Lai Jiangshan noted that up to 10% of the RCU_SOFTIRQ are spurious, and
traced this down to the fact that the current grace-period machinery
will uselessly raise RCU_SOFTIRQ when a given CPU needs to go through
a quiescent state, but has not yet done so. In this situation, there
might well be nothing that RCU_SOFTIRQ can do, and the overhead can be
worth worrying about in the ksoftirqd case. This patch therefore avoids
raising RCU_SOFTIRQ in this situation.
Changes since v1 (http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/3/30/122 from Lai Jiangshan):
o Omit the rcu_qs_pending() prechecks, as they aren't that
much less expensive than the quiescent-state checks.
o Merge with the set_need_resched() patch that reduces IPIs.
o Add the new n_rp_report_qs field to the rcu_pending tracing output.
o Update the tracing documentation accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The existing RCU CPU stall-warning messages can be confusing, especially
in the case where one CPU detects a single other stalled CPU. In addition,
the console messages did not say which flavor of RCU detected the stall,
which can make it difficult to work out exactly what is causing the stall.
This commit improves these messages.
Requested-by: Dhaval Giani <dhaval.giani@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
The C standard does not specify the result of an operation that
overflows a signed integer, so such operations need to be
avoided. This patch changes the type of several fields from
"long" to "unsigned long" and adjusts operations as needed.
ULONG_CMP_GE() and ULONG_CMP_LT() macros are introduced to do
the modular comparisons that are appropriate given that overflow
is an expected event.
Acked-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1266887105-1528-17-git-send-email-paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The comparisons of rsp->gpnum nad rsp->completed in
rcu_process_dyntick() and force_quiescent_state() can be
replaced by the much more clear rcu_gp_in_progress() predicate
function. After doing this, it becomes clear that the
RCU_SAVE_COMPLETED leg of the force_quiescent_state() function's
switch statement is almost completely a no-op. A small change
to the RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg renders it a complete no-op, after
which it can be removed. Doing so also eliminates the forcenow
local variable from force_quiescent_state().
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12626465501781-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reduce the number and variety of race conditions by prohibiting
the start of a new grace period while force_quiescent_state() is
active. A new fqs_active flag in the rcu_state structure is used
to trace whether or not force_quiescent_state() is active, and
this new flag is tested by rcu_start_gp(). If the CPU that
closed out the last grace period needs another grace period,
this new grace period may be delayed up to one scheduling-clock
tick, but it will eventually get started.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <126264655052-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Enable a fourth level of rcu_node hierarchy for TREE_RCU and
TREE_PREEMPT_RCU. This is for stress-testing and experiemental
purposes only, although in theory this would enable 16,777,216
CPUs on 64-bit systems, though only 1,048,576 CPUs on 32-bit
systems. Normal experimental use of this fourth level will
normally set CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=2, requiring a 16-CPU system,
though the more adventurous (and more fortunate) experimenters
may wish to chose CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=3 for 81-CPU systems or even
CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT=4 for 256-CPU systems.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12597846161257-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The number of "quiet" functions has grown recently, and the
names are no longer very descriptive. The point of all of these
functions is to do some portion of the task of reporting a
quiescent state, so rename them accordingly:
o cpu_quiet() becomes rcu_report_qs_rdp(), which reports a
quiescent state to the per-CPU rcu_data structure. If this
turns out to be a new quiescent state for this grace period,
then rcu_report_qs_rnp() will be invoked to propagate the
quiescent state up the rcu_node hierarchy.
o cpu_quiet_msk() becomes rcu_report_qs_rnp(), which reports
a quiescent state for a given CPU (or possibly a set of CPUs)
up the rcu_node hierarchy.
o cpu_quiet_msk_finish() becomes rcu_report_qs_rsp(), which
reports a full set of quiescent states to the global rcu_state
structure.
o task_quiet() becomes rcu_report_unblock_qs_rnp(), which reports
a quiescent state due to a task exiting an RCU read-side critical
section that had previously blocked in that same critical section.
As indicated by the new name, this type of quiescent state is
reported up the rcu_node hierarchy (using rcu_report_qs_rnp()
to do so).
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12597846163698-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
When the last CPU of a given leaf rcu_node structure goes
offline, all of the tasks queued on that leaf rcu_node structure
(due to having blocked in their current RCU read-side critical
sections) are requeued onto the root rcu_node structure. This
requeuing is carried out by rcu_preempt_offline_tasks().
However, it is possible that these queued tasks are the only
thing preventing the leaf rcu_node structure from reporting a
quiescent state up the rcu_node hierarchy. Unfortunately, the
old code would fail to do this reporting, resulting in a
grace-period stall given the following sequence of events:
1. Kernel built for more than 32 CPUs on 32-bit systems or for more
than 64 CPUs on 64-bit systems, so that there is more than one
rcu_node structure. (Or CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT is artificially set
to a number smaller than CONFIG_NR_CPUS.)
2. The kernel is built with CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU.
3. A task running on a CPU associated with a given leaf rcu_node
structure blocks while in an RCU read-side critical section
-and- that CPU has not yet passed through a quiescent state
for the current RCU grace period. This will cause the task
to be queued on the leaf rcu_node's blocked_tasks[] array, in
particular, on the element of this array corresponding to the
current grace period.
