365 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
365 lines
15 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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=========================
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Generic Counter Interface
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=========================
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Introduction
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============
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Counter devices are prevalent among a diverse spectrum of industries.
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The ubiquitous presence of these devices necessitates a common interface
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and standard of interaction and exposure. This driver API attempts to
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resolve the issue of duplicate code found among existing counter device
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drivers by introducing a generic counter interface for consumption. The
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Generic Counter interface enables drivers to support and expose a common
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set of components and functionality present in counter devices.
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Theory
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======
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Counter devices can vary greatly in design, but regardless of whether
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some devices are quadrature encoder counters or tally counters, all
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counter devices consist of a core set of components. This core set of
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components, shared by all counter devices, is what forms the essence of
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the Generic Counter interface.
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There are three core components to a counter:
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* Signal:
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Stream of data to be evaluated by the counter.
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* Synapse:
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Association of a Signal, and evaluation trigger, with a Count.
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* Count:
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Accumulation of the effects of connected Synapses.
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SIGNAL
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------
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A Signal represents a stream of data. This is the input data that is
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evaluated by the counter to determine the count data; e.g. a quadrature
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signal output line of a rotary encoder. Not all counter devices provide
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user access to the Signal data, so exposure is optional for drivers.
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When the Signal data is available for user access, the Generic Counter
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interface provides the following available signal values:
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* SIGNAL_LOW:
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Signal line is in a low state.
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* SIGNAL_HIGH:
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Signal line is in a high state.
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A Signal may be associated with one or more Counts.
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SYNAPSE
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-------
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A Synapse represents the association of a Signal with a Count. Signal
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data affects respective Count data, and the Synapse represents this
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relationship.
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The Synapse action mode specifies the Signal data condition that
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triggers the respective Count's count function evaluation to update the
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count data. The Generic Counter interface provides the following
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available action modes:
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* None:
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Signal does not trigger the count function. In Pulse-Direction count
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function mode, this Signal is evaluated as Direction.
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* Rising Edge:
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Low state transitions to high state.
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* Falling Edge:
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High state transitions to low state.
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* Both Edges:
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Any state transition.
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A counter is defined as a set of input signals associated with count
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data that are generated by the evaluation of the state of the associated
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input signals as defined by the respective count functions. Within the
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context of the Generic Counter interface, a counter consists of Counts
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each associated with a set of Signals, whose respective Synapse
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instances represent the count function update conditions for the
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associated Counts.
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A Synapse associates one Signal with one Count.
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COUNT
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-----
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A Count represents the accumulation of the effects of connected
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Synapses; i.e. the count data for a set of Signals. The Generic
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Counter interface represents the count data as a natural number.
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A Count has a count function mode which represents the update behavior
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for the count data. The Generic Counter interface provides the following
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available count function modes:
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* Increase:
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Accumulated count is incremented.
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* Decrease:
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Accumulated count is decremented.
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* Pulse-Direction:
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Rising edges on signal A updates the respective count. The input level
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of signal B determines direction.
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* Quadrature:
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A pair of quadrature encoding signals are evaluated to determine
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position and direction. The following Quadrature modes are available:
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- x1 A:
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If direction is forward, rising edges on quadrature pair signal A
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updates the respective count; if the direction is backward, falling
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edges on quadrature pair signal A updates the respective count.
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Quadrature encoding determines the direction.
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- x1 B:
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If direction is forward, rising edges on quadrature pair signal B
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updates the respective count; if the direction is backward, falling
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edges on quadrature pair signal B updates the respective count.
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Quadrature encoding determines the direction.
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- x2 A:
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Any state transition on quadrature pair signal A updates the
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respective count. Quadrature encoding determines the direction.
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- x2 B:
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Any state transition on quadrature pair signal B updates the
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respective count. Quadrature encoding determines the direction.
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- x4:
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Any state transition on either quadrature pair signals updates the
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respective count. Quadrature encoding determines the direction.
