There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare
having a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure.
Kernel code should always use “flexible array members”[1] for these
cases. The older style of one-element or zero-length arrays should
no longer be used[2].
This code was transformed with the help of Coccinelle:
(linux-5.19-rc2$ spatch --jobs $(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN) --sp-file script.cocci --include-headers --dir . > output.patch)
@@
identifier S, member, array;
type T1, T2;
@@
struct S {
...
T1 member;
T2 array[
- 0
];
};
-fstrict-flex-arrays=3 is coming and we need to land these changes
to prevent issues like these in the short future:
../fs/minix/dir.c:337:3: warning: 'strcpy' will always overflow; destination buffer has size 0,
but the source string has length 2 (including NUL byte) [-Wfortify-source]
strcpy(de3->name, ".");
^
Since these are all [0] to [] changes, the risk to UAPI is nearly zero. If
this breaks anything, we can use a union with a new member name.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member
[2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.16/process/deprecated.html#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays
Link: https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/78
Build-tested-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/62b675ec.wKX6AOZ6cbE71vtF%25lkp@intel.com/
Acked-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> # For ndctl.h
Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
Expose all exisiting inet sockopt bits through inet_diag for debug purpose.
Corresponding changes in iproute2 ss will be submitted to output all
these values.
Signed-off-by: Wei Wang <weiwan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Mahesh Bandewar <maheshb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
After commit bf9765145b ("sock: Make sk_protocol a 16-bit value")
the current size of 'sdiag_protocol' is not sufficient to represent
the possible protocol values.
This change introduces a new inet diag request attribute to let
user space specify the relevant protocol number using u32 values.
The attribute is parsed by inet diag core on get/dump command
and the extended protocol value, if available, is preferred to
'sdiag_protocol' to lookup the diag handler.
The parse attributed are exposed to all the diag handlers via
the cb->data.
Note that inet_diag_dump_one_icsk() is left unmodified, as it
will not be used by protocol using the extended attribute.
Suggested-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Co-developed-by: Christoph Paasch <cpaasch@apple.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Paasch <cpaasch@apple.com>
Acked-by: Mat Martineau <mathew.j.martineau@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch adds ability to filter sockets based on cgroup v2 ID.
Such filter is helpful in ss utility for filtering sockets by
cgroup pathname.
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Yakunin <zeil@yandex-team.ru>
Reviewed-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch adds cgroup v2 ID to common inet diag message attributes.
Cgroup v2 ID is kernfs ID (ino or ino+gen). This attribute allows filter
inet diag output by cgroup ID obtained by name_to_handle_at() syscall.
When net_cls or net_prio cgroup is activated this ID is equal to 1 (root
cgroup ID) for newly created sockets.
Some notes about this ID:
1) gets initialized in socket() syscall
2) incoming socket gets ID from listening socket
(not during accept() syscall)
3) not changed when process get moved to another cgroup
4) can point to deleted cgroup (refcounting)
v2:
- use CONFIG_SOCK_CGROUP_DATA instead if CONFIG_CGROUPS
v3:
- fix attr size by using nla_total_size_64bit() (Eric Dumazet)
- more detailed commit message (Konstantin Khlebnikov)
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Yakunin <zeil@yandex-team.ru>
Reviewed-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Acked-By: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
add ulp-specific diagnostic functions, so that subflow information can be
dumped to userspace programs like 'ss'.
v2 -> v3:
- uapi: use bit macros appropriate for userspace
Co-developed-by: Matthieu Baerts <matthieu.baerts@tessares.net>
Signed-off-by: Matthieu Baerts <matthieu.baerts@tessares.net>
Co-developed-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Davide Caratti <dcaratti@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mat Martineau <mathew.j.martineau@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch will dump out the bpf_sk_storages of a sk
if the request has the INET_DIAG_REQ_SK_BPF_STORAGES nlattr.
An array of SK_DIAG_BPF_STORAGE_REQ_MAP_FD can be specified in
INET_DIAG_REQ_SK_BPF_STORAGES to select which bpf_sk_storage to dump.
If no map_fd is specified, all bpf_sk_storages of a sk will be dumped.
bpf_sk_storages can be added to the system at runtime. It is difficult
to find a proper static value for cb->min_dump_alloc.