4. Each of the remaining CPUs corresponding to this same leaf rcu_node
structure pass through a quiescent state. However, the task is
still in its RCU read-side critical section, so these quiescent
states cannot be reported further up the rcu_node hierarchy.
Nevertheless, all bits in the leaf rcu_node structure's ->qsmask
field are now zero.
5. Each of the remaining CPUs go offline. (The events in step
#4 and #5 can happen in any order as long as each CPU passes
through a quiescent state before going offline.)
6. When the last CPU goes offline, __rcu_offline_cpu() will invoke
rcu_preempt_offline_tasks(), which will move the task to the
root rcu_node structure, but without reporting a quiescent state
up the rcu_node hierarchy (and this failure to report a quiescent
state is the bug).
But because this leaf rcu_node structure's ->qsmask field is
already zero and its ->block_tasks[] entries are all empty,
force_quiescent_state() will skip this rcu_node structure.
Therefore, grace periods are now hung.
This patch abstracts some code out of rcu_read_unlock_special(),
calling the result task_quiet() by analogy with cpu_quiet(), and
invokes task_quiet() from both rcu_read_lock_special() and
__rcu_offline_cpu(). Invoking task_quiet() from
__rcu_offline_cpu() reports the quiescent state up the rcu_node
hierarchy, fixing the bug. This ends up requiring a separate
lock_class_key per level of the rcu_node hierarchy, which this
patch also provides.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12589088301770-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impose a clear locking design on the rcu_process_gp_end()
function's use of the ->completed counter. This is done by
creating a ->completed field in the rcu_node structure, which
can safely be accessed under the protection of that structure's
lock. Performance and scalability are maintained by using a
form of double-checked locking, so that rcu_process_gp_end()
only acquires the leaf rcu_node structure's ->lock if a grace
period has recently ended.
This fix reduces rcutorture failure rate by at least two orders
of magnitude under heavy stress with force_quiescent_state()
being invoked artificially often. Without this fix,
unsynchronized access to the ->completed field can cause
rcu_process_gp_end() to advance callbacks whose grace period has
not yet expired. (Bad idea!)
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> # .32.x
LKML-Reference: <12571987494069-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Very long RCU read-side critical sections (50 milliseconds or
so) can cause a race between force_quiescent_state() and
rcu_start_gp() as follows on kernel builds with multi-level
rcu_node hierarchies:
1. CPU 0 calls force_quiescent_state(), sees that there is a
grace period in progress, and acquires ->fsqlock.
2. CPU 1 detects the end of the grace period, and so
cpu_quiet_msk_finish() sets rsp->completed to rsp->gpnum.
This operation is carried out under the root rnp->lock,
but CPU 0 has not yet acquired that lock. Note that
rsp->signaled is still RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK from the last
grace period.
3. CPU 1 calls rcu_start_gp(), but no one wants a new grace
period, so it drops the root rnp->lock and returns.
4. CPU 0 acquires the root rnp->lock and picks up rsp->completed
and rsp->signaled, then drops rnp->lock. It then enters the
RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg of the switch statement.
5. CPU 2 invokes call_rcu(), and now needs a new grace period.
It calls rcu_start_gp(), which acquires the root rnp->lock, sets
rsp->signaled to RCU_GP_INIT (too bad that CPU 0 is already in
the RCU_SAVE_DYNTICK leg of the switch statement!) and starts
initializing the rcu_node hierarchy. If there are multiple
levels to the hierarchy, it will drop the root rnp->lock and
initialize the lower levels of the hierarchy.
6. CPU 0 notes that rsp->completed has not changed, which permits
both CPU 2 and CPU 0 to try updating it concurrently. If CPU 0's
update prevails, later calls to force_quiescent_state() can
count old quiescent states against the new grace period, which
can in turn result in premature ending of grace periods.
Not good.
This patch adds an RCU_GP_IDLE state for rsp->signaled that is
set initially at boot time and any time a grace period ends.
This prevents CPU 0 from getting into the workings of
force_quiescent_state() in step 4. Additional locking and
checks prevent the concurrent update of rsp->signaled in step 6.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1256742889199-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
If the following sequence of events occurs, then
TREE_PREEMPT_RCU will hang waiting for a grace period to
complete, eventually OOMing the system:
o A TREE_PREEMPT_RCU build of the kernel is booted on a system
with more than 64 physical CPUs present (32 on a 32-bit system).
Alternatively, a TREE_PREEMPT_RCU build of the kernel is booted
with RCU_FANOUT set to a sufficiently small value that the
physical CPUs populate two or more leaf rcu_node structures.
o A task is preempted in an RCU read-side critical section
while running on a CPU corresponding to a given leaf rcu_node
structure.
o All CPUs corresponding to this same leaf rcu_node structure
record quiescent states for the current grace period.
o All of these same CPUs go offline (hence the need for enough
physical CPUs to populate more than one leaf rcu_node structure).
This causes the preempted task to be moved to the root rcu_node
structure.
