The script “checkpatch.pl” pointed information out like the following.
Comparison to NULL could be written …
Thus fix the affected source code places.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
* Return an error code without storing it in an intermediate variable.
* Delete the jump target "out" and the local variable "rc"
which became unnecessary with this refactoring.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Omit extra messages for a memory allocation failure in these functions.
This issue was detected by using the Coccinelle software.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
We're freeing the list iterator so we should be using the _safe()
version of hlist_for_each_entry().
Fixes: 88b4a07e66 ("[PATCH] eCryptfs: Public key transport mechanism")
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Calling sprintf in a loop is not very efficient, and in any case, we
already have an implementation of bin-to-hex conversion in lib/ which
we might as well use.
Note that ecryptfs_to_hex used to nul-terminate the destination (and
the kernel doc was wrong about the required output size), while
bin2hex doesn't. [All but one user of ecryptfs_to_hex explicitly
nul-terminates the result anyway.]
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
[tyhicks: Include <linux/kernel.h> in ecryptfs_kernel.h]
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Trival fix, some error messages are missing a \n, so add it.
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
In eCryptfs, we failed to verify that the authentication token keys are
not revoked before dereferencing their payloads, which is problematic
because the payload of a revoked key is NULL. request_key() *does* skip
revoked keys, but there is still a window where the key can be revoked
before we acquire the key semaphore.
Fix it by updating ecryptfs_get_key_payload_data() to return
-EKEYREVOKED if the key payload is NULL. For completeness we check this
for "encrypted" keys as well as "user" keys, although encrypted keys
cannot be revoked currently.
Alternatively we could use key_validate(), but since we'll also need to
fix ecryptfs_get_key_payload_data() to validate the payload length, it
seems appropriate to just check the payload pointer.
Fixes: 237fead619 ("[PATCH] ecryptfs: fs/Makefile and fs/Kconfig")
Reviewed-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [v2.6.19+]
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Pull mount flag updates from Al Viro:
"Another chunk of fmount preparations from dhowells; only trivial
conflicts for that part. It separates MS_... bits (very grotty
mount(2) ABI) from the struct super_block ->s_flags (kernel-internal,
only a small subset of MS_... stuff).
This does *not* convert the filesystems to new constants; only the
infrastructure is done here. The next step in that series is where the
conflicts would be; that's the conversion of filesystems. It's purely
mechanical and it's better done after the merge, so if you could run
something like
list=$(for i in MS_RDONLY MS_NOSUID MS_NODEV MS_NOEXEC MS_SYNCHRONOUS MS_MANDLOCK MS_DIRSYNC MS_NOATIME MS_NODIRATIME MS_SILENT MS_POSIXACL MS_KERNMOUNT MS_I_VERSION MS_LAZYTIME; do git grep -l $i fs drivers/staging/lustre drivers/mtd ipc mm include/linux; done|sort|uniq|grep -v '^fs/namespace.c$')
sed -i -e 's/\<MS_RDONLY\>/SB_RDONLY/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOSUID\>/SB_NOSUID/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NODEV\>/SB_NODEV/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOEXEC\>/SB_NOEXEC/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_SYNCHRONOUS\>/SB_SYNCHRONOUS/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_MANDLOCK\>/SB_MANDLOCK/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_DIRSYNC\>/SB_DIRSYNC/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOATIME\>/SB_NOATIME/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NODIRATIME\>/SB_NODIRATIME/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_SILENT\>/SB_SILENT/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_POSIXACL\>/SB_POSIXACL/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_KERNMOUNT\>/SB_KERNMOUNT/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_I_VERSION\>/SB_I_VERSION/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_LAZYTIME\>/SB_LAZYTIME/g' \
$list
and commit it with something along the lines of 'convert filesystems
away from use of MS_... constants' as commit message, it would save a
quite a bit of headache next cycle"
* 'work.mount' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
VFS: Differentiate mount flags (MS_*) from internal superblock flags
VFS: Convert sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY to sb_rdonly(sb)
vfs: Add sb_rdonly(sb) to query the MS_RDONLY flag on s_flags
Pull more set_fs removal from Al Viro:
"Christoph's 'use kernel_read and friends rather than open-coding
set_fs()' series"
* 'work.set_fs' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
fs: unexport vfs_readv and vfs_writev
fs: unexport vfs_read and vfs_write
fs: unexport __vfs_read/__vfs_write
lustre: switch to kernel_write
gadget/f_mass_storage: stop messing with the address limit
mconsole: switch to kernel_read
btrfs: switch write_buf to kernel_write
net/9p: switch p9_fd_read to kernel_write
mm/nommu: switch do_mmap_private to kernel_read
serial2002: switch serial2002_tty_write to kernel_{read/write}
fs: make the buf argument to __kernel_write a void pointer
fs: fix kernel_write prototype
fs: fix kernel_read prototype
fs: move kernel_read to fs/read_write.c
fs: move kernel_write to fs/read_write.c
autofs4: switch autofs4_write to __kernel_write
ashmem: switch to ->read_iter
Make the position an in/out argument like all the other read/write
helpers and and make the buf argument a void pointer.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Use proper ssize_t and size_t types for the return value and count
argument, move the offset last and make it an in/out argument like
all other read/write helpers, and make the buf argument a void pointer
to get rid of lots of casts in the callers.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This change is mainly for documentation/completeness, as ecryptfs never
calls mapping_set_error, and so will never return a previous writeback
error.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Firstly by applying the following with coccinelle's spatch:
@@ expression SB; @@
-SB->s_flags & MS_RDONLY
+sb_rdonly(SB)
to effect the conversion to sb_rdonly(sb), then by applying:
@@ expression A, SB; @@
(
-(!sb_rdonly(SB)) && A
+!sb_rdonly(SB) && A
|
-A != (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A != sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A == (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A == sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-!(sb_rdonly(SB))
+!sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A && (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A && sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A || (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A || sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) != A
+sb_rdonly(SB) != A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) == A
+sb_rdonly(SB) == A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) && A
+sb_rdonly(SB) && A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) || A
+sb_rdonly(SB) || A
)
@@ expression A, B, SB; @@
(
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) ? 1 : 0
+sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) ? A : B
+sb_rdonly(SB) ? A : B
)
to remove left over excess bracketage and finally by applying:
@@ expression A, SB; @@
(
-(A & MS_RDONLY) != sb_rdonly(SB)
+(bool)(A & MS_RDONLY) != sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(A & MS_RDONLY) == sb_rdonly(SB)
+(bool)(A & MS_RDONLY) == sb_rdonly(SB)
)
to make comparisons against the result of sb_rdonly() (which is a bool)
work correctly.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Allocate struct backing_dev_info separately instead of embedding it
inside the superblock. This unifies handling of bdi among users.
CC: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
CC: ecryptfs@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Pull vfs 'statx()' update from Al Viro.
This adds the new extended stat() interface that internally subsumes our
previous stat interfaces, and allows user mode to specify in more detail
what kind of information it wants.
It also allows for some explicit synchronization information to be
passed to the filesystem, which can be relevant for network filesystems:
is the cached value ok, or do you need open/close consistency, or what?
From David Howells.
Andreas Dilger points out that the first version of the extended statx
interface was posted June 29, 2010:
https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-fsdevel/msg33831.html
* 'rebased-statx' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
statx: Add a system call to make enhanced file info available
Pull sched.h split-up from Ingo Molnar:
"The point of these changes is to significantly reduce the
<linux/sched.h> header footprint, to speed up the kernel build and to
have a cleaner header structure.
After these changes the new <linux/sched.h>'s typical preprocessed
size goes down from a previous ~0.68 MB (~22K lines) to ~0.45 MB (~15K
lines), which is around 40% faster to build on typical configs.