This patch learns the nlattr size required to dump the bpf_sk_storages
of a sk. If it happens to be the very first nlmsg of a dump and it
cannot fit the needed bpf_sk_storages, it will try to expand the
skb by "pskb_expand_head()".
Instead of expanding it in inet_sk_diag_fill(), it is expanded at a
sleepable context in __inet_diag_dump() so __GFP_DIRECT_RECLAIM can
be used. In __inet_diag_dump(), it will retry as long as the
skb is empty and the cb->min_dump_alloc becomes larger than before.
cb->min_dump_alloc is bounded by KMALLOC_MAX_SIZE. The min_dump_alloc
is also changed from 'u16' to 'u32' to accommodate a sk that may have
a few large bpf_sk_storages.
The updated cb->min_dump_alloc will also be used to allocate the skb in
the next dump. This logic already exists in netlink_dump().
Here is the sample output of a locally modified 'ss' and it could be made
more readable by using BTF later:
[root@arch-fb-vm1 ~]# ss --bpf-map-id 14 --bpf-map-id 13 -t6an 'dst [::1]:8989'
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:PortProcess
ESTAB 0 0 [::1]:51072 [::1]:8989
bpf_map_id:14 value:[ 3feb ]
bpf_map_id:13 value:[ 3f ]
ESTAB 0 0 [::1]:51070 [::1]:8989
bpf_map_id:14 value:[ 3feb ]
bpf_map_id:13 value:[ 3f ]
[root@arch-fb-vm1 ~]# ~/devshare/github/iproute2/misc/ss --bpf-maps -t6an 'dst [::1]:8989'
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
ESTAB 0 0 [::1]:51072 [::1]:8989
bpf_map_id:14 value:[ 3feb ]
bpf_map_id:13 value:[ 3f ]
bpf_map_id:12 value:[ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000... total:65407 ]
ESTAB 0 0 [::1]:51070 [::1]:8989
bpf_map_id:14 value:[ 3feb ]
bpf_map_id:13 value:[ 3f ]
bpf_map_id:12 value:[ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000... total:65407 ]
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <kafai@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20200225230427.1976129-1-kafai@fb.com
The INET_DIAG_REQ_BYTECODE nlattr is currently re-found every time when
the "dump()" is re-started.
In a latter patch, it will also need to parse the new
INET_DIAG_REQ_SK_BPF_STORAGES nlattr to learn the map_fds. Thus, this
patch takes this chance to store the parsed nlattr in cb->data
during the "start" time of a dump.
By doing this, the "bc" argument also becomes unnecessary
and is removed. Also, the two copies of the INET_DIAG_REQ_BYTECODE
parsing-audit logic between compat/current version can be
consolidated to one.
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau <kafai@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Song Liu <songliubraving@fb.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20200225230415.1975555-1-kafai@fb.com
When an application configures kernel TLS on top of a TCP socket, it's
now possible for inet_diag_handler() to collect information regarding the
protocol version, the cipher type and TX / RX configuration, in case
INET_DIAG_INFO is requested.
Signed-off-by: Davide Caratti <dcaratti@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jakub Kicinski <jakub.kicinski@netronome.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
currently, only getsockopt(TCP_ULP) can be invoked to know if a ULP is on
top of a TCP socket. Extend idiag_get_aux() and idiag_get_aux_size(),
introduced by commit b37e88407c ("inet_diag: allow protocols to provide
additional data"), to report the ULP name and other information that can
be made available by the ULP through optional functions.
Users having CAP_NET_ADMIN privileges will then be able to retrieve this
information through inet_diag_handler, if they specify INET_DIAG_INFO in
the request.
Signed-off-by: Davide Caratti <dcaratti@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Field idiag_ext in struct inet_diag_req_v2 used as bitmap of requested
extensions has only 8 bits. Thus extensions starting from DCTCPINFO
cannot be requested directly. Some of them included into response
unconditionally or hook into some of lower 8 bits.
Extension INET_DIAG_CLASS_ID has not way to request from the beginning.
This patch bundle it with INET_DIAG_TCLASS (ipv6 tos), fixes space
reservation, and documents behavior for other extensions.
Also this patch adds fallback to reporting socket priority. This filed
is more widely used for traffic classification because ipv4 sockets
automatically maps TOS to priority and default qdisc pfifo_fast knows
about that. But priority could be changed via setsockopt SO_PRIORITY so
INET_DIAG_TOS isn't enough for predicting class.
