Includes moving to common code (from cifs and ksmbd protocol related
headers)
- query and query directory info levels and structs
- set info structs
- SMB2 lock struct and flags
- SMB2 echo req
Also shorten a few flag names (e.g. SMB2_LOCKFLAG_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
to SMB2_LOCKFLAG_EXCLUSIVE)
Reviewed-by: Namjae Jeon <linkinjeon@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
The definitions for the ioctl SMB3 request and response as well
as length of various fields defined in the protocol documentation
were duplicated in fs/ksmbd and fs/cifs. Move these to the common
code in fs/smbfs_common/smb2pdu.h
Reviewed-by: Namjae Jeon <linkinjeon@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
The size of FILE_BOTH_DIRECTORY_INFO.ShortName must be 24 bytes, not 12
(see MS-FSCC documentation).
Signed-off-by: Eugene Korenevsky <ekorenevsky@astralinux.ru>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
checkpatch complains about source files with filenames (e.g. in
these cases just below the SPDX header in comments at the top of
various files in fs/cifs). It also is helpful to change this now
so will be less confusing when the parent directory is renamed
e.g. from fs/cifs to fs/smb_client (or fs/smbfs)
Reviewed-by: Ronnie Sahlberg <lsahlber@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
The FSCTL definitions are in smbfsctl.h which should be
shared by client and server. Move the updated version of
smbfsctl.h into smbfs_common and have the client code use
it (subsequent patch will change the server to use this
common version of the header).
Reviewed-by: Ronnie Sahlberg <lsahlber@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
for SMB1.
This removes the dependency to DES.
Signed-off-by: Ronnie Sahlberg <lsahlber@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
Coverity complains about the way we calculate the offset
(starting from the address of a 4 byte array within the
header structure rather than from the beginning of the struct
plus 4 bytes). This doesn't change the address but
makes it slightly clearer.
Addresses-Coverity: 711529 ("Out of bounds read")
Reviewed-by: Ronnie Sahlberg <lsahlber@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
Add SPDX license identifier and replace license boilerplate.
Corrects various checkpatch errors with the older format for
noting the LGPL license.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare having
a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure. Kernel code
should always use “flexible array members”[1] for these cases. The older
style of one-element or zero-length arrays should no longer be used[2].
Also, this helps with the ongoing efforts to enable -Warray-bounds by
fixing the following warning:
CC [M] fs/cifs/cifssmb.o
fs/cifs/cifssmb.c: In function ‘CIFSFindNext’:
fs/cifs/cifssmb.c:4636:23: warning: array subscript 1 is above array bounds of ‘char[1]’ [-Warray-bounds]
4636 | pSMB->ResumeFileName[name_len+1] = 0;
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member
[2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.10/process/deprecated.html#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays
Link: https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/79
Link: https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/109
Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Aurelien Aptel <aaptel@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
For AES256 encryption (GCM and CCM), we need to adjust the size of a few
fields to 32 bytes instead of 16 to accommodate the larger keys.
Also, the L value supplied to the key generator needs to be changed from
to 256 when these algorithms are used.
Keeping the ioctl struct for dumping keys of the same size for now.
Will send out a different patch for that one.
Signed-off-by: Shyam Prasad N <sprasad@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Ronnie Sahlberg <lsahlber@redhat.com>
CC: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v5.10+
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
Add SYSTEM_SECURITY access flag and use with smb2 when opening
files for getting/setting SACLs. Add "system.cifs_ntsd_full"
extended attribute to allow user-space access to the functionality.
Avoid multiple server calls when setting owner, DACL, and SACL.
Signed-off-by: Boris Protopopov <pboris@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
For the cifsacl mount option, we did not support sticky bits.
With this patch, we do support it, by setting the DELETE_CHILD perm
on the directory only for the owner user. When sticky bit is not
enabled, allow DELETE_CHILD perm for everyone.
Signed-off-by: Shyam Prasad N <sprasad@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
The current codebase makes use of the zero-length array language
extension to the C90 standard, but the preferred mechanism to declare
variable-length types such as these ones is a flexible array member[1][2],
introduced in C99:
struct foo {
int stuff;
struct boo array[];
};
By making use of the mechanism above, we will get a compiler warning
in case the flexible array does not occur last in the structure, which
will help us prevent some kind of undefined behavior bugs from being
inadvertently introduced[3] to the codebase from now on.
Also, notice that, dynamic memory allocations won't be affected by
this change:
"Flexible array members have incomplete type, and so the sizeof operator
may not be applied. As a quirk of the original implementation of
zero-length arrays, sizeof evaluates to zero."[1]
This issue was found with the help of Coccinelle.
