669 lines
27 KiB
HTML
669 lines
27 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<head><title>A Tour Through TREE_RCU's Expedited Grace Periods</title>
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<meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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This document describes RCU's expedited grace periods.
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Unlike RCU's normal grace periods, which accept long latencies to attain
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high efficiency and minimal disturbance, expedited grace periods accept
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lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
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<p>
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There are two flavors of RCU (RCU-preempt and RCU-sched), with an earlier
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third RCU-bh flavor having been implemented in terms of the other two.
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Each of the two implementations is covered in its own section.
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<ol>
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<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Design">
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Expedited Grace Period Design</a>
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<li> <a href="#RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods">
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RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods</a>
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<li> <a href="#RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods">
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RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods</a>
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<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug">
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Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug</a>
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<li> <a href="#Expedited Grace Period Refinements">
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Expedited Grace Period Refinements</a>
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</ol>
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<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period Design">
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Expedited Grace Period Design</a></h2>
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<p>
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The expedited RCU grace periods cannot be accused of being subtle,
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given that they for all intents and purposes hammer every CPU that
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has not yet provided a quiescent state for the current expedited
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grace period.
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The one saving grace is that the hammer has grown a bit smaller
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over time: The old call to <tt>try_stop_cpus()</tt> has been
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replaced with a set of calls to <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt>,
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each of which results in an IPI to the target CPU.
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The corresponding handler function checks the CPU's state, motivating
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a faster quiescent state where possible, and triggering a report
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of that quiescent state.
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As always for RCU, once everything has spent some time in a quiescent
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state, the expedited grace period has completed.
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<p>
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The details of the <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> handler's
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operation depend on the RCU flavor, as described in the following
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sections.
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<h2><a name="RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods">
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RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
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<p>
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<tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=y</tt> kernels implement RCU-preempt.
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The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-preempt
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expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
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<p><img src="ExpRCUFlow.svg" alt="ExpRCUFlow.svg" width="55%">
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<p>
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The solid arrows denote direct action, for example, a function call.
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The dotted arrows denote indirect action, for example, an IPI
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or a state that is reached after some time.
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<p>
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If a given CPU is offline or idle, <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>
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will ignore it because idle and offline CPUs are already residing
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in quiescent states.
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Otherwise, the expedited grace period will use
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<tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> to send the CPU an IPI, which
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is handled by <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>.
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<p>
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However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>
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can check to see if the CPU is currently running in an RCU read-side
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critical section.
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If not, the handler can immediately report a quiescent state.
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Otherwise, it sets flags so that the outermost <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>
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invocation will provide the needed quiescent-state report.
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This flag-setting avoids the previous forced preemption of all
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CPUs that might have RCU read-side critical sections.
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In addition, this flag-setting is done so as to avoid increasing
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the overhead of the common-case fastpath through the scheduler.
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<p>
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Again because this is preemptible RCU, an RCU read-side critical section
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can be preempted.
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When that happens, RCU will enqueue the task, which will the continue to
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block the current expedited grace period until it resumes and finds its
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outermost <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>.
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The CPU will report a quiescent state just after enqueuing the task because
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the CPU is no longer blocking the grace period.
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It is instead the preempted task doing the blocking.
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The list of blocked tasks is managed by <tt>rcu_preempt_ctxt_queue()</tt>,
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which is called from <tt>rcu_preempt_note_context_switch()</tt>, which
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in turn is called from <tt>rcu_note_context_switch()</tt>, which in
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turn is called from the scheduler.
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<table>
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<tr><th> </th></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
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<tr><td>
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Why not just have the expedited grace period check the
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state of all the CPUs?
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After all, that would avoid all those real-time-unfriendly IPIs.
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</td></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
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Because we want the RCU read-side critical sections to run fast,
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which means no memory barriers.
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Therefore, it is not possible to safely check the state from some
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other CPU.
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And even if it was possible to safely check the state, it would
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still be necessary to IPI the CPU to safely interact with the
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upcoming <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> invocation, which means that
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the remote state testing would not help the worst-case
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latency that real-time applications care about.
