Currently the source's export is mounted and unmounted on every
inter-server copy operation. This patch is an enhancement to delay
the unmount of the source export for a certain period of time to
eliminate the mount and unmount overhead on subsequent copy operations.
After a copy operation completes, a work entry is added to the
delayed unmount list with an expiration time. This list is serviced
by the laundromat thread to unmount the export of the expired entries.
Each time the export is being used again, its expiration time is
extended and the entry is re-inserted to the tail of the list.
The unmount task and the mount operation of the copy request are
synced to make sure the export is not unmounted while it's being
used.
Signed-off-by: Dai Ngo <dai.ngo@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
mountd can now monitor clients appearing and disappearing in
/proc/fs/nfsd/clients, and will log these events, in liu of the logging
of mount/unmount events for NFSv3.
Currently it cannot distinguish between unconfirmed clients (which might
be transient and totally uninteresting) and confirmed clients.
So add a "status: " line which reports either "confirmed" or
"unconfirmed", and use fsnotify to report that the info file
has been modified.
This requires a bit of infrastructure to keep the dentry for the "info"
file. There is no need to take a counted reference as the dentry must
remain around until the client is removed.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
In order to ensure that knfsd threads don't linger once the nfsd
pseudofs is unmounted (e.g. when the container is killed) we let
nfsd_umount() shut down those threads and wait for them to exit.
This also should ensure that we don't need to do a kernel mount of
the pseudofs, since the thread lifetime is now limited by the
lifetime of the filesystem.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Collect some nfsd stats per export in addition to the global stats.
A new nfsdfs export_stats file is created. It uses the same ops as the
exports file to iterate the export entries and we use the file's name to
determine the reported info per export. For example:
$ cat /proc/fs/nfsd/export_stats
# Version 1.1
# Path Client Start-time
# Stats
/test localhost 92
fh_stale: 0
io_read: 9
io_write: 1
Every export entry reports the start time when stats collection
started, so stats collecting scripts can know if stats where reset
between samples.
Signed-off-by: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
This reverts commit a85857633b.
We're still factoring ctime into our change attribute even in the
IS_I_VERSION case. If someone sets the system time backwards, a client
could see the change attribute go backwards. Maybe we can just say
"well, don't do that", but there's some question whether that's good
enough, or whether we need a better guarantee.
Also, the client still isn't actually using the attribute.
While we're still figuring this out, let's just stop returning this
attribute.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Start off the conversion to xdr_stream by de-duplicating the functions
that decode void arguments and encode void results.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Add defines for server-side extended attribute support. Most have
already been added as part of client support, but these are
the network order error codes for the noxattr and xattr2big errors,
and the addition of the xattr support to the supported file
attributes (if configured).
Signed-off-by: Frank van der Linden <fllinden@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
We don't drop the reference on the nfsdfs filesystem with
mntput(nn->nfsd_mnt) until nfsd_exit_net(), but that won't be called
until the nfsd module's unloaded, and we can't unload the module as long
as there's a reference on nfsdfs. So this prevents module unloading.
Fixes: 2c830dd720 ("nfsd: persist nfsd filesystem across mounts")
Reported-and-Tested-by: Luo Xiaogang <lxgrxd@163.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
We currently revoke read delegations on any write open or any operation
that modifies file data or metadata (including rename, link, and
unlink). But if the delegation in question is the only read delegation
and is held by the client performing the operation, that's not really
necessary.
It's not always possible to prevent this in the NFSv4.0 case, because
there's not always a way to determine which client an NFSv4.0 delegation
came from. (In theory we could try to guess this from the transport
layer, e.g., by assuming all traffic on a given TCP connection comes
from the same client. But that's not really correct.)
In the NFSv4.1 case the session layer always tells us the client.
This patch should remove such self-conflicts in all cases where we can
reliably determine the client from the compound.
To do that we need to track "who" is performing a given (possibly
lease-breaking) file operation. We're doing that by storing the
information in the svc_rqst and using kthread_data() to map the current
task back to a svc_rqst.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
The function was removed a long time ago, but the declaration
and a dummy implementation are still there, referencing the
deprecated time_t type.
Remove both.
Fixes: f958a1320f ("nfsd4: remove unnecessary lease-setting function")
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Fix __be32 and u32 mismatch in return and assignment.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Fixes: dbd4c2dd8f13 ("NFSD add COPY_NOTIFY operation")
Signed-off-by: Olga Kornievskaia <kolga@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
nfs.4 defines nfs42_netaddr structure that represents netloc4.
Populate needed fields from the sockaddr structure.
