Get rid of the indirections and just provide a sync_bdevs
helper for the generic sync code.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019062530.2174626-8-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Instead offer a new sync_blockdev_nowait helper for the !wait case.
This new helper is exported as it will grow modular callers in a bit.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019062530.2174626-3-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
There is no clear benefit in having this helper vs just open coding it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Chaitanya Kulkarni <kch@nvidia.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20211019062530.2174626-2-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
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Merge tag 'ovl-update-5.8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/vfs
Pull overlayfs updates from Miklos Szeredi:
"Fixes:
- Resolve mount option conflicts consistently
- Sync before remount R/O
- Fix file handle encoding corner cases
- Fix metacopy related issues
- Fix an unintialized return value
- Add missing permission checks for underlying layers
Optimizations:
- Allow multipe whiteouts to share an inode
- Optimize small writes by inheriting SB_NOSEC from upper layer
- Do not call ->syncfs() multiple times for sync(2)
- Do not cache negative lookups on upper layer
- Make private internal mounts longterm"
* tag 'ovl-update-5.8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/vfs: (27 commits)
ovl: remove unnecessary lock check
ovl: make oip->index bool
ovl: only pass ->ki_flags to ovl_iocb_to_rwf()
ovl: make private mounts longterm
ovl: get rid of redundant members in struct ovl_fs
ovl: add accessor for ofs->upper_mnt
ovl: initialize error in ovl_copy_xattr
ovl: drop negative dentry in upper layer
ovl: check permission to open real file
ovl: call secutiry hook in ovl_real_ioctl()
ovl: verify permissions in ovl_path_open()
ovl: switch to mounter creds in readdir
ovl: pass correct flags for opening real directory
ovl: fix redirect traversal on metacopy dentries
ovl: initialize OVL_UPPERDATA in ovl_lookup()
ovl: use only uppermetacopy state in ovl_lookup()
ovl: simplify setting of origin for index lookup
ovl: fix out of bounds access warning in ovl_check_fb_len()
ovl: return required buffer size for file handles
ovl: sync dirty data when remounting to ro mode
...
Patch series "vfs: have syncfs() return error when there are writeback
errors", v6.
Currently, syncfs does not return errors when one of the inodes fails to
be written back. It will return errors based on the legacy AS_EIO and
AS_ENOSPC flags when syncing out the block device fails, but that's not
particularly helpful for filesystems that aren't backed by a blockdev.
It's also possible for a stray sync to lose those errors.
The basic idea in this set is to track writeback errors at the
superblock level, so that we can quickly and easily check whether
something bad happened without having to fsync each file individually.
syncfs is then changed to reliably report writeback errors after they
occur, much in the same fashion as fsync does now.
This patch (of 2):
Usually we suggest that applications call fsync when they want to ensure
that all data written to the file has made it to the backing store, but
that can be inefficient when there are a lot of open files.
Calling syncfs on the filesystem can be more efficient in some
situations, but the error reporting doesn't currently work the way most
people expect. If a single inode on a filesystem reports a writeback
error, syncfs won't necessarily return an error. syncfs only returns an
error if __sync_blockdev fails, and on some filesystems that's a no-op.
It would be better if syncfs reported an error if there were any
writeback failures. Then applications could call syncfs to see if there
are any errors on any open files, and could then call fsync on all of
the other descriptors to figure out which one failed.
This patch adds a new errseq_t to struct super_block, and has
mapping_set_error also record writeback errors there.
To report those errors, we also need to keep an errseq_t in struct file
to act as a cursor. This patch adds a dedicated field for that purpose,
which slots nicely into 4 bytes of padding at the end of struct file on
x86_64.
An earlier version of this patch used an O_PATH file descriptor to cue
the kernel that the open file should track the superblock error and not
the inode's writeback error.
I think that API is just too weird though. This is simpler and should
make syncfs error reporting "just work" even if someone is multiplexing
fsync and syncfs on the same fds.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200428135155.19223-1-jlayton@kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200428135155.19223-2-jlayton@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Stacked filesystems like overlayfs has no own writeback, but they have to
forward syncfs() requests to backend for keeping data integrity.
During global sync() each overlayfs instance calls method ->sync_fs() for
backend although it itself is in global list of superblocks too. As a
result one syscall sync() could write one superblock several times and send
multiple disk barriers.
