This makes the pipe code use separate wait-queues and exclusive waiting
for readers and writers, avoiding a nasty thundering herd problem when
there are lots of readers waiting for data on a pipe (or, less commonly,
lots of writers waiting for a pipe to have space).
While this isn't a common occurrence in the traditional "use a pipe as a
data transport" case, where you typically only have a single reader and
a single writer process, there is one common special case: using a pipe
as a source of "locking tokens" rather than for data communication.
In particular, the GNU make jobserver code ends up using a pipe as a way
to limit parallelism, where each job consumes a token by reading a byte
from the jobserver pipe, and releases the token by writing a byte back
to the pipe.
This pattern is fairly traditional on Unix, and works very well, but
will waste a lot of time waking up a lot of processes when only a single
reader needs to be woken up when a writer releases a new token.
A simplified test-case of just this pipe interaction is to create 64
processes, and then pass a single token around between them (this
test-case also intentionally passes another token that gets ignored to
test the "wake up next" logic too, in case anybody wonders about it):
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd[2], counters[2];
pipe(fd);
counters[0] = 0;
counters[1] = -1;
write(fd[1], counters, sizeof(counters));
/* 64 processes */
fork(); fork(); fork(); fork(); fork(); fork();
do {
int i;
read(fd[0], &i, sizeof(i));
if (i < 0)
continue;
counters[0] = i+1;
write(fd[1], counters, (1+(i & 1)) *sizeof(int));
} while (counters[0] < 1000000);
return 0;
}
and in a perfect world, passing that token around should only cause one
context switch per transfer, when the writer of a token causes a
directed wakeup of just a single reader.
But with the "writer wakes all readers" model we traditionally had, on
my test box the above case causes more than an order of magnitude more
scheduling: instead of the expected ~1M context switches, "perf stat"
shows
231,852.37 msec task-clock # 15.857 CPUs utilized
11,250,961 context-switches # 0.049 M/sec
616,304 cpu-migrations # 0.003 M/sec
1,648 page-faults # 0.007 K/sec
1,097,903,998,514 cycles # 4.735 GHz
120,781,778,352 instructions # 0.11 insn per cycle
27,997,056,043 branches # 120.754 M/sec
283,581,233 branch-misses # 1.01% of all branches
14.621273891 seconds time elapsed
0.018243000 seconds user
3.611468000 seconds sys
before this commit.
After this commit, I get
5,229.55 msec task-clock # 3.072 CPUs utilized
1,212,233 context-switches # 0.232 M/sec
103,951 cpu-migrations # 0.020 M/sec
1,328 page-faults # 0.254 K/sec
21,307,456,166 cycles # 4.074 GHz
12,947,819,999 instructions # 0.61 insn per cycle
2,881,985,678 branches # 551.096 M/sec
64,267,015 branch-misses # 2.23% of all branches
1.702148350 seconds time elapsed
0.004868000 seconds user
0.110786000 seconds sys
instead. Much better.
[ Note! This kernel improvement seems to be very good at triggering a
race condition in the make jobserver (in GNU make 4.2.1) for me. It's
a long known bug that was fixed back in June 2017 by GNU make commit
b552b0525198 ("[SV 51159] Use a non-blocking read with pselect to
avoid hangs.").
But there wasn't a new release of GNU make until 4.3 on Jan 19 2020,
so a number of distributions may still have the buggy version. Some
have backported the fix to their 4.2.1 release, though, and even
without the fix it's quite timing-dependent whether the bug actually
is hit. ]
Josh Triplett says:
"I've been hammering on your pipe fix patch (switching to exclusive
wait queues) for a month or so, on several different systems, and I've
run into no issues with it. The patch *substantially* improves
parallel build times on large (~100 CPU) systems, both with parallel
make and with other things that use make's pipe-based jobserver.
All current distributions (including stable and long-term stable
distributions) have versions of GNU make that no longer have the
jobserver bug"
Tested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Save the offsets of the start of each argument to avoid having to update
pointers to each argument after every corename krealloc and to avoid
having to duplicate the memory for the dump command.
