When ecryptfs allocates space to write crypto headers into, before copying
it out to file headers or to xattrs, it looks at the value of
crypt_stat->num_header_bytes_at_front to determine how much space it
needs. This is also used as the file offset to the actual encrypted data,
so for xattr-stored crypto info, the value was zero.
So, we kzalloc'd 0 bytes, and then ran off to write to that memory.
(Which returned as ZERO_SIZE_PTR, so we explode quickly).
The right answer is to always allocate a page to write into; the current
code won't ever write more than that (this is enforced by the
(PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - offset) length in the call to
ecryptfs_generate_key_packet_set). To be explicit about this, we now send
in a "max" parameter, rather than magically using PAGE_CACHE_SIZE there.
Also, since the pointer we pass down the callchain eventually gets the
virt_to_page() treatment, we should be using a alloc_page variant, not
kzalloc (see also 7fcba05437)
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
With SLUB debugging turned on in 2.6.26, I was getting memory corruption
when testing eCryptfs. The root cause turned out to be that eCryptfs was
doing kmalloc(PAGE_CACHE_SIZE); virt_to_page() and treating that as a nice
page-aligned chunk of memory. But at least with SLUB debugging on, this
is not always true, and the page we get from virt_to_page does not
necessarily match the PAGE_CACHE_SIZE worth of memory we got from kmalloc.
My simple testcase was 2 loops doing "rm -f fileX; cp /tmp/fileX ." for 2
different multi-megabyte files. With this change I no longer see the
corruption.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.25.x, 2.6.26.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fixes the following sparse warnings:
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1036:8: warning: cast to restricted __be32
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1038:8: warning: cast to restricted __be32
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1077:10: warning: cast to restricted __be32
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1103:6: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1105:6: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1124:8: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1241:21: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1244:30: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1414:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
fs/ecryptfs/crypto.c:1417:32: warning: cast to restricted __be16
Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__FUNCTION__ is gcc-specific, use __func__
Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the no longer used ecryptfs_header_cache_0.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jeff Moyer pointed out that a mount; umount loop of ecryptfs, with the same
cipher & other mount options, created a new ecryptfs_key_tfm_cache item
each time, and the cache could grow quite large this way.
Looking at this with mhalcrow, we saw that ecryptfs_parse_options()
unconditionally called ecryptfs_add_new_key_tfm(), which is what was adding
these items.
Refactor ecryptfs_get_tfm_and_mutex_for_cipher_name() to create a new
helper function, ecryptfs_tfm_exists(), which checks for the cipher on the
cached key_tfm_list, and sets a pointer to it if it exists. This can then
be called from ecryptfs_parse_options(), and new key_tfm's can be added
only when a cached one is not found.
With list locking changes suggested by akpm.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Only the lower byte of cipher_code is ever used, so it makes sense
for its type to be u8.
Signed-off-by: Trevor Highland <trevor.highland@gmail.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The printk statements that result when the user does not have the
proper key available could use some refining.
Signed-off-by: Mike Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Mike Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no need to keep re-setting the same key for any given eCryptfs inode.
This patch optimizes the use of the crypto API and helps performance a bit.
Signed-off-by: Trevor Highland <trevor.highland@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove internal references to header extents; just keep track of header bytes
instead. Headers can easily span multiple pages with the recent persistent
file changes.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- make the following needlessly global code static:
- crypto.c:ecryptfs_lower_offset_for_extent()
- crypto.c:key_tfm_list
- crypto.c:key_tfm_list_mutex
- inode.c:ecryptfs_getxattr()
- main.c:ecryptfs_init_persistent_file()
- remove the no longer used mmap.c:ecryptfs_lower_page_cache
- #if 0 the unused read_write.c:ecryptfs_read()
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Thanks to Josef Bacik for finding these.
A couple of ecryptfs error paths don't properly unlock things they locked.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Cc: Josef Bacik <jbacik@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Passing a cipher name > 32 chars on mount results in an overflow when the
cipher name is printed, because the last character in the struct
ecryptfs_key_tfm's cipher_name string was never zeroed.
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The extent_offset is getting incremented twice per loop iteration through any
given page. It should only be getting incremented once. This bug should only
impact hosts with >4K page sizes.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch fixes the errors made in the users of the crypto layer during
the sg_init_table conversion. It also adds a few conversions that were
missing altogether.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Most drivers need to set length and offset as well, so may as well fold
those three lines into one.