This patch adds flag SB_I_SKIP_SYNC into sb->sb_iflags to avoid that.
Reported-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmtrmonakhov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Reviewed-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
23d0127096 ("fs/sync.c: make sync_file_range(2) use WB_SYNC_NONE
writeback") claims that sync_file_range(2) syscall was "created for
userspace to be able to issue background writeout and so waiting for
in-flight IO is undesirable there" and changes the writeback (back) to
WB_SYNC_NONE.
This claim is only partially true. It is true for users that use the flag
SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE by itself, as does PostgreSQL, the user that was the
reason for changing to WB_SYNC_NONE writeback.
However, that claim is not true for users that use that flag combination
SYNC_FILE_RANGE_{WAIT_BEFORE|WRITE|_WAIT_AFTER}. Those users explicitly
requested to wait for in-flight IO as well as to writeback of dirty pages.
Re-brand that flag combination as SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE_AND_WAIT and use
WB_SYNC_ALL writeback to perform the full range sync request.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190409114922.30095-1-amir73il@gmail.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190419072938.31320-1-amir73il@gmail.com
Fixes: 23d0127096 ("fs/sync.c: make sync_file_range(2) use WB_SYNC_NONE")
Signed-off-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This just pulls out the ksys_sync_file_range() code to work on a struct
file instead of an fd, so we can use it elsewhere.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
- Various cleanups and code fixes
- Implement lazytime as a mount option
- Convert various on-disk metadata checks from asserts to -EFSCORRUPTED
- Fix accounting problems with the rmap per-ag reservations
- Refactorings and cleanups for xfs_log_force
- Various bugfixes for the reflink code
- Work around v5 AGFL padding problems to prevent fs shutdowns
- Establish inode fork verifiers to inspect on-disk metadata correctness
- Various online scrub fixes
- Fix v5 swapext blowing up on deleted inodes
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Merge tag 'xfs-4.17-merge-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux
Pull xfs updates from Darrick Wong:
"Here's the first round of fixes for XFS for 4.17.
The biggest new features this time around are the addition of lazytime
support, further enhancement of the on-disk inode metadata verifiers,
and a patch to smooth over some of the AGFL padding problems that have
intermittently plagued users since 4.5. I forsee sending a second pull
request next week with further bug fixes and speedups in the online
scrub code and elsewhere.
This series has been run through a full xfstests run over the weekend
and through a quick xfstests run against this morning's master, with
no major failures reported.
Summary of changes for this release:
- Various cleanups and code fixes
- Implement lazytime as a mount option
- Convert various on-disk metadata checks from asserts to -EFSCORRUPTED
- Fix accounting problems with the rmap per-ag reservations
- Refactorings and cleanups for xfs_log_force
- Various bugfixes for the reflink code
- Work around v5 AGFL padding problems to prevent fs shutdowns
- Establish inode fork verifiers to inspect on-disk metadata
correctness
- Various online scrub fixes
- Fix v5 swapext blowing up on deleted inodes"
* tag 'xfs-4.17-merge-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux: (49 commits)
xfs: do not log/recover swapext extent owner changes for deleted inodes
xfs: clean up xfs_mount allocation and dynamic initializers
xfs: remove dead inode version setting code
xfs: catch inode allocation state mismatch corruption
xfs: xfs_scrub_iallocbt_xref_rmap_inodes should use xref_set_corrupt
xfs: flag inode corruption if parent ptr doesn't get us a real inode
xfs: don't accept inode buffers with suspicious unlinked chains
xfs: move inode extent size hint validation to libxfs
xfs: record inode buf errors as a xref error in inobt scrubber
xfs: remove xfs_buf parameter from inode scrub methods
xfs: inode scrubber shouldn't bother with raw checks
xfs: bmap scrubber should do rmap xref with bmap for sparse files
xfs: refactor inode buffer verifier error logging
xfs: refactor inode verifier error logging
xfs: refactor bmap record validation
xfs: sanity-check the unused space before trying to use it
xfs: detect agfl count corruption and reset agfl
xfs: unwind the try_again loop in xfs_log_force
xfs: refactor xfs_log_force_lsn
xfs: minor cleanup for xfs_reflink_end_cow
...
Using this helper allows us to avoid the in-kernel calls to the
sys_sync_file_range() syscall. The ksys_ prefix denotes that this function
is meant as a drop-in replacement for the syscall. In particular, it uses
the same calling convention as sys_sync_file_range().
