There is often a delay between the time that a CPU passes through a
quiescent state and the time that this quiescent state is reported to the
RCU core. It is quite possible that the grace period ended before the
quiescent state could be reported, for example, some other CPU might have
deduced that this CPU passed through dyntick-idle mode. It is critically
important that quiescent state be counted only against the grace period
that was in effect at the time that the quiescent state was detected.
Previously, this was handled by recording the number of the last grace
period to complete when passing through a quiescent state. The RCU
core then checks this number against the current value, and rejects
the quiescent state if there is a mismatch. However, one additional
possibility must be accounted for, namely that the quiescent state was
recorded after the prior grace period completed but before the current
grace period started. In this case, the RCU core must reject the
quiescent state, but the recorded number will match. This is handled
when the CPU becomes aware of a new grace period -- at that point,
it invalidates any prior quiescent state.
This works, but is a bit indirect. The new approach records the current
grace period, and the RCU core checks to see (1) that this is still the
current grace period and (2) that this grace period has not yet ended.
This approach simplifies reasoning about correctness, and this commit
changes over to this new approach.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Add trace events to record grace-period start and end, quiescent states,
CPUs noticing grace-period start and end, grace-period initialization,
call_rcu() invocation, tasks blocking in RCU read-side critical sections,
tasks exiting those same critical sections, force_quiescent_state()
detection of dyntick-idle and offline CPUs, CPUs entering and leaving
dyntick-idle mode (except from NMIs), CPUs coming online and going
offline, and CPUs being kicked for staying in dyntick-idle mode for too
long (as in many weeks, even on 32-bit systems).
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
rcu: Add the rcu flavor to callback trace events
The earlier trace events for registering RCU callbacks and for invoking
them did not include the RCU flavor (rcu_bh, rcu_preempt, or rcu_sched).
This commit adds the RCU flavor to those trace events.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
We now have kthreads only for flavors of RCU that support boosting,
so update the now-misleading comments accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Add a string to the rcu_batch_start() and rcu_batch_end() trace
messages that indicates the RCU type ("rcu_sched", "rcu_bh", or
"rcu_preempt"). The trace messages for the actual invocations
themselves are not marked, as it should be clear from the
rcu_batch_start() and rcu_batch_end() events before and after.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
In order to allow event tracing to distinguish between flavors of
RCU, we need those names in the relevant RCU data structures. TINY_RCU
has avoided them for memory-footprint reasons, so add them only if
CONFIG_RCU_TRACE=y.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
This commit adds the trace_rcu_utilization() marker that is to be
used to allow postprocessing scripts compute RCU's CPU utilization,
give or take event-trace overhead. Note that we do not include RCU's
dyntick-idle interface because event tracing requires RCU protection,
which is not available in dyntick-idle mode.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
There was recently some controversy about the overhead of invoking RCU
callbacks. Add TRACE_EVENT()s to obtain fine-grained timings for the
start and stop of a batch of callbacks and also for each callback invoked.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Pull the code that waits for an RCU grace period into a single function,
which is then called by synchronize_rcu() and friends in the case of
TREE_RCU and TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, and from rcu_barrier() and friends in
the case of TINY_RCU and TINY_PREEMPT_RCU.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Under some rare but real combinations of configuration parameters, RCU
callbacks are posted during early boot that use kernel facilities that
are not yet initialized. Therefore, when these callbacks are invoked,
hard hangs and crashes ensue. This commit therefore prevents RCU
callbacks from being invoked until after the scheduler is fully up and
running, as in after multiple tasks have been spawned.
It might well turn out that a better approach is to identify the specific
RCU callbacks that are causing this problem, but that discussion will
wait until such time as someone really needs an RCU callback to be invoked
(as opposed to merely registered) during early boot.
Reported-by: julie Sullivan <kernelmail.jms@gmail.com>
Reported-by: RKK <kulkarni.ravi4@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Tested-by: julie Sullivan <kernelmail.jms@gmail.com>
Tested-by: RKK <kulkarni.ravi4@gmail.com>
The commit "use softirq instead of kthreads except when RCU_BOOST=y"
just applied #ifdef in place. This commit is a cleanup that moves
the newly #ifdef'ed code to the header file kernel/rcutree_plugin.h.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
This patch #ifdefs RCU kthreads out of the kernel unless RCU_BOOST=y,
thus eliminating context-switch overhead if RCU priority boosting has
not been configured.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Commit a26ac2455ffcf3(rcu: move TREE_RCU from softirq to kthread)
introduced performance regression. In an AIM7 test, this commit degraded
performance by about 40%.
The commit runs rcu callbacks in a kthread instead of softirq. We observed
high rate of context switch which is caused by this. Out test system has
64 CPUs and HZ is 1000, so we saw more than 64k context switch per second
which is caused by RCU's per-CPU kthread. A trace showed that most of
the time the RCU per-CPU kthread doesn't actually handle any callbacks,
but instead just does a very small amount of work handling grace periods.
This means that RCU's per-CPU kthreads are making the scheduler do quite
a bit of work in order to allow a very small amount of RCU-related
processing to be done.
Alex Shi's analysis determined that this slowdown is due to lock
contention within the scheduler. Unfortunately, as Peter Zijlstra points
out, the scheduler's real-time semantics require global action, which
means that this contention is inherent in real-time scheduling. (Yes,
perhaps someone will come up with a workaround -- otherwise, -rt is not
going to do well on large SMP systems -- but this patch will work around
this issue in the meantime. And "the meantime" might well be forever.)
This patch therefore re-introduces softirq processing to RCU, but only
for core RCU work. RCU callbacks are still executed in kthread context,
so that only a small amount of RCU work runs in softirq context in the
common case. This should minimize ksoftirqd execution, allowing us to
skip boosting of ksoftirqd for CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y kernels.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Tested-by: "Alex,Shi" <alex.shi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Make the functions creating the kthreads wake them up. Leverage the
fact that the per-node and boost kthreads can run anywhere, thus
dispensing with the need to wake them up once the incoming CPU has
gone fully online.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Daniel J Blueman <daniel.blueman@gmail.com>
Commit cc3ce5176d (rcu: Start RCU kthreads in TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
state) fudges a sleeping task' state, resulting in the scheduler seeing
a TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE task going to sleep, but a TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
task waking up. The result is unbalanced load calculation.
The problem that patch tried to address is that the RCU threads could
stay in UNINTERRUPTIBLE state for quite a while and triggering the hung
task detector due to on-demand wake-ups.
Cure the problem differently by always giving the tasks at least one
wake-up once the CPU is fully up and running, this will kick them out of
the initial UNINTERRUPTIBLE state and into the regular INTERRUPTIBLE
wait state.
[ The alternative would be teaching kthread_create() to start threads as
INTERRUPTIBLE but that needs a tad more thought. ]
Reported-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1306755291.1200.2872.camel@twins
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Upon creation, kthreads are in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE state, which can
result in softlockup warnings. Because some of RCU's kthreads can
legitimately be idle indefinitely, start them in TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
state in order to avoid those warnings.
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
It is not necessary to use waitqueues for the RCU kthreads because
we always know exactly which thread is to be awakened. In addition,
wake_up() only issues an actual wakeup when there is a thread waiting on
the queue, which was why there was an extra explicit wake_up_process()
to get the RCU kthreads started.
Eliminating the waitqueues (and wake_up()) in favor of wake_up_process()
eliminates the need for the initial wake_up_process() and also shrinks
the data structure size a bit. The wakeup logic is placed in a new
rcu_wait() macro.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
(Note: this was reverted, and is now being re-applied in pieces, with
this being the fifth and final piece. See below for the reason that
it is now felt to be safe to re-apply this.)
Commit d09b62d fixed grace-period synchronization, but left some smp_mb()
invocations in rcu_process_callbacks() that are no longer needed, but
sheer paranoia prevented them from being removed. This commit removes
them and provides a proof of correctness in their absence. It also adds
a memory barrier to rcu_report_qs_rsp() immediately before the update to
rsp->completed in order to handle the theoretical possibility that the
compiler or CPU might move massive quantities of code into a lock-based
critical section. This also proves that the sheer paranoia was not
entirely unjustified, at least from a theoretical point of view.
In addition, the old dyntick-idle synchronization depended on the fact
that grace periods were many milliseconds in duration, so that it could
be assumed that no dyntick-idle CPU could reorder a memory reference
across an entire grace period. Unfortunately for this design, the
addition of expedited grace periods breaks this assumption, which has
the unfortunate side-effect of requiring atomic operations in the
functions that track dyntick-idle state for RCU. (There is some hope
that the algorithms used in user-level RCU might be applied here, but
some work is required to handle the NMIs that user-space applications
can happily ignore. For the short term, better safe than sorry.)
This proof assumes that neither compiler nor CPU will allow a lock
acquisition and release to be reordered, as doing so can result in
deadlock. The proof is as follows:
1. A given CPU declares a quiescent state under the protection of
its leaf rcu_node's lock.
2. If there is more than one level of rcu_node hierarchy, the
last CPU to declare a quiescent state will also acquire the
->lock of the next rcu_node up in the hierarchy, but only
after releasing the lower level's lock. The acquisition of this
lock clearly cannot occur prior to the acquisition of the leaf
node's lock.
3. Step 2 repeats until we reach the root rcu_node structure.
Please note again that only one lock is held at a time through
this process. The acquisition of the root rcu_node's ->lock
must occur after the release of that of the leaf rcu_node.
4. At this point, we set the ->completed field in the rcu_state
structure in rcu_report_qs_rsp(). However, if the rcu_node
hierarchy contains only one rcu_node, then in theory the code
preceding the quiescent state could leak into the critical
section. We therefore precede the update of ->completed with a
memory barrier. All CPUs will therefore agree that any updates
preceding any report of a quiescent state will have happened
before the update of ->completed.