[1] https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Zero-Length.html
[2] https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/21
[3] commit 7649773293 ("cxgb3/l2t: Fix undefined behaviour")
Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavo@embeddedor.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
* add new info level and structs for SMB2 posix extension
* add functions to parse and validate it
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Aptel <aaptel@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
We were missing some structs from MS-FSCC relating to
reparse point handling. Add them to protocol defines
in smb2pdu.h
Signed-off-by: Steve French <stfrench@microsoft.com>
Reviewed-by: Aurelien Aptel <aaptel@suse.com>
since the DFS payload is not tied to the SMB version we can:
* isolate the DFS payload in its own struct, and include that struct in
packet structs
* move the function that parses the response to misc.c and make it work
on the new DFS payload struct (add payload size and utf16 flag as a
result).
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Aptel <aaptel@suse.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Shilovsky <pshilov@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
The server exports information about the share and underlying
device under an SMB3 export, including its attributes and
capabilities, which is stored by cifs.ko when first connecting
to the share.
Add ioctl to cifs.ko to allow user space smb3 helper utilities
(in cifs-utils) to display this (e.g. via smb3util).
This information is also useful for debugging and for
resolving configuration errors.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <steve.french@primarydata.com>
Getting fantastic copy performance with cp --reflink over SMB3.11
using the new FSCTL_DUPLICATE_EXTENTS.
This FSCTL was added in the SMB3.11 dialect (testing was
against REFS file system) so have put it as a 3.11 protocol
specific operation ("vers=3.1.1" on the mount). Tested at
the SMB3 plugfest in Redmond.
It depends on the new FS Attribute (BLOCK_REFCOUNTING) which
is used to advertise support for the ability to do this ioctl
(if you can support multiple files pointing to the same block
than this refcounting ability or equivalent is needed to
support the new reflink-like duplicate extent SMB3 ioctl.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <steve.french@primarydata.com>
A bit of cleanup plus some gratuitous variable renaming. I think using
structures instead of numeric offsets makes this code much more
understandable.
Also added a comment about current time range expected by
the server.
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <spargaonkar@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Gardner <tim.gardner@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
An earlier patch allowed setting the per-file compression flag
"chattr +c filename"
on an smb2 or smb3 mount, and also allowed lsattr to return
whether a file on a cifs, or smb2/smb3 mount was compressed.
This patch extends the ability to set the per-file
compression flag to the cifs protocol, which uses a somewhat
different IOCTL mechanism than SMB2, although the payload
(the flags stored in the compression_state) are the same.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
The multiplex identifier (MID) in the SMB header is only
ever used by the client, in conjunction with PID, to match responses
from the server. As such, the endianess of the MID is not important.
However, When tracing packet sequences on the wire, protocol analyzers
such as wireshark display MID as little endian. It is much more informative
for the on-the-wire MID sequences to match debug information emitted by the
CIFS driver. Therefore, one should write and read MID in the SMB header
assuming it is always little endian.
Observed from wireshark during the protocol negotiation
and session setup:
Multiplex ID: 256
Multiplex ID: 256
Multiplex ID: 512
Multiplex ID: 512
Multiplex ID: 768
Multiplex ID: 768
After this patch on-the-wire MID values begin at 1 and increase monotonically.
Introduce get_next_mid64() for the internal consumers that use the full 64 bit
multiplex identifier.
Introduce the helpers get_mid() and compare_mid() to make the endian
translation clear.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Gardner <timg@tpi.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
Currently SMB2 and SMB3 mounts do not query the file system attributes
from the server at mount time as is done for cifs. These can be useful for debugging.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
Windows 8 and later can create NFS symlinks (within reparse points)
which we were assuming were normal NTFS symlinks and thus reporting
corrupt paths for. Add check for reparse points to make sure that
they really are normal symlinks before we try to parse the pathname.
We also should not be parsing other types of reparse points (DFS
junctions etc) as if they were a symlink so return EOPNOTSUPP
on those. Also fix endian errors (we were not parsing symlink
lengths as little endian).
This fixes commit d244bf2dfb
which implemented follow link for non-Unix CIFS mounts
CC: Stable <stable@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
These flags were unused by cifs and since the EXT flags have
been moved to common code in uapi/linux/fs.h we won't need
to have a cifs specific copy.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
by using a query reparse ioctl request.