This patch is part of a series which removes in-kernel calls to syscalls.
On this basis, the syscall entry path can be streamlined. For details, see
http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180325162527.GA17492@light.dominikbrodowski.net
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
Using this helper allows us to avoid the in-kernel calls to the
sys_sync() syscall. The ksys_ prefix denotes that this function
is meant as a drop-in replacement for the syscall. In particular, it
uses the same calling convention as sys_sync().
This patch is part of a series which removes in-kernel calls to syscalls.
On this basis, the syscall entry path can be streamlined. For details, see
http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180325162527.GA17492@light.dominikbrodowski.net
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
__mark_inode_dirty already takes care of that, and for the XFS lazytime
implementation we need to know that ->dirty_inode was called because
I_DIRTY_TIME was set.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Pull core block layer updates from Jens Axboe:
"This is the main pull request for block storage for 4.15-rc1.
Nothing out of the ordinary in here, and no API changes or anything
like that. Just various new features for drivers, core changes, etc.
In particular, this pull request contains:
- A patch series from Bart, closing the whole on blk/scsi-mq queue
quescing.
- A series from Christoph, building towards hidden gendisks (for
multipath) and ability to move bio chains around.
- NVMe
- Support for native multipath for NVMe (Christoph).
- Userspace notifications for AENs (Keith).
- Command side-effects support (Keith).
- SGL support (Chaitanya Kulkarni)
- FC fixes and improvements (James Smart)
- Lots of fixes and tweaks (Various)
- bcache
- New maintainer (Michael Lyle)
- Writeback control improvements (Michael)
- Various fixes (Coly, Elena, Eric, Liang, et al)
- lightnvm updates, mostly centered around the pblk interface
(Javier, Hans, and Rakesh).
- Removal of unused bio/bvec kmap atomic interfaces (me, Christoph)
- Writeback series that fix the much discussed hundreds of millions
of sync-all units. This goes all the way, as discussed previously
(me).
- Fix for missing wakeup on writeback timer adjustments (Yafang
Shao).
- Fix laptop mode on blk-mq (me).
- {mq,name} tupple lookup for IO schedulers, allowing us to have
alias names. This means you can use 'deadline' on both !mq and on
mq (where it's called mq-deadline). (me).
- blktrace race fix, oopsing on sg load (me).
- blk-mq optimizations (me).
- Obscure waitqueue race fix for kyber (Omar).
- NBD fixes (Josef).
- Disable writeback throttling by default on bfq, like we do on cfq
(Luca Miccio).
- Series from Ming that enable us to treat flush requests on blk-mq
like any other request. This is a really nice cleanup.
- Series from Ming that improves merging on blk-mq with schedulers,
getting us closer to flipping the switch on scsi-mq again.
- BFQ updates (Paolo).
- blk-mq atomic flags memory ordering fixes (Peter Z).
- Loop cgroup support (Shaohua).
- Lots of minor fixes from lots of different folks, both for core and
driver code"
* 'for-4.15/block' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block: (294 commits)
nvme: fix visibility of "uuid" ns attribute
blk-mq: fixup some comment typos and lengths
ide: ide-atapi: fix compile error with defining macro DEBUG
blk-mq: improve tag waiting setup for non-shared tags
brd: remove unused brd_mutex
blk-mq: only run the hardware queue if IO is pending
block: avoid null pointer dereference on null disk
fs: guard_bio_eod() needs to consider partitions
xtensa/simdisk: fix compile error
nvme: expose subsys attribute to sysfs
nvme: create 'slaves' and 'holders' entries for hidden controllers
block: create 'slaves' and 'holders' entries for hidden gendisks
nvme: also expose the namespace identification sysfs files for mpath nodes
nvme: implement multipath access to nvme subsystems
nvme: track shared namespaces
nvme: introduce a nvme_ns_ids structure
nvme: track subsystems
block, nvme: Introduce blk_mq_req_flags_t
block, scsi: Make SCSI quiesce and resume work reliably
block: Add the QUEUE_FLAG_PREEMPT_ONLY request queue flag
...
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Everybody is passing in 0 now, let's get rid of the argument.