5. Regardless of whether a new grace period is needed, rcu_start_gp()
will propagate the new value of ->completed to all of the leaf
rcu_node structures, under the protection of each rcu_node's ->lock.
If a new grace period is needed immediately, this propagation
will occur in the same critical section that ->completed was
set in, but courtesy of the memory barrier in #4 above, is still
seen to follow any pre-quiescent-state activity.
6. When a given CPU invokes __rcu_process_gp_end(), it becomes
aware of the end of the old grace period and therefore makes
any RCU callbacks that were waiting on that grace period eligible
for invocation.
If this CPU is the same one that detected the end of the grace
period, and if there is but a single rcu_node in the hierarchy,
we will still be in the single critical section. In this case,
the memory barrier in step #4 guarantees that all callbacks will
be seen to execute after each CPU's quiescent state.
On the other hand, if this is a different CPU, it will acquire
the leaf rcu_node's ->lock, and will again be serialized after
each CPU's quiescent state for the old grace period.
On the strength of this proof, this commit therefore removes the memory
barriers from rcu_process_callbacks() and adds one to rcu_report_qs_rsp().
The effect is to reduce the number of memory barriers by one and to
reduce the frequency of execution from about once per scheduling tick
per CPU to once per grace period.
This was reverted do to hangs found during testing by Yinghai Lu and
Ingo Molnar. Frederic Weisbecker supplied Yinghai with tracing that
located the underlying problem, and Frederic also provided the fix.
The underlying problem was that the HARDIRQ_ENTER() macro from
lib/locking-selftest.c invoked irq_enter(), which in turn invokes
rcu_irq_enter(), but HARDIRQ_EXIT() invoked __irq_exit(), which
does not invoke rcu_irq_exit(). This situation resulted in calls
to rcu_irq_enter() that were not balanced by the required calls to
rcu_irq_exit(). Therefore, after these locking selftests completed,
RCU's dyntick-idle nesting count was a large number (for example,
72), which caused RCU to to conclude that the affected CPU was not in
dyntick-idle mode when in fact it was.
RCU would therefore incorrectly wait for this dyntick-idle CPU, resulting
in hangs.
In contrast, with Frederic's patch, which replaces the irq_enter()
in HARDIRQ_ENTER() with an __irq_enter(), these tests don't ever call
either rcu_irq_enter() or rcu_irq_exit(), which works because the CPU
running the test is already marked as not being in dyntick-idle mode.
This means that the rcu_irq_enter() and rcu_irq_exit() calls and RCU
then has no problem working out which CPUs are in dyntick-idle mode and
which are not.
The reason that the imbalance was not noticed before the barrier patch
was applied is that the old implementation of rcu_enter_nohz() ignored
the nesting depth. This could still result in delays, but much shorter
ones. Whenever there was a delay, RCU would IPI the CPU with the
unbalanced nesting level, which would eventually result in rcu_enter_nohz()
being called, which in turn would force RCU to see that the CPU was in
dyntick-idle mode.
The reason that very few people noticed the problem is that the mismatched
irq_enter() vs. __irq_exit() occured only when the kernel was built with
CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCKING_API_SELFTESTS.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
The old version of rcu_enter_nohz() forced RCU into nohz mode even if
the nesting count was non-zero. This change causes rcu_enter_nohz()
to hold off for non-zero nesting counts.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Condition the set_need_resched() in rcu_irq_exit() on in_irq(). This
should be a no-op, because rcu_irq_exit() should only be called from irq.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Commit e66eed651f ("list: remove prefetching from regular list
iterators") removed the include of prefetch.h from list.h, which
uncovered several cases that had apparently relied on that rather
obscure header file dependency.
So this fixes things up a bit, using
grep -L linux/prefetch.h $(git grep -l '[^a-z_]prefetchw*(' -- '*.[ch]')
grep -L 'prefetchw*(' $(git grep -l 'linux/prefetch.h' -- '*.[ch]')
to guide us in finding files that either need <linux/prefetch.h>
inclusion, or have it despite not needing it.
There are more of them around (mostly network drivers), but this gets
many core ones.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This reverts commit e59fb3120b.
This reversion was due to (extreme) boot-time slowdowns on SPARC seen by
Yinghai Lu and on x86 by Ingo
.
This is a non-trivial reversion due to intervening commits.
Conflicts:
Documentation/RCU/trace.txt
kernel/rcutree.c
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Avoid calling into the scheduler while holding core RCU locks. This
allows rcu_read_unlock() to be called while holding the runqueue locks,
but only as long as there was no chance of the RCU read-side critical
section having been preempted. (Otherwise, if RCU priority boosting
is enabled, rcu_read_unlock() might call into the scheduler in order to
unboost itself, which might allows self-deadlock on the runqueue locks
within the scheduler.)
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Provide rcu_virt_note_context_switch() for vitalization use to note
quiescent state during guest entry.
Signed-off-by: Gleb Natapov <gleb@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
This commit marks a first step towards making call_rcu() have
real-time behavior. If irqs are disabled, don't dive into the
RCU core. Later on, this new early exit will wake up the
per-CPU kthread, which first must be modified to handle the
cases involving callback storms.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Although rcu_yield() dropped from real-time to normal priority, there
is always the possibility that the competing tasks have been niced.
So nice to 19 in rcu_yield() to help ensure that other tasks have a
better chance of running.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Many rcu callbacks functions just call kfree() on the base structure.
These functions are trivial, but their size adds up, and furthermore
when they are used in a kernel module, that module must invoke the
high-latency rcu_barrier() function at module-unload time.
The kfree_rcu() function introduced by this commit addresses this issue.
Rather than encoding a function address in the embedded rcu_head
structure, kfree_rcu() instead encodes the offset of the rcu_head
structure within the base structure. Because the functions are not
allowed in the low-order 4096 bytes of kernel virtual memory, offsets
up to 4095 bytes can be accommodated. If the offset is larger than
4095 bytes, a compile-time error will be generated in __kfree_rcu().
If this error is triggered, you can either fall back to use of call_rcu()
or rearrange the structure to position the rcu_head structure into the
first 4096 bytes.
Note that the allowable offset might decrease in the future, for example,
to allow something like kmem_cache_free_rcu().
The new kfree_rcu() function can replace code as follows:
call_rcu(&p->rcu, simple_kfree_callback);
where "simple_kfree_callback()" might be defined as follows:
void simple_kfree_callback(struct rcu_head *p)
{
struct foo *q = container_of(p, struct foo, rcu);
kfree(q);
}
with the following:
kfree_rcu(&p->rcu, rcu);
Note that the "rcu" is the name of a field in the structure being
freed. The reason for using this rather than passing in a pointer
to the base structure is that the above approach allows better type
checking.
This commit is based on earlier work by Lai Jiangshan and Manfred Spraul:
Lai's V1 patch: http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/9/18/1
Manfred's patch: http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/1/2/115
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
The "preemptible" spelling is preferable. May as well fix it.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
This removes a couple of lines from invoke_rcu_cpu_kthread(), improving
readability.
Reported-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Increment a per-CPU counter on each pass through rcu_cpu_kthread()'s
service loop, and add it to the rcudata trace output.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
This commit adds the age in jiffies of the current grace period along
with the duration in jiffies of the longest grace period since boot
to the rcu/rcugp debugfs file. It also adds an additional "O" state
to kthread tracing to differentiate between the kthread waiting due to
having nothing to do on the one hand and waiting due to being on the
wrong CPU on the other hand.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
It is not possible to accurately correlate rcutorture output with that
of debugfs. This patch therefore adds a debugfs file that prints out
the rcutorture version number, permitting easy correlation.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Add tracing to help debugging situations when RCU's kthreads are not
running but are supposed to be.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
If you are doing CPU hotplug operations, it is best not to have
CPU-bound realtime tasks running CPU-bound on the outgoing CPU.
So this commit makes per-CPU kthreads run at non-realtime priority
during that time.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
The scheduler has had some heartburn in the past when too many real-time
kthreads were affinitied to the outgoing CPU. So, this commit lightens
the load by forcing the per-rcu_node and the boost kthreads off of the
outgoing CPU. Note that RCU's per-CPU kthread remains on the outgoing
CPU until the bitter end, as it must in order to preserve correctness.
Also avoid disabling hardirqs across calls to set_cpus_allowed_ptr(),
given that this function can block.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Add priority boosting for TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, similar to that for
TINY_PREEMPT_RCU. This is enabled by the default-off RCU_BOOST
kernel parameter. The priority to which to boost preempted
RCU readers is controlled by the RCU_BOOST_PRIO kernel parameter
(defaulting to real-time priority 1) and the time to wait before
boosting the readers who are blocking a given grace period is
controlled by the RCU_BOOST_DELAY kernel parameter (defaulting to
500 milliseconds).
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
If RCU priority boosting is to be meaningful, callback invocation must
be boosted in addition to preempted RCU readers. Otherwise, in presence
of CPU real-time threads, the grace period ends, but the callbacks don't
get invoked. If the callbacks don't get invoked, the associated memory
doesn't get freed, so the system is still subject to OOM.
But it is not reasonable to priority-boost RCU_SOFTIRQ, so this commit
moves the callback invocations to a kthread, which can be boosted easily.
Also add comments and properly synchronized all accesses to
rcu_cpu_kthread_task, as suggested by Lai Jiangshan.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Combine the current TREE_PREEMPT_RCU ->blocked_tasks[] lists in the
rcu_node structure into a single ->blkd_tasks list with ->gp_tasks
and ->exp_tasks tail pointers. This is in preparation for RCU priority
boosting, which will add a third dimension to the combinatorial explosion
in the ->blocked_tasks[] case, but simply a third pointer in the new
->blkd_tasks case.