Not much changed from the last version (-v2) posted three weeks ago: I
eliminated quirks, backmerged fixes plus I rebased it to an upstream
SHA1 from yesterday that includes most changes queued up in -next plus
all sched.h changes that were pending from Andrew.
I've re-tested the series both on x86 and on cross-arch defconfigs,
and did a bisectability test at a number of random points.
I tried to test as many build configurations as possible, but some
build breakage is probably still left - but it should be mostly
limited to architectures that have no cross-compiler binaries
available on kernel.org, and non-default configurations"
* 'WIP.sched-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (146 commits)
sched/headers: Clean up <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove #ifdefs from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the <linux/topology.h> include from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers, hrtimer: Remove the <linux/wait.h> include from <linux/hrtimer.h>
sched/headers, x86/apic: Remove the <linux/pm.h> header inclusion from <asm/apic.h>
sched/headers, timers: Remove the <linux/sysctl.h> include from <linux/timer.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/magic.h> from <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/init.h>
sched/core: Remove unused prefetch_stack()
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rculist.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the 'init_pid_ns' prototype from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/signal.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rwsem.h> from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove the runqueue_is_locked() prototype
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/hotplug.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/debug.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/nohz.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/sched.h> from <linux/sched/stat.h>
sched/headers: Remove the <linux/gfp.h> include from <linux/sched.h>
sched/headers: Remove <linux/rtmutex.h> from <linux/sched.h>
...
Add a system call to make extended file information available, including
file creation and some attribute flags where available through the
underlying filesystem.
The getattr inode operation is altered to take two additional arguments: a
u32 request_mask and an unsigned int flags that indicate the
synchronisation mode. This change is propagated to the vfs_getattr*()
function.
Functions like vfs_stat() are now inline wrappers around new functions
vfs_statx() and vfs_statx_fd() to reduce stack usage.
========
OVERVIEW
========
The idea was initially proposed as a set of xattrs that could be retrieved
with getxattr(), but the general preference proved to be for a new syscall
with an extended stat structure.
A number of requests were gathered for features to be included. The
following have been included:
(1) Make the fields a consistent size on all arches and make them large.
(2) Spare space, request flags and information flags are provided for
future expansion.
(3) Better support for the y2038 problem [Arnd Bergmann] (tv_sec is an
__s64).
(4) Creation time: The SMB protocol carries the creation time, which could
be exported by Samba, which will in turn help CIFS make use of
FS-Cache as that can be used for coherency data (stx_btime).
This is also specified in NFSv4 as a recommended attribute and could
be exported by NFSD [Steve French].
(5) Lightweight stat: Ask for just those details of interest, and allow a
netfs (such as NFS) to approximate anything not of interest, possibly
without going to the server [Trond Myklebust, Ulrich Drepper, Andreas
Dilger] (AT_STATX_DONT_SYNC).
(6) Heavyweight stat: Force a netfs to go to the server, even if it thinks
its cached attributes are up to date [Trond Myklebust]
(AT_STATX_FORCE_SYNC).
And the following have been left out for future extension:
(7) Data version number: Could be used by userspace NFS servers [Aneesh
Kumar].
Can also be used to modify fill_post_wcc() in NFSD which retrieves
i_version directly, but has just called vfs_getattr(). It could get
it from the kstat struct if it used vfs_xgetattr() instead.
(There's disagreement on the exact semantics of a single field, since
not all filesystems do this the same way).
(8) BSD stat compatibility: Including more fields from the BSD stat such
as creation time (st_btime) and inode generation number (st_gen)
[Jeremy Allison, Bernd Schubert].
(9) Inode generation number: Useful for FUSE and userspace NFS servers
[Bernd Schubert].
(This was asked for but later deemed unnecessary with the
open-by-handle capability available and caused disagreement as to
whether it's a security hole or not).
(10) Extra coherency data may be useful in making backups [Andreas Dilger].
(No particular data were offered, but things like last backup
timestamp, the data version number and the DOS archive bit would come
into this category).
(11) Allow the filesystem to indicate what it can/cannot provide: A
filesystem can now say it doesn't support a standard stat feature if
that isn't available, so if, for instance, inode numbers or UIDs don't
exist or are fabricated locally...
(This requires a separate system call - I have an fsinfo() call idea
for this).
(12) Store a 16-byte volume ID in the superblock that can be returned in
struct xstat [Steve French].
(Deferred to fsinfo).
(13) Include granularity fields in the time data to indicate the
granularity of each of the times (NFSv4 time_delta) [Steve French].
(Deferred to fsinfo).
(14) FS_IOC_GETFLAGS value. These could be translated to BSD's st_flags.
Note that the Linux IOC flags are a mess and filesystems such as Ext4
define flags that aren't in linux/fs.h, so translation in the kernel
may be a necessity (or, possibly, we provide the filesystem type too).
(Some attributes are made available in stx_attributes, but the general
feeling was that the IOC flags were to ext[234]-specific and shouldn't
be exposed through statx this way).
(15) Mask of features available on file (eg: ACLs, seclabel) [Brad Boyer,
Michael Kerrisk].
(Deferred, probably to fsinfo. Finding out if there's an ACL or
seclabal might require extra filesystem operations).
(16) Femtosecond-resolution timestamps [Dave Chinner].
(A __reserved field has been left in the statx_timestamp struct for
this - if there proves to be a need).
(17) A set multiple attributes syscall to go with this.
===============
NEW SYSTEM CALL
===============
The new system call is:
int ret = statx(int dfd,
const char *filename,
unsigned int flags,
unsigned int mask,
struct statx *buffer);
The dfd, filename and flags parameters indicate the file to query, in a
similar way to fstatat(). There is no equivalent of lstat() as that can be
emulated with statx() by passing AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW in flags. There is
also no equivalent of fstat() as that can be emulated by passing a NULL
filename to statx() with the fd of interest in dfd.
Whether or not statx() synchronises the attributes with the backing store
can be controlled by OR'ing a value into the flags argument (this typically
only affects network filesystems):
(1) AT_STATX_SYNC_AS_STAT tells statx() to behave as stat() does in this
respect.
(2) AT_STATX_FORCE_SYNC will require a network filesystem to synchronise
its attributes with the server - which might require data writeback to
occur to get the timestamps correct.
(3) AT_STATX_DONT_SYNC will suppress synchronisation with the server in a
network filesystem. The resulting values should be considered
approximate.
mask is a bitmask indicating the fields in struct statx that are of
interest to the caller. The user should set this to STATX_BASIC_STATS to
get the basic set returned by stat(). It should be noted that asking for
more information may entail extra I/O operations.
buffer points to the destination for the data. This must be 256 bytes in
size.