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<p><font color="ffffff">One way to prevent your real-time
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application from getting hit with these IPIs is to
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build your kernel with <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt>.
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RCU would then perceive the CPU running your application
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as being idle, and it would be able to safely detect that
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state without needing to IPI the CPU.
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</font></td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>
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Please note that this is just the overall flow:
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Additional complications can arise due to races with CPUs going idle
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or offline, among other things.
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<h2><a name="RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods">
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RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods</a></h2>
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<p>
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<tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT=n</tt> kernels implement RCU-sched.
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The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-sched
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expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
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<p><img src="ExpSchedFlow.svg" alt="ExpSchedFlow.svg" width="55%">
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<p>
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As with RCU-preempt, RCU-sched's
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<tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt> ignores offline and
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idle CPUs, again because they are in remotely detectable
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quiescent states.
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However, because the
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<tt>rcu_read_lock_sched()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock_sched()</tt>
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leave no trace of their invocation, in general it is not possible to tell
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whether or not the current CPU is in an RCU read-side critical section.
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The best that RCU-sched's <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check
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for idle, on the off-chance that the CPU went idle while the IPI
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was in flight.
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If the CPU is idle, then <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> reports
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the quiescent state.
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<p> Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the
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NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt
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counter.
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At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state.
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Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state
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at that time.
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<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug">
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Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug</a></h2>
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<p>
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The expedited nature of expedited grace periods require a much tighter
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interaction with CPU hotplug operations than is required for normal
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grace periods.
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In addition, attempting to IPI offline CPUs will result in splats, but
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failing to IPI online CPUs can result in too-short grace periods.
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Neither option is acceptable in production kernels.
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<p>
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The interaction between expedited grace periods and CPU hotplug operations
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is carried out at several levels:
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<ol>
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<li> The number of CPUs that have ever been online is tracked
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by the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>->ncpus</tt>
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field.
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The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>->ncpus_snap</tt>
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field tracks the number of CPUs that have ever been online
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at the beginning of an RCU expedited grace period.
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Note that this number never decreases, at least in the absence
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of a time machine.
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<li> The identities of the CPUs that have ever been online is
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tracked by the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
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<tt>->expmaskinitnext</tt> field.
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The <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->expmaskinit</tt>
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field tracks the identities of the CPUs that were online
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at least once at the beginning of the most recent RCU
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expedited grace period.
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The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's <tt>->ncpus</tt> and
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<tt>->ncpus_snap</tt> fields are used to detect when
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new CPUs have come online for the first time, that is,
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when the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->expmaskinitnext</tt>
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field has changed since the beginning of the last RCU
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expedited grace period, which triggers an update of each
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<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->expmaskinit</tt>
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field from its <tt>->expmaskinitnext</tt> field.
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<li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->expmaskinit</tt>
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field is used to initialize that structure's
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<tt>->expmask</tt> at the beginning of each RCU
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expedited grace period.
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This means that only those CPUs that have been online at least
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once will be considered for a given grace period.
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<li> Any CPU that goes offline will clear its bit in its leaf
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<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->qsmaskinitnext</tt>
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field, so any CPU with that bit clear can safely be ignored.
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However, it is possible for a CPU coming online or going offline
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to have this bit set for some time while <tt>cpu_online</tt>
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returns <tt>false</tt>.
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<li> For each non-idle CPU that RCU believes is currently online, the grace
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period invokes <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt>.
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If this succeeds, the CPU was fully online.
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Failure indicates that the CPU is in the process of coming online
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or going offline, in which case it is necessary to wait for a
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short time period and try again.
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The purpose of this wait (or series of waits, as the case may be)
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is to permit a concurrent CPU-hotplug operation to complete.
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<li> In the case of RCU-sched, one of the last acts of an outgoing CPU
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is to invoke <tt>rcu_report_dead()</tt>, which
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reports a quiescent state for that CPU.
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However, this is likely paranoia-induced redundancy. <!-- @@@ -->
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</ol>
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<table>
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<tr><th> </th></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
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<tr><td>
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Why all the dancing around with multiple counters and masks
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tracking CPUs that were once online?