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A Count has a set of one or more associated Synapses.
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Paradigm
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========
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The most basic counter device may be expressed as a single Count
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associated with a single Signal via a single Synapse. Take for example
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a counter device which simply accumulates a count of rising edges on a
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source input line::
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Count Synapse Signal
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----- ------- ------
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+---------------------+
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| Data: Count | Rising Edge ________
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| Function: Increase | <------------- / Source \
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| | ____________
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+---------------------+
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In this example, the Signal is a source input line with a pulsing
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voltage, while the Count is a persistent count value which is repeatedly
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incremented. The Signal is associated with the respective Count via a
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Synapse. The increase function is triggered by the Signal data condition
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specified by the Synapse -- in this case a rising edge condition on the
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voltage input line. In summary, the counter device existence and
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behavior is aptly represented by respective Count, Signal, and Synapse
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components: a rising edge condition triggers an increase function on an
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accumulating count datum.
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A counter device is not limited to a single Signal; in fact, in theory
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many Signals may be associated with even a single Count. For example, a
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quadrature encoder counter device can keep track of position based on
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the states of two input lines::
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Count Synapse Signal
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----- ------- ------
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+-------------------------+
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| Data: Position | Both Edges ___
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| Function: Quadrature x4 | <------------ / A \
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| | _______
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| | Both Edges ___
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| | <------------ / B \
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| | _______
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+-------------------------+
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In this example, two Signals (quadrature encoder lines A and B) are
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associated with a single Count: a rising or falling edge on either A or
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B triggers the "Quadrature x4" function which determines the direction
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of movement and updates the respective position data. The "Quadrature
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x4" function is likely implemented in the hardware of the quadrature
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encoder counter device; the Count, Signals, and Synapses simply
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represent this hardware behavior and functionality.
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Signals associated with the same Count can have differing Synapse action
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mode conditions. For example, a quadrature encoder counter device
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operating in a non-quadrature Pulse-Direction mode could have one input
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line dedicated for movement and a second input line dedicated for
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direction::
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Count Synapse Signal
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----- ------- ------
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+---------------------------+
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| Data: Position | Rising Edge ___
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| Function: Pulse-Direction | <------------- / A \ (Movement)
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| | _______
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| | None ___
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| | <------------- / B \ (Direction)
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| | _______
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+---------------------------+
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Only Signal A triggers the "Pulse-Direction" update function, but the
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instantaneous state of Signal B is still required in order to know the
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direction so that the position data may be properly updated. Ultimately,
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both Signals are associated with the same Count via two respective
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Synapses, but only one Synapse has an active action mode condition which
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triggers the respective count function while the other is left with a
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"None" condition action mode to indicate its respective Signal's
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availability for state evaluation despite its non-triggering mode.
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Keep in mind that the Signal, Synapse, and Count are abstract
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representations which do not need to be closely married to their
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respective physical sources. This allows the user of a counter to
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divorce themselves from the nuances of physical components (such as
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whether an input line is differential or single-ended) and instead focus
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on the core idea of what the data and process represent (e.g. position
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as interpreted from quadrature encoding data).
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Userspace Interface
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===================
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Several sysfs attributes are generated by the Generic Counter interface,
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and reside under the /sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX directory, where
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counterX refers to the respective counter device. Please see
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Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-counter for detailed
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information on each Generic Counter interface sysfs attribute.
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Through these sysfs attributes, programs and scripts may interact with
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the Generic Counter paradigm Counts, Signals, and Synapses of respective
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counter devices.
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Driver API
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==========
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Driver authors may utilize the Generic Counter interface in their code
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by including the include/linux/counter.h header file. This header file
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provides several core data structures, function prototypes, and macros
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for defining a counter device.
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.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/counter.h
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:internal:
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.. kernel-doc:: drivers/counter/counter.c
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:export:
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Implementation
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==============
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To support a counter device, a driver must first allocate the available
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Counter Signals via counter_signal structures. These Signals should
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be stored as an array and set to the signals array member of an
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allocated counter_device structure before the Counter is registered to
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the system.