======================
MAIN ATTRIBUTES RECORD
======================
The following structures are defined in which to return the main attribute
set:
struct statx_timestamp {
__s64 tv_sec;
__s32 tv_nsec;
__s32 __reserved;
};
struct statx {
__u32 stx_mask;
__u32 stx_blksize;
__u64 stx_attributes;
__u32 stx_nlink;
__u32 stx_uid;
__u32 stx_gid;
__u16 stx_mode;
__u16 __spare0[1];
__u64 stx_ino;
__u64 stx_size;
__u64 stx_blocks;
__u64 __spare1[1];
struct statx_timestamp stx_atime;
struct statx_timestamp stx_btime;
struct statx_timestamp stx_ctime;
struct statx_timestamp stx_mtime;
__u32 stx_rdev_major;
__u32 stx_rdev_minor;
__u32 stx_dev_major;
__u32 stx_dev_minor;
__u64 __spare2[14];
};
The defined bits in request_mask and stx_mask are:
STATX_TYPE Want/got stx_mode & S_IFMT
STATX_MODE Want/got stx_mode & ~S_IFMT
STATX_NLINK Want/got stx_nlink
STATX_UID Want/got stx_uid
STATX_GID Want/got stx_gid
STATX_ATIME Want/got stx_atime{,_ns}
STATX_MTIME Want/got stx_mtime{,_ns}
STATX_CTIME Want/got stx_ctime{,_ns}
STATX_INO Want/got stx_ino
STATX_SIZE Want/got stx_size
STATX_BLOCKS Want/got stx_blocks
STATX_BASIC_STATS [The stuff in the normal stat struct]
STATX_BTIME Want/got stx_btime{,_ns}
STATX_ALL [All currently available stuff]
stx_btime is the file creation time, stx_mask is a bitmask indicating the
data provided and __spares*[] are where as-yet undefined fields can be
placed.
Time fields are structures with separate seconds and nanoseconds fields
plus a reserved field in case we want to add even finer resolution. Note
that times will be negative if before 1970; in such a case, the nanosecond
fields will also be negative if not zero.
The bits defined in the stx_attributes field convey information about a
file, how it is accessed, where it is and what it does. The following
attributes map to FS_*_FL flags and are the same numerical value:
STATX_ATTR_COMPRESSED File is compressed by the fs
STATX_ATTR_IMMUTABLE File is marked immutable
STATX_ATTR_APPEND File is append-only
STATX_ATTR_NODUMP File is not to be dumped
STATX_ATTR_ENCRYPTED File requires key to decrypt in fs
Within the kernel, the supported flags are listed by:
KSTAT_ATTR_FS_IOC_FLAGS
[Are any other IOC flags of sufficient general interest to be exposed
through this interface?]
New flags include:
STATX_ATTR_AUTOMOUNT Object is an automount trigger
These are for the use of GUI tools that might want to mark files specially,
depending on what they are.
Fields in struct statx come in a number of classes:
(0) stx_dev_*, stx_blksize.
These are local system information and are always available.
(1) stx_mode, stx_nlinks, stx_uid, stx_gid, stx_[amc]time, stx_ino,
stx_size, stx_blocks.
These will be returned whether the caller asks for them or not. The
corresponding bits in stx_mask will be set to indicate whether they
actually have valid values.
If the caller didn't ask for them, then they may be approximated. For
example, NFS won't waste any time updating them from the server,
unless as a byproduct of updating something requested.
If the values don't actually exist for the underlying object (such as
UID or GID on a DOS file), then the bit won't be set in the stx_mask,
even if the caller asked for the value. In such a case, the returned
value will be a fabrication.
Note that there are instances where the type might not be valid, for
instance Windows reparse points.
(2) stx_rdev_*.
This will be set only if stx_mode indicates we're looking at a
blockdev or a chardev, otherwise will be 0.
(3) stx_btime.
Similar to (1), except this will be set to 0 if it doesn't exist.
=======
TESTING
=======
The following test program can be used to test the statx system call:
samples/statx/test-statx.c
Just compile and run, passing it paths to the files you want to examine.
The file is built automatically if CONFIG_SAMPLES is enabled.
Here's some example output. Firstly, an NFS directory that crosses to
another FSID. Note that the AUTOMOUNT attribute is set because transiting
this directory will cause d_automount to be invoked by the VFS.
[root@andromeda ~]# /tmp/test-statx -A /warthog/data
statx(/warthog/data) = 0
results=7ff
Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 1048576 directory
Device: 00:26 Inode: 1703937 Links: 125
Access: (3777/drwxrwxrwx) Uid: 0 Gid: 4041
Access: 2016-11-24 09:02:12.219699527+0000
Modify: 2016-11-17 10:44:36.225653653+0000
Change: 2016-11-17 10:44:36.225653653+0000
Attributes: 0000000000001000 (-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ---m---- --------)
Secondly, the result of automounting on that directory.
[root@andromeda ~]# /tmp/test-statx /warthog/data
statx(/warthog/data) = 0
results=7ff
Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 1048576 directory
Device: 00:27 Inode: 2 Links: 125
Access: (3777/drwxrwxrwx) Uid: 0 Gid: 4041
Access: 2016-11-24 09:02:12.219699527+0000
Modify: 2016-11-17 10:44:36.225653653+0000
Change: 2016-11-17 10:44:36.225653653+0000
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Fix up affected files that include this signal functionality via sched.h.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
rcu_dereference_key() and user_key_payload() are currently being used in
two different, incompatible ways:
(1) As a wrapper to rcu_dereference() - when only the RCU read lock used
to protect the key.
(2) As a wrapper to rcu_dereference_protected() - when the key semaphor is
used to protect the key and the may be being modified.
Fix this by splitting both of the key wrappers to produce:
(1) RCU accessors for keys when caller has the key semaphore locked:
dereference_key_locked()
user_key_payload_locked()
(2) RCU accessors for keys when caller holds the RCU read lock:
dereference_key_rcu()
user_key_payload_rcu()
This should fix following warning in the NFS idmapper
===============================
[ INFO: suspicious RCU usage. ]
4.10.0 #1 Tainted: G W
-------------------------------
./include/keys/user-type.h:53 suspicious rcu_dereference_protected() usage!
other info that might help us debug this:
rcu_scheduler_active = 2, debug_locks = 0
1 lock held by mount.nfs/5987:
#0: (rcu_read_lock){......}, at: [<d000000002527abc>] nfs_idmap_get_key+0x15c/0x420 [nfsv4]
stack backtrace:
CPU: 1 PID: 5987 Comm: mount.nfs Tainted: G W 4.10.0 #1
Call Trace:
dump_stack+0xe8/0x154 (unreliable)
lockdep_rcu_suspicious+0x140/0x190
nfs_idmap_get_key+0x380/0x420 [nfsv4]
nfs_map_name_to_uid+0x2a0/0x3b0 [nfsv4]
decode_getfattr_attrs+0xfac/0x16b0 [nfsv4]
decode_getfattr_generic.constprop.106+0xbc/0x150 [nfsv4]
nfs4_xdr_dec_lookup_root+0xac/0xb0 [nfsv4]
rpcauth_unwrap_resp+0xe8/0x140 [sunrpc]
call_decode+0x29c/0x910 [sunrpc]
__rpc_execute+0x140/0x8f0 [sunrpc]
rpc_run_task+0x170/0x200 [sunrpc]
nfs4_call_sync_sequence+0x68/0xa0 [nfsv4]
_nfs4_lookup_root.isra.44+0xd0/0xf0 [nfsv4]
nfs4_lookup_root+0xe0/0x350 [nfsv4]
nfs4_lookup_root_sec+0x70/0xa0 [nfsv4]
nfs4_find_root_sec+0xc4/0x100 [nfsv4]
nfs4_proc_get_rootfh+0x5c/0xf0 [nfsv4]
nfs4_get_rootfh+0x6c/0x190 [nfsv4]
nfs4_server_common_setup+0xc4/0x260 [nfsv4]
nfs4_create_server+0x278/0x3c0 [nfsv4]
nfs4_remote_mount+0x50/0xb0 [nfsv4]
mount_fs+0x74/0x210
vfs_kern_mount+0x78/0x220
nfs_do_root_mount+0xb0/0x140 [nfsv4]
nfs4_try_mount+0x60/0x100 [nfsv4]
nfs_fs_mount+0x5ec/0xda0 [nfs]
mount_fs+0x74/0x210
vfs_kern_mount+0x78/0x220
do_mount+0x254/0xf70
SyS_mount+0x94/0x100
system_call+0x38/0xe0
Reported-by: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Fix typos and add the following to the scripts/spelling.txt:
againt||against
While we are here, fix the "capabilites" as well in the touched hunk in
drivers/gpu/drm/drm_probe_helper.c.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1481573103-11329-13-git-send-email-yamada.masahiro@socionext.com
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If .readlink == NULL implies generic_readlink().