Executable names containing spaces were previously being expanded from
%e or %E and then split in the middle of the filename. This is
incorrect behaviour since an argument list can represent arguments with
spaces.
The splitting could lead to extra arguments being passed to the core
dump handler that it might have interpreted as options or ignored
completely.
Core dump handlers that are not aware of this Linux kernel issue will be
using %e or %E without considering that it may be split and so they will
be vulnerable to processes with spaces in their names breaking their
argument list. If their internals are otherwise well written, such as
if they are written in shell but quote arguments, they will work better
after this change than before. If they are not well written, then there
is a slight chance of breakage depending on the details of the code but
they will already be fairly broken by the split filenames.
Core dump handlers that are aware of this Linux kernel issue will be
placing %e or %E as the last item in their core_pattern and then
aggregating all of the remaining arguments into one, separated by
spaces. Alternatively they will be obtaining the filename via other
methods. Both of these will be compatible with the new arrangement.
A side effect from this change is that unknown template types (for
example %z) result in an empty argument to the dump handler instead of
the argument being dropped. This is a desired change as:
It is easier for dump handlers to process empty arguments than dropped
ones, especially if they are written in shell or don't pass each
template item with a preceding command-line option in order to
differentiate between individual template types. Most core_patterns in
the wild do not use options so they can confuse different template types
(especially numeric ones) if an earlier one gets dropped in old kernels.
If the kernel introduces a new template type and a core_pattern uses it,
the core dump handler might not expect that the argument can be dropped
in old kernels.
For example, this can result in security issues when %d is dropped in
old kernels. This happened with the corekeeper package in Debian and
resulted in the interface between corekeeper and Linux having to be
rewritten to use command-line options to differentiate between template
types.
The core_pattern for most core dump handlers is written by the handler
author who would generally not insert unknown template types so this
change should be compatible with all the core dump handlers that exist.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190528051142.24939-1-pabs3@bonedaddy.net
Fixes: 74aadce986 ("core_pattern: allow passing of arguments to user mode helper when core_pattern is a pipe")
Signed-off-by: Paul Wise <pabs3@bonedaddy.net>
Reported-by: Jakub Wilk <jwilk@jwilk.net> [https://bugs.debian.org/924398]
Reported-by: Paul Wise <pabs3@bonedaddy.net> [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/c8b7ecb8508895bf4adb62a748e2ea2c71854597.camel@bonedaddy.net/]
Suggested-by: Jakub Wilk <jwilk@jwilk.net>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Linus recently observed that if we did not worry about the padding
member in struct siginfo it is only about 48 bytes, and 48 bytes is
much nicer than 128 bytes for allocating on the stack and copying
around in the kernel.
The obvious thing of only adding the padding when userspace is
including siginfo.h won't work as there are sigframe definitions in
the kernel that embed struct siginfo.
So split siginfo in two; kernel_siginfo and siginfo. Keeping the
traditional name for the userspace definition. While the version that
is used internally to the kernel and ultimately will not be padded to
128 bytes is called kernel_siginfo.
The definition of struct kernel_siginfo I have put in include/signal_types.h
A set of buildtime checks has been added to verify the two structures have
the same field offsets.
To make it easy to verify the change kernel_siginfo retains the same
size as siginfo. The reduction in size comes in a following change.
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Pull compat and uaccess updates from Al Viro:
- {get,put}_compat_sigset() series
- assorted compat ioctl stuff
- more set_fs() elimination
- a few more timespec64 conversions
- several removals of pointless access_ok() in places where it was
followed only by non-__ variants of primitives
* 'misc.compat' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (24 commits)
coredump: call do_unlinkat directly instead of sys_unlink
fs: expose do_unlinkat for built-in callers
ext4: take handling of EXT4_IOC_GROUP_ADD into a helper, get rid of set_fs()
ipmi: get rid of pointless access_ok()
pi433: sanitize ioctl
cxlflash: get rid of pointless access_ok()
mtdchar: get rid of pointless access_ok()
r128: switch compat ioctls to drm_ioctl_kernel()
selection: get rid of field-by-field copyin
VT_RESIZEX: get rid of field-by-field copyin
i2c compat ioctls: move to ->compat_ioctl()
sched_rr_get_interval(): move compat to native, get rid of set_fs()
mips: switch to {get,put}_compat_sigset()
sparc: switch to {get,put}_compat_sigset()
s390: switch to {get,put}_compat_sigset()
ppc: switch to {get,put}_compat_sigset()
parisc: switch to {get,put}_compat_sigset()
get_compat_sigset()
get rid of {get,put}_compat_itimerspec()
io_getevents: Use timespec64 to represent timeouts
...