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Why not just have a single set of masks tracking the currently
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online CPUs and be done with it?
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</td></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
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<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
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Maintaining single set of masks tracking the online CPUs <i>sounds</i>
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easier, at least until you try working out all the race conditions
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between grace-period initialization and CPU-hotplug operations.
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For example, suppose initialization is progressing down the
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tree while a CPU-offline operation is progressing up the tree.
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This situation can result in bits set at the top of the tree
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that have no counterparts at the bottom of the tree.
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Those bits will never be cleared, which will result in
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grace-period hangs.
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In short, that way lies madness, to say nothing of a great many
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bugs, hangs, and deadlocks.
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<p><font color="ffffff">
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In contrast, the current multi-mask multi-counter scheme ensures
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that grace-period initialization will always see consistent masks
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up and down the tree, which brings significant simplifications
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over the single-mask method.
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<p><font color="ffffff">
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This is an instance of
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<a href="http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~library/TR-repository/reports/reports-1992/cucs-039-92.ps.gz"><font color="ffffff">
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deferring work in order to avoid synchronization</a>.
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Lazily recording CPU-hotplug events at the beginning of the next
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grace period greatly simplifies maintenance of the CPU-tracking
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bitmasks in the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree.
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</font></td></tr>
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<tr><td> </td></tr>
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</table>
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<h2><a name="Expedited Grace Period Refinements">
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Expedited Grace Period Refinements</a></h2>
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<ol>
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<li> <a href="#Idle-CPU Checks">Idle-CPU checks</a>.
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<li> <a href="#Batching via Sequence Counter">
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Batching via sequence counter</a>.
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<li> <a href="#Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup">
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Funnel locking and wait/wakeup</a>.
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<li> <a href="#Use of Workqueues">Use of Workqueues</a>.
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<li> <a href="#Stall Warnings">Stall warnings</a>.
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<li> <a href="#Mid-Boot Operation">Mid-boot operation</a>.
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</ol>
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<h3><a name="Idle-CPU Checks">Idle-CPU Checks</a></h3>
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<p>
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Each expedited grace period checks for idle CPUs when initially forming
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the mask of CPUs to be IPIed and again just before IPIing a CPU
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(both checks are carried out by <tt>sync_rcu_exp_select_cpus()</tt>).
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If the CPU is idle at any time between those two times, the CPU will
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not be IPIed.
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Instead, the task pushing the grace period forward will include the
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idle CPUs in the mask passed to <tt>rcu_report_exp_cpu_mult()</tt>.
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<p>
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For RCU-sched, there is an additional check:
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If the IPI has interrupted the idle loop, then
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<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt>
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to report the corresponding quiescent state.
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<p>
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For RCU-preempt, there is no specific check for idle in the
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IPI handler (<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because
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RCU read-side critical sections are not permitted within the
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idle loop, if <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within
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RCU read-side critical section, the CPU cannot possibly be idle.
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Otherwise, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes
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<tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> to report the corresponding quiescent
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state, regardless of whether or not that quiescent state was due to
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the CPU being idle.
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<p>
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In summary, RCU expedited grace periods check for idle when building
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the bitmask of CPUs that must be IPIed, just before sending each IPI,
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and (either explicitly or implicitly) within the IPI handler.
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<h3><a name="Batching via Sequence Counter">
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Batching via Sequence Counter</a></h3>
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<p>
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If each grace-period request was carried out separately, expedited
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grace periods would have abysmal scalability and
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problematic high-load characteristics.
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Because each grace-period operation can serve an unlimited number of
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updates, it is important to <i>batch</i> requests, so that a single
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expedited grace-period operation will cover all requests in the
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corresponding batch.
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<p>
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This batching is controlled by a sequence counter named
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<tt>->expedited_sequence</tt> in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure.
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This counter has an odd value when there is an expedited grace period
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in progress and an even value otherwise, so that dividing the counter
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value by two gives the number of completed grace periods.
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During any given update request, the counter must transition from
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even to odd and then back to even, thus indicating that a grace
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period has elapsed.