Generated by:
to_del="\.readlink.*=.*generic_readlink"
for i in `git grep -l $to_del`; do sed -i "/$to_del"/d $i; done
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Here again we are copying form one buffer to another, while jumping through
hoops to make kernel memory look like userspace memory.
For no good reason, since vfs_get_link() provides exactly what is needed.
As a bonus, now the security hook for readlink is also called on the
underlying inode.
Note: this can be called from link-following context. But this is okay:
- not in RCU mode
- commit e54ad7f1ee ("proc: prevent stacking filesystems on top")
- ecryptfs is *reading* the underlying symlink not following it, so the
right security hook is being called
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Pull more vfs updates from Al Viro:
">rename2() work from Miklos + current_time() from Deepa"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
fs: Replace current_fs_time() with current_time()
fs: Replace CURRENT_TIME_SEC with current_time() for inode timestamps
fs: Replace CURRENT_TIME with current_time() for inode timestamps
fs: proc: Delete inode time initializations in proc_alloc_inode()
vfs: Add current_time() api
vfs: add note about i_op->rename changes to porting
fs: rename "rename2" i_op to "rename"
vfs: remove unused i_op->rename
fs: make remaining filesystems use .rename2
libfs: support RENAME_NOREPLACE in simple_rename()
fs: support RENAME_NOREPLACE for local filesystems
ncpfs: fix unused variable warning
Pull vfs xattr updates from Al Viro:
"xattr stuff from Andreas
This completes the switch to xattr_handler ->get()/->set() from
->getxattr/->setxattr/->removexattr"
* 'work.xattr' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
vfs: Remove {get,set,remove}xattr inode operations
xattr: Stop calling {get,set,remove}xattr inode operations
vfs: Check for the IOP_XATTR flag in listxattr
xattr: Add __vfs_{get,set,remove}xattr helpers
libfs: Use IOP_XATTR flag for empty directory handling
vfs: Use IOP_XATTR flag for bad-inode handling
vfs: Add IOP_XATTR inode operations flag
vfs: Move xattr_resolve_name to the front of fs/xattr.c
ecryptfs: Switch to generic xattr handlers
sockfs: Get rid of getxattr iop
sockfs: getxattr: Fail with -EOPNOTSUPP for invalid attribute names
kernfs: Switch to generic xattr handlers
hfs: Switch to generic xattr handlers
jffs2: Remove jffs2_{get,set,remove}xattr macros
xattr: Remove unnecessary NULL attribute name check
These inode operations are no longer used; remove them.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Right now, various places in the kernel check for the existence of
getxattr, setxattr, and removexattr inode operations and directly call
those operations. Switch to helper functions and test for the IOP_XATTR
flag instead.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Acked-by: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This is trivial to do:
- add flags argument to foo_rename()
- check if flags is zero
- assign foo_rename() to .rename2 instead of .rename
This doesn't mean it's impossible to support RENAME_NOREPLACE for these
filesystems, but it is not trivial, like for local filesystems.
RENAME_NOREPLACE must guarantee atomicity (i.e. it shouldn't be possible
for a file to be created on one host while it is overwritten by rename on
another host).
Filesystems converted:
9p, afs, ceph, coda, ecryptfs, kernfs, lustre, ncpfs, nfs, ocfs2, orangefs.
After this, we can get rid of the duplicate interfaces for rename.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> [AFS]
Acked-by: Mike Marshall <hubcap@omnibond.com>
Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com>
Cc: Ilya Dryomov <idryomov@gmail.com>
Cc: Jan Harkes <jaharkes@cs.cmu.edu>
Cc: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Cc: Oleg Drokin <oleg.drokin@intel.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@primarydata.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
inode_change_ok() will be resposible for clearing capabilities and IMA
extended attributes and as such will need dentry. Give it as an argument
to inode_change_ok() instead of an inode. Also rename inode_change_ok()
to setattr_prepare() to better relect that it does also some
modifications in addition to checks.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
There are legitimate reasons to disallow mmap on certain files, notably
in sysfs or procfs. We shouldn't emulate mmap support on file systems
that don't offer support natively.
CVE-2016-1583
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
[tyhicks: clean up f_op check by using ecryptfs_file_to_lower()]
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
This reverts commit 2f36db7100.
It fixed a local root exploit but also introduced a dependency on
the lower file system implementing an mmap operation just to open a file,
which is a bit of a heavy hammer. The right fix is to have mmap depend
on the existence of the mmap handler instead.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Noticed some minor spelling errors when looking through the code.
Signed-off-by: Chris J Arges <chris.j.arges@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Merge filesystem stacking fixes from Jann Horn.
* emailed patches from Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>:
sched: panic on corrupted stack end
ecryptfs: forbid opening files without mmap handler
proc: prevent stacking filesystems on top
This prevents users from triggering a stack overflow through a recursive
invocation of pagefault handling that involves mapping procfs files into
virtual memory.
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Acked-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
smack ->d_instantiate() uses ->setxattr(), so to be able to call it before
we'd hashed the new dentry and attached it to inode, we need ->setxattr()
instances getting the inode as an explicit argument rather than obtaining
it from dentry.
Similar change for ->getxattr() had been done in commit ce23e64. Unlike
->getxattr() (which is used by both selinux and smack instances of
->d_instantiate()) ->setxattr() is used only by smack one and unfortunately
it got missed back then.
Reported-by: Seung-Woo Kim <sw0312.kim@samsung.com>
Tested-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull misc vfs cleanups from Al Viro:
"Assorted cleanups and fixes all over the place"
* 'work.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
coredump: only charge written data against RLIMIT_CORE
coredump: get rid of coredump_params->written
ecryptfs_lookup(): try either only encrypted or plaintext name
ecryptfs: avoid multiple aliases for directories
bpf: reject invalid names right in ->lookup()
__d_alloc(): treat NULL name as QSTR("/", 1)
mtd: switch ubi_open_volume_path() to vfs_stat()
mtd: switch open_mtd_by_chdev() to use of vfs_stat()
Pull parallel filesystem directory handling update from Al Viro.
This is the main parallel directory work by Al that makes the vfs layer
able to do lookup and readdir in parallel within a single directory.
That's a big change, since this used to be all protected by the
directory inode mutex.
The inode mutex is replaced by an rwsem, and serialization of lookups of
a single name is done by a "in-progress" dentry marker.
The series begins with xattr cleanups, and then ends with switching
filesystems over to actually doing the readdir in parallel (switching to
the "iterate_shared()" that only takes the read lock).
A more detailed explanation of the process from Al Viro:
"The xattr work starts with some acl fixes, then switches ->getxattr to
passing inode and dentry separately. This is the point where the
things start to get tricky - that got merged into the very beginning
of the -rc3-based #work.lookups, to allow untangling the
security_d_instantiate() mess. The xattr work itself proceeds to
switch a lot of filesystems to generic_...xattr(); no complications
there.
After that initial xattr work, the series then does the following:
- untangle security_d_instantiate()
- convert a bunch of open-coded lookup_one_len_unlocked() to calls of
that thing; one such place (in overlayfs) actually yields a trivial
conflict with overlayfs fixes later in the cycle - overlayfs ended
up switching to a variant of lookup_one_len_unlocked() sans the
permission checks. I would've dropped that commit (it gets
overridden on merge from #ovl-fixes in #for-next; proper resolution
is to use the variant in mainline fs/overlayfs/super.c), but I
didn't want to rebase the damn thing - it was fairly late in the
cycle...