Also update documentation to reflect blocked_tasks[] merge
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Commit d09b62d fixed grace-period synchronization, but left some smp_mb()
invocations in rcu_process_callbacks() that are no longer needed, but
sheer paranoia prevented them from being removed. This commit removes
them and provides a proof of correctness in their absence. It also adds
a memory barrier to rcu_report_qs_rsp() immediately before the update to
rsp->completed in order to handle the theoretical possibility that the
compiler or CPU might move massive quantities of code into a lock-based
critical section. This also proves that the sheer paranoia was not
entirely unjustified, at least from a theoretical point of view.
In addition, the old dyntick-idle synchronization depended on the fact
that grace periods were many milliseconds in duration, so that it could
be assumed that no dyntick-idle CPU could reorder a memory reference
across an entire grace period. Unfortunately for this design, the
addition of expedited grace periods breaks this assumption, which has
the unfortunate side-effect of requiring atomic operations in the
functions that track dyntick-idle state for RCU. (There is some hope
that the algorithms used in user-level RCU might be applied here, but
some work is required to handle the NMIs that user-space applications
can happily ignore. For the short term, better safe than sorry.)
This proof assumes that neither compiler nor CPU will allow a lock
acquisition and release to be reordered, as doing so can result in
deadlock. The proof is as follows:
1. A given CPU declares a quiescent state under the protection of
its leaf rcu_node's lock.
2. If there is more than one level of rcu_node hierarchy, the
last CPU to declare a quiescent state will also acquire the
->lock of the next rcu_node up in the hierarchy, but only
after releasing the lower level's lock. The acquisition of this
lock clearly cannot occur prior to the acquisition of the leaf
node's lock.
3. Step 2 repeats until we reach the root rcu_node structure.
Please note again that only one lock is held at a time through
this process. The acquisition of the root rcu_node's ->lock
must occur after the release of that of the leaf rcu_node.
4. At this point, we set the ->completed field in the rcu_state
structure in rcu_report_qs_rsp(). However, if the rcu_node
hierarchy contains only one rcu_node, then in theory the code
preceding the quiescent state could leak into the critical
section. We therefore precede the update of ->completed with a
memory barrier. All CPUs will therefore agree that any updates
preceding any report of a quiescent state will have happened
before the update of ->completed.
5. Regardless of whether a new grace period is needed, rcu_start_gp()
will propagate the new value of ->completed to all of the leaf
rcu_node structures, under the protection of each rcu_node's ->lock.
If a new grace period is needed immediately, this propagation
will occur in the same critical section that ->completed was
set in, but courtesy of the memory barrier in #4 above, is still
seen to follow any pre-quiescent-state activity.
6. When a given CPU invokes __rcu_process_gp_end(), it becomes
aware of the end of the old grace period and therefore makes
any RCU callbacks that were waiting on that grace period eligible
for invocation.
If this CPU is the same one that detected the end of the grace
period, and if there is but a single rcu_node in the hierarchy,
we will still be in the single critical section. In this case,
the memory barrier in step #4 guarantees that all callbacks will
be seen to execute after each CPU's quiescent state.
On the other hand, if this is a different CPU, it will acquire
the leaf rcu_node's ->lock, and will again be serialized after
each CPU's quiescent state for the old grace period.
On the strength of this proof, this commit therefore removes the memory
barriers from rcu_process_callbacks() and adds one to rcu_report_qs_rsp().
The effect is to reduce the number of memory barriers by one and to
reduce the frequency of execution from about once per scheduling tick
per CPU to once per grace period.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
The RCU CPU stall warnings can now be controlled using the
rcu_cpu_stall_suppress boot-time parameter or via the same parameter
from sysfs. There is therefore no longer any reason to have
kernel config parameters for this feature. This commit therefore
removes the RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR and RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR_RUNNABLE
kernel config parameters. The RCU_CPU_STALL_TIMEOUT parameter remains
to allow the timeout to be tuned and the RCU_CPU_STALL_VERBOSE parameter
remains to allow task-stall information to be suppressed if desired.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
* 'for-2.6.38' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (30 commits)
gameport: use this_cpu_read instead of lookup
x86: udelay: Use this_cpu_read to avoid address calculation
x86: Use this_cpu_inc_return for nmi counter
x86: Replace uses of current_cpu_data with this_cpu ops
x86: Use this_cpu_ops to optimize code
vmstat: User per cpu atomics to avoid interrupt disable / enable
irq_work: Use per cpu atomics instead of regular atomics
cpuops: Use cmpxchg for xchg to avoid lock semantics
x86: this_cpu_cmpxchg and this_cpu_xchg operations
percpu: Generic this_cpu_cmpxchg() and this_cpu_xchg support
percpu,x86: relocate this_cpu_add_return() and friends
connector: Use this_cpu operations
xen: Use this_cpu_inc_return
taskstats: Use this_cpu_ops
random: Use this_cpu_inc_return
fs: Use this_cpu_inc_return in buffer.c
highmem: Use this_cpu_xx_return() operations
vmstat: Use this_cpu_inc_return for vm statistics
x86: Support for this_cpu_add, sub, dec, inc_return
percpu: Generic support for this_cpu_add, sub, dec, inc_return
...
Fixed up conflicts: in arch/x86/kernel/{apic/nmi.c, apic/x2apic_uv_x.c, process.c}
as per Tejun.
When the current __call_rcu() function was written, the expedited
APIs did not exist. The __call_rcu() implementation therefore went
to great lengths to detect the end of old grace periods and to start
new ones, all in the name of reducing grace-period latency. Now the
expedited APIs do exist, and the usage of __call_rcu() has increased
considerably. This commit therefore causes __call_rcu() to avoid
worrying about grace periods unless there are a large number of
RCU callbacks stacked up on the current CPU.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Some recent benchmarks have indicated possible lock contention on the
leaf-level rcu_node locks. This commit therefore limits the number of
CPUs per leaf-level rcu_node structure to 16, in other words, there
can be at most 16 rcu_data structures fanning into a given rcu_node
structure. Prior to this, the limit was 32 on 32-bit systems and 64 on
64-bit systems.
Note that the fanout of non-leaf rcu_node structures is unchanged. The
organization of accesses to the rcu_node tree is such that references
to non-leaf rcu_node structures are much less frequent than to the
leaf structures.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Use the CPU's bit in rnp->qsmask to determine whether or not the CPU
should try to report a quiescent state. Handle overflow in the check
for rdp->gpnum having fallen behind.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
When a CPU that was in an extended quiescent state wakes
up and catches up with grace periods that remote CPUs
completed on its behalf, we update the completed field
but not the gpnum that keeps a stale value of a backward
grace period ID.
Later, note_new_gpnum() will interpret the shift between
the local CPU and the node grace period ID as some new grace
period to handle and will then start to hunt quiescent state.
But if every grace periods have already been completed, this
interpretation becomes broken. And we'll be stuck in clusters
of spurious softirqs because rcu_report_qs_rdp() will make
this broken state run into infinite loop.
The solution, as suggested by Lai Jiangshan, is to ensure that
the gpnum and completed fields are well synchronized when we catch
up with completed grace periods on their behalf by other cpus.
This way we won't start noting spurious new grace periods.
Suggested-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
When a CPU is idle and others CPUs handled its extended
quiescent state to complete grace periods on its behalf,
it will catch up with completed grace periods numbers
when it wakes up.
But at this point there might be no more grace period to
complete, but still the woken CPU always keeps its stale
qs_pending value and will then continue to chase quiescent
states even if its not needed anymore.
This results in clusters of spurious softirqs until a new
real grace period is started. Because if we continue to
chase quiescent states but we have completed every grace
periods, rcu_report_qs_rdp() is puzzled and makes that
state run into infinite loops.
As suggested by Lai Jiangshan, just reset qs_pending if
someone completed every grace periods on our behalf.
Suggested-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
__get_cpu_var() can be replaced with this_cpu_read and will then use a
single read instruction with implied address calculation to access the
correct per cpu instance.
However, the address of a per cpu variable passed to __this_cpu_read()
cannot be determined (since it's an implied address conversion through
segment prefixes). Therefore apply this only to uses of __get_cpu_var
where the address of the variable is not used.
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Lai's RCU-callback immediate-adoption patch changes the RCU tracing
output, so update tracing.txt. Also update a few comments to clarify
the synchronization design.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
When we handle the CPU_DYING notifier, the whole system is stopped except
for the current CPU. We therefore need no synchronization with the other
CPUs. This allows us to move any orphaned RCU callbacks directly to the
list of any online CPU without needing to run them through the global
orphan lists. These global orphan lists can therefore be dispensed with.
This commit makes thes changes, though currently victimizes CPU 0 @@@.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Using ACCESS_ONCE() to observe the jiffies_stall/rnp->qsmask value
due to the caller didn't hold the root_rcu/rnp node's lock. Although
use without ACCESS_ONCE() is safe due to the value loaded being used
but once, the ACCESS_ONCE() is a good documentation aid -- the variables
are being loaded without the services of a lock.
Signed-off-by: Dongdong Deng <dongdong.deng@windriver.com>
CC: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
CC: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The current tracing data is not sufficient to deduce the average time
that a callback spends waiting for a grace period to end. Add three
per-CPU counters recording the number of callbacks invoked (ci), the
number of callbacks orphaned (co), and the number of callbacks adopted
(ca). Given the existing callback queue length (ql), the average wait
time in absence of CPU hotplug operations is ql/ci. The units of wait
time will be in terms of the duration over which ci was measured.
In the presence of CPU hotplug operations, there is room for argument,
but ql/(ci-co+ca) won't steer you too far wrong.
Also fixes a typo called out by Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
When using a kernel debugger, a long sojourn in the debugger can get
you lots of RCU CPU stall warnings once you resume. This might not be
helpful, especially if you are using the system console. This patch
therefore allows RCU CPU stall warnings to be suppressed, but only for
the duration of the current set of grace periods.