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Pavel Shilovsky <pshilovsky@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
SMB3 uses a much faster method of signing (which is also better in other ways),
AES-CMAC. With the kernel now supporting AES-CMAC since last release, we
are overdue to allow SMB3 signing (today only CIFS and SMB2 and SMB2.1,
but not SMB3 and SMB3.1 can sign) - and we need this also for checking
secure negotation and also per-share encryption (two other new SMB3 features
which we need to implement).
This patch needs some work in a few areas - for example we need to
move signing for SMB2/SMB3 from per-socket to per-user (we may be able to
use the "nosharesock" mount option in the interim for the multiuser case),
and Shirish found a bug in the earlier authentication overhaul
(setting signing flags properly) - but those can be done in followon
patches.
Signed-off-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishpargaonkar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
MS-SMB2 Section 2.2.31 lists fsctls. Update our list of valid
cifs/smb2/smb3 fsctls and some related structs
based on more recent version of docs. Additional detail on
less common ones can be found in MS-FSCC section 2.3.
CopyChunk (server side copy, ie refcopy) will depend on a few
of these
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
...cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Update id_mode_to_cifs_acl to take a kuid_t and a kgid_t.
Replace NO_CHANGE_32 with INVALID_UID and INVALID_GID, and tests for
NO_CHANGE_32 with uid_valid and gid_valid.
Carefully unpack the value returned from request_key. memcpy the
value into the expected type. The convert the uid/gid into a
kuid/kgid. And then only if the result is a valid kuid or kgid update
fuid/fgid.
Cc: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
by making it __le64 rather than __u64 in FILE_AL_INFO structure.
Signed-off-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
Samba supports a setfs info level to negotiate encrypted
shares. This patch adds the defines so we recognize
this info level. Later patches will add the enablement
for it.
Acked-by: Jeremy Allison <jra@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <smfrench@gmail.com>
There is no pad, and it simplifies the code to remove the "Data" field.
None of the existing code relies on these fields, or on the READ_RSP
being a particular length.
Reviewed-and-Tested-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
It's a bad idea to have macro functions that reference variables more
than once, as the arguments could have side effects. Turn BCC() into
a static inlined function instead.
While we're at it, make it return a void * to discourage anyone from
dereferencing it as-is.
Reported-and-acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
This is the same patch as originally posted, just with some merge
conflicts fixed up...
Currently, the ByteCount is usually converted to host-endian on receive.
This is confusing however, as we need to keep two sets of routines for
accessing it, and keep track of when to use each routine. Munging
received packets like this also limits when the signature can be
calulated.
Simplify the code by keeping the received ByteCount in little-endian
format. This allows us to eliminate a set of routines for accessing it
and we can now drop the *_le suffixes from the accessor functions since
that's now implied.
While we're at it, switch all of the places that read the ByteCount
directly to use the get_bcc inline which should also clean up some
unaligned accesses.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
There is one big endian field in the cifs protocol, the RFC1001
length, which cifs code (unlike in the smb2 code) had been handling as
u32 until the last possible moment, when it was converted to be32 (its
native form) before sending on the wire. To remove the last sparse
endian warning, and to make this consistent with the smb2
implementation (which always treats the fields in their
native size and endianness), convert all uses of smb_buf_length to
be32.
This version incorporates Christoph's comment about
using be32_add_cpu, and fixes a typo in the second
version of the patch.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastry@etersoft.ru>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
It's possible that when we access the ByteCount that the alignment
will be off. Most CPUs deal with that transparently, but there's
usually some performance impact. Some CPUs raise an exception on
unaligned accesses.
Fix this by accessing the byte count using the get_unaligned and
put_unaligned inlined functions. While we're at it, fix the types
of some of the variables that end up getting returns from these
functions.
Acked-by: Pavel Shilovsky <piastryyy@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Mark dependency on crypto modules in Kconfig.
Defining per structures sdesc and cifs_secmech which are used to store
crypto hash functions and contexts. They are stored per smb connection
and used for all auth mechs to genereate hash values and signatures.
Allocate crypto hashing functions, security descriptiors, and respective
contexts when a smb/tcp connection is established.
Release them when a tcp/smb connection is taken down.
md5 and hmac-md5 are two crypto hashing functions that are used
throught the life of an smb/tcp connection by various functions that
calcualte signagure and ntlmv2 hash, HMAC etc.
structure ntlmssp_auth is defined as per smb connection.
ntlmssp_auth holds ciphertext which is genereated by rc4/arc4 encryption of
secondary key, a nonce using ntlmv2 session key and sent in the session key
field of the type 3 message sent by the client during ntlmssp
negotiation/exchange
A key is exchanged with the server if client indicates so in flags in
type 1 messsage and server agrees in flag in type 2 message of ntlmssp
negotiation. If both client and agree, a key sent by client in
type 3 message of ntlmssp negotiation in the session key field.