Also cgroup2 obsoletes net_cls classid (it always zero), but we cannot
reuse this field for reporting cgroup2 id because it is 64-bit (ino+gen).
So, after this patch INET_DIAG_CLASS_ID will report socket priority
for most common setup when net_cls isn't set and/or cgroup2 in use.
Fixes: 0888e372c3 ("net: inet: diag: expose sockets cgroup classid")
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
inet_diag currently provides less/greater than or equal operators for
comparing ports when filtering sockets. An equal comparison can be
performed by combining the two existing operators, or a user can for
example request a port range and then do the final filtering in
userspace. However, these approaches both have drawbacks. Implementing
equal using LE/GE causes the size and complexity of a filter to grow
quickly as the number of ports increase, while it on busy machines would
be great if the kernel only returns information about relevant sockets.
This patch introduces source and destination port equal operators.
INET_DIAG_BC_S_EQ is used to match a source port, INET_DIAG_BC_D_EQ a
destination port, and usage is the same as for the existing port
operators. I.e., the port to match is stored in the no-member of the
next inet_diag_bc_op-struct in the filter.
Signed-off-by: Kristian Evensen <kristian.evensen@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Many user space API headers are missing licensing information, which
makes it hard for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default are files without license information under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPLV2. Marking them GPLV2 would exclude
them from being included in non GPLV2 code, which is obviously not
intended. The user space API headers fall under the syscall exception
which is in the kernels COPYING file:
NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
otherwise syscall usage would not be possible.
Update the files which contain no license information with an SPDX
license identifier. The chosen identifier is 'GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note' which is the officially assigned identifier for the
Linux syscall exception. SPDX license identifiers are a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne. See the previous patch in this series for the
methodology of how this patch was researched.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Report TCP MD5 (RFC2385) signing keys, addresses and address prefixes to
processes with CAP_NET_ADMIN requesting INET_DIAG_INFO. Currently it is
not possible to retrieve these from the kernel once they have been
configured on sockets.
Signed-off-by: Ivan Delalande <colona@arista.com>
Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This is useful for directly looking up a task based on class id rather than
having to scan through all open file descriptors.
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
In criu we are actively using diag interface to collect sockets
present in the system when dumping applications. And while for
unix, tcp, udp[lite], packet, netlink it works as expected,
the raw sockets do not have. Thus add it.
v2:
- add missing sock_put calls in raw_diag_dump_one (by eric.dumazet@)
- implement @destroy for diag requests (by dsa@)
v3:
- add export of raw_abort for IPv6 (by dsa@)
- pass net-admin flag into inet_sk_diag_fill due to
changes in net-next branch (by dsa@)
v4:
- use @pad in struct inet_diag_req_v2 for raw socket
protocol specification: raw module carries sockets
which may have custom protocol passed from socket()
syscall and sole @sdiag_protocol is not enough to
match underlied ones
- start reporting protocol specifed in socket() call
when sockets are raw ones for the same reason: user
space tools like ss may parse this attribute and use
it for socket matching
v5 (by eric.dumazet@):
- use sock_hold in raw_sock_get instead of atomic_inc,
we're holding (raw_v4_hashinfo|raw_v6_hashinfo)->lock
when looking up so counter won't be zero here.
v6:
- use sdiag_raw_protocol() helper which will access @pad
structure used for raw sockets protocol specification:
we can't simply rename this member without breaking uapi
v7:
- sine sdiag_raw_protocol() helper is not suitable for
uapi lets rather make an alias structure with proper
names. __check_inet_diag_req_raw helper will catch
if any of structure unintentionally changed.
CC: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
CC: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
CC: David Ahern <dsa@cumulusnetworks.com>
CC: Alexey Kuznetsov <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
CC: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
CC: Hideaki YOSHIFUJI <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>
CC: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
CC: Andrey Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>
CC: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This commit implements a new TCP congestion control algorithm: BBR
(Bottleneck Bandwidth and RTT). A detailed description of BBR will be
published in ACM Queue, Vol. 14 No. 5, September-October 2016, as
"BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control".
BBR has significantly increased throughput and reduced latency for
connections on Google's internal backbone networks and google.com and
YouTube Web servers.
