sect1 id="Function_identifiers_XXX">
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<title>Function identifiers [XXX]</title>
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<para>
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The functions are marked with [XXX] identifiers in the short
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comment. The identifiers explain the usage and scope of the
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functions. Following identifiers are used:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>
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[MTD Interface]</para><para>
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These functions provide the interface to the MTD kernel API.
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They are not replacable and provide functionality
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which is complete hardware independent.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[NAND Interface]</para><para>
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These functions are exported and provide the interface to the NAND kernel API.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[GENERIC]</para><para>
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Generic functions are not replacable and provide functionality
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which is complete hardware independent.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[DEFAULT]</para><para>
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Default functions provide hardware related functionality which is suitable
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for most of the implementations. These functions can be replaced by the
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board driver if neccecary. Those functions are called via pointers in the
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NAND chip description structure. The board driver can set the functions which
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should be replaced by board dependent functions before calling nand_scan().
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If the function pointer is NULL on entry to nand_scan() then the pointer
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is set to the default function which is suitable for the detected chip type.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Struct_member_identifiers_XXX">
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<title>Struct member identifiers [XXX]</title>
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<para>
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The struct members are marked with [XXX] identifiers in the
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comment. The identifiers explain the usage and scope of the
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members. Following identifiers are used:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>
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[INTERN]</para><para>
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These members are for NAND driver internal use only and must not be
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modified. Most of these values are calculated from the chip geometry
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information which is evaluated during nand_scan().
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[REPLACEABLE]</para><para>
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Replaceable members hold hardware related functions which can be
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provided by the board driver. The board driver can set the functions which
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should be replaced by board dependent functions before calling nand_scan().
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If the function pointer is NULL on entry to nand_scan() then the pointer
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is set to the default function which is suitable for the detected chip type.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[BOARDSPECIFIC]</para><para>
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Board specific members hold hardware related information which must
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be provided by the board driver. The board driver must set the function
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pointers and datafields before calling nand_scan().
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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[OPTIONAL]</para><para>
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Optional members can hold information relevant for the board driver. The
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generic NAND driver code does not use this information.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="basicboarddriver">
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<title>Basic board driver</title>
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<para>
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For most boards it will be sufficient to provide just the
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basic functions and fill out some really board dependent
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members in the nand chip description structure.
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</para>
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<sect1 id="Basic_defines">
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<title>Basic defines</title>
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<para>
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At least you have to provide a mtd structure and
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a storage for the ioremap'ed chip address.
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You can allocate the mtd structure using kmalloc
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or you can allocate it statically.
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In case of static allocation you have to allocate
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a nand_chip structure too.
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</para>
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<para>
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Kmalloc based example
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static struct mtd_info *board_mtd;
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static void __iomem *baseaddr;
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Static example
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static struct mtd_info board_mtd;
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static struct nand_chip board_chip;
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static void __iomem *baseaddr;
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Partition_defines">
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<title>Partition defines</title>
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<para>
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If you want to divide your device into partitions, then
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define a partitioning scheme suitable to your board.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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#define NUM_PARTITIONS 2
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static struct mtd_partition partition_info[] = {
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{ .name = "Flash partition 1",
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.offset = 0,
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.size = 8 * 1024 * 1024 },
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{ .name = "Flash partition 2",
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.offset = MTDPART_OFS_NEXT,
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.size = MTDPART_SIZ_FULL },
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};
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Hardware_control_functions">
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<title>Hardware control function</title>
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<para>
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The hardware control function provides access to the
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control pins of the NAND chip(s).
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The access can be done by GPIO pins or by address lines.
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If you use address lines, make sure that the timing
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requirements are met.