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
GFP_TEMPORARY was introduced by commit e12ba74d8f ("Group short-lived
and reclaimable kernel allocations") along with __GFP_RECLAIMABLE. It's
primary motivation was to allow users to tell that an allocation is
short lived and so the allocator can try to place such allocations close
together and prevent long term fragmentation. As much as this sounds
like a reasonable semantic it becomes much less clear when to use the
highlevel GFP_TEMPORARY allocation flag. How long is temporary? Can the
context holding that memory sleep? Can it take locks? It seems there is
no good answer for those questions.
The current implementation of GFP_TEMPORARY is basically GFP_KERNEL |
__GFP_RECLAIMABLE which in itself is tricky because basically none of
the existing caller provide a way to reclaim the allocated memory. So
this is rather misleading and hard to evaluate for any benefits.
I have checked some random users and none of them has added the flag
with a specific justification. I suspect most of them just copied from
other existing users and others just thought it might be a good idea to
use without any measuring. This suggests that GFP_TEMPORARY just
motivates for cargo cult usage without any reasoning.
I believe that our gfp flags are quite complex already and especially
those with highlevel semantic should be clearly defined to prevent from
confusion and abuse. Therefore I propose dropping GFP_TEMPORARY and
replace all existing users to simply use GFP_KERNEL. Please note that
SLAB users with shrinkers will still get __GFP_RECLAIMABLE heuristic and
so they will be placed properly for memory fragmentation prevention.
I can see reasons we might want some gfp flag to reflect shorterm
allocations but I propose starting from a clear semantic definition and
only then add users with proper justification.
This was been brought up before LSF this year by Matthew [1] and it
turned out that GFP_TEMPORARY really doesn't have a clear semantic. It
seems to be a heuristic without any measured advantage for most (if not
all) its current users. The follow up discussion has revealed that
opinions on what might be temporary allocation differ a lot between
developers. So rather than trying to tweak existing users into a
semantic which they haven't expected I propose to simply remove the flag
and start from scratch if we really need a semantic for short term
allocations.
[1] http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170118054945.GD18349@bombadil.infradead.org
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: drm/i915: fix up]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170816144703.378d4f4d@canb.auug.org.au
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170728091904.14627-1-mhocko@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We are going to split <linux/sched/task_stack.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.
Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/task_stack.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.
Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
We are going to split <linux/sched/signal.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.
Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/signal.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.
Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
We are going to split <linux/sched/coredump.h> out of <linux/sched.h>, which
will have to be picked up from other headers and a couple of .c files.
Create a trivial placeholder <linux/sched/coredump.h> file that just
maps to <linux/sched.h> to make this patch obviously correct and
bisectable.
Include the new header in the files that are going to need it.
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
If the last section of a core file ends with an unmapped or zero page,
the size of the file does not correspond with the last dump_skip() call.
gdb complains that the file is truncated and can be confusing to users.
After all of the vma sections are written, make sure that the file size
is no smaller than the current file position.
This problem can be demonstrated with gdb's bigcore testcase on the
sparc architecture.
Signed-off-by: Dave Kleikamp <dave.kleikamp@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This was entirely automated, using the script by Al:
PATT='^[[:blank:]]*#[[:blank:]]*include[[:blank:]]*<asm/uaccess.h>'
sed -i -e "s!$PATT!#include <linux/uaccess.h>!" \
$(git grep -l "$PATT"|grep -v ^include/linux/uaccess.h)
to do the replacement at the end of the merge window.
Requested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It could be not possible to freeze coredumping task when it waits for
'core_state->startup' completion, because threads are frozen in
get_signal() before they got a chance to complete 'core_state->startup'.