This differs from Jason's original patch in that it adds support for
tiny RCU and preemptible RCU, and uses a slightly different method for
suppressing the RCU CPU stall warning messages.
Signed-off-by: Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>
There is some documentation on RCU CPU stall warnings contained in
Documentation/RCU/stallwarn.txt, but it will not be apparent to someone
who runs into such a warning while under time pressure. This commit
therefore adds comments preceding the printk()s pointing out the
location of this documentation.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Currently, if RCU CPU stall warnings are enabled, they are enabled
immediately upon boot. They can be manually disabled via /sys (and
also re-enabled via /sys), and are automatically disabled upon panic.
However, some users need RCU CPU stalls to be disabled at boot time,
but to be enabled without rebuilding/rebooting. For example, someone
running a real-time application in production might not want the
additional latency of RCU CPU stall detection in normal operation, but
might need to enable it at any point for fault isolation purposes.
This commit therefore provides a new CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR_RUNNABLE
kernel configuration parameter that maintains the current behavior
(enable at boot) by default, but allows a kernel to be configured
with RCU CPU stall detection built into the kernel, but disabled at
boot time.
Requested-by: Clark Williams <williams@redhat.com>
Requested-by: John Kacur <jkacur@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Set the permissions of the rcu_cpu_stall_suppress to 644 to enable RCU
CPU stall warnings to be enabled and disabled at runtime via sysfs.
Suggested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Although the RCU CPU stall warning messages are a very good way to alert
people to a problem, once alerted, it is sometimes helpful to shut them
off in order to avoid obscuring other messages that might be being used
to track down the problem. Although you can rebuild the kernel with
CONFIG_RCU_CPU_STALL_DETECTOR=n, this is sometimes inconvenient. This
commit therefore adds a boot parameter named "rcu_cpu_stall_suppress"
that shuts these messages off without requiring a rebuild (though a
reboot might be needed for those not brave enough to patch their kernel
while it is running).
This message-suppression was already in place for the panic case, so this
commit need only rename the variable and export it via module_param().
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
&percpu_data is compatible with allocated percpu data.
And we use it and remove the "->rda[NR_CPUS]" array, saving significant
storage on systems with large numbers of CPUs. This does add an additional
level of indirection and thus an additional cache line referenced, but
because ->rda is not used on the read side, this is OK.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Helps finding racy users of call_rcu(), which results in hangs because list
entries are overwritten and/or skipped.
Changelog since v4:
- Bissectability is now OK
- Now generate a WARN_ON_ONCE() for non-initialized rcu_head passed to
call_rcu(). Statically initialized objects are detected with
object_is_static().
- Rename rcu_head_init_on_stack to init_rcu_head_on_stack.
- Remove init_rcu_head() completely.
Changelog since v3:
- Include comments from Lai Jiangshan
This new patch version is based on the debugobjects with the newly introduced
"active state" tracker.
Non-initialized entries are all considered as "statically initialized". An
activation fixup (triggered by call_rcu()) takes care of performing the debug
object initialization without issuing any warning. Since we cannot increase the
size of struct rcu_head, I don't see much room to put an identifier for
statically initialized rcu_head structures. So for now, we have to live without
"activation without explicit init" detection. But the main purpose of this debug
option is to detect double-activations (double call_rcu() use of a rcu_head
before the callback is executed), which is correctly addressed here.
This also detects potential internal RCU callback corruption, which would cause
the callbacks to be executed twice.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
CC: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
CC: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
CC: akpm@linux-foundation.org
CC: mingo@elte.hu
CC: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
CC: dipankar@in.ibm.com
CC: josh@joshtriplett.org
CC: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
CC: niv@us.ibm.com
CC: tglx@linutronix.de
CC: peterz@infradead.org
CC: rostedt@goodmis.org
CC: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
CC: dhowells@redhat.com
CC: eric.dumazet@gmail.com
CC: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Remove all rcu head inits. We don't care about the RCU head state before passing
it to call_rcu() anyway. Only leave the "on_stack" variants so debugobjects can
keep track of objects on stack.
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Lai Jiangshan noted that up to 10% of the RCU_SOFTIRQ are spurious, and
traced this down to the fact that the current grace-period machinery
will uselessly raise RCU_SOFTIRQ when a given CPU needs to go through
a quiescent state, but has not yet done so. In this situation, there
might well be nothing that RCU_SOFTIRQ can do, and the overhead can be
worth worrying about in the ksoftirqd case. This patch therefore avoids
raising RCU_SOFTIRQ in this situation.
Changes since v1 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/3/30/122 from Lai Jiangshan):
o Omit the rcu_qs_pending() prechecks, as they aren't that
much less expensive than the quiescent-state checks.
o Merge with the set_need_resched() patch that reduces IPIs.
o Add the new n_rp_report_qs field to the rcu_pending tracing output.
o Update the tracing documentation accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
TREE_RCU assumes that CPU numbering is contiguous, but some users need
large holes in the numbering to better map to hardware layout. This patch
makes TREE_RCU (and TREE_PREEMPT_RCU) tolerate large holes in the CPU
numbering. However, NR_CPUS must still be greater than the largest
CPU number.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The existing RCU CPU stall-warning messages can be confusing, especially
in the case where one CPU detects a single other stalled CPU. In addition,
the console messages did not say which flavor of RCU detected the stall,
which can make it difficult to work out exactly what is causing the stall.
This commit improves these messages.
Requested-by: Dhaval Giani <dhaval.giani@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Print boot-time messages if tracing is enabled, if fanout is set
to non-default values, if exact fanout is specified, if accelerated
dyntick-idle grace periods have been enabled, if RCU-lockdep is enabled,
if rcutorture has been boot-time enabled, if the CPU stall detector has
been disabled, or if four-level hierarchy has been enabled.
This is all for TREE_RCU and TREE_PREEMPT_RCU. TINY_RCU will be handled
separately, if at all.
Suggested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The current RCU CPU stall warnings remain enabled even after a panic
occurs, which some people have found to be a bit counterproductive.
This patch therefore uses a notifier to disable stall warnings once a
panic occurs.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
TINY_RCU does not need rcu_scheduler_active unless CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC.
So conditionally compile rcu_scheduler_active in order to slim down
rcutiny a bit more. Also gets rid of an EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL, which is
responsible for most of the slimming.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The addition of preemptible RCU to treercu resulted in a bit of
confusion and inefficiency surrounding the handling of context switches
for RCU-sched and for RCU-preempt. For RCU-sched, a context switch
is a quiescent state, pure and simple, just like it always has been.
For RCU-preempt, a context switch is in no way a quiescent state, but
special handling is required when a task blocks in an RCU read-side
critical section.
However, the callout from the scheduler and the outer loop in ksoftirqd
still calls something named rcu_sched_qs(), whose name is no longer
accurate. Furthermore, when rcu_check_callbacks() notes an RCU-sched
quiescent state, it ends up unnecessarily (though harmlessly, aside
from the performance hit) enqueuing the current task if it happens to
be running in an RCU-preempt read-side critical section. This not only
increases the maximum latency of scheduler_tick(), it also needlessly
increases the overhead of the next outermost rcu_read_unlock() invocation.
This patch addresses this situation by separating the notion of RCU's
context-switch handling from that of RCU-sched's quiescent states.
The context-switch handling is covered by rcu_note_context_switch() in
general and by rcu_preempt_note_context_switch() for preemptible RCU.
This permits rcu_sched_qs() to handle quiescent states and only quiescent
states. It also reduces the maximum latency of scheduler_tick(), though
probably by much less than a microsecond. Finally, it means that tasks
within preemptible-RCU read-side critical sections avoid incurring the
overhead of queuing unless there really is a context switch.
Suggested-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Shrink the RCU_INIT_FLAVOR() macro by moving all but the initialization
of the ->rda[] array to rcu_init_one(). The call to rcu_init_one()
can then be moved to the end of the RCU_INIT_FLAVOR() macro, which is
required because rcu_boot_init_percpu_data(), which is now called from
rcu_init_one(), depends on the initialization of the ->rda[] array.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
This patch adds a check to __rcu_pending() that does a local
set_need_resched() if the current CPU is holding up the current grace
period and if force_quiescent_state() will be called soon. The goal is
to reduce the probability that force_quiescent_state() will need to do
smp_send_reschedule(), which sends an IPI and is therefore more expensive
on most architectures.
Signed-off-by: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Under TREE_PREEMPT_RCU, print_other_cpu_stall() invokes
rcu_print_task_stall() with the root rcu_node structure's ->lock
held, and rcu_print_task_stall() acquires that same lock for
self-deadlock. Fix this by removing the lock acquisition from
rcu_print_task_stall(), and making all callers acquire the lock
instead.
Tested-by: John Kacur <jkacur@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Located-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1266887105-1528-19-git-send-email-paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The C standard does not specify the result of an operation that
overflows a signed integer, so such operations need to be
avoided. This patch changes the type of several fields from
"long" to "unsigned long" and adjusts operations as needed.
ULONG_CMP_GE() and ULONG_CMP_LT() macros are introduced to do
the modular comparisons that are appropriate given that overflow
is an expected event.
Acked-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1266887105-1528-17-git-send-email-paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Currently, rcu_needs_cpu() simply checks whether the current CPU
has an outstanding RCU callback, which means that the last CPU
to go into dyntick-idle mode might wait a few ticks for the
relevant grace periods to complete. However, if all the other
CPUs are in dyntick-idle mode, and if this CPU is in a quiescent
state (which it is for RCU-bh and RCU-sched any time that we are
considering going into dyntick-idle mode), then the grace period
is instantly complete.