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</para>
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<para>
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<emphasis>GPIO based example</emphasis>
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static void board_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
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{
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switch(cmd){
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case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: /* Set CLE pin high */ break;
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case NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: /* Set CLE pin low */ break;
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case NAND_CTL_SETALE: /* Set ALE pin high */ break;
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case NAND_CTL_CLRALE: /* Set ALE pin low */ break;
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case NAND_CTL_SETNCE: /* Set nCE pin low */ break;
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case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE: /* Set nCE pin high */ break;
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}
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}
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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<emphasis>Address lines based example.</emphasis> It's assumed that the
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nCE pin is driven by a chip select decoder.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static void board_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
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{
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struct nand_chip *this = (struct nand_chip *) mtd->priv;
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switch(cmd){
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case NAND_CTL_SETCLE: this->IO_ADDR_W |= CLE_ADRR_BIT; break;
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case NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~CLE_ADRR_BIT; break;
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case NAND_CTL_SETALE: this->IO_ADDR_W |= ALE_ADRR_BIT; break;
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case NAND_CTL_CLRALE: this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~ALE_ADRR_BIT; break;
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}
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}
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Device_ready_function">
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<title>Device ready function</title>
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<para>
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If the hardware interface has the ready busy pin of the NAND chip connected to a
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GPIO or other accessible I/O pin, this function is used to read back the state of the
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pin. The function has no arguments and should return 0, if the device is busy (R/B pin
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is low) and 1, if the device is ready (R/B pin is high).
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If the hardware interface does not give access to the ready busy pin, then
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the function must not be defined and the function pointer this->dev_ready is set to NULL.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Init_function">
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<title>Init function</title>
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<para>
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The init function allocates memory and sets up all the board
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specific parameters and function pointers. When everything
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is set up nand_scan() is called. This function tries to
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detect and identify then chip. If a chip is found all the
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internal data fields are initialized accordingly.
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The structure(s) have to be zeroed out first and then filled with the neccecary
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information about the device.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static int __init board_init (void)
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{
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struct nand_chip *this;
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int err = 0;
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/* Allocate memory for MTD device structure and private data */
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board_mtd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct mtd_info) + sizeof(struct nand_chip), GFP_KERNEL);
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if (!board_mtd) {
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printk ("Unable to allocate NAND MTD device structure.\n");
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err = -ENOMEM;
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goto out;
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}
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/* map physical address */
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baseaddr = ioremap(CHIP_PHYSICAL_ADDRESS, 1024);
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if (!baseaddr) {
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printk("Ioremap to access NAND chip failed\n");
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err = -EIO;
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goto out_mtd;
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}
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/* Get pointer to private data */
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this = (struct nand_chip *) ();
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/* Link the private data with the MTD structure */
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board_mtd->priv = this;
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/* Set address of NAND IO lines */
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this->IO_ADDR_R = baseaddr;
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this->IO_ADDR_W = baseaddr;
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/* Reference hardware control function */
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this->hwcontrol = board_hwcontrol;
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/* Set command delay time, see datasheet for correct value */
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this->chip_delay = CHIP_DEPENDEND_COMMAND_DELAY;
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/* Assign the device ready function, if available */
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this->dev_ready = board_dev_ready;
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this->eccmode = NAND_ECC_SOFT;
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/* Scan to find existence of the device */
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if (nand_scan (board_mtd, 1)) {
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err = -ENXIO;
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goto out_ior;
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}
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add_mtd_partitions(board_mtd, partition_info, NUM_PARTITIONS);
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goto out;
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out_ior:
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iounmap(baseaddr);
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out_mtd:
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kfree (board_mtd);
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out:
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return err;
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}
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module_init(board_init);
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Exit_function">
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<title>Exit function</title>
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<para>
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The exit function is only neccecary if the driver is
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compiled as a module. It releases all resources which
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are held by the chip driver and unregisters the partitions
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in the MTD layer.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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#ifdef MODULE
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static void __exit board_cleanup (void)
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{
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/* Release resources, unregister device */
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nand_release (board_mtd);
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/* unmap physical address */
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iounmap(baseaddr);
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/* Free the MTD device structure */
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kfree (board_mtd);
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}
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module_exit(board_cleanup);
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#endif
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="boarddriversadvanced">
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<title>Advanced board driver functions</title>
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<para>
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This chapter describes the advanced functionality of the NAND
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driver. For a list of functions which can be overridden by the board
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driver see the documentation of the nand_chip structure.