BBR requires only changes on the sender side, not in the network or
the receiver side. Thus it can be incrementally deployed on today's
Internet, or in datacenters.
The Internet has predominantly used loss-based congestion control
(largely Reno or CUBIC) since the 1980s, relying on packet loss as the
signal to slow down. While this worked well for many years, loss-based
congestion control is unfortunately out-dated in today's networks. On
today's Internet, loss-based congestion control causes the infamous
bufferbloat problem, often causing seconds of needless queuing delay,
since it fills the bloated buffers in many last-mile links. On today's
high-speed long-haul links using commodity switches with shallow
buffers, loss-based congestion control has abysmal throughput because
it over-reacts to losses caused by transient traffic bursts.
In 1981 Kleinrock and Gale showed that the optimal operating point for
a network maximizes delivered bandwidth while minimizing delay and
loss, not only for single connections but for the network as a
whole. Finding that optimal operating point has been elusive, since
any single network measurement is ambiguous: network measurements are
the result of both bandwidth and propagation delay, and those two
cannot be measured simultaneously.
While it is impossible to disambiguate any single bandwidth or RTT
measurement, a connection's behavior over time tells a clearer
story. BBR uses a measurement strategy designed to resolve this
ambiguity. It combines these measurements with a robust servo loop
using recent control systems advances to implement a distributed
congestion control algorithm that reacts to actual congestion, not
packet loss or transient queue delay, and is designed to converge with
high probability to a point near the optimal operating point.
In a nutshell, BBR creates an explicit model of the network pipe by
sequentially probing the bottleneck bandwidth and RTT. On the arrival
of each ACK, BBR derives the current delivery rate of the last round
trip, and feeds it through a windowed max-filter to estimate the
bottleneck bandwidth. Conversely it uses a windowed min-filter to
estimate the round trip propagation delay. The max-filtered bandwidth
and min-filtered RTT estimates form BBR's model of the network pipe.
Using its model, BBR sets control parameters to govern sending
behavior. The primary control is the pacing rate: BBR applies a gain
multiplier to transmit faster or slower than the observed bottleneck
bandwidth. The conventional congestion window (cwnd) is now the
secondary control; the cwnd is set to a small multiple of the
estimated BDP (bandwidth-delay product) in order to allow full
utilization and bandwidth probing while bounding the potential amount
of queue at the bottleneck.
When a BBR connection starts, it enters STARTUP mode and applies a
high gain to perform an exponential search to quickly probe the
bottleneck bandwidth (doubling its sending rate each round trip, like
slow start). However, instead of continuing until it fills up the
buffer (i.e. a loss), or until delay or ACK spacing reaches some
threshold (like Hystart), it uses its model of the pipe to estimate
when that pipe is full: it estimates the pipe is full when it notices
the estimated bandwidth has stopped growing. At that point it exits
STARTUP and enters DRAIN mode, where it reduces its pacing rate to
drain the queue it estimates it has created.
Then BBR enters steady state. In steady state, PROBE_BW mode cycles
between first pacing faster to probe for more bandwidth, then pacing
slower to drain any queue that created if no more bandwidth was
available, and then cruising at the estimated bandwidth to utilize the
pipe without creating excess queue. Occasionally, on an as-needed
basis, it sends significantly slower to probe for RTT (PROBE_RTT
mode).
BBR has been fully deployed on Google's wide-area backbone networks
and we're experimenting with BBR on Google.com and YouTube on a global
scale. Replacing CUBIC with BBR has resulted in significant
improvements in network latency and application (RPC, browser, and
video) metrics. For more details please refer to our upcoming ACM
Queue publication.
Example performance results, to illustrate the difference between BBR
and CUBIC:
Resilience to random loss (e.g. from shallow buffers):
Consider a netperf TCP_STREAM test lasting 30 secs on an emulated
path with a 10Gbps bottleneck, 100ms RTT, and 1% packet loss
rate. CUBIC gets 3.27 Mbps, and BBR gets 9150 Mbps (2798x higher).
Low latency with the bloated buffers common in today's last-mile links:
Consider a netperf TCP_STREAM test lasting 120 secs on an emulated
path with a 10Mbps bottleneck, 40ms RTT, and 1000-packet bottleneck
buffer. Both fully utilize the bottleneck bandwidth, but BBR
achieves this with a median RTT 25x lower (43 ms instead of 1.09
secs).