This will be used by flexfiles and 4.2 inter copy
Signed-off-by: Olga Kornievskaia <kolga@netapp.com>
vfs_rmdir and vfs_unlink can return -EBUSY if the
target is a mountpoint. This currently gets passed to
nfserrno() by nfsd_unlink(), and that results in a WARNing,
which is not user-friendly.
Possibly the best NFSv4 error is NFS4ERR_FILE_OPEN, because
there is a sense in which the object is currently in use
by some other task. The Linux NFSv4 client will map this
back to EBUSY, which is an added benefit.
For NFSv3, the best we can do is probably NFS3ERR_ACCES, which isn't
true, but is not less true than the other options.
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Convert knfsd to use the user namespace of the container that started
the server processes.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
In order to be able to interpret uids and gids correctly in knfsd, we
should cache the user namespace of the process that created the RPC
server's listener. To do so, we refcount the credential of that process.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Support use of the --nfs-version/--no-nfs-version arguments to rpc.nfsd
in containers.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
The change attribute is what is used by clients to revalidate their
caches. Our server may use i_version or ctime for that purpose. Those
choices behave slightly differently, and it may be useful to the client
to know which we're using. This attribute tells the client that. The
Linux client doesn't yet use this attribute yet, though.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Clients can set the umask attribute when creating files to cause the
server to apply it always except when inheriting permissions from the
parent directory. That way, the new files will end up with the same
permissions as files created locally.
See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-nfsv4-umask-02 for more
details.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
3c8e03166a "NFSv4: do exact check about attribute specified" fixed
some handling of unsupported-attribute errors, but it also delayed
checking for unwriteable attributes till after we decode them. This
could lead to odd behavior in the case a client attemps to set an
attribute we don't know about followed by one we try to parse. In that
case the parser for the known attribute will attempt to parse the
unknown attribute. It should fail in some safe way, but the error might
at least be incorrect (probably bad_xdr instead of inval). So, it's
better to do that check at the start.
As far as I know this doesn't cause any problems with current clients
but it might be a minor issue e.g. if we encounter a future client that
supports a new attribute that we currently don't.
Cc: Yu Zhiguo <yuzg@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Minor cleanup, no change in behavior.
Provide helpers for some common attribute bitmap operations. Drop some
comments that just echo the code.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
This addresses the conundrum referenced in RFC5661 18.35.3,
and will allow clients to return state to the server using the
machine credentials.
The biggest part of the problem is that we need to allow the client
to send a compound op with integrity/privacy on mounts that don't
have it enabled.
Add server support for properly decoding and using spo_must_enforce
and spo_must_allow bits. Add support for machine credentials to be
used for CLOSE, OPEN_DOWNGRADE, LOCKU, DELEGRETURN,
and TEST/FREE STATEID.
Implement a check so as to not throw WRONGSEC errors when these
operations are used if integrity/privacy isn't turned on.
Without this, Linux clients with credentials that expired while holding
delegations were getting stuck in an endless loop.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Elble <aweits@rit.edu>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Commit f895b252d4 ("sunrpc: eliminate RPC_DEBUG") introduced
use of IS_ENABLED() in a uapi header which leads to a build
failure for userspace apps trying to use <linux/nfsd/debug.h>:
linux/nfsd/debug.h:18:15: error: missing binary operator before token "("
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SUNRPC_DEBUG)
^
Since this was only used to define NFSD_DEBUG if CONFIG_SUNRPC_DEBUG
is enabled, replace instances of NFSD_DEBUG with CONFIG_SUNRPC_DEBUG.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: f895b252d4 "sunrpc: eliminate RPC_DEBUG"
Signed-off-by: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@primarydata.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Add support for the GETDEVICEINFO, LAYOUTGET, LAYOUTCOMMIT and
LAYOUTRETURN NFSv4.1 operations, as well as backing code to manage
outstanding layouts and devices.
Layout management is very straight forward, with a nfs4_layout_stateid
structure that extends nfs4_stid to manage layout stateids as the
top-level structure. It is linked into the nfs4_file and nfs4_client
structures like the other stateids, and contains a linked list of
layouts that hang of the stateid. The actual layout operations are
implemented in layout drivers that are not part of this commit, but
will be added later.