- some filesystems had managed to depend on lookup/lookup exclusion
for *fs-internal* data structures in a way that would break if we
relaxed the VFS exclusion. Fixing hadn't been hard, fortunately.
- core of that series - parallel lookup machinery, replacing
->i_mutex with rwsem, making lookup_slow() take it only shared. At
that point lookups happen in parallel; lookups on the same name
wait for the in-progress one to be done with that dentry.
Surprisingly little code, at that - almost all of it is in
fs/dcache.c, with fs/namei.c changes limited to lookup_slow() -
making it use the new primitive and actually switching to locking
shared.
- parallel readdir stuff - first of all, we provide the exclusion on
per-struct file basis, same as we do for read() vs lseek() for
regular files. That takes care of most of the needed exclusion in
readdir/readdir; however, these guys are trickier than lookups, so
I went for switching them one-by-one. To do that, a new method
'->iterate_shared()' is added and filesystems are switched to it
as they are either confirmed to be OK with shared lock on directory
or fixed to be OK with that. I hope to kill the original method
come next cycle (almost all in-tree filesystems are switched
already), but it's still not quite finished.
- several filesystems get switched to parallel readdir. The
interesting part here is dealing with dcache preseeding by readdir;
that needs minor adjustment to be safe with directory locked only
shared.
Most of the filesystems doing that got switched to in those
commits. Important exception: NFS. Turns out that NFS folks, with
their, er, insistence on VFS getting the fuck out of the way of the
Smart Filesystem Code That Knows How And What To Lock(tm) have
grown the locking of their own. They had their own homegrown
rwsem, with lookup/readdir/atomic_open being *writers* (sillyunlink
is the reader there). Of course, with VFS getting the fuck out of
the way, as requested, the actual smarts of the smart filesystem
code etc. had become exposed...
- do_last/lookup_open/atomic_open cleanups. As the result, open()
without O_CREAT locks the directory only shared. Including the
->atomic_open() case. Backmerge from #for-linus in the middle of
that - atomic_open() fix got brought in.
- then comes NFS switch to saner (VFS-based ;-) locking, killing the
homegrown "lookup and readdir are writers" kinda-sorta rwsem. All
exclusion for sillyunlink/lookup is done by the parallel lookups
mechanism. Exclusion between sillyunlink and rmdir is a real rwsem
now - rmdir being the writer.
Result: NFS lookups/readdirs/O_CREAT-less opens happen in parallel
now.
- the rest of the series consists of switching a lot of filesystems
to parallel readdir; in a lot of cases ->llseek() gets simplified
as well. One backmerge in there (again, #for-linus - rockridge
fix)"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (74 commits)
ext4: switch to ->iterate_shared()
hfs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
hfsplus: switch to ->iterate_shared()
hostfs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
hpfs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
hpfs: handle allocation failures in hpfs_add_pos()
gfs2: switch to ->iterate_shared()
f2fs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
afs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
befs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
befs: constify stuff a bit
isofs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
get_acorn_filename(): deobfuscate a bit
btrfs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
logfs: no need to lock directory in lseek
switch ecryptfs to ->iterate_shared
9p: switch to ->iterate_shared()
fat: switch to ->iterate_shared()
romfs, squashfs: switch to ->iterate_shared()
more trivial ->iterate_shared conversions
...
Pull crypto update from Herbert Xu:
"API:
- Crypto self tests can now be disabled at boot/run time.
- Add async support to algif_aead.
Algorithms:
- A large number of fixes to MPI from Nicolai Stange.
- Performance improvement for HMAC DRBG.
Drivers:
- Use generic crypto engine in omap-des.
- Merge ppc4xx-rng and crypto4xx drivers.
- Fix lockups in sun4i-ss driver by disabling IRQs.
- Add DMA engine support to ccp.
- Reenable talitos hash algorithms.
- Add support for Hisilicon SoC RNG.
- Add basic crypto driver for the MXC SCC.
Others:
- Do not allocate crypto hash tfm in NORECLAIM context in ecryptfs"
* 'linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6: (77 commits)
crypto: qat - change the adf_ctl_stop_devices to void
crypto: caam - fix caam_jr_alloc() ret code
crypto: vmx - comply with ABIs that specify vrsave as reserved.
crypto: testmgr - Add a flag allowing the self-tests to be disabled at runtime.
crypto: ccp - constify ccp_actions structure
crypto: marvell/cesa - Use dma_pool_zalloc
crypto: qat - make adf_vf_isr.c dependant on IOV config
crypto: qat - Fix typo in comments
lib: asn1_decoder - add MODULE_LICENSE("GPL")
crypto: omap-sham - Use dma_request_chan() for requesting DMA channel
crypto: omap-des - Use dma_request_chan() for requesting DMA channel
crypto: omap-aes - Use dma_request_chan() for requesting DMA channel
crypto: omap-des - Integrate with the crypto engine framework
crypto: s5p-sss - fix incorrect usage of scatterlists api
crypto: s5p-sss - Fix missed interrupts when working with 8 kB blocks
crypto: s5p-sss - Use common BIT macro
crypto: mxc-scc - fix unwinding in mxc_scc_crypto_register()
crypto: mxc-scc - signedness bugs in mxc_scc_ablkcipher_req_init()
crypto: talitos - fix ahash algorithms registration
crypto: ccp - Ensure all dependencies are specified
...
First of all, trying to open them r/w is idiocy; it's guaranteed to fail.
Moreover, assigning ->f_pos and assuming that everything will work is
blatantly broken - try that with e.g. tmpfs as underlying layer and watch
the fireworks. There may be a non-trivial amount of state associated with
current IO position, well beyond the numeric offset. Using the single
struct file associated with underlying inode is really not a good idea;
we ought to open one for each ecryptfs directory struct file.
Additionally, file_operations both for directories and non-directories are
full of pointless methods; non-directories should *not* have ->iterate(),
directories should not have ->flush(), ->fasync() and ->splice_read().
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
You cannot allocate crypto tfm objects in NORECLAIM or NOFS contexts.
The ecryptfs code currently does exactly that for the MD5 tfm.
This patch fixes it by preallocating the MD5 tfm in a safe context.
The MD5 tfm is also reentrant so this patch removes the superfluous
cs_hash_tfm_mutex.
Reported-by: Nicolas Boichat <drinkcat@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Mostly direct substitution with occasional adjustment or removing
outdated comments.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} macros were introduced *long* time
ago with promise that one day it will be possible to implement page
cache with bigger chunks than PAGE_SIZE.
This promise never materialized. And unlikely will.
We have many places where PAGE_CACHE_SIZE assumed to be equal to
PAGE_SIZE. And it's constant source of confusion on whether
PAGE_CACHE_* or PAGE_* constant should be used in a particular case,
especially on the border between fs and mm.
Global switching to PAGE_CACHE_SIZE != PAGE_SIZE would cause to much
breakage to be doable.
Let's stop pretending that pages in page cache are special. They are
not.
The changes are pretty straight-forward:
- <foo> << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- <foo> >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} -> PAGE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN};
- page_cache_get() -> get_page();
- page_cache_release() -> put_page();
This patch contains automated changes generated with coccinelle using
script below. For some reason, coccinelle doesn't patch header files.
I've called spatch for them manually.
The only adjustment after coccinelle is revert of changes to
PAGE_CAHCE_ALIGN definition: we are going to drop it later.