Our long-term goal is to improve the congestion control algorithms
used on the Internet. We are hopeful that BBR can help advance the
efforts toward this goal, and motivate the community to do further
research.
Test results, performance evaluations, feedback, and BBR-related
discussions are very welcome in the public e-mail list for BBR:
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/bbr-dev
NOTE: BBR *must* be used with the fq qdisc ("man tc-fq") with pacing
enabled, since pacing is integral to the BBR design and
implementation. BBR without pacing would not function properly, and
may incur unnecessary high packet loss rates.
Signed-off-by: Van Jacobson <vanj@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Neal Cardwell <ncardwell@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Yuchung Cheng <ycheng@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Nandita Dukkipati <nanditad@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Soheil Hassas Yeganeh <soheil@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This adds the capability for a process that has CAP_NET_ADMIN on
a socket to see the socket mark in socket dumps.
Commit a52e95abf7 ("net: diag: allow socket bytecode filters to
match socket marks") recently gave privileged processes the
ability to filter socket dumps based on mark. This patch is
complementary: it ensures that the mark is also passed to
userspace in the socket's netlink attributes. It is useful for
tools like ss which display information about sockets.
Tested: https://android-review.googlesource.com/270210
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Colitti <lorenzo@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This allows a privileged process to filter by socket mark when
dumping sockets via INET_DIAG_BY_FAMILY. This is useful on
systems that use mark-based routing such as Android.
The ability to filter socket marks requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, which
is consistent with other privileged operations allowed by the
SOCK_DIAG interface such as the ability to destroy sockets and
the ability to inspect BPF filters attached to packet sockets.
Tested: https://android-review.googlesource.com/261350
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Colitti <lorenzo@google.com>
Acked-by: David Ahern <dsa@cumulusnetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Add support to inet_diag facility to filter sockets based on device
index. If an interface index is in the filter only sockets bound
to that index (sk_bound_dev_if) are returned.
Signed-off-by: David Ahern <dsa@cumulusnetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
I also fix the value of INET_DIAG_MAX. It's wrong since commit 8f840e47f1
which is only in net-next right now, thus I didn't make a separate patch.
Fixes: 8f840e47f1 ("sctp: add the sctp_diag.c file")
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Dichtel <nicolas.dichtel@6wind.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This one will implement all the interface of inet_diag, inet_diag_handler.
which includes sctp_diag_dump, sctp_diag_dump_one and sctp_diag_get_info.
It will work as a module, and register inet_diag_handler when loading.
v2->v3:
- fix the mistake in inet_assoc_attr_size().
- change inet_diag_msg_laddrs_fill() name to inet_diag_msg_sctpladdrs_fill.
- change inet_diag_msg_paddrs_fill() name to inet_diag_msg_sctpaddrs_fill.
- add inet_diag_msg_sctpinfo_fill() to make asoc/ep fill code clearer.
- add inet_diag_msg_sctpasoc_fill() to make asoc fill code clearer.
- merge inet_asoc_diag_fill() and inet_ep_diag_fill() to
inet_sctp_diag_fill().
- call sctp_diag_get_info() directly, instead by handler, cause the caller
is in the same file with it.
- call lock_sock in sctp_tsp_dump_one() to make sure we call get sctp info
safely.
- after lock_sock(sk), we should check sk != assoc->base.sk.
- change mem[SK_MEMINFO_WMEM_ALLOC] to asoc->sndbuf_used for asoc dump when
asoc->ep->sndbuf_policy is set. don't use INET_DIAG_MEMINFO attr any more.
Signed-off-by: Xin Long <lucien.xin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
For AF_INET6 sockets, the value of struct ipv6_pinfo.ipv6only is
exported to userspace. It indicates whether a socket bound to in6addr_any
listens on IPv4 as well as IPv6. Since the socket is natively IPv6, it is not
listed by e.g. 'ss -l -4'.
This patch is accompanied by an appropriate one for iproute2 to enable
the additional information in 'ss -e'.
Signed-off-by: Phil Sutter <phil@nwl.cc>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This get_info handler will simply dispatch to the appropriate
existing inet protocol handler.
