The current mutex spinning code (with MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER option
turned on) allow multiple tasks to spin on a single mutex
concurrently. A potential problem with the current approach is
that when the mutex becomes available, all the spinning tasks
will try to acquire the mutex more or less simultaneously. As a
result, there will be a lot of cacheline bouncing especially on
systems with a large number of CPUs.
This patch tries to reduce this kind of contention by putting
the mutex spinners into a queue so that only the first one in
the queue will try to acquire the mutex. This will reduce
contention and allow all the tasks to move forward faster.
The queuing of mutex spinners is done using an MCS lock based
implementation which will further reduce contention on the mutex
cacheline than a similar ticket spinlock based implementation.
This patch will add a new field into the mutex data structure
for holding the MCS lock. This expands the mutex size by 8 bytes
for 64-bit system and 4 bytes for 32-bit system. This overhead
will be avoid if the MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER option is turned off.
The following table shows the jobs per minute (JPM) scalability
data on an 8-node 80-core Westmere box with a 3.7.10 kernel. The
numactl command is used to restrict the running of the fserver
workloads to 1/2/4/8 nodes with hyperthreading off.
+-----------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+----------+
| Configuration | Mean JPM | Mean JPM | Mean JPM | % Change |
| | w/o patch | patch 1 | patches 1&2 | 1->1&2 |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | User Range 1100 - 2000 |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 8 nodes, HT off | 227972 | 227237 | 305043 | +34.2% |
| 4 nodes, HT off | 393503 | 381558 | 394650 | +3.4% |
| 2 nodes, HT off | 334957 | 325240 | 338853 | +4.2% |
| 1 node , HT off | 198141 | 197972 | 198075 | +0.1% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| | User Range 200 - 1000 |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 8 nodes, HT off | 282325 | 312870 | 332185 | +6.2% |
| 4 nodes, HT off | 390698 | 378279 | 393419 | +4.0% |
| 2 nodes, HT off | 336986 | 326543 | 340260 | +4.2% |
| 1 node , HT off | 197588 | 197622 | 197582 | 0.0% |
+-----------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+----------+
At low user range 10-100, the JPM differences were within +/-1%.
So they are not that interesting.
The fserver workload uses mutex spinning extensively. With just
the mutex change in the first patch, there is no noticeable
change in performance. Rather, there is a slight drop in
performance. This mutex spinning patch more than recovers the
lost performance and show a significant increase of +30% at high
user load with the full 8 nodes. Similar improvements were also
seen in a 3.8 kernel.
The table below shows the %time spent by different kernel
functions as reported by perf when running the fserver workload
at 1500 users with all 8 nodes.
+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
| Function | % time | % time | % time |
| | w/o patch | patch 1 | patches 1&2 |
+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
| __read_lock_failed | 34.96% | 34.91% | 29.14% |
| __write_lock_failed | 10.14% | 10.68% | 7.51% |
| mutex_spin_on_owner | 3.62% | 3.42% | 2.33% |
| mspin_lock | N/A | N/A | 9.90% |
| __mutex_lock_slowpath | 1.46% | 0.81% | 0.14% |
| _raw_spin_lock | 2.25% | 2.50% | 1.10% |
+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
The fserver workload for an 8-node system is dominated by the
contention in the read/write lock. Mutex contention also plays a
role. With the first patch only, mutex contention is down (as
shown by the __mutex_lock_slowpath figure) which help a little
bit. We saw only a few percents improvement with that.
By applying patch 2 as well, the single mutex_spin_on_owner
figure is now split out into an additional mspin_lock figure.
The time increases from 3.42% to 11.23%. It shows a great
reduction in contention among the spinners leading to a 30%
improvement. The time ratio 9.9/2.33=4.3 indicates that there
are on average 4+ spinners waiting in the spin_lock loop for
each spinner in the mutex_spin_on_owner loop. Contention in
other locking functions also go down by quite a lot.
The table below shows the performance change of both patches 1 &
2 over patch 1 alone in other AIM7 workloads (at 8 nodes,
hyperthreading off).
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| Workload | mean % change | mean % change | mean % change |
| | 10-100 users | 200-1000 users | 1100-2000 users |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| alltests | 0.0% | -0.8% | +0.6% |
| five_sec | -0.3% | +0.8% | +0.8% |
| high_systime | +0.4% | +2.4% | +2.1% |
| new_fserver | +0.1% | +14.1% | +34.2% |
| shared | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.4% |
| short | -1.7% | -9.8% | -8.3% |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
The short workload is the only one that shows a decline in
performance probably due to the spinner locking and queuing
overhead.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Chandramouleeswaran Aswin <aswin@hp.com>
Cc: Norton Scott J <scott.norton@hp.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Clark Williams <williams@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1366226594-5506-4-git-send-email-Waiman.Long@hp.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This allows us to move duplicated code in <asm/atomic.h>
(atomic_inc_not_zero() for now) to <linux/atomic.h>
Signed-off-by: Arun Sharma <asharma@fb.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The non-debug variant of mutex_destroy is a no-op, currently
implemented as a macro which does nothing. This approach fails
to check the type of the parameter, so an error would only show
when debugging gets enabled. Using an inline function instead,
offers type checking for earlier bug catching.
Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110716174200.41002352@endymion.delvare
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
In order to convert i_mmap_lock to a mutex we need a mutex equivalent to
spin_lock_nest_lock(), thus provide the mutex_lock_nest_lock() annotation.
As with spin_lock_nest_lock(), mutex_lock_nest_lock() allows annotation of
the locking pattern where an outer lock serializes the acquisition order
of nested locks. That is, if every time you lock multiple locks A, say A1
and A2 you first acquire N, the order of acquiring A1 and A2 is
irrelevant.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since we now have p->on_cpu unconditionally available, use it to
re-implement mutex_spin_on_owner.