There are few places in the code where coccinelle didn't reach. I'll
fix them manually in a separate patch. Comments and documentation also
will be addressed with the separate patch.
virtual patch
@@
expression E;
@@
- E << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
expression E;
@@
- E >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT
+ PAGE_SHIFT
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
+ PAGE_SIZE
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_MASK
+ PAGE_MASK
@@
expression E;
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_ALIGN(E)
+ PAGE_ALIGN(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_get(E)
+ get_page(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_release(E)
+ put_page(E)
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ecryptfs_lookup_interpose should use d_splice_alias(), not d_add()
(and return struct dentry * rather than int). Get rid of
redundant dir_inode argument, while we are touching it...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull crypto fixes from Herbert Xu:
"This fixes the following issues:
API:
- Fix kzalloc error path crash in ecryptfs added by skcipher
conversion. Note the subject of the commit is screwed up and the
correct subject is actually in the body.
Drivers:
- A number of fixes to the marvell cesa hashing code.
- Remove bogus nested irqsave that clobbers the saved flags in ccp"
* 'linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6:
crypto: marvell/cesa - forward devm_ioremap_resource() error code
crypto: marvell/cesa - initialize hash states
crypto: marvell/cesa - fix memory leak
crypto: ccp - fix lock acquisition code
eCryptfs: Use skcipher and shash
Pull vfs updates from Al Viro:
- Preparations of parallel lookups (the remaining main obstacle is the
need to move security_d_instantiate(); once that becomes safe, the
rest will be a matter of rather short series local to fs/*.c
- preadv2/pwritev2 series from Christoph
- assorted fixes
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (32 commits)
splice: handle zero nr_pages in splice_to_pipe()
vfs: show_vfsstat: do not ignore errors from show_devname method
dcache.c: new helper: __d_add()
don't bother with __d_instantiate(dentry, NULL)
untangle fsnotify_d_instantiate() a bit
uninline d_add()
replace d_add_unique() with saner primitive
quota: use lookup_one_len_unlocked()
cifs_get_root(): use lookup_one_len_unlocked()
nfs_lookup: don't bother with d_instantiate(dentry, NULL)
kill dentry_unhash()
ceph_fill_trace(): don't bother with d_instantiate(dn, NULL)
autofs4: don't bother with d_instantiate(dentry, NULL) in ->lookup()
configfs: move d_rehash() into configfs_create() for regular files
ceph: don't bother with d_rehash() in splice_dentry()
namei: teach lookup_slow() to skip revalidate
namei: massage lookup_slow() to be usable by lookup_one_len_unlocked()
lookup_one_len_unlocked(): use lookup_dcache()
namei: simplify invalidation logics in lookup_dcache()
namei: change calling conventions for lookup_{fast,slow} and follow_managed()
...
eCryptfs: Fix null pointer dereference on kzalloc error path
The conversion to skcipher and shash added a couple of null pointer
dereference bugs on the kzalloc failure path. This patch fixes them.
Fixes: 3095e8e366 ("eCryptfs: Use skcipher and shash")
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
This patch replaces uses of ablkcipher and blkcipher with skcipher,
and the long obsolete hash interface with shash.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
parallel to mutex_{lock,unlock,trylock,is_locked,lock_nested},
inode_foo(inode) being mutex_foo(&inode->i_mutex).
Please, use those for access to ->i_mutex; over the coming cycle
->i_mutex will become rwsem, with ->lookup() done with it held
only shared.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Mark those kmem allocations that are known to be easily triggered from
userspace as __GFP_ACCOUNT/SLAB_ACCOUNT, which makes them accounted to
memcg. For the list, see below:
- threadinfo
- task_struct
- task_delay_info
- pid
- cred
- mm_struct
- vm_area_struct and vm_region (nommu)
- anon_vma and anon_vma_chain
- signal_struct
- sighand_struct
- fs_struct
- files_struct
- fdtable and fdtable->full_fds_bits
- dentry and external_name
- inode for all filesystems. This is the most tedious part, because
most filesystems overwrite the alloc_inode method.
The list is far from complete, so feel free to add more objects.
Nevertheless, it should be close to "account everything" approach and
keep most workloads within bounds. Malevolent users will be able to
breach the limit, but this was possible even with the former "account
everything" approach (simply because it did not account everything in
fact).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull misc vfs updates from Al Viro:
"All kinds of stuff. That probably should've been 5 or 6 separate
branches, but by the time I'd realized how large and mixed that bag
had become it had been too close to -final to play with rebasing.
Some fs/namei.c cleanups there, memdup_user_nul() introduction and
switching open-coded instances, burying long-dead code, whack-a-mole
of various kinds, several new helpers for ->llseek(), assorted
cleanups and fixes from various people, etc.
One piece probably deserves special mention - Neil's
lookup_one_len_unlocked(). Similar to lookup_one_len(), but gets
called without ->i_mutex and tries to avoid ever taking it. That, of
course, means that it's not useful for any directory modifications,
but things like getting inode attributes in nfds readdirplus are fine
with that. I really should've asked for moratorium on lookup-related
changes this cycle, but since I hadn't done that early enough... I
*am* asking for that for the coming cycle, though - I'm going to try
and get conversion of i_mutex to rwsem with ->lookup() done under lock
taken shared.
There will be a patch closer to the end of the window, along the lines
of the one Linus had posted last May - mechanical conversion of
->i_mutex accesses to inode_lock()/inode_unlock()/inode_trylock()/
inode_is_locked()/inode_lock_nested(). To quote Linus back then:
-----
| This is an automated patch using
|
| sed 's/mutex_lock(&\(.*\)->i_mutex)/inode_lock(\1)/'
| sed 's/mutex_unlock(&\(.*\)->i_mutex)/inode_unlock(\1)/'
| sed 's/mutex_lock_nested(&\(.*\)->i_mutex,[ ]*I_MUTEX_\([A-Z0-9_]*\))/inode_lock_nested(\1, I_MUTEX_\2)/'
| sed 's/mutex_is_locked(&\(.*\)->i_mutex)/inode_is_locked(\1)/'
| sed 's/mutex_trylock(&\(.*\)->i_mutex)/inode_trylock(\1)/'
|
| with a very few manual fixups
-----
I'm going to send that once the ->i_mutex-affecting stuff in -next
gets mostly merged (or when Linus says he's about to stop taking
merges)"
* 'work.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (63 commits)
nfsd: don't hold i_mutex over userspace upcalls
fs:affs:Replace time_t with time64_t
fs/9p: use fscache mutex rather than spinlock
proc: add a reschedule point in proc_readfd_common()
logfs: constify logfs_block_ops structures
fcntl: allow to set O_DIRECT flag on pipe
fs: __generic_file_splice_read retry lookup on AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE
fs: xattr: Use kvfree()
[s390] page_to_phys() always returns a multiple of PAGE_SIZE
nbd: use ->compat_ioctl()
fs: use block_device name vsprintf helper
lib/vsprintf: add %*pg format specifier
fs: use gendisk->disk_name where possible
poll: plug an unused argument to do_poll
amdkfd: don't open-code memdup_user()
cdrom: don't open-code memdup_user()
rsxx: don't open-code memdup_user()
mtip32xx: don't open-code memdup_user()
[um] mconsole: don't open-code memdup_user_nul()
[um] hostaudio: don't open-code memdup_user()
...
new method: ->get_link(); replacement of ->follow_link(). The differences
are:
* inode and dentry are passed separately
* might be called both in RCU and non-RCU mode;
the former is indicated by passing it a NULL dentry.
* when called that way it isn't allowed to block
and should return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD) if it needs to be called
in non-RCU mode.