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Pull mount flag updates from Al Viro:
"Another chunk of fmount preparations from dhowells; only trivial
conflicts for that part. It separates MS_... bits (very grotty
mount(2) ABI) from the struct super_block ->s_flags (kernel-internal,
only a small subset of MS_... stuff).
This does *not* convert the filesystems to new constants; only the
infrastructure is done here. The next step in that series is where the
conflicts would be; that's the conversion of filesystems. It's purely
mechanical and it's better done after the merge, so if you could run
something like
list=$(for i in MS_RDONLY MS_NOSUID MS_NODEV MS_NOEXEC MS_SYNCHRONOUS MS_MANDLOCK MS_DIRSYNC MS_NOATIME MS_NODIRATIME MS_SILENT MS_POSIXACL MS_KERNMOUNT MS_I_VERSION MS_LAZYTIME; do git grep -l $i fs drivers/staging/lustre drivers/mtd ipc mm include/linux; done|sort|uniq|grep -v '^fs/namespace.c$')
sed -i -e 's/\<MS_RDONLY\>/SB_RDONLY/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOSUID\>/SB_NOSUID/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NODEV\>/SB_NODEV/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOEXEC\>/SB_NOEXEC/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_SYNCHRONOUS\>/SB_SYNCHRONOUS/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_MANDLOCK\>/SB_MANDLOCK/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_DIRSYNC\>/SB_DIRSYNC/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NOATIME\>/SB_NOATIME/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_NODIRATIME\>/SB_NODIRATIME/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_SILENT\>/SB_SILENT/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_POSIXACL\>/SB_POSIXACL/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_KERNMOUNT\>/SB_KERNMOUNT/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_I_VERSION\>/SB_I_VERSION/g' \
-e 's/\<MS_LAZYTIME\>/SB_LAZYTIME/g' \
$list
and commit it with something along the lines of 'convert filesystems
away from use of MS_... constants' as commit message, it would save a
quite a bit of headache next cycle"
* 'work.mount' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
VFS: Differentiate mount flags (MS_*) from internal superblock flags
VFS: Convert sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY to sb_rdonly(sb)
vfs: Add sb_rdonly(sb) to query the MS_RDONLY flag on s_flags
Merge updates from Andrew Morton:
- various misc bits
- DAX updates
- OCFS2
- most of MM
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (119 commits)
mm,fork: introduce MADV_WIPEONFORK
x86,mpx: make mpx depend on x86-64 to free up VMA flag
mm: add /proc/pid/smaps_rollup
mm: hugetlb: clear target sub-page last when clearing huge page
mm: oom: let oom_reap_task and exit_mmap run concurrently
swap: choose swap device according to numa node
mm: replace TIF_MEMDIE checks by tsk_is_oom_victim
mm, oom: do not rely on TIF_MEMDIE for memory reserves access
z3fold: use per-cpu unbuddied lists
mm, swap: don't use VMA based swap readahead if HDD is used as swap
mm, swap: add sysfs interface for VMA based swap readahead
mm, swap: VMA based swap readahead
mm, swap: fix swap readahead marking
mm, swap: add swap readahead hit statistics
mm/vmalloc.c: don't reinvent the wheel but use existing llist API
mm/vmstat.c: fix wrong comment
selftests/memfd: add memfd_create hugetlbfs selftest
mm/shmem: add hugetlbfs support to memfd_create()
mm, devm_memremap_pages: use multi-order radix for ZONE_DEVICE lookups
mm/vmalloc.c: halve the number of comparisons performed in pcpu_get_vm_areas()
...
fsync codepath assumes that f_mapping can never be NULL, but
sync_file_range has a check for that.
Remove the one from sync_file_range as I don't see how you'd ever get a
NULL pointer in here.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170525110509.9434-1-jlayton@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sync_file_range doesn't call down into the filesystem directly at all.
It only kicks off writeback of pagecache pages and optionally waits
on the result.
Convert sync_file_range to use errseq_t based error tracking, under the
assumption that most users will prefer this behavior when errors occur.