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Counter Counts may be allocated via counter_count structures, and
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respective Counter Signal associations (Synapses) made via
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counter_synapse structures. Associated counter_synapse structures are
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stored as an array and set to the the synapses array member of the
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respective counter_count structure. These counter_count structures are
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set to the counts array member of an allocated counter_device structure
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before the Counter is registered to the system.
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Driver callbacks should be provided to the counter_device structure via
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a constant counter_ops structure in order to communicate with the
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device: to read and write various Signals and Counts, and to set and get
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the "action mode" and "function mode" for various Synapses and Counts
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respectively.
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A defined counter_device structure may be registered to the system by
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passing it to the counter_register function, and unregistered by passing
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it to the counter_unregister function. Similarly, the
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devm_counter_register and devm_counter_unregister functions may be used
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if device memory-managed registration is desired.
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Extension sysfs attributes can be created for auxiliary functionality
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and data by passing in defined counter_device_ext, counter_count_ext,
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and counter_signal_ext structures. In these cases, the
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counter_device_ext structure is used for global/miscellaneous exposure
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and configuration of the respective Counter device, while the
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counter_count_ext and counter_signal_ext structures allow for auxiliary
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exposure and configuration of a specific Count or Signal respectively.
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Determining the type of extension to create is a matter of scope.
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* Signal extensions are attributes that expose information/control
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specific to a Signal. These types of attributes will exist under a
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Signal's directory in sysfs.
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For example, if you have an invert feature for a Signal, you can have
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a Signal extension called "invert" that toggles that feature:
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX/signalY/invert
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* Count extensions are attributes that expose information/control
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specific to a Count. These type of attributes will exist under a
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Count's directory in sysfs.
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For example, if you want to pause/unpause a Count from updating, you
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can have a Count extension called "enable" that toggles such:
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX/countY/enable
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* Device extensions are attributes that expose information/control
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non-specific to a particular Count or Signal. This is where you would
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put your global features or other miscellanous functionality.
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For example, if your device has an overtemp sensor, you can report the
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chip overheated via a device extension called "error_overtemp":
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX/error_overtemp
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Architecture
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============
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When the Generic Counter interface counter module is loaded, the
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counter_init function is called which registers a bus_type named
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"counter" to the system. Subsequently, when the module is unloaded, the
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counter_exit function is called which unregisters the bus_type named
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"counter" from the system.
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Counter devices are registered to the system via the counter_register
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function, and later removed via the counter_unregister function. The
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counter_register function establishes a unique ID for the Counter
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device and creates a respective sysfs directory, where X is the
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mentioned unique ID:
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX
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Sysfs attributes are created within the counterX directory to expose
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functionality, configurations, and data relating to the Counts, Signals,
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and Synapses of the Counter device, as well as options and information
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for the Counter device itself.
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Each Signal has a directory created to house its relevant sysfs
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attributes, where Y is the unique ID of the respective Signal:
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX/signalY
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Similarly, each Count has a directory created to house its relevant
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sysfs attributes, where Y is the unique ID of the respective Count:
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/sys/bus/counter/devices/counterX/countY
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For a more detailed breakdown of the available Generic Counter interface
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sysfs attributes, please refer to the
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Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-counter file.
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The Signals and Counts associated with the Counter device are registered
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to the system as well by the counter_register function. The
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signal_read/signal_write driver callbacks are associated with their
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respective Signal attributes, while the count_read/count_write and
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function_get/function_set driver callbacks are associated with their
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respective Count attributes; similarly, the same is true for the
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action_get/action_set driver callbacks and their respective Synapse
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attributes. If a driver callback is left undefined, then the respective
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read/write permission is left disabled for the relevant attributes.
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Similarly, extension sysfs attributes are created for the defined
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counter_device_ext, counter_count_ext, and counter_signal_ext
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structures that are passed in.
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