This patch also includes a new netlink attribute
(INET_DIAG_PROTOCOL). This attribute is currently only used
for multicast messages. Without this attribute, there is no
way of knowing the IP protocol used by the socket information
being broadcast. This attribute is not necessary in the 'dump'
variant of this protocol (though it could easily be added)
because dump requests are issued for specific family/protocol
pairs.
Tested: ss -E (note, the -E option has not yet been merged into
the upstream version of ss).
Signed-off-by: Craig Gallek <kraig@google.com>
Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
We would like that optional info provided by Congestion Control
modules using netlink can also be read using getsockopt()
This patch changes get_info() to put this information in a buffer,
instead of skb, like tcp_get_info(), so that following patch
can reuse this common infrastructure.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Yuchung Cheng <ycheng@google.com>
Cc: Neal Cardwell <ncardwell@google.com>
Acked-by: Neal Cardwell <ncardwell@google.com>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: Yuchung Cheng <ycheng@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This work adds the DataCenter TCP (DCTCP) congestion control
algorithm [1], which has been first published at SIGCOMM 2010 [2],
resp. follow-up analysis at SIGMETRICS 2011 [3] (and also, more
recently as an informational IETF draft available at [4]).
DCTCP is an enhancement to the TCP congestion control algorithm for
data center networks. Typical data center workloads are i.e.
i) partition/aggregate (queries; bursty, delay sensitive), ii) short
messages e.g. 50KB-1MB (for coordination and control state; delay
sensitive), and iii) large flows e.g. 1MB-100MB (data update;
throughput sensitive). DCTCP has therefore been designed for such
environments to provide/achieve the following three requirements:
* High burst tolerance (incast due to partition/aggregate)
* Low latency (short flows, queries)
* High throughput (continuous data updates, large file
transfers) with commodity, shallow buffered switches
The basic idea of its design consists of two fundamentals: i) on the
switch side, packets are being marked when its internal queue
length > threshold K (K is chosen so that a large enough headroom
for marked traffic is still available in the switch queue); ii) the
sender/host side maintains a moving average of the fraction of marked
packets, so each RTT, F is being updated as follows:
F := X / Y, where X is # of marked ACKs, Y is total # of ACKs
alpha := (1 - g) * alpha + g * F, where g is a smoothing constant
The resulting alpha (iow: probability that switch queue is congested)
is then being used in order to adaptively decrease the congestion
window W:
W := (1 - (alpha / 2)) * W
The means for receiving marked packets resp. marking them on switch
side in DCTCP is the use of ECN.
RFC3168 describes a mechanism for using Explicit Congestion Notification
from the switch for early detection of congestion, rather than waiting
for segment loss to occur.
However, this method only detects the presence of congestion, not
the *extent*. In the presence of mild congestion, it reduces the TCP
congestion window too aggressively and unnecessarily affects the
throughput of long flows [4].
DCTCP, as mentioned, enhances Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
processing to estimate the fraction of bytes that encounter congestion,
rather than simply detecting that some congestion has occurred. DCTCP
then scales the TCP congestion window based on this estimate [4],
thus it can derive multibit feedback from the information present in
the single-bit sequence of marks in its control law. And thus act in
*proportion* to the extent of congestion, not its *presence*.
Switches therefore set the Congestion Experienced (CE) codepoint in
packets when internal queue lengths exceed threshold K. Resulting,
DCTCP delivers the same or better throughput than normal TCP, while
using 90% less buffer space.
It was found in [2] that DCTCP enables the applications to handle 10x
the current background traffic, without impacting foreground traffic.
Moreover, a 10x increase in foreground traffic did not cause any
timeouts, and thus largely eliminates TCP incast collapse problems.
The algorithm itself has already seen deployments in large production
data centers since then.
We did a long-term stress-test and analysis in a data center, short
summary of our TCP incast tests with iperf compared to cubic:
This test measured DCTCP throughput and latency and compared it with
CUBIC throughput and latency for an incast scenario. In this test, 19
senders sent at maximum rate to a single receiver. The receiver simply
ran iperf -s.
The senders ran iperf -c <receiver> -t 30. All senders started
simultaneously (using local clocks synchronized by ntp).
This test was repeated multiple times. Below shows the results from a
single test. Other tests are similar. (DCTCP results were extremely
consistent, CUBIC results show some variance induced by the TCP timeouts
that CUBIC encountered.)