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Therefore, if the initial value of the counter is <tt>s</tt>,
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the updater must wait until the counter reaches at least the
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value <tt>(s+3)&~0x1</tt>.
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This counter is managed by the following access functions:
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<ol>
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<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_start()</tt>, which marks the start of
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an expedited grace period.
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<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_end()</tt>, which marks the end of an
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expedited grace period.
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<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()</tt>, which obtains a snapshot of
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the counter.
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<li> <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_done()</tt>, which returns <tt>true</tt>
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if a full expedited grace period has elapsed since the
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corresponding call to <tt>rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()</tt>.
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</ol>
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<p>
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Again, only one request in a given batch need actually carry out
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a grace-period operation, which means there must be an efficient
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way to identify which of many concurrent reqeusts will initiate
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the grace period, and that there be an efficient way for the
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remaining requests to wait for that grace period to complete.
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However, that is the topic of the next section.
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<h3><a name="Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup">
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Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup</a></h3>
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<p>
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The natural way to sort out which of a batch of updaters will initiate
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the expedited grace period is to use the <tt>rcu_node</tt> combining
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tree, as implemented by the <tt>exp_funnel_lock()</tt> function.
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The first updater corresponding to a given grace period arriving
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at a given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure records its desired grace-period
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sequence number in the <tt>->exp_seq_rq</tt> field and moves up
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to the next level in the tree.
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Otherwise, if the <tt>->exp_seq_rq</tt> field already contains
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the sequence number for the desired grace period or some later one,
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the updater blocks on one of four wait queues in the
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<tt>->exp_wq[]</tt> array, using the second-from-bottom
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and third-from bottom bits as an index.
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An <tt>->exp_lock</tt> field in the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure
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synchronizes access to these fields.
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<p>
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An empty <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree is shown in the following diagram,
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with the white cells representing the <tt>->exp_seq_rq</tt> field
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and the red cells representing the elements of the
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<tt>->exp_wq[]</tt> array.
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<p><img src="Funnel0.svg" alt="Funnel0.svg" width="75%">
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<p>
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The next diagram shows the situation after the arrival of Task A
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and Task B at the leftmost and rightmost leaf <tt>rcu_node</tt>
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structures, respectively.
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The current value of the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
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<tt>->expedited_sequence</tt> field is zero, so adding three and
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clearing the bottom bit results in the value two, which both tasks
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record in the <tt>->exp_seq_rq</tt> field of their respective
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<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures:
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<p><img src="Funnel1.svg" alt="Funnel1.svg" width="75%">
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<p>
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Each of Tasks A and B will move up to the root
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<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
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Suppose that Task A wins, recording its desired grace-period sequence
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number and resulting in the state shown below:
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<p><img src="Funnel2.svg" alt="Funnel2.svg" width="75%">
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<p>
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Task A now advances to initiate a new grace period, while Task B
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moves up to the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, and, seeing that
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its desired sequence number is already recorded, blocks on
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<tt>->exp_wq[1]</tt>.
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<table>
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<tr><th> </th></tr>
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<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
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<tr><td>
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Why <tt>->exp_wq[1]</tt>?
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Given that the value of these tasks' desired sequence number is
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two, so shouldn't they instead block on <tt>->exp_wq[2]</tt>?
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
|
|
No.
|
|
|
|
<p><font color="ffffff">
|
|
Recall that the bottom bit of the desired sequence number indicates
|
|
whether or not a grace period is currently in progress.
|
|
It is therefore necessary to shift the sequence number right one
|
|
bit position to obtain the number of the grace period.
|
|
This results in <tt>->exp_wq[1]</tt>.
|
|
</font></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td> </td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If Tasks C and D also arrive at this point, they will compute the
|
|
same desired grace-period sequence number, and see that both leaf
|
|
<tt>rcu_node</tt> structures already have that value recorded.
|
|
They will therefore block on their respective <tt>rcu_node</tt>
|
|
structures' <tt>->exp_wq[1]</tt> fields, as shown below:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel3.svg" alt="Funnel3.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Task A now acquires the <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure's
|
|
<tt>->exp_mutex</tt> and initiates the grace period, which
|
|
increments <tt>->expedited_sequence</tt>.