It's a flagday change - the old method is gone, all in-tree instances
converted. Conversion isn't hard; said that, so far very few instances
do not immediately bail out when called in RCU mode. That'll change
in the next commits.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull trivial updates from Jiri Kosina:
"Trivial stuff from trivial tree that can be trivially summed up as:
- treewide drop of spurious unlikely() before IS_ERR() from Viresh
Kumar
- cosmetic fixes (that don't really affect basic functionality of the
driver) for pktcdvd and bcache, from Julia Lawall and Petr Mladek
- various comment / printk fixes and updates all over the place"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial:
bcache: Really show state of work pending bit
hwmon: applesmc: fix comment typos
Kconfig: remove comment about scsi_wait_scan module
class_find_device: fix reference to argument "match"
debugfs: document that debugfs_remove*() accepts NULL and error values
net: Drop unlikely before IS_ERR(_OR_NULL)
mm: Drop unlikely before IS_ERR(_OR_NULL)
fs: Drop unlikely before IS_ERR(_OR_NULL)
drivers: net: Drop unlikely before IS_ERR(_OR_NULL)
drivers: misc: Drop unlikely before IS_ERR(_OR_NULL)
UBI: Update comments to reflect UBI_METAONLY flag
pktcdvd: drop null test before destroy functions
IS_ERR(_OR_NULL) already contain an 'unlikely' compiler flag and there
is no need to do that again from its callers. Drop it.
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@poochiereds.net>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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Merge tag 'ecryptfs-4.3-rc1-stale-dcache' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs
Pull ecryptfs fixes from Tyler Hicks:
"Invalidate stale eCryptfs dcache entries caused by unlinked lower
inodes"
* tag 'ecryptfs-4.3-rc1-stale-dcache' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs:
eCryptfs: Delete a check before the function call "key_put"
eCryptfs: Invalidate dcache entries when lower i_nlink is zero
The key_put() function tests whether its argument is NULL and then
returns immediately. Thus the test around this call might not be needed.
This issue was detected by using the Coccinelle software.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Consider eCryptfs dcache entries to be stale when the corresponding
lower inode's i_nlink count is zero. This solves a problem caused by the
lower inode being directly modified, without going through the eCryptfs
mount, leaving stale eCryptfs dentries cached and the eCryptfs inode's
i_nlink count not being cleared.
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Reported-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
This patch fix spelling typo inv various part of sources.
Signed-off-by: Masanari Iida <standby24x7@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.com>
The FITRIM ioctl has the same arguments on 32-bit and 64-bit
architectures, so we can add it to the list of compatible ioctls and
drop it from compat_ioctl method of various filesystems.
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Ted Ts'o <tytso@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
a) instead of storing the symlink body (via nd_set_link()) and returning
an opaque pointer later passed to ->put_link(), ->follow_link() _stores_
that opaque pointer (into void * passed by address by caller) and returns
the symlink body. Returning ERR_PTR() on error, NULL on jump (procfs magic
symlinks) and pointer to symlink body for normal symlinks. Stored pointer
is ignored in all cases except the last one.
Storing NULL for opaque pointer (or not storing it at all) means no call
of ->put_link().
b) the body used to be passed to ->put_link() implicitly (via nameidata).
Now only the opaque pointer is. In the cases when we used the symlink body
to free stuff, ->follow_link() now should store it as opaque pointer in addition
to returning it.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
that's the bulk of filesystem drivers dealing with inodes of their own
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
All places outside of core VFS that checked ->read and ->write for being NULL or
called the methods directly are gone now, so NULL {read,write} with non-NULL
{read,write}_iter will do the right thing in all cases.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
struct kiocb now is a generic I/O container, so move it to fs.h.
Also do a #include diet for aio.h while we're at it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The AIO interface is fairly complex because it tries to allow
filesystems to always work async and then wakeup a synchronous
caller through aio_complete. It turns out that basically no one
was doing this to avoid the complexity and context switches,
and we've already fixed up the remaining users and can now
get rid of this case.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
eCryptfs can't be aware of what to expect when after passing an
arbitrary ioctl command through to the lower filesystem. The ioctl
command may trigger an action in the lower filesystem that is
incompatible with eCryptfs.
One specific example is when one attempts to use the Btrfs clone
ioctl command when the source file is in the Btrfs filesystem that
eCryptfs is mounted on top of and the destination fd is from a new file
created in the eCryptfs mount. The ioctl syscall incorrectly returns
success because the command is passed down to Btrfs which thinks that it
was able to do the clone operation. However, the result is an empty
eCryptfs file.
This patch allows the trim, {g,s}etflags, and {g,s}etversion ioctl
commands through and then copies up the inode metadata from the lower
inode to the eCryptfs inode to catch any changes made to the lower
inode's metadata. Those five ioctl commands are mostly common across all
filesystems but the whitelist may need to be further pruned in the
future.
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=93691https://launchpad.net/bugs/1305335
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Cc: Rocko <rockorequin@hotmail.com>
Cc: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v2.6.36+: c43f7b8 eCryptfs: Handle ioctl calls with unlocked and compat functions
The patch 237fead61998: "[PATCH] ecryptfs: fs/Makefile and
fs/Kconfig" from Oct 4, 2006, leads to the following static checker
warning:
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:846 ecryptfs_new_file_context()
error: off-by-one overflow 'crypt_stat->cipher' size 32. rl = '0-32'
There is a mismatch between the size of ecryptfs_crypt_stat.cipher
and ecryptfs_mount_crypt_stat.global_default_cipher_name causing the
copy of the cipher name to cause a off-by-one string copy error. This
fix ensures the space reserved for this string is the same size including
the trailing zero at the end throughout ecryptfs.
This fix avoids increasing the size of ecryptfs_crypt_stat.cipher
and also ecryptfs_parse_tag_70_packet_silly_stack.cipher_string and instead
reduces the of ECRYPTFS_MAX_CIPHER_NAME_SIZE to 31 and includes the + 1 for
the end of string terminator.
NOTE: An overflow is not possible in practice since the value copied
into global_default_cipher_name is validated by
ecryptfs_code_for_cipher_string() at mount time. None of the allowed
cipher strings are long enough to cause the potential buffer overflow
fixed by this patch.
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
[tyhicks: Added the NOTE about the overflow not being triggerable]
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Convert the following where appropriate:
(1) S_ISLNK(dentry->d_inode) to d_is_symlink(dentry).
(2) S_ISREG(dentry->d_inode) to d_is_reg(dentry).
(3) S_ISDIR(dentry->d_inode) to d_is_dir(dentry). This is actually more
complicated than it appears as some calls should be converted to
d_can_lookup() instead. The difference is whether the directory in
question is a real dir with a ->lookup op or whether it's a fake dir with
a ->d_automount op.
In some circumstances, we can subsume checks for dentry->d_inode not being
NULL into this, provided we the code isn't in a filesystem that expects
d_inode to be NULL if the dirent really *is* negative (ie. if we're going to
use d_inode() rather than d_backing_inode() to get the inode pointer).
Note that the dentry type field may be set to something other than
DCACHE_MISS_TYPE when d_inode is NULL in the case of unionmount, where the VFS
manages the fall-through from a negative dentry to a lower layer. In such a
case, the dentry type of the negative union dentry is set to the same as the
type of the lower dentry.
However, if you know d_inode is not NULL at the call site, then you can use
the d_is_xxx() functions even in a filesystem.
There is one further complication: a 0,0 chardev dentry may be labelled
DCACHE_WHITEOUT_TYPE rather than DCACHE_SPECIAL_TYPE. Strictly, this was
intended for special directory entry types that don't have attached inodes.