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</para>
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<sect1 id="Multiple_chip_control">
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<title>Multiple chip control</title>
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<para>
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The nand driver can control chip arrays. Therefore the
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board driver must provide an own select_chip function. This
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function must (de)select the requested chip.
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The function pointer in the nand_chip structure must
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be set before calling nand_scan(). The maxchip parameter
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of nand_scan() defines the maximum number of chips to
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scan for. Make sure that the select_chip function can
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handle the requested number of chips.
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</para>
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<para>
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The nand driver concatenates the chips to one virtual
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chip and provides this virtual chip to the MTD layer.
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</para>
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<para>
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<emphasis>Note: The driver can only handle linear chip arrays
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of equally sized chips. There is no support for
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parallel arrays which extend the buswidth.</emphasis>
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</para>
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<para>
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<emphasis>GPIO based example</emphasis>
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static void board_select_chip (struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip)
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{
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/* Deselect all chips, set all nCE pins high */
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GPIO(BOARD_NAND_NCE) |= 0xff;
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if (chip >= 0)
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GPIO(BOARD_NAND_NCE) &= ~ (1 << chip);
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}
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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<emphasis>Address lines based example.</emphasis>
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Its assumed that the nCE pins are connected to an
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address decoder.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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static void board_select_chip (struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip)
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{
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struct nand_chip *this = (struct nand_chip *) mtd->priv;
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/* Deselect all chips */
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this->IO_ADDR_R &= ~BOARD_NAND_ADDR_MASK;
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this->IO_ADDR_W &= ~BOARD_NAND_ADDR_MASK;
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switch (chip) {
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case 0:
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this->IO_ADDR_R |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIP0;
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this->IO_ADDR_W |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIP0;
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break;
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....
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case n:
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this->IO_ADDR_R |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIPn;
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this->IO_ADDR_W |= BOARD_NAND_ADDR_CHIPn;
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break;
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}
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}
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</programlisting>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Hardware_ECC_support">
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<title>Hardware ECC support</title>
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<sect2 id="Functions_and_constants">
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<title>Functions and constants</title>
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<para>
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The nand driver supports three different types of
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hardware ECC.
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW3_256</para><para>
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Hardware ECC generator providing 3 bytes ECC per
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256 byte.
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</para> </listitem>
|
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<listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW3_512</para><para>
|
|
Hardware ECC generator providing 3 bytes ECC per
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512 byte.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW6_512</para><para>
|
|
Hardware ECC generator providing 6 bytes ECC per
|
|
512 byte.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>NAND_ECC_HW8_512</para><para>
|
|
Hardware ECC generator providing 6 bytes ECC per
|
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512 byte.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
If your hardware generator has a different functionality
|
|
add it at the appropriate place in nand_base.c
|
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</para>
|
|
<para>
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|
The board driver must provide following functions:
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>enable_hwecc</para><para>
|
|
This function is called before reading / writing to
|
|
the chip. Reset or initialize the hardware generator
|
|
in this function. The function is called with an
|
|
argument which let you distinguish between read
|
|
and write operations.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>calculate_ecc</para><para>
|
|
This function is called after read / write from / to
|
|
the chip. Transfer the ECC from the hardware to
|
|
the buffer. If the option NAND_HWECC_SYNDROME is set
|
|
then the function is only called on write. See below.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>correct_data</para><para>
|
|
In case of an ECC error this function is called for
|
|
error detection and correction. Return 1 respectively 2
|
|
in case the error can be corrected. If the error is
|
|
not correctable return -1. If your hardware generator
|
|
matches the default algorithm of the nand_ecc software
|
|
generator then use the correction function provided
|
|
by nand_ecc instead of implementing duplicated code.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="Hardware_ECC_with_syndrome_calculation">
|
|
<title>Hardware ECC with syndrome calculation</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Many hardware ECC implementations provide Reed-Solomon
|
|
codes and calculate an error syndrome on read. The syndrome
|
|
must be converted to a standard Reed-Solomon syndrome
|
|
before calling the error correction code in the generic
|
|
Reed-Solomon library.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The ECC bytes must be placed immediately after the data
|
|
bytes in order to make the syndrome generator work. This
|
|
is contrary to the usual layout used by software ECC. The
|
|
separation of data and out of band area is not longer
|
|
possible. The nand driver code handles this layout and
|
|
the remaining free bytes in the oob area are managed by
|
|
the autoplacement code. Provide a matching oob-layout
|
|
in this case. See rts_from4.c and diskonchip.c for
|
|
implementation reference. In those cases we must also
|
|
use bad block tables on FLASH, because the ECC layout is
|
|
interferring with the bad block marker positions.