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Firstly by applying the following with coccinelle's spatch:
@@ expression SB; @@
-SB->s_flags & MS_RDONLY
+sb_rdonly(SB)
to effect the conversion to sb_rdonly(sb), then by applying:
@@ expression A, SB; @@
(
-(!sb_rdonly(SB)) && A
+!sb_rdonly(SB) && A
|
-A != (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A != sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A == (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A == sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-!(sb_rdonly(SB))
+!sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A && (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A && sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-A || (sb_rdonly(SB))
+A || sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) != A
+sb_rdonly(SB) != A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) == A
+sb_rdonly(SB) == A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) && A
+sb_rdonly(SB) && A
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) || A
+sb_rdonly(SB) || A
)
@@ expression A, B, SB; @@
(
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) ? 1 : 0
+sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(sb_rdonly(SB)) ? A : B
+sb_rdonly(SB) ? A : B
)
to remove left over excess bracketage and finally by applying:
@@ expression A, SB; @@
(
-(A & MS_RDONLY) != sb_rdonly(SB)
+(bool)(A & MS_RDONLY) != sb_rdonly(SB)
|
-(A & MS_RDONLY) == sb_rdonly(SB)
+(bool)(A & MS_RDONLY) == sb_rdonly(SB)
)
to make comparisons against the result of sb_rdonly() (which is a bool)
work correctly.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} macros were introduced *long* time
ago with promise that one day it will be possible to implement page
cache with bigger chunks than PAGE_SIZE.
This promise never materialized. And unlikely will.
We have many places where PAGE_CACHE_SIZE assumed to be equal to
PAGE_SIZE. And it's constant source of confusion on whether
PAGE_CACHE_* or PAGE_* constant should be used in a particular case,
especially on the border between fs and mm.
Global switching to PAGE_CACHE_SIZE != PAGE_SIZE would cause to much
breakage to be doable.
Let's stop pretending that pages in page cache are special. They are
not.
The changes are pretty straight-forward:
- <foo> << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- <foo> >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} -> PAGE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN};
- page_cache_get() -> get_page();
- page_cache_release() -> put_page();
This patch contains automated changes generated with coccinelle using
script below. For some reason, coccinelle doesn't patch header files.
I've called spatch for them manually.
The only adjustment after coccinelle is revert of changes to
PAGE_CAHCE_ALIGN definition: we are going to drop it later.
There are few places in the code where coccinelle didn't reach. I'll
fix them manually in a separate patch. Comments and documentation also
will be addressed with the separate patch.
virtual patch
@@
expression E;
@@
- E << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
expression E;
@@
- E >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT
+ PAGE_SHIFT
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
+ PAGE_SIZE
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_MASK
+ PAGE_MASK
@@
expression E;
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_ALIGN(E)
+ PAGE_ALIGN(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_get(E)
+ get_page(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_release(E)
+ put_page(E)
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
sync_file_range(2) is documented to issue writeback only for pages that
are not currently being written. After all the system call has been
created for userspace to be able to issue background writeout and so
waiting for in-flight IO is undesirable there. However commit
ee53a891f4 ("mm: do_sync_mapping_range integrity fix") switched
do_sync_mapping_range() and thus sync_file_range() to issue writeback in
WB_SYNC_ALL mode since do_sync_mapping_range() was used by other code
relying on WB_SYNC_ALL semantics.
These days do_sync_mapping_range() went away and we can switch
sync_file_range(2) back to issuing WB_SYNC_NONE writeback. That should
help PostgreSQL avoid large latency spikes when flushing data in the
background.
Andres measured a 20% increase in transactions per second on an SSD disk.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Reported-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Tested-By: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
filemap_fdatawait() is a function to wait for on-going writeback to
complete but also consume and clear error status of the mapping set during
writeback.
The latter functionality is critical for applications to detect writeback
error with system calls like fsync(2)/fdatasync(2).
However filemap_fdatawait() is also used by sync(2) or FIFREEZE ioctl,
which don't check error status of individual mappings.
As a result, fsync() may not be able to detect writeback error if events
happen in the following order:
Application System admin
----------------------------------------------------------
write data on page cache
Run sync command
writeback completes with error
filemap_fdatawait() clears error
fsync returns success
(but the data is not on disk)
This patch adds filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors() for call sites where
writeback error is not handled so that they don't clear error status.
Signed-off-by: Jun'ichi Nomura <j-nomura@ce.jp.nec.com>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new mount option which enables a new "lazytime" mode. This mode
causes atime, mtime, and ctime updates to only be made to the
in-memory version of the inode. The on-disk times will only get
updated when (a) if the inode needs to be updated for some non-time
related change, (b) if userspace calls fsync(), syncfs() or sync(), or
(c) just before an undeleted inode is evicted from memory.