Inability to freeze a task during suspend will cause suspend to fail.
Also CRIU uses cgroup freezer during dump operation. So with an
unfreezable task the CRIU dump will fail because it waits for a
transition from 'FREEZING' to 'FROZEN' state which will never happen.
Use freezer_do_not_count() to tell freezer to ignore coredumping task
while it waits for core_state->startup completion.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1475225434-3753-1-git-send-email-aryabinin@virtuozzo.com
Signed-off-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@rjwysocki.net>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The offset in the core file used to be tracked with ->written field of
the coredump_params structure. The field was retired in favour of
file->f_pos.
However, ->f_pos is not maintained for pipes which leads to breakage.
Restore explicit tracking of the offset in coredump_params. Introduce
->pos field for this purpose since ->written was already reused.
Fixes: a008393951 ("get rid of coredump_params->written").
Reported-by: Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek <zbyszek@in.waw.pl>
Signed-off-by: Mateusz Guzik <mguzik@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
coredump_wait waits for mmap_sem for write currently which can prevent
oom_reaper to reclaim the oom victims address space asynchronously
because that requires mmap_sem for read. This might happen if the oom
victim is multi threaded and some thread(s) is holding mmap_sem for read
(e.g. page fault) and it is stuck in the page allocator while other
thread(s) reached coredump_wait already.
This patch simply uses down_write_killable and bails out with EINTR if
the lock got interrupted by the fatal signal. do_coredump will return
right away and do_group_exit will take care to zap the whole thread
group.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 9b56d54380 ("dump_skip(): dump_seek() replacement taking
coredump_params") introduced a regression with regard to RLIMIT_CORE.
Previously, when a core dump was sparse, only the data that was actually
written out would count against the limit. Now, the sparse ranges are
also included, which leads to truncated core dumps when the actual disk
usage is still well below the limit. Restore the old behavior by only
counting what gets emitted and ignoring what gets skipped.
Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
cprm->written is redundant with cprm->file->f_pos, so use that instead.
Signed-off-by: Omar Sandoval <osandov@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This commit fixes the following security hole affecting systems where
all of the following conditions are fulfilled:
- The fs.suid_dumpable sysctl is set to 2.
- The kernel.core_pattern sysctl's value starts with "/". (Systems
where kernel.core_pattern starts with "|/" are not affected.)
- Unprivileged user namespace creation is permitted. (This is
true on Linux >=3.8, but some distributions disallow it by
default using a distro patch.)
Under these conditions, if a program executes under secure exec rules,
causing it to run with the SUID_DUMP_ROOT flag, then unshares its user
namespace, changes its root directory and crashes, the coredump will be
written using fsuid=0 and a path derived from kernel.core_pattern - but
this path is interpreted relative to the root directory of the process,
allowing the attacker to control where a coredump will be written with
root privileges.
To fix the security issue, always interpret core_pattern for dumps that
are written under SUID_DUMP_ROOT relative to the root directory of init.
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jann@thejh.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Let %h and %e print empty values as "!", "." as "!" and
".." as "!.".
This prevents hostnames and comm values that are empty or consist of one
or two dots from changing the directory level at which the corefile will
be stored.
Consider the case where someone decides to sort coredumps by hostname
with a core pattern like "/cores/%h/core.%e.%p.%t" or so. In this
case, hostnames "" and "." would cause the coredump to land directly in
/cores, which is not what the intent behind the core pattern is, and
".." would cause the coredump to land in /.
Yeah, there probably aren't many people who do that, but I still don't
want this edgecase to be kind of broken.
It seems very unlikely that this caused security issues anywhere, so I'm
not requesting a stable backport.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak code comment]
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jann@thejh.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
struct timeval on 32-bit systems will have its tv_sec
value overflow in year 2038 and beyond.
Use a 64 bit value to print time of the coredump in seconds.
ktime_get_real_seconds is chosen here for efficiency reasons.
Suggested by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Tina Ruchandani <ruchandani.tina@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Change zap_threads() paths to use for_each_thread() rather than
while_each_thread().