Add sg_assign_page() for those two locations that only needed to set
the page, where the offset/length is set outside of the function context.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
The functions that eventually call down to ecryptfs_read_lower(),
ecryptfs_decrypt_page(), and ecryptfs_copy_up_encrypted_with_header()
should have the responsibility of managing the page Uptodate
status. This patch gets rid of some of the ugliness that resulted from
trying to push some of the page flag setting too far down the stack.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace some magic numbers with sizeof() equivalents.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The switch to read_write.c routines and the persistent file make a number of
functions unnecessary. This patch removes them.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Update data types and add casts in order to avoid potential overflow
issues.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rather than open a new lower file for every eCryptfs file that is opened,
truncated, or setattr'd, instead use the existing lower persistent file for
the eCryptfs inode. Change truncate to use read_write.c functions. Change
ecryptfs_getxattr() to use the common ecryptfs_getxattr_lower() function.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Update the metadata read/write functions and grow_file() to use the
read_write.c routines. Do not open another lower file; use the persistent
lower file instead. Provide a separate function for
crypto.c::ecryptfs_read_xattr_region() to get to the lower xattr without
having to go through the eCryptfs getxattr.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace page encryption and decryption routines and inode size write routine
with versions that utilize the read_write.c functions.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is no point to keeping a separate header_extent_size and an extent_size.
The total size of the header can always be represented as some multiple of
the regular data extent size.
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: ecryptfs: fix printk format warning]
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton wrote:
> Please check that all the newly-added global symbols do indeed need
> to be global.
Change symbols in keystore.c and crypto.o to static if they do not
need to be global.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton wrote:
From: mhalcrow@us.ibm.com <mhalcrow@halcrow.austin.ibm.com>
> > +/**
> > + * decrypt_passphrase_encrypted_session_key - Decrypt the session key
> > + * with the given auth_tok.
> > *
> > * Returns Zero on success; non-zero error otherwise.
> > */
>
> That comment purports to be a kerneldoc-style comment. But
>
> - kerneldoc doesn't support multiple lines on the introductory line
> which identifies the name of the function (alas). So you'll need to
> overflow 80 cols here.
>
> - the function args weren't documented
>
> But the return value is! People regularly forget to do that. And
> they frequently forget to document the locking prerequisites and the
> permissible calling contexts (process/might_sleep/hardirq, etc)
>
> (please check all ecryptfs kerneldoc for this stuff sometime)
This patch cleans up some of the existing comments and makes a couple
of line break tweaks. There is more work to do to bring eCryptfs into
full kerneldoc-compliance.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton wrote:
> > +int ecryptfs_destruct_crypto(void)
>
> ecryptfs_destroy_crypto would be more grammatically correct ;)
Grammatical fix for some function names.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton wrote:
> > + crypt_stat->flags |= ECRYPTFS_ENCRYPTED;
> > + crypt_stat->flags |= ECRYPTFS_KEY_VALID;
>
> Maybe the compiler can optimise those two statements, but we'd
> normally provide it with some manual help.
This patch provides the compiler with some manual help for
optimizing the setting of some flags.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton wrote:
> > + mutex_lock(&mount_crypt_stat->global_auth_tok_list_mutex);
> > + BUG_ON(mount_crypt_stat->num_global_auth_toks == 0);
> > + mutex_unlock(&mount_crypt_stat->global_auth_tok_list_mutex);
>
> That's odd-looking. If it was a bug for num_global_auth_toks to be
> zero, and if that mutex protects num_global_auth_toks then as soon
> as the lock gets dropped, another thread can make
> num_global_auth_toks zero, hence the bug is present. Perhaps?
That was serving as an internal sanity check that should not have made
it into the final patch set in the first place. This patch removes it.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Trivial updates to comment and debug statement.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add support structures for handling multiple keys. The list in crypt_stat
contains the key identifiers for all of the keys that should be used for
encrypting each file's File Encryption Key (FEK). For now, each inode
inherits this list from the mount-wide crypt_stat struct, via the
ecryptfs_copy_mount_wide_sigs_to_inode_sigs() function.
This patch also removes the global key tfm from the mount-wide crypt_stat
struct, instead keeping a list of tfm's meant for dealing with the various
inode FEK's. eCryptfs will now search the user's keyring for FEK's parsed
from the existing file metadata, so the user can make keys available at any
time before or after mounting.