|
|
See bad block table support for details.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="Bad_Block_table_support">
|
|
<title>Bad block table support</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Most NAND chips mark the bad blocks at a defined
|
|
position in the spare area. Those blocks must
|
|
not be erased under any circumstances as the bad
|
|
block information would be lost.
|
|
It is possible to check the bad block mark each
|
|
time when the blocks are accessed by reading the
|
|
spare area of the first page in the block. This
|
|
is time consuming so a bad block table is used.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The nand driver supports various types of bad block
|
|
tables.
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Per device</para><para>
|
|
The bad block table contains all bad block information
|
|
of the device which can consist of multiple chips.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Per chip</para><para>
|
|
A bad block table is used per chip and contains the
|
|
bad block information for this particular chip.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Fixed offset</para><para>
|
|
The bad block table is located at a fixed offset
|
|
in the chip (device). This applies to various
|
|
DiskOnChip devices.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Automatic placed</para><para>
|
|
The bad block table is automatically placed and
|
|
detected either at the end or at the beginning
|
|
of a chip (device)
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Mirrored tables</para><para>
|
|
The bad block table is mirrored on the chip (device) to
|
|
allow updates of the bad block table without data loss.
|
|
</para> </listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
nand_scan() calls the function nand_default_bbt().
|
|
nand_default_bbt() selects appropriate default
|
|
bad block table desriptors depending on the chip information
|
|
which was retrieved by nand_scan().
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The standard policy is scanning the device for bad
|
|
blocks and build a ram based bad block table which
|
|
allows faster access than always checking the
|
|
bad block information on the flash chip itself.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="Flash_based_tables">
|
|
<title>Flash based tables</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
It may be desired or neccecary to keep a bad block table in FLASH.
|
|
For AG-AND chips this is mandatory, as they have no factory marked
|
|
bad blocks. They have factory marked good blocks. The marker pattern
|
|
is erased when the block is erased to be reused. So in case of
|
|
powerloss before writing the pattern back to the chip this block
|
|
would be lost and added to the bad blocks. Therefore we scan the
|
|
chip(s) when we detect them the first time for good blocks and
|
|
store this information in a bad block table before erasing any
|
|
of the blocks.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The blocks in which the tables are stored are procteted against
|
|
accidental access by marking them bad in the memory bad block
|
|
table. The bad block table management functions are allowed
|
|
to circumvernt this protection.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The simplest way to activate the FLASH based bad block table support
|
|
is to set the option NAND_BBT_USE_FLASH in the bbt_option field of
|
|
the nand chip structure before calling nand_scan(). For AG-AND
|
|
chips is this done by default.
|
|
This activates the default FLASH based bad block table functionality
|
|
of the NAND driver. The default bad block table options are
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Store bad block table per chip</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Use 2 bits per block</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Automatic placement at the end of the chip</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Use mirrored tables with version numbers</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Reserve 4 blocks at the end of the chip</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="User_defined_tables">
|
|
<title>User defined tables</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
User defined tables are created by filling out a
|
|
nand_bbt_descr structure and storing the pointer in the
|
|
nand_chip structure member bbt_td before calling nand_scan().
|
|
If a mirror table is neccecary a second structure must be
|
|
created and a pointer to this structure must be stored
|
|
in bbt_md inside the nand_chip structure. If the bbt_md
|
|
member is set to NULL then only the main table is used
|
|
and no scan for the mirrored table is performed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The most important field in the nand_bbt_descr structure
|
|
is the options field. The options define most of the
|
|
table properties. Use the predefined constants from
|
|
nand.h to define the options.