While at it, change zap_threads() to avoid the nested if's to make the
code more readable and lessen the indentation.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Kyle Walker <kwalker@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Stanislav Kozina <skozina@redhat.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
task_will_free_mem() is wrong in many ways, and in particular the
SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP check is not reliable: a task can participate in the
coredumping without SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP bit set.
change zap_threads() paths to always set SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP even if
other CLONE_VM processes can't react to SIGKILL. Fortunately, at least
oom-kill case if fine; it kills all tasks sharing the same mm, so it
should also kill the process which actually dumps the core.
The change in prepare_signal() is not strictly necessary, it just ensures
that the patch does not bring another subtle behavioural change. But it
reminds us that this SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT/COREDUMP case needs more changes.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Kyle Walker <kwalker@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kozina <skozina@redhat.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On a filesystem like vfat, all files are created with the same owner
and mode independent of who created the file. When a vfat filesystem
is mounted with root as owner of all files and read access for everyone,
root's processes left world-readable coredumps on it (but other
users' processes only left empty corefiles when given write access
because of the uid mismatch).
Given that the old behavior was inconsistent and insecure, I don't see
a problem with changing it. Now, all processes refuse to dump core unless
the resulting corefile will only be readable by their owner.
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jann@thejh.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It was possible for an attacking user to trick root (or another user) into
writing his coredumps into an attacker-readable, pre-existing file using
rename() or link(), causing the disclosure of secret data from the victim
process' virtual memory. Depending on the configuration, it was also
possible to trick root into overwriting system files with coredumps. Fix
that issue by never writing coredumps into existing files.
Requirements for the attack:
- The attack only applies if the victim's process has a nonzero
RLIMIT_CORE and is dumpable.
- The attacker can trick the victim into coredumping into an
attacker-writable directory D, either because the core_pattern is
relative and the victim's cwd is attacker-writable or because an
absolute core_pattern pointing to a world-writable directory is used.
- The attacker has one of these:
A: on a system with protected_hardlinks=0:
execute access to a folder containing a victim-owned,
attacker-readable file on the same partition as D, and the
victim-owned file will be deleted before the main part of the attack
takes place. (In practice, there are lots of files that fulfill
this condition, e.g. entries in Debian's /var/lib/dpkg/info/.)
This does not apply to most Linux systems because most distros set
protected_hardlinks=1.
B: on a system with protected_hardlinks=1:
execute access to a folder containing a victim-owned,
attacker-readable and attacker-writable file on the same partition
as D, and the victim-owned file will be deleted before the main part
of the attack takes place.
(This seems to be uncommon.)
C: on any system, independent of protected_hardlinks:
write access to a non-sticky folder containing a victim-owned,
attacker-readable file on the same partition as D
(This seems to be uncommon.)
The basic idea is that the attacker moves the victim-owned file to where
he expects the victim process to dump its core. The victim process dumps
its core into the existing file, and the attacker reads the coredump from
it.
If the attacker can't move the file because he does not have write access
to the containing directory, he can instead link the file to a directory
he controls, then wait for the original link to the file to be deleted
(because the kernel checks that the link count of the corefile is 1).
A less reliable variant that requires D to be non-sticky works with link()
and does not require deletion of the original link: link() the file into
D, but then unlink() it directly before the kernel performs the link count
check.
On systems with protected_hardlinks=0, this variant allows an attacker to
not only gain information from coredumps, but also clobber existing,
victim-writable files with coredumps. (This could theoretically lead to a
privilege escalation.)
Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jann@thejh.net>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull more vfs updates from Al Viro:
"Assorted VFS fixes and related cleanups (IMO the most interesting in
that part are f_path-related things and Eric's descriptor-related
stuff). UFS regression fixes (it got broken last cycle). 9P fixes.
fs-cache series, DAX patches, Jan's file_remove_suid() work"
[ I'd say this is much more than "fixes and related cleanups". The
file_table locking rule change by Eric Dumazet is a rather big and
fundamental update even if the patch isn't huge. - Linus ]
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (49 commits)
9p: cope with bogus responses from server in p9_client_{read,write}
p9_client_write(): avoid double p9_free_req()
9p: forgetting to cancel request on interrupted zero-copy RPC
dax: bdev_direct_access() may sleep
block: Add support for DAX reads/writes to block devices
dax: Use copy_from_iter_nocache
dax: Add block size note to documentation
fs/file.c: __fget() and dup2() atomicity rules
fs/file.c: don't acquire files->file_lock in fd_install()
fs:super:get_anon_bdev: fix race condition could cause dev exceed its upper limitation
vfs: avoid creation of inode number 0 in get_next_ino
namei: make set_root_rcu() return void
make simple_positive() public
ufs: use dir_pages instead of ufs_dir_pages()
pagemap.h: move dir_pages() over there
remove the pointless include of lglock.h
fs: cleanup slight list_entry abuse
xfs: Correctly lock inode when removing suid and file capabilities
fs: Call security_ops->inode_killpriv on truncate
fs: Provide function telling whether file_remove_privs() will do anything
...
This allows detecting improper format string at build time, like:
fs/coredump.c:225:5: warning: format '%ld' expects argument of type 'long int', but argument 3 has type 'int' [-Wformat=]
err = cn_printf(cn, "%ld", cprm->siginfo->si_signo);
^
As si_signo is always an int, the format should be %d here.
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Iooss <nicolas.iooss_linux@m4x.org>
Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When adding __printf attribute to cn_printf, gcc reports some issues:
fs/coredump.c:213:5: warning: format '%d' expects argument of type
'int', but argument 3 has type 'kuid_t' [-Wformat=]
err = cn_printf(cn, "%d", cred->uid);
^
fs/coredump.c:217:5: warning: format '%d' expects argument of type
'int', but argument 3 has type 'kgid_t' [-Wformat=]
err = cn_printf(cn, "%d", cred->gid);
^
These warnings come from the fact that the value of uid/gid needs to be
extracted from the kuid_t/kgid_t structure before being used as an
integer. More precisely, cred->uid and cred->gid need to be converted to
either user-namespace uid/gid or to init_user_ns uid/gid.
Use init_user_ns in order not to break existing ABI, and document this in
Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt.
While at it, format uid and gid values with %u instead of %d because
uid_t/__kernel_uid32_t and gid_t/__kernel_gid32_t are unsigned int.
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Iooss <nicolas.iooss_linux@m4x.org>
Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
format_corename() can only pass the leader's pid to the core handler,
but there is no simple way to figure out which thread originated the
coredump.
As Jan explains, this also means that there is no simple way to create
the backtrace of the crashed process:
As programs are mostly compiled with implicit gcc -fomit-frame-pointer
one needs program's .eh_frame section (equivalently PT_GNU_EH_FRAME
segment) or .debug_frame section. .debug_frame usually is present only
in separate debug info files usually not even installed on the system.
While .eh_frame is a part of the executable/library (and it is even
always mapped for C++ exceptions unwinding) it no longer has to be
present anywhere on the disk as the program could be upgraded in the
meantime and the running instance has its executable file already
unlinked from disk.
One possibility is to echo 0x3f >/proc/*/coredump_filter and dump all
the file-backed memory including the executable's .eh_frame section.
But that can create huge core files, for example even due to mmapped
data files.
Other possibility would be to read .eh_frame from /proc/PID/mem at the
core_pattern handler time of the core dump. For the backtrace one needs
to read the register state first which can be done from core_pattern
handler:
ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, tid, 0, PTRACE_O_TRACEEXIT)
close(0); // close pipe fd to resume the sleeping dumper
waitpid(); // should report EXIT
PTRACE_GETREGS or other requests
The remaining problem is how to get the 'tid' value of the crashed
thread. It could be read from the first NT_PRSTATUS note of the core
file but that makes the core_pattern handler complicated.
Unfortunately %t is already used so this patch uses %i/%I.
Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (https://github.com/abrt/abrt/wiki/overview)
is experimenting with this. It is using the elfutils
(https://fedorahosted.org/elfutils/) unwinder for generating the
backtraces. Apart from not needing matching executables as mentioned
above, another advantage is that we can get the backtrace without saving
the core (which might be quite large) to disk.