The worst part of this commit is the management of the pNFS device IDs,
which suffers from a specification that is not sanely implementable due
to the fact that the device-IDs are global and not bound to an export,
and have a small enough size so that we can't store the fsid portion of
a file handle, and must never be reused. As we still do need perform all
export authentication and validation checks on a device ID passed to
GETDEVICEINFO we are caught between a rock and a hard place. To work
around this issue we add a new hash that maps from a 64-bit integer to a
fsid so that we can look up the export to authenticate against it,
a 32-bit integer as a generation that we can bump when changing the device,
and a currently unused 32-bit integer that could be used in the future
to handle more than a single device per export. Entries in this hash
table are never deleted as we can't reuse the ids anyway, and would have
a severe lifetime problem anyway as Linux export structures are temporary
structures that can go away under load.
Parts of the XDR data, structures and marshaling/unmarshaling code, as
well as many concepts are derived from the old pNFS server implementation
from Andy Adamson, Benny Halevy, Dean Hildebrand, Marc Eshel, Fred Isaman,
Mike Sager, Ricardo Labiaga and many others.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Even when security labels are disabled we support at least the same
attributes as v4.1.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Recent NFS v4.2 drafts have removed NFS4ERR_METADATA_NOTSUPP and
reassigned the error code to NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP.
I also add in the NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS error code.
We're not using any of these yet, so there's no harm done.
Signed-off-by: Anna Schumaker <Anna.Schumaker@Netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
There is almost nothing left it in, just merge it into the only file
that includes it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
There are no legitimate users outside of fs/nfsd, so move it there.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
There are no legitimate users outside of fs/nfsd, so move it there.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
The only real user of this header is fs/nfsd/nfsfh.h, so merge the
two. Various lockѕ source files used it to indirectly get other
sunrpc or nfs headers, so fix those up.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
This fixes an ommission from 18032ca062
"NFSD: Server implementation of MAC Labeling", which increased the size
of the setattr error reply without increasing COMPOUND_ERR_SLACK_SPACE.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
You can turn on or off support for minorversions using e.g.
echo "-4.2" >/proc/fs/nfsd/versions
However, the current implementation is a little wonky. For example, the
above will turn off 4.2 support, but it will also turn *on* 4.1 support.
This didn't matter as long as we only had 2 minorversions, which was
true till very recently.
And do a little cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Implement labeled NFS on the server: encoding and decoding, and writing
and reading, of file labels.
Enabled with CONFIG_NFSD_V4_SECURITY_LABEL.
Signed-off-by: Matthew N. Dodd <Matthew.Dodd@sparta.com>
Signed-off-by: Miguel Rodel Felipe <Rodel_FM@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: Phua Eu Gene <PHUA_Eu_Gene@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: Khin Mi Mi Aung <Mi_Mi_AUNG@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
This enables NFSv4.2 support for the server. To enable this
code do the following:
echo "+4.2" >/proc/fs/nfsd/versions
after the nfsd kernel module is loaded.
On its own this does nothing except allow the server to respond to
compounds with minorversion set to 2. All the new NFSv4.2 features are
optional, so this is perfectly legal.
Signed-off-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew N. Dodd <Matthew.Dodd@sparta.com>
Signed-off-by: Miguel Rodel Felipe <Rodel_FM@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: Phua Eu Gene <PHUA_Eu_Gene@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: Khin Mi Mi Aung <Mi_Mi_AUNG@dsi.a-star.edu.sg>
Signed-off-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
The three variables are calculated from nr_free_buffer_pages so change
their types to unsigned long in case of overflow.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch makes main step in NFSd containerisation.
There could be different approaches to how to make NFSd able to handle
incoming RPC request from different network namespaces. The two main
options are:
1) Share NFSd kthreads betwween all network namespaces.
2) Create separated pool of threads for each namespace.
While first approach looks more flexible, second one is simpler and
non-racy. This patch implements the second option.
To make it possible to allocate separate pools of threads, we have to
make it possible to allocate separate NFSd service structures per net.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
This is simple: an NFSd service can be started at different times in
different network environments. So, its "boot time" has to be assigned
per net.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Precursor patch. Hard-coded "init_net" will be replaced by proper one in
future.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Precursor patch. Hard-coded "init_net" will be replaced by proper one in
future.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Precursor patch. Hard-coded "init_net" will be replaced by proper one in
future.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Grace time is a part of NFSv4 state engine, which is constructed per network
namespace.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Lease time is a part of NFSv4 state engine, which is constructed per network
namespace.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Split NFSv4 state init and shutdown into two different calls: per-net one and
generic one.
Per-net cwinit/shutdown pair have to be called for any namespace, generic pair
- only once on NSFd kthreads start and shutdown respectively.
Refresh of diff-nfsd-call-state-init-twice
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
"port" in all these functions is always NFS_PORT.
nfsd can already be run on a nonstandard port using the "nfsd/portlist"
interface.
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Dai Ngo