This is OK according to POSIX because there are no guarantees after a
crash unless userspace explicitly requests via a fsync(2) call.
For workloads which feature a large number of random write to a
preallocated file, the lazytime mount option significantly reduces
writes to the inode table. The repeated 4k writes to a single block
will result in undesirable stress on flash devices and SMR disk
drives. Even on conventional HDD's, the repeated writes to the inode
table block will trigger Adjacent Track Interference (ATI) remediation
latencies, which very negatively impact long tail latencies --- which
is a very big deal for web serving tiers (for example).
Google-Bug-Id: 18297052
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This patch changes sync_filesystem() to be EXPORT_SYMBOL().
The reason this is needed is that starting with 3.15 kernel, due to
Theodore Ts'o's commit 02b9984d64 ("fs: push sync_filesystem() down to
the file system's remount_fs()"), all file systems that have dirty data
to be written out need to call sync_filesystem() from their
->remount_fs() method when remounting read-only.
As this is now a generically required function rather than an internal
only function it should be EXPORT_SYMBOL() so that all file systems can
call it.
Signed-off-by: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net>
Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit c4a391b53a. Dave
Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> has reported the commit may cause some
inodes to be left out from sync(2). This is because we can call
redirty_tail() for some inode (which sets i_dirtied_when to current time)
after sync(2) has started or similarly requeue_inode() can set
i_dirtied_when to current time if writeback had to skip some pages. The
real problem is in the functions clobbering i_dirtied_when but fixing
that isn't trivial so revert is a safer choice for now.
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org # >= 3.13
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
It actually goes back to 2004 ([PATCH] Concurrent O_SYNC write support)
when sync_page_range() had been introduced; generic_file_write{,v}() correctly
synced
pos_after_write - written .. pos_after_write - 1
but generic_file_aio_write() synced
pos_before_write .. pos_before_write + written - 1
instead. Which is not the same thing with O_APPEND, obviously.
A couple of years later correct variant had been killed off when
everything switched to use of generic_file_aio_write().
All users of generic_file_aio_write() are affected, and the same bug
has been copied into other instances of ->aio_write().
The fix is trivial; the only subtle point is that generic_write_sync()
ought to be inlined to avoid calculations useless for the majority of
calls.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Merge first patch-bomb from Andrew Morton:
"Quite a lot of other stuff is banked up awaiting further
next->mainline merging, but this batch contains:
- Lots of random misc patches
- OCFS2
- Most of MM
- backlight updates
- lib/ updates
- printk updates
- checkpatch updates
- epoll tweaking
- rtc updates
- hfs
- hfsplus
- documentation
- procfs
- update gcov to gcc-4.7 format
- IPC"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (269 commits)
ipc, msg: fix message length check for negative values
ipc/util.c: remove unnecessary work pending test
devpts: plug the memory leak in kill_sb
./Makefile: export initial ramdisk compression config option
init/Kconfig: add option to disable kernel compression
drivers: w1: make w1_slave::flags long to avoid memory corruption
drivers/w1/masters/ds1wm.cuse dev_get_platdata()
drivers/memstick/core/ms_block.c: fix unreachable state in h_msb_read_page()
drivers/memstick/core/mspro_block.c: fix attributes array allocation
drivers/pps/clients/pps-gpio.c: remove redundant of_match_ptr
kernel/panic.c: reduce 1 byte usage for print tainted buffer
gcov: reuse kbasename helper
kernel/gcov/fs.c: use pr_warn()
kernel/module.c: use pr_foo()
gcov: compile specific gcov implementation based on gcc version
gcov: add support for gcc 4.7 gcov format
gcov: move gcov structs definitions to a gcc version specific file
kernel/taskstats.c: return -ENOMEM when alloc memory fails in add_del_listener()
kernel/taskstats.c: add nla_nest_cancel() for failure processing between nla_nest_start() and nla_nest_end()
kernel/sysctl_binary.c: use scnprintf() instead of snprintf()
...
When there are processes heavily creating small files while sync(2) is
running, it can easily happen that quite some new files are created
between WB_SYNC_NONE and WB_SYNC_ALL pass of sync(2). That can happen
especially if there are several busy filesystems (remember that sync
traverses filesystems sequentially and waits in WB_SYNC_ALL phase on one
fs before starting it on another fs). Because WB_SYNC_ALL pass is slow
(e.g. causes a transaction commit and cache flush for each inode in
ext3), resulting sync(2) times are rather large.
