KCOV is code coverage collection facility used, in particular, by
syzkaller system call fuzzer. There is some interest in using syzkaller
on arm devices. So port KCOV to arm.
On implementation level this merely declares that KCOV is supported and
disables instrumentation of 3 special cases. Reasons for disabling are
commented in code.
Tested with qemu-system-arm/vexpress-a15.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180511143248.112484-1-dvyukov@google.com
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Abbott Liu <liuwenliang@huawei.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Koguchi Takuo <takuo.koguchi.sw@hitachi.com>
Cc: <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Please do not apply this to mainline directly, instead please re-run the
coccinelle script shown below and apply its output.
For several reasons, it is desirable to use {READ,WRITE}_ONCE() in
preference to ACCESS_ONCE(), and new code is expected to use one of the
former. So far, there's been no reason to change most existing uses of
ACCESS_ONCE(), as these aren't harmful, and changing them results in
churn.
However, for some features, the read/write distinction is critical to
correct operation. To distinguish these cases, separate read/write
accessors must be used. This patch migrates (most) remaining
ACCESS_ONCE() instances to {READ,WRITE}_ONCE(), using the following
coccinelle script:
----
// Convert trivial ACCESS_ONCE() uses to equivalent READ_ONCE() and
// WRITE_ONCE()
// $ make coccicheck COCCI=/home/mark/once.cocci SPFLAGS="--include-headers" MODE=patch
virtual patch
@ depends on patch @
expression E1, E2;
@@
- ACCESS_ONCE(E1) = E2
+ WRITE_ONCE(E1, E2)
@ depends on patch @
expression E;
@@
- ACCESS_ONCE(E)
+ READ_ONCE(E)
----
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: davem@davemloft.net
Cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org
Cc: mpe@ellerman.id.au
Cc: shuah@kernel.org
Cc: snitzer@redhat.com
Cc: thor.thayer@linux.intel.com
Cc: tj@kernel.org
Cc: viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk
Cc: will.deacon@arm.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1508792849-3115-19-git-send-email-paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
These targets are marked as PHONY. No need to add FORCE to their
dependency.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.com>
Although the ARM vDSO is cleanly separated by code/data with the code
being read-only in userspace mappings, the code page is still writable
from the kernel.
There have been exploits (such as http://itszn.com/blog/?p=21) that
take advantage of this on x86 to go from a bad kernel write to full
root.
Prevent this specific exploit class on ARM as well by putting the vDSO
code page in post-init read-only memory as well.
Before:
vdso: 1 text pages at base 80927000
root@Vexpress:/ cat /sys/kernel/debug/kernel_page_tables
---[ Modules ]---
---[ Kernel Mapping ]---
0x80000000-0x80100000 1M RW NX SHD
0x80100000-0x80600000 5M ro x SHD
0x80600000-0x80800000 2M ro NX SHD
0x80800000-0xbe000000 984M RW NX SHD
After:
vdso: 1 text pages at base 8072b000
root@Vexpress:/ cat /sys/kernel/debug/kernel_page_tables
---[ Modules ]---
---[ Kernel Mapping ]---
0x80000000-0x80100000 1M RW NX SHD
0x80100000-0x80600000 5M ro x SHD
0x80600000-0x80800000 2M ro NX SHD
0x80800000-0xbe000000 984M RW NX SHD
Inspired by https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/1/19/494 based on work by the
PaX Team, Brad Spengler, and Kees Cook.
Signed-off-by: David Brown <david.brown@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brad Spengler <spender@grsecurity.net>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: Emese Revfy <re.emese@gmail.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mathias Krause <minipli@googlemail.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Cc: PaX Team <pageexec@freemail.hu>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: kernel-hardening@lists.openwall.com
Cc: linux-arch <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1455748879-21872-8-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Commit 8a603f91cc ("ARM: 8445/1: fix vdsomunge not to depend on
glibc specific byteswap.h") unfortunately introduced a bug created but
not found during discussion and patch simplification.
Reported-by: Efraim Yawitz <efraim.yawitz@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: H. Nikolaus Schaller <hns@goldelico.com>
Fixes: 8a603f91cc ("ARM: 8445/1: fix vdsomunge not to depend on glibc specific byteswap.h")
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
If the host toolchain is not glibc based then the arm kernel build
fails with
HOSTCC arch/arm/vdso/vdsomunge
arch/arm/vdso/vdsomunge.c:48:22: fatal error: byteswap.h: No such file or directory
Observed: with omap2plus_defconfig and compile on Mac OS X with arm ELF
cross-compiler.
Reason: byteswap.h is a glibc only header.
Solution: replace by private byte-swapping macros (taken from
arch/mips/boot/elf2ecoff.c and kindly improved by Russell King)
Tested to compile on Mac OS X 10.9.5 host.
Signed-off-by: H. Nikolaus Schaller <hns@goldelico.com>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
The Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2014.05 toolchain (gcc 4.8.3, binutils
2.24.51) has a GCC which implements -fuse-ld, and it doesn't include
the gold linker, but it lacks an ld.bfd executable in its
installation. This means that passing -fuse-ld=bfd fails with:
VDSO arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so.raw
collect2: fatal error: cannot find 'ld'
Arguably this is a deficiency in the toolchain, but I suspect it's
commonly used enough that it's worth accommodating: just use
cc-ldoption (to cause a link attempt) instead of cc-option to test
whether we can use -fuse-ld. So -fuse-ld=bfd won't be used with this
toolchain, but the build will rightly succeed, just as it does for
toolchains which don't implement -fuse-ld (and don't use gold as the
default linker).