|
|
Therefore, if Tasks E and F arrive, they will compute
|
|
a desired sequence number of 4 and will record this value as
|
|
shown below:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel4.svg" alt="Funnel4.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Tasks E and F will propagate up the <tt>rcu_node</tt>
|
|
combining tree, with Task F blocking on the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>
|
|
structure and Task E wait for Task A to finish so that
|
|
it can start the next grace period.
|
|
The resulting state is as shown below:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel5.svg" alt="Funnel5.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Once the grace period completes, Task A
|
|
starts waking up the tasks waiting for this grace period to complete,
|
|
increments the <tt>->expedited_sequence</tt>,
|
|
acquires the <tt>->exp_wake_mutex</tt> and then releases the
|
|
<tt>->exp_mutex</tt>.
|
|
This results in the following state:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel6.svg" alt="Funnel6.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Task E can then acquire <tt>->exp_mutex</tt> and increment
|
|
<tt>->expedited_sequence</tt> to the value three.
|
|
If new tasks G and H arrive and moves up the combining tree at the
|
|
same time, the state will be as follows:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel7.svg" alt="Funnel7.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that three of the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's
|
|
waitqueues are now occupied.
|
|
However, at some point, Task A will wake up the
|
|
tasks blocked on the <tt>->exp_wq</tt> waitqueues, resulting
|
|
in the following state:
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="Funnel8.svg" alt="Funnel8.svg" width="75%">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Execution will continue with Tasks E and H completing
|
|
their grace periods and carrying out their wakeups.
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr><th> </th></tr>
|
|
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
What happens if Task A takes so long to do its wakeups
|
|
that Task E's grace period completes?
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
|
|
Then Task E will block on the <tt>->exp_wake_mutex</tt>,
|
|
which will also prevent it from releasing <tt>->exp_mutex</tt>,
|
|
which in turn will prevent the next grace period from starting.
|
|
This last is important in preventing overflow of the
|
|
<tt>->exp_wq[]</tt> array.
|
|
</font></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td> </td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Use of Workqueues">Use of Workqueues</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In earlier implementations, the task requesting the expedited
|
|
grace period also drove it to completion.
|
|
This straightforward approach had the disadvantage of needing to
|
|
account for POSIX signals sent to user tasks,
|
|
so more recent implemementations use the Linux kernel's
|
|
<a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/core-api/workqueue.rst">workqueues</a>.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The requesting task still does counter snapshotting and funnel-lock
|
|
processing, but the task reaching the top of the funnel lock
|
|
does a <tt>schedule_work()</tt> (from <tt>_synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>
|
|
so that a workqueue kthread does the actual grace-period processing.
|
|
Because workqueue kthreads do not accept POSIX signals, grace-period-wait
|
|
processing need not allow for POSIX signals.
|
|
|
|
In addition, this approach allows wakeups for the previous expedited
|
|
grace period to be overlapped with processing for the next expedited
|
|
grace period.
|
|
Because there are only four sets of waitqueues, it is necessary to
|
|
ensure that the previous grace period's wakeups complete before the
|
|
next grace period's wakeups start.
|
|
This is handled by having the <tt>->exp_mutex</tt>
|
|
guard expedited grace-period processing and the
|
|
<tt>->exp_wake_mutex</tt> guard wakeups.
|
|
The key point is that the <tt>->exp_mutex</tt> is not released
|
|
until the first wakeup is complete, which means that the
|
|
<tt>->exp_wake_mutex</tt> has already been acquired at that point.
|
|
This approach ensures that the previous grace period's wakeups can
|
|
be carried out while the current grace period is in process, but
|
|
that these wakeups will complete before the next grace period starts.
|
|
This means that only three waitqueues are required, guaranteeing that
|
|
the four that are provided are sufficient.
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Stall Warnings">Stall Warnings</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Expediting grace periods does nothing to speed things up when RCU
|
|
readers take too long, and therefore expedited grace periods check
|
|
for stalls just as normal grace periods do.