Requested-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Frank Rowand <frank.rowand@am.sony.com>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20110405152728.826338173@chello.nl
The spinning mutex implementation uses cpu_relax() in busy loops as a
compiler barrier. Depending on the architecture, cpu_relax() may do more
than needed in this specific mutex spin loops. On System z we also give
up the time slice of the virtual cpu in cpu_relax(), which prevents
effective spinning on the mutex.
This patch replaces cpu_relax() in the spinning mutex code with
arch_mutex_cpu_relax(), which can be defined by each architecture that
selects HAVE_ARCH_MUTEX_CPU_RELAX. The default is still cpu_relax(), so
this patch should not affect other architectures than System z for now.
Signed-off-by: Gerald Schaefer <gerald.schaefer@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
LKML-Reference: <1290437256.7455.4.camel@thinkpad>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Fix kernel-doc notation in linux/mutex.h and kernel/mutex.c,
then add these 2 files to the kernel-locking docbook as the
Mutex API reference chapter.
Add one API function to mutex-design.txt and correct a typo in
that file.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
LKML-Reference: <20100902154816.6cc2f9ad.randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
include/linux/mutex.h:136: warning: 'mutex_lock' declared inline after being called
include/linux/mutex.h:136: warning: previous declaration of 'mutex_lock' was here
uninline it.
[ Impact: clean up and uninline, address compiler warning ]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
LKML-Reference: <200904292318.n3TNIsi6028340@imap1.linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Much like the atomic_dec_and_lock() function in which we take an hold a
spin_lock if we drop the atomic to 0 this function takes and holds the
mutex if we dec the atomic to 0.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Orig-LKML-Reference: <20090323172417.410913479@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Change mutex contention behaviour such that it will sometimes busy wait on
acquisition - moving its behaviour closer to that of spinlocks.
This concept got ported to mainline from the -rt tree, where it was originally
implemented for rtmutexes by Steven Rostedt, based on work by Gregory Haskins.
Testing with Ingo's test-mutex application (http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/1/8/50)
gave a 345% boost for VFS scalability on my testbox:
# ./test-mutex-shm V 16 10 | grep "^avg ops"
avg ops/sec: 296604
# ./test-mutex-shm V 16 10 | grep "^avg ops"
avg ops/sec: 85870
The key criteria for the busy wait is that the lock owner has to be running on
a (different) cpu. The idea is that as long as the owner is running, there is a
fair chance it'll release the lock soon, and thus we'll be better off spinning
instead of blocking/scheduling.
Since regular mutexes (as opposed to rtmutexes) do not atomically track the
owner, we add the owner in a non-atomic fashion and deal with the races in
the slowpath.
Furthermore, to ease the testing of the performance impact of this new code,
there is means to disable this behaviour runtime (without having to reboot
the system), when scheduler debugging is enabled (CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG=y),
by issuing the following command:
# echo NO_OWNER_SPIN > /debug/sched_features
This command re-enables spinning again (this is also the default):
# echo OWNER_SPIN > /debug/sched_features
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: improve documentation
It's nice to say that mutex_trylock follows the spin_trylock convention.
It's a lot nicer if the comment also says which that is... make it so.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Similar to mutex_lock_interruptible, it can be interrupted by a fatal
signal only.
Signed-off-by: Liam R. Howlett <howlett@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fancy mutex_lock fastpath has too many indirections to track the caller
hence all contentions are perceived to come from mutex_lock().
Avoid this by explicitly not using the fastpath code (it was disabled already
anyway).
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
It's not sane to use mutex_lock_interruptible() and to then ignore the result.
Ditto down_interruptible(), but I'm lazy.
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix a number of kernel-doc entries for header files in include/linux by
making sure they begin with the appropriate '/**' notation and use @var
notation.
Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
md_open takes ->reconfig_mutex which causes lockdep to complain. This
(normally) doesn't have deadlock potential as the possible conflict is with a
reconfig_mutex in a different device.
I say "normally" because if a loop were created in the array->member hierarchy
a deadlock could happen. However that causes bigger problems than a deadlock
and should be fixed independently.
So we flag the lock in md_open as a nested lock. This requires defining
mutex_lock_interruptible_nested.
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Name some of the remaning 'old_style_spin_init' locks
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Use the lock validator framework to prove mutex locking correctness.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Generic lock debugging:
- generalized lock debugging framework. For example, a bug in one lock
subsystem turns off debugging in all lock subsystems.
- got rid of the caller address passing (__IP__/__IP_DECL__/etc.) from
the mutex/rtmutex debugging code: it caused way too much prototype
hackery, and lockdep will give the same information anyway.
- ability to do silent tests
- check lock freeing in vfree too.
- more finegrained debugging options, to allow distributions to
turn off more expensive debugging features.
There's no separate 'held mutexes' list anymore - but there's a 'held locks'
stack within lockdep, which unifies deadlock detection across all lock
classes. (this is independent of the lockdep validation stuff - lockdep first
checks whether we are holding a lock already)
Here are the current debugging options:
CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES=y
CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC=y
which do:
config DEBUG_MUTEXES
bool "Mutex debugging, basic checks"
config DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC
bool "Detect incorrect freeing of live mutexes"
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Let's switch mutex_debug_check_no_locks_freed() to take (addr, len) as
arguments instead, since all its callers were just calculating the 'to'
address for themselves anyway... (and sometimes doing so badly).
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
mutex implementation, core files: just the basic subsystem, no users of it.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Waiman Long