This patch therefore repeatedly invokes the RCU grace-period
machinery in order to force any needed grace periods to complete
quickly. It does so a limited number of times in order to
prevent starvation by an RCU callback function that might pass
itself to call_rcu().
However, if any CPU other than the current one is not in
dyntick-idle mode, fall back to simply checking (with fix to bug
noted by Lai Jiangshan). Also, take advantage of last
grace-period forcing, the opportunity to do so noted by Steve
Rostedt. And apply simplified #ifdef condition suggested by
Frederic Weisbecker.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1266887105-1528-15-git-send-email-paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Previously, each level of the rcu_node hierarchy had the same
rather unimaginative name: "&rcu_node_class[i]". This makes
lockdep diagnostics involving these lockdep classes less helpful
than would be nice. This patch fixes this by giving each level
of the rcu_node hierarchy a distinct name: "rcu_node_level_0",
"rcu_node_level_1", and so on. This version of the patch
includes improved diagnostics suggested by Josh Triplett and
Peter Zijlstra.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12626498421830-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The rcu_process_dyntick() function checks twice for the end of
the current grace period. However, it holds the current
rcu_node structure's ->lock field throughout, and doesn't get to
the second call to rcu_gp_in_progress() unless there is at least
one CPU corresponding to this rcu_node structure that has not
yet checked in for the current grace period, which would prevent
the current grace period from ending. So the current grace
period cannot have ended, and the second check is redundant, so
remove it.
Also, given that this function is used even with !CONFIG_NO_HZ,
its name is quite misleading. Change from rcu_process_dyntick()
to force_qs_rnp().
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1262646550562-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The comparisons of rsp->gpnum nad rsp->completed in
rcu_process_dyntick() and force_quiescent_state() can be
replaced by the much more clear rcu_gp_in_progress() predicate
function. After doing this, it becomes clear that the
RCU_SAVE_COMPLETED leg of the force_quiescent_state() function's
switch statement is almost completely a no-op. A small change
to the RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg renders it a complete no-op, after
which it can be removed. Doing so also eliminates the forcenow
local variable from force_quiescent_state().
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12626465501781-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Because a new grace period cannot start while we are executing
within the force_quiescent_state() function's switch statement,
if any test within that switch statement or within any function
called from that switch statement shows that the current grace
period has ended, we can safely re-do that test any time before
we leave the switch statement. This means that we no longer
need a return value from rcu_process_dyntick(), as we can simply
invoke rcu_gp_in_progress() to check whether the old grace
period has finished -- there is no longer any need to worry
about whether or not a new grace period has been started.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12626465501857-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reduce the number and variety of race conditions by prohibiting
the start of a new grace period while force_quiescent_state() is
active. A new fqs_active flag in the rcu_state structure is used
to trace whether or not force_quiescent_state() is active, and
this new flag is tested by rcu_start_gp(). If the CPU that
closed out the last grace period needs another grace period,
this new grace period may be delayed up to one scheduling-clock
tick, but it will eventually get started.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <126264655052-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Enable a fourth level of rcu_node hierarchy for TREE_RCU and
TREE_PREEMPT_RCU. This is for stress-testing and experiemental
purposes only, although in theory this would enable 16,777,216
CPUs on 64-bit systems, though only 1,048,576 CPUs on 32-bit
systems. Normal experimental use of this fourth level will
normally set CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=2, requiring a 16-CPU system,
though the more adventurous (and more fortunate) experimenters
may wish to chose CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=3 for 81-CPU systems or even
CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=4 for 256-CPU systems.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12597846161257-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The number of "quiet" functions has grown recently, and the
names are no longer very descriptive. The point of all of these
functions is to do some portion of the task of reporting a
quiescent state, so rename them accordingly:
o cpu_quiet() becomes rcu_report_qs_rdp(), which reports a
quiescent state to the per-CPU rcu_data structure. If this
turns out to be a new quiescent state for this grace period,
then rcu_report_qs_rnp() will be invoked to propagate the
quiescent state up the rcu_node hierarchy.
o cpu_quiet_msk() becomes rcu_report_qs_rnp(), which reports
a quiescent state for a given CPU (or possibly a set of CPUs)
up the rcu_node hierarchy.
o cpu_quiet_msk_finish() becomes rcu_report_qs_rsp(), which
reports a full set of quiescent states to the global rcu_state
structure.
o task_quiet() becomes rcu_report_unblock_qs_rnp(), which reports
a quiescent state due to a task exiting an RCU read-side critical
section that had previously blocked in that same critical section.
As indicated by the new name, this type of quiescent state is
reported up the rcu_node hierarchy (using rcu_report_qs_rnp()
to do so).
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12597846163698-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
When the last CPU of a given leaf rcu_node structure goes
offline, all of the tasks queued on that leaf rcu_node structure
(due to having blocked in their current RCU read-side critical
sections) are requeued onto the root rcu_node structure. This
requeuing is carried out by rcu_preempt_offline_tasks().
However, it is possible that these queued tasks are the only
thing preventing the leaf rcu_node structure from reporting a
quiescent state up the rcu_node hierarchy. Unfortunately, the
old code would fail to do this reporting, resulting in a
grace-period stall given the following sequence of events:
1. Kernel built for more than 32 CPUs on 32-bit systems or for more
than 64 CPUs on 64-bit systems, so that there is more than one
rcu_node structure. (Or CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT is artificially set
to a number smaller than CONFIG_NR_CPUS.)
2. The kernel is built with CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU.
3. A task running on a CPU associated with a given leaf rcu_node
structure blocks while in an RCU read-side critical section
-and- that CPU has not yet passed through a quiescent state
for the current RCU grace period. This will cause the task
to be queued on the leaf rcu_node's blocked_tasks[] array, in
particular, on the element of this array corresponding to the
current grace period.
4. Each of the remaining CPUs corresponding to this same leaf rcu_node
structure pass through a quiescent state. However, the task is
still in its RCU read-side critical section, so these quiescent
states cannot be reported further up the rcu_node hierarchy.
Nevertheless, all bits in the leaf rcu_node structure's ->qsmask
field are now zero.
5. Each of the remaining CPUs go offline. (The events in step
#4 and #5 can happen in any order as long as each CPU passes
through a quiescent state before going offline.)
6. When the last CPU goes offline, __rcu_offline_cpu() will invoke
rcu_preempt_offline_tasks(), which will move the task to the
root rcu_node structure, but without reporting a quiescent state
up the rcu_node hierarchy (and this failure to report a quiescent
state is the bug).
But because this leaf rcu_node structure's ->qsmask field is
already zero and its ->block_tasks[] entries are all empty,
force_quiescent_state() will skip this rcu_node structure.
Therefore, grace periods are now hung.
This patch abstracts some code out of rcu_read_unlock_special(),
calling the result task_quiet() by analogy with cpu_quiet(), and
invokes task_quiet() from both rcu_read_lock_special() and
__rcu_offline_cpu(). Invoking task_quiet() from
__rcu_offline_cpu() reports the quiescent state up the rcu_node
hierarchy, fixing the bug. This ends up requiring a separate
lock_class_key per level of the rcu_node hierarchy, which this
patch also provides.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12589088301770-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Now that there are both ->gpnum and ->completed fields in the
rcu_node structure, __rcu_pending() should check rdp->gpnum and
rdp->completed against rnp->gpnum and rdp->completed, respectively,
instead of the prior comparison against the rcu_state fields
rsp->gpnum and rsp->completed.
Given the old comparison, __rcu_pending() could return 1, resulting
in a needless raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ). This useless work would
happen if RCU responded to a scheduling-clock interrupt after the
rcu_state fields had been updated, but before the rcu_node fields
had been updated.
Changing the comparison from the rcu_state fields to the rcu_node
fields prevents this useless work from happening.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12581706991966-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
An earlier fix for a race resulted in a situation where the CPUs
other than the CPU that detected the end of the grace period would
not process their callbacks until the next grace period started.
This means that these other CPUs would unnecessarily demand that an
extra grace period be started.
This patch eliminates this extra grace period and speeds callback
processing by propagating rsp->completed to the rcu_node structures
in the case where the CPU detecting the end of the grace period
sees no reason to start a new grace period.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1258094104417-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The rdp->passed_quiesc_completed fields are used to properly
associate the recorded quiescent state with a grace period. It
is OK to wrongly associate a given quiescent state with a
preceding grace period, but it is fatal to associate a given
quiescent state with a grace period that begins after the
quiescent state occurred. Grace periods are numbered, and the
following fields track them:
o ->gpnum is the number of the grace period currently in
progress, or the number of the last grace period to
complete if no grace period is currently in progress.
o ->completed is the number of the last grace period to
have completed.
These two fields are equal if there is no grace period in
progress, otherwise ->gpnum is one greater than ->completed.
But the rdp->passed_quiesc_completed field compared against
->completed, and if equal, the quiescent state is presumed to
count against the current grace period.
The earlier code copied rdp->completed to
rdp->passed_quiesc_completed, which has been made to work, but
is error-prone. In contrast, copying one less than rdp->gpnum
is guaranteed safe, because rdp->gpnum is not incremented until
after the start of the corresponding grace period. At the end of
the grace period, when ->completed has incremented, then any
quiescent periods recorded previously will be discarded.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12578890421011-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impose a clear locking design on the note_new_gpnum()
function's use of the ->gpnum counter. This is done by updating
rdp->gpnum only from the corresponding leaf rcu_node structure's
rnp->gpnum field, and even then only under the protection of
that same rcu_node structure's ->lock field. Performance and
scalability are maintained using a form of double-checked
locking, and excessive spinning is avoided by use of the
spin_trylock() function. The use of spin_trylock() is safe due
to the fact that CPUs who fail to acquire this lock will try
again later. The hierarchical nature of the rcu_node data
structure limits contention (which could be limited further if
need be using the RCU_FANOUT kernel parameter).