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr><th> </th></tr>
|
|
<tr><th align="left">Quick Quiz:</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
But why not just let the normal grace-period machinery
|
|
detect the stalls, given that a given reader must block
|
|
both normal and expedited grace periods?
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><th align="left">Answer:</th></tr>
|
|
<tr><td bgcolor="#ffffff"><font color="ffffff">
|
|
Because it is quite possible that at a given time there
|
|
is no normal grace period in progress, in which case the
|
|
normal grace period cannot emit a stall warning.
|
|
</font></td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td> </td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
The <tt>synchronize_sched_expedited_wait()</tt> function loops waiting
|
|
for the expedited grace period to end, but with a timeout set to the
|
|
current RCU CPU stall-warning time.
|
|
If this time is exceeded, any CPUs or <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures
|
|
blocking the current grace period are printed.
|
|
Each stall warning results in another pass through the loop, but the
|
|
second and subsequent passes use longer stall times.
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Mid-Boot Operation">Mid-boot operation</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The use of workqueues has the advantage that the expedited
|
|
grace-period code need not worry about POSIX signals.
|
|
Unfortunately, it has the
|
|
corresponding disadvantage that workqueues cannot be used until
|
|
they are initialized, which does not happen until some time after
|
|
the scheduler spawns the first task.
|
|
Given that there are parts of the kernel that really do want to
|
|
execute grace periods during this mid-boot “dead zone”,
|
|
expedited grace periods must do something else during thie time.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
What they do is to fall back to the old practice of requiring that the
|
|
requesting task drive the expedited grace period, as was the case
|
|
before the use of workqueues.
|
|
However, the requesting task is only required to drive the grace period
|
|
during the mid-boot dead zone.
|
|
Before mid-boot, a synchronous grace period is a no-op.
|
|
Some time after mid-boot, workqueues are used.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Non-expedited non-SRCU synchronous grace periods must also operate
|
|
normally during mid-boot.
|
|
This is handled by causing non-expedited grace periods to take the
|
|
expedited code path during mid-boot.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The current code assumes that there are no POSIX signals during
|
|
the mid-boot dead zone.
|
|
However, if an overwhelming need for POSIX signals somehow arises,
|
|
appropriate adjustments can be made to the expedited stall-warning code.
|
|
One such adjustment would reinstate the pre-workqueue stall-warning
|
|
checks, but only during the mid-boot dead zone.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
With this refinement, synchronous grace periods can now be used from
|
|
task context pretty much any time during the life of the kernel.
|
|
That is, aside from some points in the suspend, hibernate, or shutdown
|
|
code path.
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="Summary">
|
|
Summary</a></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Expedited grace periods use a sequence-number approach to promote
|
|
batching, so that a single grace-period operation can serve numerous
|
|
requests.
|
|
A funnel lock is used to efficiently identify the one task out of
|
|
a concurrent group that will request the grace period.
|
|
All members of the group will block on waitqueues provided in
|
|
the <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure.
|
|
The actual grace-period processing is carried out by a workqueue.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
CPU-hotplug operations are noted lazily in order to prevent the need
|
|
for tight synchronization between expedited grace periods and
|
|
CPU-hotplug operations.
|
|
The dyntick-idle counters are used to avoid sending IPIs to idle CPUs,
|
|
at least in the common case.
|
|
RCU-preempt and RCU-sched use different IPI handlers and different
|
|
code to respond to the state changes carried out by those handlers,
|
|
but otherwise use common code.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Quiescent states are tracked using the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree,
|
|
and once all necessary quiescent states have been reported,
|
|
all tasks waiting on this expedited grace period are awakened.
|
|
A pair of mutexes are used to allow one grace period's wakeups
|
|
to proceed concurrently with the next grace period's processing.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This combination of mechanisms allows expedited grace periods to
|
|
run reasonably efficiently.
|
|
However, for non-time-critical tasks, normal grace periods should be
|
|
used instead because their longer duration permits much higher
|
|
degrees of batching, and thus much lower per-request overheads.
|
|
|
|
</body></html>
|