The following script reproduces the problem:
function run_writers
{
for (( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )); do
mkdir $1/dir$i
for (( j = 0; j < 40000; j++ )); do
dd if=/dev/zero of=$1/dir$i/$j bs=4k count=4 &>/dev/null
done &
done
}
for dir in "$@"; do
run_writers $dir
done
sleep 40
time sync
Fix the problem by disregarding inodes dirtied after sync(2) was called
in the WB_SYNC_ALL pass. To allow for this, sync_inodes_sb() now takes
a time stamp when sync has started which is used for setting up work for
flusher threads.
To give some numbers, when above script is run on two ext4 filesystems
on simple SATA drive, the average sync time from 10 runs is 267.549
seconds with standard deviation 104.799426. With the patched kernel,
the average sync time from 10 runs is 2.995 seconds with standard
deviation 0.096.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
... and convert a bunch of SYSCALL_DEFINE ones to SYSCALL_DEFINE<n>,
killing the boilerplate crap around them.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
wakeup_flusher_threads(0) will queue work doing complete writeback for each
flusher thread. Thus there is not much point in submitting another work doing
full inode WB_SYNC_NONE writeback by writeback_inodes_sb().
After this change it does not make sense to call nonblocking ->sync_fs and
block device flush before calling sync_inodes_sb() because
wakeup_flusher_threads() is completely asynchronous and thus these functions
would be called in parallel with inode writeback running which will effectively
void any work they do. So we move sync_inodes_sb() call before these two
functions.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
It is not necessary to write block devices twice. The reason why we first did
flush and then proper sync is that
for_each_bdev() {
write_bdev()
wait_for_completion()
}
is much slower than
for_each_bdev()
write_bdev()
for_each_bdev()
wait_for_completion()
when there is bigger amount of data. But as is seen in the above, there's no real
need to scan pages and submit them twice. We just need to separate the submission
and waiting part. This patch does that.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
In case block device does not have filesystem mounted on it, sys_sync will just
ignore it and doesn't writeout its dirty pages. This is because writeback code
avoids writing inodes from superblock without backing device and
blockdev_superblock is such a superblock. Since it's unexpected that sync
doesn't writeout dirty data for block devices be nice to users and change the
behavior to do so. So now we iterate over all block devices on blockdev_super
instead of iterating over all superblocks when syncing block devices.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Change the order of operations during sync from
for_each_sb {
writeback_inodes_sb();
sync_fs(nowait);
__sync_blockdev(nowait);
}
for_each_sb {
sync_inodes_sb();
sync_fs(wait);
__sync_blockdev(wait);
}
to
for_each_sb
writeback_inodes_sb();
for_each_sb
sync_fs(nowait);
for_each_sb
__sync_blockdev(nowait);
for_each_sb
sync_inodes_sb();
for_each_sb
sync_fs(wait);
for_each_sb
__sync_blockdev(wait);
This is a preparation for the following patches in this series.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Since the moment writes to quota files are using block device page cache and
space for quota structures is reserved at the moment they are first accessed we
have no reason to sync quota before inode writeback. In fact this order is now
only harmful since quota information can easily change during inode writeback
(either because conversion of delayed-allocated extents or simply because of
allocation of new blocks for simple filesystems not using page_mkwrite).
So move syncing of quota information after writeback of inodes into ->sync_fs
method. This way we do not have to use ->quota_sync callback which is primarily
intended for use by quotactl syscall anyway and we get rid of calling
->sync_fs() twice unnecessarily. We skip quota syncing for OCFS2 since it does
proper quota journalling in all cases (unlike ext3, ext4, and reiserfs which
also support legacy non-journalled quotas) and thus there are no dirty quota
structures.
CC: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
CC: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
CC: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Split off part of dquot_quota_sync() which writes dquots into a quota file
to a separate function. In the next patch we will use the function from
filesystems and we do not want to abuse ->quota_sync quotactl callback more
than necessary.
Acked-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
In principle, a filesystem may want to have ->sync_fs() called during sync(1)
although it does not have a bdi (i.e. s_bdi is set to noop_backing_dev_info).