[mmilata@redhat.com: final paragraph of changelog]
Signed-off-by: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com>
Cc: Mark Wielaard <mjw@redhat.com>
Cc: Martin Milata <mmilata@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 079148b919 ("coredump: factor out the setting of PF_DUMPCORE")
cleaned up the setting of PF_DUMPCORE by removing it from all the
linux_binfmt->core_dump() and moving it to zap_threads().But this ended
up clearing all the previously set flags. This causes issues during
core generation when tsk->flags is checked again (eg. for PF_USED_MATH
to dump floating point registers). Fix this.
Signed-off-by: Silesh C V <svellattu@mvista.com>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [3.10+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
1. Remove fs/coredump.h. It is not clear why do we need it,
it only declares __get_dumpable(), signal.c includes it
for no reason.
2. Now that get_dumpable() and __get_dumpable() are really
trivial make them inline in linux/sched.h.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Alex Kelly <alex.page.kelly@gmail.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: Petr Matousek <pmatouse@redhat.com>
Cc: Vasily Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Mea culpa - original variant used 64-by-32-bit division,
which got caught very late. Getting rid of that wasn't
hard, but I'd managed to botch the calling conventions
in process ;-/
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
... and deal with short writes properly - the output might be to pipe, after
all; as it is, e.g. no-MMU case of elf_fdpic coredump can write a whole lot
more than a page worth of data at one call.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
dump_write() analog, takes core_dump_params instead of file,
keeps track of the amount written in cprm->written and checks for
cprm->limit. Start using it in binfmt_elf.c...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Add a new %P variable to be used in core_pattern. This variable contains
the global PID (PID in the init namespace) as %p contains the PID in the
current namespace which isn't always what we want.
The main use for this is to make it easier to handle crashes that happened
within a container. With that new variables it's possible to have the
crashes dumped into the container or forwarded to the host with the right
PID (from the host's point of view).
Signed-off-by: Stéphane Graber <stgraber@ubuntu.com>
Reported-by: Hans Feldt <hans.feldt@ericsson.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@ubuntu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
"goto end" should not bypass the "Backward compatibility with
core_uses_pid" code, move this label up.
While at it,
- It is ugly to copy '|' into cn->corename and then inc
the pointer for argv_split().
Change format_corename() to increment pat_ptr instead.
- Remove the dead "if (*pat_ptr == 0)" in format_corename(),
we already checked it is not zero.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Imho, "atomic_t call_count" is ugly and should die. It buys nothing and
in fact it can grow more than necessary, expand doesn't check if it was
already incremented by another task.
Kill it, and introduce "static int core_name_size" updated by
expand_corename(). This is obviously racy too but harmless, and
core_name_size never grows for no reason.
We do not bother to to calculate the "right" new size, we simply do
kmalloc(size_we_need) and use ksize() to rely on kmalloc_index's decision.
Finally change format_corename() to use expand_corename(), krealloc(NULL)
is fine.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The usage of cn_escape() looks really annoying, imho this sequence needs a
wrapper. And it is buggy. If cn_printf() does expand_corename()
cn_escape() writes to the freed memory.
Introduce cn_esc_printf() which hopefully does this all right. It records
the index before cn_vprintf(), not "char *" which is no longer valid (in
general) after krealloc().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
cn_vprintf() looks really overcomplicated and sub-optimal. We do not need
vsnprintf(NULL) to calculate the size we need, we can simply try to print
into the current buffer and expand/retry only if necessary.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Turn cn_printf(...) into cn_vprintf(va_list args), reintroduce
cn_printf() as a trivial wrapper.
This simplifies the next change and cn_vprintf() will have more
callers.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
do_coredump() assumes that format_corename() can only fail if
expand_corename() fails and frees cn->corename. This is not true, for
example cn_print_exe_file() can fail and in this case nobody frees
cn->corename.
Change do_coredump() to always do kfree(cn->corename) after it calls
format_corename() (NULL is fine), change expand_corename() to do nothing
if kmalloc() fails.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Linus Torvalds