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Number of bits per block</para>
|
|
<para>The supported number of bits is 1, 2, 4, 8.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table per chip</para>
|
|
<para>Setting the constant NAND_BBT_PERCHIP selects that
|
|
a bad block table is managed for each chip in a chip array.
|
|
If this option is not set then a per device bad block table
|
|
is used.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table location is absolute</para>
|
|
<para>Use the option constant NAND_BBT_ABSPAGE and
|
|
define the absolute page number where the bad block
|
|
table starts in the field pages. If you have selected bad block
|
|
tables per chip and you have a multi chip array then the start page
|
|
must be given for each chip in the chip array. Note: there is no scan
|
|
for a table ident pattern performed, so the fields
|
|
pattern, veroffs, offs, len can be left uninitialized</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table location is automatically detected</para>
|
|
<para>The table can either be located in the first or the last good
|
|
blocks of the chip (device). Set NAND_BBT_LASTBLOCK to place
|
|
the bad block table at the end of the chip (device). The
|
|
bad block tables are marked and identified by a pattern which
|
|
is stored in the spare area of the first page in the block which
|
|
holds the bad block table. Store a pointer to the pattern
|
|
in the pattern field. Further the length of the pattern has to be
|
|
stored in len and the offset in the spare area must be given
|
|
in the offs member of the nand_bbt_descr structure. For mirrored
|
|
bad block tables different patterns are mandatory.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table creation</para>
|
|
<para>Set the option NAND_BBT_CREATE to enable the table creation
|
|
if no table can be found during the scan. Usually this is done only
|
|
once if a new chip is found. </para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table write support</para>
|
|
<para>Set the option NAND_BBT_WRITE to enable the table write support.
|
|
This allows the update of the bad block table(s) in case a block has
|
|
to be marked bad due to wear. The MTD interface function block_markbad
|
|
is calling the update function of the bad block table. If the write
|
|
support is enabled then the table is updated on FLASH.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note: Write support should only be enabled for mirrored tables with
|
|
version control.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Table version control</para>
|
|
<para>Set the option NAND_BBT_VERSION to enable the table version control.
|
|
It's highly recommended to enable this for mirrored tables with write
|
|
support. It makes sure that the risk of losing the bad block
|
|
table information is reduced to the loss of the information about the
|
|
one worn out block which should be marked bad. The version is stored in
|
|
4 consecutive bytes in the spare area of the device. The position of
|
|
the version number is defined by the member veroffs in the bad block table
|
|
descriptor.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Save block contents on write</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
In case that the block which holds the bad block table does contain
|
|
other useful information, set the option NAND_BBT_SAVECONTENT. When
|
|
the bad block table is written then the whole block is read the bad
|
|
block table is updated and the block is erased and everything is
|
|
written back. If this option is not set only the bad block table
|
|
is written and everything else in the block is ignored and erased.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Number of reserved blocks</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
For automatic placement some blocks must be reserved for
|
|
bad block table storage. The number of reserved blocks is defined
|
|
in the maxblocks member of the babd block table description structure.
|
|
Reserving 4 blocks for mirrored tables should be a reasonable number.
|
|
This also limits the number of blocks which are scanned for the bad
|
|
block table ident pattern.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="Spare_area_placement">
|
|
<title>Spare area (auto)placement</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The nand driver implements different possibilities for
|
|
placement of filesystem data in the spare area,
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Placement defined by fs driver</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Automatic placement</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
The default placement function is automatic placement. The
|
|
nand driver has built in default placement schemes for the
|
|
various chiptypes. If due to hardware ECC functionality the
|
|
default placement does not fit then the board driver can
|
|
provide a own placement scheme.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
File system drivers can provide a own placement scheme which
|
|
is used instead of the default placement scheme.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Placement schemes are defined by a nand_oobinfo structure
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
struct nand_oobinfo {
|
|
int useecc;
|
|
int eccbytes;
|
|
int eccpos[24];
|
|
int oobfree[8][2];
|
|
};
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>useecc</para><para>
|
|
The useecc member controls the ecc and placement function. The header
|
|
file include/mtd/mtd-abi.h contains constants to select ecc and
|
|
placement. MTD_NANDECC_OFF switches off the ecc complete. This is
|
|
not recommended and available for testing and diagnosis only.