Without this patch, obscure but quite possible races could
result in a quiescent state that occurred during one grace
period to be accounted to the following grace period, causing
this following grace period to end prematurely. Not good!
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> # .32.x
LKML-Reference: <12571987492350-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impose a clear locking design on the rcu_process_gp_end()
function's use of the ->completed counter. This is done by
creating a ->completed field in the rcu_node structure, which
can safely be accessed under the protection of that structure's
lock. Performance and scalability are maintained by using a
form of double-checked locking, so that rcu_process_gp_end()
only acquires the leaf rcu_node structure's ->lock if a grace
period has recently ended.
This fix reduces rcutorture failure rate by at least two orders
of magnitude under heavy stress with force_quiescent_state()
being invoked artificially often. Without this fix,
unsynchronized access to the ->completed field can cause
rcu_process_gp_end() to advance callbacks whose grace period has
not yet expired. (Bad idea!)
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> # .32.x
LKML-Reference: <12571987494069-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Very long RCU read-side critical sections (50 milliseconds or
so) can cause a race between force_quiescent_state() and
rcu_start_gp() as follows on kernel builds with multi-level
rcu_node hierarchies:
1. CPU 0 calls force_quiescent_state(), sees that there is a
grace period in progress, and acquires ->fsqlock.
2. CPU 1 detects the end of the grace period, and so
cpu_quiet_msk_finish() sets rsp->completed to rsp->gpnum.
This operation is carried out under the root rnp->lock,
but CPU 0 has not yet acquired that lock. Note that
rsp->signaled is still RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK from the last
grace period.
3. CPU 1 calls rcu_start_gp(), but no one wants a new grace
period, so it drops the root rnp->lock and returns.
4. CPU 0 acquires the root rnp->lock and picks up rsp->completed
and rsp->signaled, then drops rnp->lock. It then enters the
RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg of the switch statement.
5. CPU 2 invokes call_rcu(), and now needs a new grace period.
It calls rcu_start_gp(), which acquires the root rnp->lock, sets
rsp->signaled to RCU_GP_INIT (too bad that CPU 0 is already in
the RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg of the switch statement!) and starts
initializing the rcu_node hierarchy. If there are multiple
levels to the hierarchy, it will drop the root rnp->lock and
initialize the lower levels of the hierarchy.
6. CPU 0 notes that rsp->completed has not changed, which permits
both CPU 2 and CPU 0 to try updating it concurrently. If CPU 0's
update prevails, later calls to force_quiescent_state() can
count old quiescent states against the new grace period, which
can in turn result in premature ending of grace periods.
Not good.
This patch adds an RCU_GP_IDLE state for rsp->signaled that is
set initially at boot time and any time a grace period ends.
This prevents CPU 0 from getting into the workings of
force_quiescent_state() in step 4. Additional locking and
checks prevent the concurrent update of rsp->signaled in step 6.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1256742889199-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
If the following sequence of events occurs, then
TREE_PREEMPT_RCU will hang waiting for a grace period to
complete, eventually OOMing the system:
o A TREE_PREEMPT_RCU build of the kernel is booted on a system
with more than 64 physical CPUs present (32 on a 32-bit system).
Alternatively, a TREE_PREEMPT_RCU build of the kernel is booted
with RCU_FANOUT set to a sufficiently small value that the
physical CPUs populate two or more leaf rcu_node structures.
o A task is preempted in an RCU read-side critical section
while running on a CPU corresponding to a given leaf rcu_node
structure.
o All CPUs corresponding to this same leaf rcu_node structure
record quiescent states for the current grace period.
o All of these same CPUs go offline (hence the need for enough
physical CPUs to populate more than one leaf rcu_node structure).
This causes the preempted task to be moved to the root rcu_node
structure.
At this point, there is nothing left to cause the quiescent
state to be propagated up the rcu_node tree, so the current
grace period never completes.
The simplest fix, especially after considering the deadlock
possibilities, is to detect this situation when the last CPU is
offlined, and to set that CPU's ->qsmask bit in its leaf
rcu_node structure. This will cause the next invocation of
force_quiescent_state() to end the grace period.
Without this fix, this hang can be triggered in an hour or so on
some machines with rcutorture and random CPU onlining/offlining.
With this fix, these same machines pass a full 10 hours of this
sort of abuse.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <20091015162614.GA19131@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Before this patch, all of the rcu_node structures were in the same lockdep
class, so that lockdep would complain when rcu_preempt_offline_tasks()
acquired the root rcu_node structure's lock while holding one of the leaf
rcu_nodes' locks.
This patch changes rcu_init_one() to use a separate
spin_lock_init() for the root rcu_node structure's lock than is
used for that of all of the rest of the rcu_node structures, which
puts the root rcu_node structure's lock in its own lockdep class.
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12548908983277-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The current interaction between RCU and CPU hotplug requires that
RCU block in CPU notifiers waiting for callbacks to drain.
This can be greatly simplified by having each CPU relinquish its
own callbacks, and for both _rcu_barrier() and CPU_DEAD notifiers
to adopt all callbacks that were previously relinquished.
This change also eliminates the possibility of certain types of
hangs due to the previous practice of waiting for callbacks to be
invoked from within CPU notifiers. If you don't every wait, you
cannot hang.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1254890898456-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extending over many hours. This group improves an existing
abstraction and introduces two new ones. It also fixes an RCU
stall-warning bug found while making the other changes.
o Make RCU_INIT_FLAVOR() declare its own variables, removing
the need to declare them at each call site.
o Create an rcu_for_each_leaf() macro that scans the leaf
nodes of the rcu_node tree.
o Create an rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first() macro that does
a breadth-first traversal of the rcu_node tree, AKA
stepping through the array in index-number order.
o If all CPUs corresponding to a given leaf rcu_node
structure go offline, then any tasks queued on that leaf
will be moved to the root rcu_node structure. Therefore,
the stall-warning code must dump out tasks queued on the
root rcu_node structure as well as those queued on the leaf
rcu_node structures.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12541491934126-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Whitespace fixes, updated comments, and trivial code movement.
o Fix whitespace error in RCU_HEAD_INIT()
o Move "So where is rcu_write_lock()" comment so that it does
not come between the rcu_read_unlock() header comment and
the rcu_read_unlock() definition.
o Move the module_param statements for blimit, qhimark, and
qlowmark to immediately follow the corresponding
definitions.
o In __rcu_offline_cpu(), move the assignment to rdp_me
inside the "if" statement, given that rdp_me is not used
outside of that "if" statement.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12541491931164-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Move the rcu_lock_map definition from rcutree.c to rcupdate.c so that
TINY_RCU can use lockdep.
Reported-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extending over many hours.
o Add comments for tricky parts of code, and correct comments
that have passed their sell-by date.
o Get rid of the vestiges of rcu_init_sched(), which is no
longer needed now that PREEMPT_RCU is gone.
o Move the #include of rcutree_plugin.h to the end of
rcutree.c, which means that, rather than having a random
collection of forward declarations, the new set of forward
declarations document the set of plugins. The new home for
this #include also allows __rcu_init_preempt() to move into
rcutree_plugin.h.
o Fix rcu_preempt_check_callbacks() to be static.
Suggested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12537246443924-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extended over many hours.
o Bury various forms of the "rsp->completed == rsp->gpnum"
comparison into an rcu_gp_in_progress() function, which has
the beneficial side-effect of forcing consistent use of
ACCESS_ONCE().
o Replace hand-coded arithmetic with DIV_ROUND_UP().
o Bury several "!list_empty(&rnp->blocked_tasks[rnp->gpnum & 0x01])"
instances into an rcu_preempted_readers() function, as this
expression indicates that there are no readers blocked
within RCU read-side critical sections blocking the current
grace period. (Though there might well be similar readers
blocking the next grace period.)
o Remove a dangling rcu_restart_cpu() declaration that has
been dangling for almost 20 minor releases of the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12537246442687-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
o Drop the calls to cpu_quiet() from the online/offline code.
These are unnecessary, since force_quiescent_state() will
clean up, and removing them simplifies the code a bit.
o Add a warning to check that we don't enqueue the same blocked
task twice onto the ->blocked_tasks[] lists.
o Rework the phase computation in rcu_preempt_note_context_switch()
to be more readable, as suggested by Josh Triplett.
o Disable irqs to close a race between the scheduling clock
interrupt and rcu_preempt_note_context_switch() WRT the
->rcu_read_unlock_special field.
o Add comments to rnp->lock acquisition and release within
rcu_read_unlock_special() noting that irqs are already
disabled.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
LKML-Reference: <12532926201851-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The earlier approach required two scheduling-clock ticks to note an
preemptable-RCU quiescent state in the situation in which the
scheduling-clock interrupt is unlucky enough to always interrupt an
RCU read-side critical section.
With this change, the quiescent state is instead noted by the
outermost rcu_read_unlock() immediately following the first
scheduling-clock tick, or, alternatively, by the first subsequent
context switch. Therefore, this change also speeds up grace
periods.
Suggested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
LKML-Reference: <12528585111945-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Prior implementations initialized the root and any internal
nodes without holding locks, then initialized the leaves
holding locks.
This is a false economy, as the leaf nodes will usually greatly
outnumber the root and internal nodes. Acquiring locks on all
nodes is conceptually much simpler as well.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
LKML-Reference: <12524504773190-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Without this patch, tasks preempted in RCU read-side critical
sections can fail to block the grace period, given that
rnp->gpnum is used to determine which rnp->blocked_tasks[]
element the preempted task is enqueued on.