At this point, there is nothing left to cause the quiescent
state to be propagated up the rcu_node tree, so the current
grace period never completes.
The simplest fix, especially after considering the deadlock
possibilities, is to detect this situation when the last CPU is
offlined, and to set that CPU's ->qsmask bit in its leaf
rcu_node structure. This will cause the next invocation of
force_quiescent_state() to end the grace period.
Without this fix, this hang can be triggered in an hour or so on
some machines with rcutorture and random CPU onlining/offlining.
With this fix, these same machines pass a full 10 hours of this
sort of abuse.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <20091015162614.GA19131@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
The current interaction between RCU and CPU hotplug requires that
RCU block in CPU notifiers waiting for callbacks to drain.
This can be greatly simplified by having each CPU relinquish its
own callbacks, and for both _rcu_barrier() and CPU_DEAD notifiers
to adopt all callbacks that were previously relinquished.
This change also eliminates the possibility of certain types of
hangs due to the previous practice of waiting for callbacks to be
invoked from within CPU notifiers. If you don't every wait, you
cannot hang.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <1254890898456-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extending over many hours. This group improves an existing
abstraction and introduces two new ones. It also fixes an RCU
stall-warning bug found while making the other changes.
o Make RCU_INIT_FLAVOR() declare its own variables, removing
the need to declare them at each call site.
o Create an rcu_for_each_leaf() macro that scans the leaf
nodes of the rcu_node tree.
o Create an rcu_for_each_node_breadth_first() macro that does
a breadth-first traversal of the rcu_node tree, AKA
stepping through the array in index-number order.
o If all CPUs corresponding to a given leaf rcu_node
structure go offline, then any tasks queued on that leaf
will be moved to the root rcu_node structure. Therefore,
the stall-warning code must dump out tasks queued on the
root rcu_node structure as well as those queued on the leaf
rcu_node structures.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12541491934126-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extending over many hours.
o Add comments for tricky parts of code, and correct comments
that have passed their sell-by date.
o Get rid of the vestiges of rcu_init_sched(), which is no
longer needed now that PREEMPT_RCU is gone.
o Move the #include of rcutree_plugin.h to the end of
rcutree.c, which means that, rather than having a random
collection of forward declarations, the new set of forward
declarations document the set of plugins. The new home for
this #include also allows __rcu_init_preempt() to move into
rcutree_plugin.h.
o Fix rcu_preempt_check_callbacks() to be static.
Suggested-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12537246443924-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
These issues identified during an old-fashioned face-to-face code
review extended over many hours.
o Bury various forms of the "rsp->completed == rsp->gpnum"
comparison into an rcu_gp_in_progress() function, which has
the beneficial side-effect of forcing consistent use of
ACCESS_ONCE().
o Replace hand-coded arithmetic with DIV_ROUND_UP().
o Bury several "!list_empty(&rnp->blocked_tasks[rnp->gpnum & 0x01])"
instances into an rcu_preempted_readers() function, as this
expression indicates that there are no readers blocked
within RCU read-side critical sections blocking the current
grace period. (Though there might well be similar readers
blocking the next grace period.)
o Remove a dangling rcu_restart_cpu() declaration that has
been dangling for almost 20 minor releases of the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josh@joshtriplett.org
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
Cc: Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu
Cc: dhowells@redhat.com
LKML-Reference: <12537246442687-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Create a kernel/rcutree_plugin.h file that contains definitions
for preemptable RCU (or, under the #else branch of the #ifdef,
empty definitions for the classic non-preemptable semantics).
These definitions fit into plugins defined in kernel/rcutree.c
for this purpose.
This variant of preemptable RCU uses a new algorithm whose
read-side expense is roughly that of classic hierarchical RCU
under CONFIG_PREEMPT. This new algorithm's update-side expense
is similar to that of classic hierarchical RCU, and, in absence
of read-side preemption or blocking, is exactly that of classic
hierarchical RCU. Perhaps more important, this new algorithm
has a much simpler implementation, saving well over 1,000 lines
of code compared to mainline's implementation of preemptable
RCU, which will hopefully be retired in favor of this new
algorithm.
The simplifications are obtained by maintaining per-task
nesting state for running tasks, and using a simple
lock-protected algorithm to handle accounting when tasks block
within RCU read-side critical sections, making use of lessons
learned while creating numerous user-level RCU implementations
over the past 18 months.
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: laijs@cn.fujitsu.com
Cc: dipankar@in.ibm.com
Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org
Cc: mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca
Cc: josht@linux.vnet.ibm.com
Cc: dvhltc@us.ibm.com
Cc: niv@us.ibm.com
Cc: peterz@infradead.org
Cc: rostedt@goodmis.org
LKML-Reference: <12509746134003-git-send-email->
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: cleanup
We want to remove rcutree internals from the public rcutree.h file for
upcoming kmemtrace changes - but kernel/rcutree_trace.c depends on them.
Introduce kernel/rcutree.h for internal definitions. (Probably all
the other data types from include/linux/rcutree.h could be
moved here too - except rcu_data.)
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com
LKML-Reference: <1237898630.25315.83.camel@penberg-laptop>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Paul E. McKenney