|
|
MTD_NANDECC_PLACE selects caller defined placement, MTD_NANDECC_AUTOPLACE
|
|
selects automatic placement.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>eccbytes</para><para>
|
|
The eccbytes member defines the number of ecc bytes per page.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>eccpos</para><para>
|
|
The eccpos array holds the byte offsets in the spare area where
|
|
the ecc codes are placed.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>oobfree</para><para>
|
|
The oobfree array defines the areas in the spare area which can be
|
|
used for automatic placement. The information is given in the format
|
|
{offset, size}. offset defines the start of the usable area, size the
|
|
length in bytes. More than one area can be defined. The list is terminated
|
|
by an {0, 0} entry.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect2 id="Placement_defined_by_fs_driver">
|
|
<title>Placement defined by fs driver</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The calling function provides a pointer to a nand_oobinfo
|
|
structure which defines the ecc placement. For writes the
|
|
caller must provide a spare area buffer along with the
|
|
data buffer. The spare area buffer size is (number of pages) *
|
|
(size of spare area). For reads the buffer size is
|
|
(number of pages) * ((size of spare area) + (number of ecc
|
|
steps per page) * sizeof (int)). The driver stores the
|
|
result of the ecc check for each tuple in the spare buffer.
|
|
The storage sequence is
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<spare data page 0><ecc result 0>...<ecc result n>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
...
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<spare data page n><ecc result 0>...<ecc result n>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is a legacy mode used by YAFFS1.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the spare area buffer is NULL then only the ECC placement is
|
|
done according to the given scheme in the nand_oobinfo structure.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="Automatic_placement">
|
|
<title>Automatic placement</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Automatic placement uses the built in defaults to place the
|
|
ecc bytes in the spare area. If filesystem data have to be stored /
|
|
read into the spare area then the calling function must provide a
|
|
buffer. The buffer size per page is determined by the oobfree array in
|
|
the nand_oobinfo structure.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
If the spare area buffer is NULL then only the ECC placement is
|
|
done according to the default builtin scheme.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
<sect1 id="Spare_area_autoplacement_default">
|
|
<title>Spare area autoplacement default schemes</title>
|
|
<sect2 id="pagesize_256">
|
|
<title>256 byte pagesize</title>
|
|
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Offset</entry>
|
|
<entry>Content</entry>
|
|
<entry>Comment</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x00</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x01</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x02</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x03</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 0</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x04</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 1</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x05</entry>
|
|
<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
|
|
<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
|
|
This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
|
|
pages this byte is reserved</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x06</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 2</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x07</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 3</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="pagesize_512">
|
|
<title>512 byte pagesize</title>
|
|
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Offset</entry>
|
|
<entry>Content</entry>
|
|
<entry>Comment</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x00</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the lower 256 Byte data in
|
|
this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x01</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the lower 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x02</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the lower 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x03</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 3</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x04</entry>
|
|
<entry>reserved</entry>
|
|
<entry>reserved</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x05</entry>
|
|
<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
|
|
<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
|
|
This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
|
|
pages this byte is reserved</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x06</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 4</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x07</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 5</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the upper 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x08 - 0x0F</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 0 - 7</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="pagesize_2048">
|
|
<title>2048 byte pagesize</title>
|
|
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3"><tbody>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>Offset</entry>
|
|
<entry>Content</entry>
|
|
<entry>Comment</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x00</entry>
|
|
<entry>Bad block marker</entry>
|
|
<entry>If any bit in this byte is zero, then this block is bad.