Before the patch, rnp->gpnum is always zero, so preempted tasks
are always enqueued on rnp->blocked_tasks[0], which is correct
only when the current CPU has not checked into the current
grace period and the grace-period number is even, or,
similarly, if the current CPU -has- checked into the current
grace period and the grace-period number is odd.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
LKML-Reference: <12524504771622-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* 'core-rcu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (28 commits)
rcu: Move end of special early-boot RCU operation earlier
rcu: Changes from reviews: avoid casts, fix/add warnings, improve comments
rcu: Create rcutree plugins to handle hotplug CPU for multi-level trees
rcu: Remove lockdep annotations from RCU's _notrace() API members
rcu: Add #ifdef to suppress __rcu_offline_cpu() warning in !HOTPLUG_CPU builds
rcu: Add CPU-offline processing for single-node configurations
rcu: Add "notrace" to RCU function headers used by ftrace
rcu: Remove CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
rcu: Merge preemptable-RCU functionality into hierarchical RCU
rcu: Simplify rcu_pending()/rcu_check_callbacks() API
rcu: Use debugfs_remove_recursive() simplify code.
rcu: Merge per-RCU-flavor initialization into pre-existing macro
rcu: Fix online/offline indication for rcudata.csv trace file
rcu: Consolidate sparse and lockdep declarations in include/linux/rcupdate.h
rcu: Renamings to increase RCU clarity
rcu: Move private definitions from include/linux/rcutree.h to kernel/rcutree.h
rcu: Expunge lingering references to CONFIG_CLASSIC_RCU, optimize on !SMP
rcu: Delay rcu_barrier() wait until beginning of next CPU-hotunplug operation.
rcu: Fix typo in rcu_irq_exit() comment header
rcu: Make rcupreempt_trace.c look at offline CPUs
...
When offlining CPUs from a multi-level tree, there is the
possibility of offlining the last CPU from a given node when
there are preempted RCU read-side critical sections that
started life on one of the CPUs on that node.
In this case, the corresponding tasks will be enqueued via the
task_struct's rcu_node_entry list_head onto one of the
rcu_node's blocked_tasks[] lists. These tasks need to be moved
somewhere else so that they will prevent the current grace
period from ending. That somewhere is the root rcu_node.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
LKML-Reference: <20090827215816.GA30472@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Create a kernel/rcutree_plugin.h file that contains definitions
for preemptable RCU (or, under the #else branch of the #ifdef,
empty definitions for the classic non-preemptable semantics).
These definitions fit into plugins defined in kernel/rcutree.c
for this purpose.
This variant of preemptable RCU uses a new algorithm whose
read-side expense is roughly that of classic hierarchical RCU
under CONFIG_PREEMPT. This new algorithm's update-side expense
is similar to that of classic hierarchical RCU, and, in absence
of read-side preemption or blocking, is exactly that of classic
hierarchical RCU. Perhaps more important, this new algorithm
has a much simpler implementation, saving well over 1,000 lines
of code compared to mainline's implementation of preemptable
RCU, which will hopefully be retired in favor of this new
algorithm.
The simplifications are obtained by maintaining per-task
nesting state for running tasks, and using a simple
lock-protected algorithm to handle accounting when tasks block
within RCU read-side critical sections, making use of lessons
learned while creating numerous user-level RCU implementations
over the past 18 months.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
LKML-Reference: <12509746134003-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
When debugging a recent lockup bug i found various deficiencies
in how our current lockup detection helpers work:
- SysRq-L is not very efficient as it uses a workqueue, hence
it cannot punch through hard lockups and cannot see through
most soft lockups either.
- The SysRq-L code depends on the NMI watchdog - which is off
by default.
- We dont print backtraces from the RCU code's built-in
'RCU state machine is stuck' debug code. This debug
code tends to be one of the first (and only) mechanisms
that show that a lockup has occured.
This patch changes the code so taht we:
- Trigger the NMI backtrace code from SysRq-L instead of using
a workqueue (which cannot punch through hard lockups)
- Trigger print-all-CPU-backtraces from the RCU lockup detection
code
Also decouple the backtrace printing code from the NMI watchdog:
- Dont use variable size cpumasks (it might not be initialized
and they are a bit more fragile anyway)
- Trigger an NMI immediately via an IPI, instead of waiting
for the NMI tick to occur. This is a lot faster and can
produce more relevant backtraces. It will also work if the
NMI watchdog is disabled.
- Dont print the 'dazed and confused' message when we print
a backtrace from the NMI
- Do a show_regs() plus a dump_stack() to get maximum info
out of the dump. Worst-case we get two stacktraces - which
is not a big deal. Sometimes, if register content is
corrupted, the precise stack walker in show_regs() wont
give us a full backtrace - in this case dump_stack() will
do it.
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
LKML-Reference: <new-submission>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch fixes a hierarchical-RCU performance bug located by Anton
Blanchard. The problem stems from a misguided attempt to provide a
work-around for jiffies-counter failure. This work-around uses a per-CPU
n_rcu_pending counter, which is incremented on each call to rcu_pending(),
which in turn is called from each scheduling-clock interrupt. Each CPU
then treats this counter as a surrogate for the jiffies counter, so
that if the jiffies counter fails to advance, the per-CPU n_rcu_pending
counter will cause RCU to invoke force_quiescent_state(), which in turn
will (among other things) send resched IPIs to CPUs that have thus far
failed to pass through an RCU quiescent state.
Unfortunately, each CPU resets only its own counter after sending a
batch of IPIs. This means that the other CPUs will also (needlessly)
send -another- round of IPIs, for a full N-squared set of IPIs in the
worst case every three scheduler-clock ticks until the grace period
finally ends. It is not reasonable for a given CPU to reset each and
every n_rcu_pending for all the other CPUs, so this patch instead simply
disables the jiffies-counter "training wheels", thus eliminating the
excessive IPIs.
Note that the jiffies-counter IPIs do not have this problem due to
the fact that the jiffies counter is global, so that the CPU sending
the IPIs can easily reset things, thus preventing the other CPUs from
sending redundant IPIs.
Note also that the n_rcu_pending counter remains, as it will continue to
be used for tracing. It may also see use to update the jiffies counter,
should an appropriate kick-the-jiffies-counter API appear.
Located-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@au1.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@au1.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: anton@samba.org
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: manfred@colorfullife.com
Cc: cl@linux-foundation.org
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: schamp@sgi.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: ego@in.ibm.com
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: penberg@cs.helsinki.fi
Cc: andi@firstfloor.org
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
LKML-Reference: <12396834793575-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: cleanup
We want to remove rcutree internals from the public rcutree.h file for
upcoming kmemtrace changes - but kernel/rcutree_trace.c depends on them.
Introduce kernel/rcutree.h for internal definitions. (Probably all
the other data types from include/linux/rcutree.h could be
moved here too - except rcu_data.)
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com
LKML-Reference: <1237898630.25315.83.camel@penberg-laptop>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: build fix for all non-x86 architectures
We want to remove percpu.h from rcuclassic.h/rcutree.h (for upcoming
kmemtrace changes) but that would break the DECLARE_PER_CPU based
declarations in these files.
Move the quiescent counter management functions to their respective
RCU implementation .c files - they were slightly above the inlining
limit anyway.
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com
LKML-Reference: <1237898630.25315.83.camel@penberg-laptop>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch fixes a bug located by Vegard Nossum with the aid of
kmemcheck, updated based on review comments from Nick Piggin,
Ingo Molnar, and Andrew Morton. And cleans up the variable-name
and function-name language. ;-)
The boot CPU runs in the context of its idle thread during boot-up.
During this time, idle_cpu(0) will always return nonzero, which will
fool Classic and Hierarchical RCU into deciding that a large chunk of
the boot-up sequence is a big long quiescent state. This in turn causes
RCU to prematurely end grace periods during this time.
This patch changes the rcutree.c and rcuclassic.c rcu_check_callbacks()
function to ignore the idle task as a quiescent state until the
system has started up the scheduler in rest_init(), introducing a
new non-API function rcu_idle_now_means_idle() to inform RCU of this
transition. RCU maintains an internal rcu_idle_cpu_truthful variable
to track this state, which is then used by rcu_check_callback() to
determine if it should believe idle_cpu().
Because this patch has the effect of disallowing RCU grace periods
during long stretches of the boot-up sequence, this patch also introduces
Josh Triplett's UP-only optimization that makes synchronize_rcu() be a
no-op if num_online_cpus() returns 1. This allows boot-time code that
calls synchronize_rcu() to proceed normally. Note, however, that RCU
callbacks registered by call_rcu() will likely queue up until later in
the boot sequence. Although rcuclassic and rcutree can also use this
same optimization after boot completes, rcupreempt must restrict its
use of this optimization to the portion of the boot sequence before the
scheduler starts up, given that an rcupreempt RCU read-side critical
section may be preeempted.
In addition, this patch takes Nick Piggin's suggestion to make the
system_state global variable be __read_mostly.
Changes since v4:
o Changes the name of the introduced function and variable to
be less emotional. ;-)
Changes since v3:
o WARN_ON(nr_context_switches() > 0) to verify that RCU
switches out of boot-time mode before the first context
switch, as suggested by Nick Piggin.
Changes since v2:
o Created rcu_blocking_is_gp() internal-to-RCU API that
determines whether a call to synchronize_rcu() is itself
a grace period.
o The definition of rcu_blocking_is_gp() for rcuclassic and
rcutree checks to see if but a single CPU is online.
o The definition of rcu_blocking_is_gp() for rcupreempt
checks to see both if but a single CPU is online and if
the system is still in early boot.
This allows rcupreempt to again work correctly if running
on a single CPU after booting is complete.
o Added check to rcupreempt's synchronize_sched() for there
being but one online CPU.
Tested all three variants both SMP and !SMP, booted fine, passed a short
rcutorture test on both x86 and Power.