Now that multiple FEK packets can be written to the file metadata, we need to
be more meticulous about size limits. The updates to the code for writing out
packets to the file metadata makes sizes and limits more explicit, uniformly
expressed, and (hopefully) easier to follow.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serge@hallyn.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace kmap() with kmap_atomic(). Reduce the amount of time that mappings
are held.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Trevor Highland <tshighla@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sys_write() takes a local copy of f_pos and writes that back
into the struct file. It does this so that two concurrent write()
callers don't make a mess of f_pos, and of the file contents.
ecryptfs should be calling vfs_write(). That way we also get the fsnotify
notifications, which ecryptfs presently appears to have subverted.
Convert direct calls to f_op->write() into calls to vfs_write().
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Provide an option to provide a view of the encrypted files such that the
metadata is always in the header of the files, regardless of whether the
metadata is actually in the header or in the extended attribute. This mode of
operation is useful for applications like incremental backup utilities that do
not preserve the extended attributes when directly accessing the lower files.
With this option enabled, the files under the eCryptfs mount point will be
read-only.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Generalize the metadata reading and writing mechanisms, with two targets for
now: metadata in file header and metadata in the user.ecryptfs xattr of the
lower file.
[akpm@osdl.org: printk warning fix]
[bunk@stusta.de: make some needlessly global code static]
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch set introduces the ability to store cryptographic metadata into an
lower file extended attribute rather than the lower file header region.
This patch set implements two new mount options:
ecryptfs_xattr_metadata
- When set, newly created files will have their cryptographic
metadata stored in the extended attribute region of the file rather
than the header.
When storing the data in the file header, there is a minimum of 8KB
reserved for the header information for each file, making each file at
least 12KB in size. This can take up a lot of extra disk space if the user
creates a lot of small files. By storing the data in the extended
attribute, each file will only occupy at least of 4KB of space.
As the eCryptfs metadata set becomes larger with new features such as
multi-key associations, most popular filesystems will not be able to store
all of the information in the xattr region in some cases due to space
constraints. However, the majority of users will only ever associate one
key per file, so most users will be okay with storing their data in the
xattr region.
This option should be used with caution. I want to emphasize that the
xattr must be maintained under all circumstances, or the file will be
rendered permanently unrecoverable. The last thing I want is for a user to
forget to set an xattr flag in a backup utility, only to later discover
that their backups are worthless.
ecryptfs_encrypted_view
- When set, this option causes eCryptfs to present applications a
view of encrypted files as if the cryptographic metadata were
stored in the file header, whether the metadata is actually stored
in the header or in the extended attributes.
No matter what eCryptfs winds up doing in the lower filesystem, I want
to preserve a baseline format compatibility for the encrypted files. As of
right now, the metadata may be in the file header or in an xattr. There is
no reason why the metadata could not be put in a separate file in future
versions.
Without the compatibility mode, backup utilities would have to know to
back up the metadata file along with the files. The semantics of eCryptfs
have always been that the lower files are self-contained units of encrypted
data, and the only additional information required to decrypt any given
eCryptfs file is the key. That is what has always been emphasized about
eCryptfs lower files, and that is what users expect. Providing the
encrypted view option will provide a way to userspace applications wherein
they can always get to the same old familiar eCryptfs encrypted files,
regardless of what eCryptfs winds up doing with the metadata behind the
scenes.
This patch:
Add extended attribute support to version bit vector, flags to indicate when
xattr or encrypted view modes are enabled, and support for the new mount
options.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Replace appropriate pairs of "kmem_cache_alloc()" + "memset(0)" with the
corresponding "kmem_cache_zalloc()" call.
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Acked-by: Joel Becker <Joel.Becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz>
Cc: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
SLAB_KERNEL is an alias of GFP_KERNEL.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
SLAB_USER is an alias of GFP_USER
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The return value of crypto_alloc_blkcipher() should be checked by IS_ERR().
Cc: Mike Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Phillip Hellewell <phillip@hellewell.homeip.net>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
I missed a pointer dereference in this kmalloc result check.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Opens on lower dentry objects happen in several places in eCryptfs, and they
all involve the same steps (dget, mntget, dentry_open). This patch
consolidates the lower open events into a single function call.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Update cipher block encryption code to the new crypto API.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Update eCryptfs hash code to the new kernel crypto API.
Signed-off-by: Michael Halcrow <mhalcrow@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Eric Sandeen