Only writeback code really needs bdi set to something reasonable. So move the
checks where they are more logical.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
For files only using THIS_MODULE and/or EXPORT_SYMBOL, map
them onto including export.h -- or if the file isn't even
using those, then just delete the include. Fix up any implicit
include dependencies that were being masked by module.h along
the way.
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
Move invalidate_bdev, block_sync_page into fs/block_dev.c. Export
kill_bdev as well, so brd doesn't have to open code it. Reduce
buffer_head.h requirement accordingly.
Removed a rather large comment from invalidate_bdev, as it looked a bit
obsolete to bother moving. The small comment replacing it says enough.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This creates a new 'reason' field in a wb_writeback_work
structure, which unambiguously identifies who initiates
writeback activity. A 'wb_reason' enumeration has been
added to writeback.h, to enumerate the possible reasons.
The 'writeback_work_class' and tracepoint event class and
'writeback_queue_io' tracepoints are updated to include the
symbolic 'reason' in all trace events.
And the 'writeback_inodes_sbXXX' family of routines has had
a wb_stats parameter added to them, so callers can specify
why writeback is being started.
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Curt Wohlgemuth <curtw@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Btrfs needs to be able to control how filemap_write_and_wait_range() is called
in fsync to make it less of a painful operation, so push down taking i_mutex and
the calling of filemap_write_and_wait() down into the ->fsync() handlers. Some
file systems can drop taking the i_mutex altogether it seems, like ext3 and
ocfs2. For correctness sake I just pushed everything down in all cases to make
sure that we keep the current behavior the same for everybody, and then each
individual fs maintainer can make up their mind about what to do from there.
Thanks,
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <josef@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
* 'for-2.6.39/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (65 commits)
Documentation/iostats.txt: bit-size reference etc.
cfq-iosched: removing unnecessary think time checking
cfq-iosched: Don't clear queue stats when preempt.
blk-throttle: Reset group slice when limits are changed
blk-cgroup: Only give unaccounted_time under debug
cfq-iosched: Don't set active queue in preempt
block: fix non-atomic access to genhd inflight structures
block: attempt to merge with existing requests on plug flush
block: NULL dereference on error path in __blkdev_get()
cfq-iosched: Don't update group weights when on service tree
fs: assign sb->s_bdi to default_backing_dev_info if the bdi is going away
block: Require subsystems to explicitly allocate bio_set integrity mempool
jbd2: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
jbd: finish conversion from WRITE_SYNC_PLUG to WRITE_SYNC and explicit plugging
fs: make fsync_buffers_list() plug
mm: make generic_writepages() use plugging
blk-cgroup: Add unaccounted time to timeslice_used.
block: fixup plugging stubs for !CONFIG_BLOCK
block: remove obsolete comments for blkdev_issue_zeroout.
blktrace: Use rq->cmd_flags directly in blk_add_trace_rq.
...
Fix up conflicts in fs/{aio.c,super.c}
It is frequently useful to sync a single file system, instead of all
mounted file systems via sync(2):
- On machines with many mounts, it is not at all uncommon for some of
them to hang (e.g. unresponsive NFS server). sync(2) will get stuck on
those and may never get to the one you do care about (e.g., /).
- Some applications write lots of data to the file system and then
want to make sure it is flushed to disk. Calling fsync(2) on each
file introduces unnecessary ordering constraints that result in a large
amount of sub-optimal writeback/flush/commit behavior by the file
system.
There are currently two ways (that I know of) to sync a single super_block:
- BLKFLSBUF ioctl on the block device: That also invalidates the bdev
mapping, which isn't usually desirable, and doesn't work for non-block
file systems.
- 'mount -o remount,rw' will call sync_filesystem as an artifact of the
current implemention. Relying on this little-known side effect for
something like data safety sounds foolish.
Both of these approaches require root privileges, which some applications
do not have (nor should they need?) given that sync(2) is an unprivileged
operation.
This patch introduces a new system call syncfs(2) that takes an fd and
syncs only the file system it references. Maybe someday we can
$ sync /some/path
and not get
sync: ignoring all arguments
The syscall is motivated by comments by Al and Christoph at the last LSF.
syncfs(2) seems like an appropriate name given statfs(2).
A similar ioctl was also proposed a while back, see
http://marc.info/?l=linux-fsdevel&m=127970513829285&w=2
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Christoph Hellwig