|
|
This applies only to the first page in a block. In the remaining
|
|
pages this byte is reserved</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x01</entry>
|
|
<entry>Reserved</entry>
|
|
<entry>Reserved</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x02-0x27</entry>
|
|
<entry>Autoplace 0 - 37</entry>
|
|
<entry></entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x28</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 0</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the first 256 Byte data in
|
|
this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x29</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 1</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the first 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2A</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 2</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the first 256 Bytes data in
|
|
this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2B</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 3</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the second 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2C</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 4</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the second 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2D</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 5</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the second 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2E</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 6</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the third 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x2F</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 7</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the third 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x30</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 8</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the third 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x31</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 9</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x32</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 10</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x33</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 11</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the fourth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x34</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 12</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x35</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 13</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x36</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 14</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the fifth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x37</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 15</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x38</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 16</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x39</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 17</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the sixt 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3A</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 18</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
|
|
data in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3B</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 19</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
|
|
data in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3C</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 20</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the seventh 256 Bytes of
|
|
data in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3D</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 21</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 0 of the eighth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3E</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 22</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 1 of the eighth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
<row>
|
|
<entry>0x3F</entry>
|
|
<entry>ECC byte 23</entry>
|
|
<entry>Error correction code byte 2 of the eighth 256 Bytes of data
|
|
in this page</entry>
|
|
</row>
|
|
</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="filesystems">
|
|
<title>Filesystem support</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The NAND driver provides all neccecary functions for a
|
|
filesystem via the MTD interface.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Filesystems must be aware of the NAND pecularities and
|
|
restrictions. One major restrictions of NAND Flash is, that you cannot
|
|
write as often as you want to a page. The consecutive writes to a page,
|
|
before erasing it again, are restricted to 1-3 writes, depending on the
|
|
manufacturers specifications. This applies similar to the spare area.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Therefore NAND aware filesystems must either write in page size chunks
|
|
or hold a writebuffer to collect smaller writes until they sum up to
|
|
pagesize. Available NAND aware filesystems: JFFS2, YAFFS.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The spare area usage to store filesystem data is controlled by
|
|
the spare area placement functionality which is described in one
|
|
of the earlier chapters.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
<chapter id="tools">
|
|
<title>Tools</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The MTD project provides a couple of helpful tools to handle NAND Flash.
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>flasherase, flasheraseall: Erase and format FLASH partitions</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>nandwrite: write filesystem images to NAND FLASH</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>nanddump: dump the contents of a NAND FLASH partitions</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These tools are aware of the NAND restrictions. Please use those tools
|
|
instead of complaining about errors which are caused by non NAND aware
|
|
access methods.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="defines">
|
|
<title>Constants</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This chapter describes the constants which might be relevant for a driver developer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<sect1 id="Chip_option_constants">
|
|
<title>Chip option constants</title>
|
|
<sect2 id="Constants_for_chip_id_table">
|
|
<title>Constants for chip id table</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These constants are defined in nand.h. They are ored together to describe
|
|
the chip functionality.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
/* Buswitdh is 16 bit */
|
|
#define NAND_BUSWIDTH_16 0x00000002
|
|
/* Device supports partial programming without padding */
|
|
#define NAND_NO_PADDING 0x00000004
|
|
/* Chip has cache program function */
|
|
#define NAND_CACHEPRG 0x00000008
|
|
/* Chip has copy back function */
|
|
#define NAND_COPYBACK 0x00000010
|
|
/* AND Chip which has 4 banks and a confusing page / block
|
|
* assignment. See Renesas datasheet for further information */
|
|
#define NAND_IS_AND 0x00000020
|
|
/* Chip has a array of 4 pages which can be read without