Note: this will change the failure mode for a corner case I was trying
to handle in d2b30cd4b7, where the toolchain defaults to the gold
linker and the BFD linker is not found in PATH, from:
VDSO arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so.raw
collect2: fatal error: cannot find 'ld'
i.e. the BFD linker is not found, to:
OBJCOPY arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so
BFD: arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so: Not enough room for program headers, try
linking with -N
that is, we fail to prevent gold from being used as the linker, and it
produces an object that objcopy can't digest.
Reported-by: Baruch Siach <baruch@tkos.co.il>
Tested-by: Baruch Siach <baruch@tkos.co.il>
Tested-by: Raphaël Poggi <poggi.raph@gmail.com>
Fixes: d2b30cd4b7 ("ARM: 8384/1: VDSO: force use of BFD linker")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
If the host toolchain is not glibc based then the arm kernel build
fails with
arch/arm/vdso/vdsomunge.c:53:19: fatal error: error.h: No such file or directory
error.h is a glibc only header (ie not available in musl, newlib and
bsd libcs). Changed the error reporting to standard conforming code
to avoid depending on specific C implementations.
Signed-off-by: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Fixes: 8512287a81 ("ARM: 8330/1: add VDSO user-space code")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
When using a toolchain with gold as the default linker, the VDSO build
fails:
VDSO arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so.raw
HOSTCC arch/arm/vdso/vdsomunge
MUNGE arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so.dbg
OBJCOPY arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so
BFD: arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so: Not enough room for program headers, try
linking with -N
For whatever reason, ld.gold is omitting an exidx program header that
ld.bfd emits, and even when I work around that, I don't get a working
VDSO.
For now, instead of supporting gold (which will fail to link the
kernel anyway since it does not implement --pic-veneer), direct the
compiler to use the traditional bfd linker. This is accomplished by
using -fuse-ld, which is implemented in GCC 4.8 and later.
Note: one limitation of this is that if the toolchain is configured
to use gold by default, and the bfd linker is not in $PATH, the VDSO
build will fail:
VDSO arch/arm/vdso/vdso.so.raw
collect2: fatal error: cannot find 'ld'
This will happen if CROSS_COMPILE begins with a path such as
/opt/bin/arm-linux-gnu- but /opt/bin is not in $PATH. This is
considered an acceptable corner-case limitation and is easily worked
around.
Additonal note: we use cc-option instead of cc-ldoption so that
-fuse-ld=bfd is placed in the command line if the compiler recognizes
the option. Using cc-ldoption results in an attempt to link, which
fails in the situation just described, causing -fuse-ld=bfd to be
omitted and gold to be used for the VDSO link, which is what we're
trying to prevent.
Reported-by: Stefan Agner <stefan@agner.ch>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Currently the VDSO's link options are kind of a mess spread between
ccflags-y and cmd_vdsold. Collect linker directives into one
variable, VDSO_LDFLAGS, and use that in cmd_vdsold.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
When CONFIG_VDSO=n, the build normally does not enter arch/arm/vdso/
because arch/arm/Makefile does not add it to core-y.
However, if the user runs 'make arch/arm/vdso/' the VDSO targets will
get visited. This is because the VDSO Makefile itself does not
consider the value of CONFIG_VDSO.
It is arguably better and more consistent behavior to generate an
empty built-in.o when CONFIG_VDSO=n and the user attempts to build
arch/arm/vdso/. It's nicer because it doesn't try to build things
that Kconfig dependencies are there to prevent (e.g. the dependency on
AEABI), and it's less confusing than building objects that won't be
used in the final image.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
vdsomunge and vdso.so.raw are outputs that don't get matched by the
normal ignore rules.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Place VDSO-related user-space code in arch/arm/kernel/vdso/.
It is almost completely written in C with some assembly helpers to
load the data page address, sample the counter, and fall back to
system calls when necessary.
The VDSO can service gettimeofday and clock_gettime when
CONFIG_ARM_ARCH_TIMER is enabled and the architected timer is present
(and correctly configured). It reads the CP15-based virtual counter
to compute high-resolution timestamps.
Of particular note is that a post-processing step ("vdsomunge") is
necessary to produce a shared object which is architecturally allowed
to be used by both soft- and hard-float EABI programs.
The 2012 edition of the ARM ABI defines Tag_ABI_VFP_args = 3 "Code is
compatible with both the base and VFP variants; the user did not
permit non-variadic functions to pass FP parameters/results."
Unfortunately current toolchains do not support this tag, which is
ideally what we would use.
The best available option is to ensure that both EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_SOFT
and EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD are unset in the ELF header's e_flags,
indicating that the shared object is "old" and should be accepted for
backward compatibility's sake. While binutils < 2.24 appear to
produce a vdso.so with both flags clear, 2.24 always sets
EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_SOFT, with no way to inhibit this behavior. So we
have to fix things up with a custom post-processing step.
In fact, the VDSO code in glibc does much less validation (including
checking these flags) than the code for handling conventional
file-backed shared libraries, so this is a bit moot unless glibc's
VDSO code becomes more strict.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathan_lynch@mentor.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Dmitry Vyukov