For this test, we report statistics on the number of TCP timeouts,
flow throughput, and traffic latency.
1) Timeouts (total over all flows, and per flow summaries):
CUBIC DCTCP
Total 3227 25
Mean 169.842 1.316
Median 183 1
Max 207 5
Min 123 0
Stddev 28.991 1.600
Timeout data is taken by measuring the net change in netstat -s
"other TCP timeouts" reported. As a result, the timeout measurements
above are not restricted to the test traffic, and we believe that it
is likely that all of the "DCTCP timeouts" are actually timeouts for
non-test traffic. We report them nevertheless. CUBIC will also include
some non-test timeouts, but they are drawfed by bona fide test traffic
timeouts for CUBIC. Clearly DCTCP does an excellent job of preventing
TCP timeouts. DCTCP reduces timeouts by at least two orders of
magnitude and may well have eliminated them in this scenario.
2) Throughput (per flow in Mbps):
CUBIC DCTCP
Mean 521.684 521.895
Median 464 523
Max 776 527
Min 403 519
Stddev 105.891 2.601
Fairness 0.962 0.999
Throughput data was simply the average throughput for each flow
reported by iperf. By avoiding TCP timeouts, DCTCP is able to
achieve much better per-flow results. In CUBIC, many flows
experience TCP timeouts which makes flow throughput unpredictable and
unfair. DCTCP, on the other hand, provides very clean predictable
throughput without incurring TCP timeouts. Thus, the standard deviation
of CUBIC throughput is dramatically higher than the standard deviation
of DCTCP throughput.
Mean throughput is nearly identical because even though cubic flows
suffer TCP timeouts, other flows will step in and fill the unused
bandwidth. Note that this test is something of a best case scenario
for incast under CUBIC: it allows other flows to fill in for flows
experiencing a timeout. Under situations where the receiver is issuing
requests and then waiting for all flows to complete, flows cannot fill
in for timed out flows and throughput will drop dramatically.
3) Latency (in ms):
CUBIC DCTCP
Mean 4.0088 0.04219
Median 4.055 0.0395
Max 4.2 0.085
Min 3.32 0.028
Stddev 0.1666 0.01064
Latency for each protocol was computed by running "ping -i 0.2
<receiver>" from a single sender to the receiver during the incast
test. For DCTCP, "ping -Q 0x6 -i 0.2 <receiver>" was used to ensure
that traffic traversed the DCTCP queue and was not dropped when the
queue size was greater than the marking threshold. The summary
statistics above are over all ping metrics measured between the single
sender, receiver pair.
The latency results for this test show a dramatic difference between
CUBIC and DCTCP. CUBIC intentionally overflows the switch buffer
which incurs the maximum queue latency (more buffer memory will lead
to high latency.) DCTCP, on the other hand, deliberately attempts to
keep queue occupancy low. The result is a two orders of magnitude
reduction of latency with DCTCP - even with a switch with relatively
little RAM. Switches with larger amounts of RAM will incur increasing
amounts of latency for CUBIC, but not for DCTCP.
4) Convergence and stability test:
This test measured the time that DCTCP took to fairly redistribute
bandwidth when a new flow commences. It also measured DCTCP's ability
to remain stable at a fair bandwidth distribution. DCTCP is compared
with CUBIC for this test.
At the commencement of this test, a single flow is sending at maximum
rate (near 10 Gbps) to a single receiver. One second after that first
flow commences, a new flow from a distinct server begins sending to
the same receiver as the first flow. After the second flow has sent
data for 10 seconds, the second flow is terminated. The first flow
sends for an additional second. Ideally, the bandwidth would be evenly
shared as soon as the second flow starts, and recover as soon as it
stops.
The results of this test are shown below. Note that the flow bandwidth
for the two flows was measured near the same time, but not
simultaneously.
DCTCP performs nearly perfectly within the measurement limitations
of this test: bandwidth is quickly distributed fairly between the two
flows, remains stable throughout the duration of the test, and
recovers quickly. CUBIC, in contrast, is slow to divide the bandwidth
fairly, and has trouble remaining stable.