The following perl+coccinelle script was used:
use strict;
my @callers;
open($fd, 'git grep -l \'S_IS[A-Z].*->d_inode\' |') ||
die "Can't grep for S_ISDIR and co. callers";
@callers = <$fd>;
close($fd);
unless (@callers) {
print "No matches\n";
exit(0);
}
my @cocci = (
'@@',
'expression E;',
'@@',
'',
'- S_ISLNK(E->d_inode->i_mode)',
'+ d_is_symlink(E)',
'',
'@@',
'expression E;',
'@@',
'',
'- S_ISDIR(E->d_inode->i_mode)',
'+ d_is_dir(E)',
'',
'@@',
'expression E;',
'@@',
'',
'- S_ISREG(E->d_inode->i_mode)',
'+ d_is_reg(E)' );
my $coccifile = "tmp.sp.cocci";
open($fd, ">$coccifile") || die $coccifile;
print($fd "$_\n") || die $coccifile foreach (@cocci);
close($fd);
foreach my $file (@callers) {
chomp $file;
print "Processing ", $file, "\n";
system("spatch", "--sp-file", $coccifile, $file, "--in-place", "--no-show-diff") == 0 ||
die "spatch failed";
}
[AV: overlayfs parts skipped]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Now that we never use the backing_dev_info pointer in struct address_space
we can simply remove it and save 4 to 8 bytes in every inode.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Since "BDI: Provide backing device capability information [try #3]" the
backing_dev_info structure also provides flags for the kind of mmap
operation available in a nommu environment, which is entirely unrelated
to it's original purpose.
Introduce a new nommu-only file operation to provide this information to
the nommu mmap code instead. Splitting this from the backing_dev_info
structure allows to remove lots of backing_dev_info instance that aren't
otherwise needed, and entirely gets rid of the concept of providing a
backing_dev_info for a character device. It also removes the need for
the mtd_inodefs filesystem.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Brian Norris <computersforpeace@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
- The filename decryption routines were, at times, writing a zero byte one
character past the end of the filename buffer
- The encrypted view feature attempted, and failed, to roll its own form of
enforcing a read-only mount instead of letting the VFS enforce it
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Merge tag 'ecryptfs-3.19-rc1-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs
Pull eCryptfs fixes from Tyler Hicks:
"Fixes for filename decryption and encrypted view plus a cleanup
- The filename decryption routines were, at times, writing a zero
byte one character past the end of the filename buffer
- The encrypted view feature attempted, and failed, to roll its own
form of enforcing a read-only mount instead of letting the VFS
enforce it"
* tag 'ecryptfs-3.19-rc1-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs:
eCryptfs: Remove buggy and unnecessary write in file name decode routine
eCryptfs: Remove unnecessary casts when parsing packet lengths
eCryptfs: Force RO mount when encrypted view is enabled
Dmitry Chernenkov used KASAN to discover that eCryptfs writes past the
end of the allocated buffer during encrypted filename decoding. This
fix corrects the issue by getting rid of the unnecessary 0 write when
the current bit offset is 2.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@google.com>
Reported-by: Dmitry Chernenkov <dmitryc@google.com>
Suggested-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v2.6.29+: 51ca58d eCryptfs: Filename Encryption: Encoding and encryption functions
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
The elements in the data array are already unsigned chars and do not
need to be casted.
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Add a simple read-only counter to super_block that indicates how deep this
is in the stack of filesystems. Previously ecryptfs was the only stackable
filesystem and it explicitly disallowed multiple layers of itself.
Overlayfs, however, can be stacked recursively and also may be stacked
on top of ecryptfs or vice versa.
To limit the kernel stack usage we must limit the depth of the
filesystem stack. Initially the limit is set to 2.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
The ecryptfs_encrypted_view mount option greatly changes the
functionality of an eCryptfs mount. Instead of encrypting and decrypting
lower files, it provides a unified view of the encrypted files in the
lower filesystem. The presence of the ecryptfs_encrypted_view mount
option is intended to force a read-only mount and modifying files is not
supported when the feature is in use. See the following commit for more
information:
e77a56d [PATCH] eCryptfs: Encrypted passthrough
This patch forces the mount to be read-only when the
ecryptfs_encrypted_view mount option is specified by setting the
MS_RDONLY flag on the superblock. Additionally, this patch removes some
broken logic in ecryptfs_open() that attempted to prevent modifications
of files when the encrypted view feature was in use. The check in
ecryptfs_open() was not sufficient to prevent file modifications using
system calls that do not operate on a file descriptor.
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Reported-by: Priya Bansal <p.bansal@samsung.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v2.6.21+: e77a56d [PATCH] eCryptfs: Encrypted passthrough
Pull vfs updates from Al Viro:
"The big thing in this pile is Eric's unmount-on-rmdir series; we
finally have everything we need for that. The final piece of prereqs
is delayed mntput() - now filesystem shutdown always happens on
shallow stack.
Other than that, we have several new primitives for iov_iter (Matt
Wilcox, culled from his XIP-related series) pushing the conversion to
->read_iter()/ ->write_iter() a bit more, a bunch of fs/dcache.c
cleanups and fixes (including the external name refcounting, which
gives consistent behaviour of d_move() wrt procfs symlinks for long
and short names alike) and assorted cleanups and fixes all over the
place.
This is just the first pile; there's a lot of stuff from various
people that ought to go in this window. Starting with
unionmount/overlayfs mess... ;-/"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (60 commits)
fs/file_table.c: Update alloc_file() comment
vfs: Deduplicate code shared by xattr system calls operating on paths
reiserfs: remove pointless forward declaration of struct nameidata
don't need that forward declaration of struct nameidata in dcache.h anymore
take dname_external() into fs/dcache.c
let path_init() failures treated the same way as subsequent link_path_walk()
fix misuses of f_count() in ppp and netlink
ncpfs: use list_for_each_entry() for d_subdirs walk
vfs: move getname() from callers to do_mount()
gfs2_atomic_open(): skip lookups on hashed dentry
[infiniband] remove pointless assignments
gadgetfs: saner API for gadgetfs_create_file()
f_fs: saner API for ffs_sb_create_file()
jfs: don't hash direct inode
[s390] remove pointless assignment of ->f_op in vmlogrdr ->open()
ecryptfs: ->f_op is never NULL
android: ->f_op is never NULL
nouveau: __iomem misannotations
missing annotation in fs/file.c
fs: namespace: suppress 'may be used uninitialized' warnings
...
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Merge tag 'ecryptfs-3.18-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs
Pull eCryptfs updates from Tyler Hicks:
"Minor code cleanups and a fix for when eCryptfs metadata is stored in
xattrs"
* tag 'ecryptfs-3.18-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tyhicks/ecryptfs:
ecryptfs: remove unneeded buggy code in ecryptfs_do_create()
ecryptfs: avoid to access NULL pointer when write metadata in xattr
ecryptfs: remove unnecessary break after goto
ecryptfs: Remove unnecessary include of syscall.h in keystore.c
fs/ecryptfs/messaging.c: remove null test before kfree
ecryptfs: Drop cast
Use %pd in eCryptFS
There is a bug in error handling of lock_parent() in ecryptfs_do_create():
lock_parent() acquries mutex even if dget_parent() fails, so mutex should be unlocked anyway.
But dget_parent() does not fail, so the patch just removes unneeded buggy code.
Found by Linux Driver Verification project (linuxtesting.org).
Signed-off-by: Alexey Khoroshilov <khoroshilov@ispras.ru>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
There's no reason to include syscalls.h in keystore.c. Remove it.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Fix checkpatch warning:
WARNING: kfree(NULL) is safe this check is probably not required
Signed-off-by: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be>
Cc: ecryptfs@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Markus Elfring