Located-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: reduce memory footprint
add __cpuinit to rcu_init_percpu_data(), and this function's text
will be discarded after boot when !CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: fix kernel warnings [and potential crash] during suspend+resume
Kudos to both Dhaval Giani and Jens Axboe for finding a bug in treercu
that causes warnings after suspend-resume cycles in Dhaval's case and
during stress tests in Jens's case. It would also probably cause failures
if heavily stressed. The solution, ironically enough, is to revert to
rcupreempt's code for initializing the dynticks state. And the patch
even results in smaller code -- so what was I thinking???
This is 2.6.29 material, given that people really do suspend and resume
Linux these days. ;-)
Reported-by: Dhaval Giani <dhaval@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reported-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Dhaval Giani <dhaval@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: fix delays during bootup
Kudos to Andi Kleen for finding a grace-period-latency problem! The
problem was that the special-case code for small machines never updated
the ->signaled field to indicate that grace-period initialization had
completed, which prevented force_quiescent_state() from ever expediting
grace periods. This problem resulted in grace periods extending for more
than 20 seconds. Not subtle. I introduced this bug during my inspection
process when I fixed a race between grace-period initialization and
force_quiescent_state() execution.
The following patch properly updates the ->signaled field for the
"small"-system case (no more than 32 CPUs for 32-bit kernels and no more
than 64 CPUs for 64-bit kernels).
Reported-by: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Tested-by: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This patch fixes a long-standing performance bug in classic RCU that
results in massive internal-to-RCU lock contention on systems with
more than a few hundred CPUs. Although this patch creates a separate
flavor of RCU for ease of review and patch maintenance, it is intended
to replace classic RCU.
This patch still handles stress better than does mainline, so I am still
calling it ready for inclusion. This patch is against the -tip tree.
Nevertheless, experience on an actual 1000+ CPU machine would still be
most welcome.
Most of the changes noted below were found while creating an rcutiny
(which should permit ejecting the current rcuclassic) and while doing
detailed line-by-line documentation.
Updates from v9 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/12/2/334):
o Fixes from remainder of line-by-line code walkthrough,
including comment spelling, initialization, undesirable
narrowing due to type conversion, removing redundant memory
barriers, removing redundant local-variable initialization,
and removing redundant local variables.
I do not believe that any of these fixes address the CPU-hotplug
issues that Andi Kleen was seeing, but please do give it a whirl
in case the machine is smarter than I am.
A writeup from the walkthrough may be found at the following
URL, in case you are suffering from terminal insomnia or
masochism:
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/paulmck/tmp/rcutree-walkthrough.2008.12.16a.pdf
o Made rcutree tracing use seq_file, as suggested some time
ago by Lai Jiangshan.
o Added a .csv variant of the rcudata debugfs trace file, to allow
people having thousands of CPUs to drop the data into
a spreadsheet. Tested with oocalc and gnumeric. Updated
documentation to suit.
Updates from v8 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/11/15/139):
o Fix a theoretical race between grace-period initialization and
force_quiescent_state() that could occur if more than three
jiffies were required to carry out the grace-period
initialization. Which it might, if you had enough CPUs.
o Apply Ingo's printk-standardization patch.
o Substitute local variables for repeated accesses to global
variables.
o Fix comment misspellings and redundant (but harmless) increments
of ->n_rcu_pending (this latter after having explicitly added it).
o Apply checkpatch fixes.
Updates from v7 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/10/10/291):
o Fixed a number of problems noted by Gautham Shenoy, including
the cpu-stall-detection bug that he was having difficulty
convincing me was real. ;-)
o Changed cpu-stall detection to wait for ten seconds rather than
three in order to reduce false positive, as suggested by Ingo
Molnar.
o Produced a design document (http://lwn.net/Articles/305782/).
The act of writing this document uncovered a number of both
theoretical and "here and now" bugs as noted below.
o Fix dynticks_nesting accounting confusion, simplify WARN_ON()
condition, fix kerneldoc comments, and add memory barriers
in dynticks interface functions.
o Add more data to tracing.
o Remove unused "rcu_barrier" field from rcu_data structure.
o Count calls to rcu_pending() from scheduling-clock interrupt
to use as a surrogate timebase should jiffies stop counting.
o Fix a theoretical race between force_quiescent_state() and
grace-period initialization. Yes, initialization does have to
go on for some jiffies for this race to occur, but given enough
CPUs...
Updates from v6 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/9/23/448):
o Fix a number of checkpatch.pl complaints.
o Apply review comments from Ingo Molnar and Lai Jiangshan
on the stall-detection code.
o Fix several bugs in !CONFIG_SMP builds.
o Fix a misspelled config-parameter name so that RCU now announces
at boot time if stall detection is configured.
o Run tests on numerous combinations of configurations parameters,
which after the fixes above, now build and run correctly.
Updates from v5 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/9/15/92, bad subject line):
o Fix a compiler error in the !CONFIG_FANOUT_EXACT case (blew a
changeset some time ago, and finally got around to retesting
this option).
o Fix some tracing bugs in rcupreempt that caused incorrect
totals to be printed.
o I now test with a more brutal random-selection online/offline
script (attached). Probably more brutal than it needs to be
on the people reading it as well, but so it goes.
o A number of optimizations and usability improvements:
o Make rcu_pending() ignore the grace-period timeout when
there is no grace period in progress.
o Make force_quiescent_state() avoid going for a global
lock in the case where there is no grace period in
progress.
o Rearrange struct fields to improve struct layout.
o Make call_rcu() initiate a grace period if RCU was
idle, rather than waiting for the next scheduling
clock interrupt.
o Invoke rcu_irq_enter() and rcu_irq_exit() only when
idle, as suggested by Andi Kleen. I still don't
completely trust this change, and might back it out.
o Make CONFIG_RCU_TRACE be the single config variable
manipulated for all forms of RCU, instead of the prior
confusion.
o Document tracing files and formats for both rcupreempt
and rcutree.
Updates from v4 for those missing v5 given its bad subject line:
o Separated dynticks interface so that NMIs and irqs call separate
functions, greatly simplifying it. In particular, this code
no longer requires a proof of correctness. ;-)
o Separated dynticks state out into its own per-CPU structure,
avoiding the duplicated accounting.
o The case where a dynticks-idle CPU runs an irq handler that
invokes call_rcu() is now correctly handled, forcing that CPU
out of dynticks-idle mode.
o Review comments have been applied (thank you all!!!).
For but one example, fixed the dynticks-ordering issue that
Manfred pointed out, saving me much debugging. ;-)
o Adjusted rcuclassic and rcupreempt to handle dynticks changes.
Attached is an updated patch to Classic RCU that applies a hierarchy,
greatly reducing the contention on the top-level lock for large machines.
This passes 10-hour concurrent rcutorture and online-offline testing on
128-CPU ppc64 without dynticks enabled, and exposes some timekeeping
bugs in presence of dynticks (exciting working on a system where
"sleep 1" hangs until interrupted...), which were fixed in the
2.6.27 kernel. It is getting more reliable than mainline by some
measures, so the next version will be against -tip for inclusion.
See also Manfred Spraul's recent patches (or his earlier work from
2004 at http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=108546384711797&w=2).
We will converge onto a common patch in the fullness of time, but are
currently exploring different regions of the design space. That said,
I have already gratefully stolen quite a few of Manfred's ideas.
This patch provides CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT, which controls the bushiness
of the RCU hierarchy. Defaults to 32 on 32-bit machines and 64 on
64-bit machines. If CONFIG_NR_CPUS is less than CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT,
there is no hierarchy. By default, the RCU initialization code will
adjust CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT to balance the hierarchy, so strongly NUMA
architectures may choose to set CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_EXACT to disable
this balancing, allowing the hierarchy to be exactly aligned to the
underlying hardware. Up to two levels of hierarchy are permitted
(in addition to the root node), allowing up to 16,384 CPUs on 32-bit
systems and up to 262,144 CPUs on 64-bit systems. I just know that I
am going to regret saying this, but this seems more than sufficient
for the foreseeable future. (Some architectures might wish to set
CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=4, which would limit such architectures to 64 CPUs.
If this becomes a real problem, additional levels can be added, but I
doubt that it will make a significant difference on real hardware.)
In the common case, a given CPU will manipulate its private rcu_data
structure and the rcu_node structure that it shares with its immediate
neighbors. This can reduce both lock and memory contention by multiple
orders of magnitude, which should eliminate the need for the strange
manipulations that are reported to be required when running Linux on
very large systems.
Some shortcomings:
o More bugs will probably surface as a result of an ongoing
line-by-line code inspection.
Patches will be provided as required.
o There are probably hangs, rcutorture failures, &c. Seems
quite stable on a 128-CPU machine, but that is kind of small
compared to 4096 CPUs. However, seems to do better than
mainline.
Patches will be provided as required.
o The memory footprint of this version is several KB larger
than rcuclassic.
A separate UP-only rcutiny patch will be provided, which will
reduce the memory footprint significantly, even compared
to the old rcuclassic. One such patch passes light testing,
and has a memory footprint smaller even than rcuclassic.
Initial reaction from various embedded guys was "it is not
worth it", so am putting it aside.
Credits:
o Manfred Spraul for ideas, review comments, and bugs spotted,
as well as some good friendly competition. ;-)
o Josh Triplett, Ingo Molnar, Peter Zijlstra, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Lai Jiangshan, Andi Kleen, Andy Whitcroft, and Andrew Morton
for reviews and comments.
o Thomas Gleixner for much-needed help with some timer issues
(see patches below).
o Jon M. Tollefson, Tim Pepper, Andrew Theurer, Jose R. Santos,
Andy Whitcroft, Darrick Wong, Nishanth Aravamudan, Anton
Blanchard, Dave Kleikamp, and Nathan Lynch for keeping machines
alive despite my heavy abuse^Wtesting.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Paul E. McKenney