CUBIC DCTCP
Seconds Flow 1 Flow 2 Seconds Flow 1 Flow 2
0 9.93 0 0 9.92 0
0.5 9.87 0 0.5 9.86 0
1 8.73 2.25 1 6.46 4.88
1.5 7.29 2.8 1.5 4.9 4.99
2 6.96 3.1 2 4.92 4.94
2.5 6.67 3.34 2.5 4.93 5
3 6.39 3.57 3 4.92 4.99
3.5 6.24 3.75 3.5 4.94 4.74
4 6 3.94 4 5.34 4.71
4.5 5.88 4.09 4.5 4.99 4.97
5 5.27 4.98 5 4.83 5.01
5.5 4.93 5.04 5.5 4.89 4.99
6 4.9 4.99 6 4.92 5.04
6.5 4.93 5.1 6.5 4.91 4.97
7 4.28 5.8 7 4.97 4.97
7.5 4.62 4.91 7.5 4.99 4.82
8 5.05 4.45 8 5.16 4.76
8.5 5.93 4.09 8.5 4.94 4.98
9 5.73 4.2 9 4.92 5.02
9.5 5.62 4.32 9.5 4.87 5.03
10 6.12 3.2 10 4.91 5.01
10.5 6.91 3.11 10.5 4.87 5.04
11 8.48 0 11 8.49 4.94
11.5 9.87 0 11.5 9.9 0
SYN/ACK ECT test:
This test demonstrates the importance of ECT on SYN and SYN-ACK packets
by measuring the connection probability in the presence of competing
flows for a DCTCP connection attempt *without* ECT in the SYN packet.
The test was repeated five times for each number of competing flows.
Competing Flows 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16
------------------------------
Mean Connection Probability 1 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0
Median Connection Probability 1 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0
As the number of competing flows moves beyond 1, the connection
probability drops rapidly.
Enabling DCTCP with this patch requires the following steps:
DCTCP must be running both on the sender and receiver side in your
data center, i.e.:
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=dctcp
Also, ECN functionality must be enabled on all switches in your
data center for DCTCP to work. The default ECN marking threshold (K)
heuristic on the switch for DCTCP is e.g., 20 packets (30KB) at
1Gbps, and 65 packets (~100KB) at 10Gbps (K > 1/7 * C * RTT, [4]).
In above tests, for each switch port, traffic was segregated into two
queues. For any packet with a DSCP of 0x01 - or equivalently a TOS of
0x04 - the packet was placed into the DCTCP queue. All other packets
were placed into the default drop-tail queue. For the DCTCP queue,
RED/ECN marking was enabled, here, with a marking threshold of 75 KB.
More details however, we refer you to the paper [2] under section 3).
There are no code changes required to applications running in user
space. DCTCP has been implemented in full *isolation* of the rest of
the TCP code as its own congestion control module, so that it can run
without a need to expose code to the core of the TCP stack, and thus
nothing changes for non-DCTCP users.
Changes in the CA framework code are minimal, and DCTCP algorithm
operates on mechanisms that are already available in most Silicon.
The gain (dctcp_shift_g) is currently a fixed constant (1/16) from
the paper, but we leave the option that it can be chosen carefully
to a different value by the user.
In case DCTCP is being used and ECN support on peer site is off,
DCTCP falls back after 3WHS to operate in normal TCP Reno mode.
ss {-4,-6} -t -i diag interface:
... dctcp wscale:7,7 rto:203 rtt:2.349/0.026 mss:1448 cwnd:2054
ssthresh:1102 ce_state 0 alpha 15 ab_ecn 0 ab_tot 735584
send 10129.2Mbps pacing_rate 20254.1Mbps unacked:1822 retrans:0/15
reordering:101 rcv_space:29200
... dctcp-reno wscale:7,7 rto:201 rtt:0.711/1.327 ato:40 mss:1448
cwnd:10 ssthresh:1102 fallback_mode send 162.9Mbps pacing_rate
325.5Mbps rcv_rtt:1.5 rcv_space:29200
More information about DCTCP can be found in [1-4].
[1] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP.html
[2] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp-final.pdf
[3] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp_analysis-full.pdf
[4] http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bensley-tcpm-dctcp-00
Joint work with Florian Westphal and Glenn Judd.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Glenn Judd <glenn.judd@morganstanley.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Make it simple -- just put new nlattr with just sk->sk_shutdown bits.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Gustavo A. R. Silva