|
|
* additional ready /busy waits */
|
|
#define NAND_4PAGE_ARRAY 0x00000040
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
<sect2 id="Constants_for_runtime_options">
|
|
<title>Constants for runtime options</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These constants are defined in nand.h. They are ored together to describe
|
|
the functionality.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
/* The hw ecc generator provides a syndrome instead a ecc value on read
|
|
* This can only work if we have the ecc bytes directly behind the
|
|
* data bytes. Applies for DOC and AG-AND Renesas HW Reed Solomon generators */
|
|
#define NAND_HWECC_SYNDROME 0x00020000
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="EEC_selection_constants">
|
|
<title>ECC selection constants</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Use these constants to select the ECC algorithm.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
/* No ECC. Usage is not recommended ! */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_NONE 0
|
|
/* Software ECC 3 byte ECC per 256 Byte data */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_SOFT 1
|
|
/* Hardware ECC 3 byte ECC per 256 Byte data */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_HW3_256 2
|
|
/* Hardware ECC 3 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_HW3_512 3
|
|
/* Hardware ECC 6 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_HW6_512 4
|
|
/* Hardware ECC 6 byte ECC per 512 Byte data */
|
|
#define NAND_ECC_HW8_512 6
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="Hardware_control_related_constants">
|
|
<title>Hardware control related constants</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These constants describe the requested hardware access function when
|
|
the boardspecific hardware control function is called
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
/* Select the chip by setting nCE to low */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_SETNCE 1
|
|
/* Deselect the chip by setting nCE to high */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_CLRNCE 2
|
|
/* Select the command latch by setting CLE to high */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_SETCLE 3
|
|
/* Deselect the command latch by setting CLE to low */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_CLRCLE 4
|
|
/* Select the address latch by setting ALE to high */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_SETALE 5
|
|
/* Deselect the address latch by setting ALE to low */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_CLRALE 6
|
|
/* Set write protection by setting WP to high. Not used! */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_SETWP 7
|
|
/* Clear write protection by setting WP to low. Not used! */
|
|
#define NAND_CTL_CLRWP 8
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="Bad_block_table_constants">
|
|
<title>Bad block table related constants</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
These constants describe the options used for bad block
|
|
table descriptors.
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
/* Options for the bad block table descriptors */
|
|
|
|
/* The number of bits used per block in the bbt on the device */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_NRBITS_MSK 0x0000000F
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_1BIT 0x00000001
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_2BIT 0x00000002
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_4BIT 0x00000004
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_8BIT 0x00000008
|
|
/* The bad block table is in the last good block of the device */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_LASTBLOCK 0x00000010
|
|
/* The bbt is at the given page, else we must scan for the bbt */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_ABSPAGE 0x00000020
|
|
/* bbt is stored per chip on multichip devices */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_PERCHIP 0x00000080
|
|
/* bbt has a version counter at offset veroffs */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_VERSION 0x00000100
|
|
/* Create a bbt if none axists */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_CREATE 0x00000200
|
|
/* Search good / bad pattern through all pages of a block */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_SCANALLPAGES 0x00000400
|
|
/* Scan block empty during good / bad block scan */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_SCANEMPTY 0x00000800
|
|
/* Write bbt if neccecary */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_WRITE 0x00001000
|
|
/* Read and write back block contents when writing bbt */
|
|
#define NAND_BBT_SAVECONTENT 0x00002000
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="structs">
|
|
<title>Structures</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the structures which are
|
|
used in the NAND driver and might be relevant for a driver developer. Each
|
|
struct member has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
|
|
See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
|
|
</para>
|
|
!Iinclude/linux/mtd/nand.h
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="pubfunctions">
|
|
<title>Public Functions Provided</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the NAND kernel API functions
|
|
which are exported. Each function has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
|
|
See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
|
|
</para>
|
|
!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c
|
|
!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_bbt.c
|
|
!Edrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="intfunctions">
|
|
<title>Internal Functions Provided</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
This chapter contains the autogenerated documentation of the NAND driver internal functions.
|
|
Each function has a short description which is marked with an [XXX] identifier.
|
|
See the chapter "Documentation hints" for an explanation.
|
|
The functions marked with [DEFAULT] might be relevant for a board driver developer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_base.c
|
|
!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_bbt.c
|
|
<!-- No internal functions for kernel-doc:
|
|
X!Idrivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c
|
|
-->
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter id="credits">
|
|
<title>Credits</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following people have contributed to the NAND driver:
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Steven J. Hill<email>sjhill@realitydiluted.com</email></para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>David Woodhouse<email>dwmw2@infradead.org</email></para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Thomas Gleixner<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email></para></listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
A lot of users have provided bugfixes, improvements and helping hands for testing.
|
|
Thanks a lot.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following people have contributed to this document:
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Thomas Gleixner<email>tglx@linutronix.de</email></para></listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
</book>
|