The key is a ciphertext generated off of secondary key, a nonce, using
ntlmv2 hash via rc4/arc4.
Signing works for ntlmssp in this patch. The sequence number within
the server structure needs to be zero until session is established
i.e. till type 3 packet of ntlmssp exchange of a to be very first
smb session on that smb connection is sent.
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishpargaonkar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Start calculating auth response within a session. Move/Add pertinet
data structures like session key, server challenge and ntlmv2_hash in
a session structure. We should do the calculations within a session
before copying session key and response over to server data
structures because a session setup can fail.
Only after a very first smb session succeeds, it copy/make its
session key, session key of smb connection. This key stays with
the smb connection throughout its life.
sequence_number within server is set to 0x2.
The authentication Message Authentication Key (mak) which consists
of session key followed by client response within structure session_key
is now dynamic. Every authentication type allocates the key + response
sized memory within its session structure and later either assigns or
frees it once the client response is sent and if session's session key
becomes connetion's session key.
ntlm/ntlmi authentication functions are rearranged. A function
named setup_ntlm_resp(), similar to setup_ntlmv2_resp(), replaces
function cifs_calculate_session_key().
size of CIFS_SESS_KEY_SIZE is changed to 16, to reflect the byte size
of the key it holds.
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishpargaonkar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Attribue Value (AV) pairs or Target Info (TI) pairs are part of
ntlmv2 authentication.
Structure ntlmv2_resp had only definition for two av pairs.
So removed it, and now allocation of av pairs is dynamic.
For servers like Windows 7/2008, av pairs sent by server in
challege packet (type 2 in the ntlmssp exchange/negotiation) can
vary.
Server sends them during ntlmssp negotiation. So when ntlmssp is used
as an authentication mechanism, type 2 challenge packet from server
has this information. Pluck it and use the entire blob for
authenticaiton purpose. If user has not specified, extract
(netbios) domain name from the av pairs which is used to calculate
ntlmv2 hash. Servers like Windows 7 are particular about the AV pair
blob.
Servers like Windows 2003, are not very strict about the contents
of av pair blob used during ntlmv2 authentication.
So when security mechanism such as ntlmv2 is used (not ntlmv2 in ntlmssp),
there is no negotiation and so genereate a minimal blob that gets
used in ntlmv2 authentication as well as gets sent.
Fields tilen and tilbob are session specific. AV pair values are defined.
To calculate ntlmv2 response we need ti/av pair blob.
For sec mech like ntlmssp, the blob is plucked from type 2 response from
the server. From this blob, netbios name of the domain is retrieved,
if user has not already provided, to be included in the Target String
as part of ntlmv2 hash calculations.
For sec mech like ntlmv2, create a minimal, two av pair blob.
The allocated blob is freed in case of error. In case there is no error,
this blob is used in calculating ntlmv2 response (in CalcNTLMv2_response)
and is also copied on the response to the server, and then freed.
The type 3 ntlmssp response is prepared on a buffer,
5 * sizeof of struct _AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE, an empirical value large
enough to hold _AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE plus a blob with max possible
10 values as part of ntlmv2 response and lmv2 keys and domain, user,
workstation names etc.
Also, kerberos gets selected as a default mechanism if server supports it,
over the other security mechanisms.
Signed-off-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishpargaonkar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
This reverts commit 9fbc590860.
The change to kernel crypto and fixes to ntlvm2 and ntlmssp
series, introduced a regression. Deferring this patch series
to 2.6.37 after Shirish fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
CC: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishp@us.ibm.com>
Make ntlmv2 as an authentication mechanism within ntlmssp
instead of ntlmv1.
Parse type 2 response in ntlmssp negotiation to pluck
AV pairs and use them to calculate ntlmv2 response token.
Also, assign domain name from the sever response in type 2
packet of ntlmssp and use that (netbios) domain name in
calculation of response.
Enable cifs/smb signing using rc4 and md5.
Changed name of the structure mac_key to session_key to reflect
the type of key it holds.
Use kernel crypto_shash_* APIs instead of the equivalent cifs functions.
Signed-off-by: Shirish Pargaonkar <shirishpargaonkar@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
...to remove ambiguity about how these values are interpreted when
passing in more complex values as arguments.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
"Definition" is misspelled "defintion" in several comments; this
patch fixes them. No code changes.
Signed-off-by: Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
cifs: add new cifs_iget function and convert unix codepath to use it
In order to unify some codepaths, introduce a common cifs_fattr struct
for storing inode attributes. The different codepaths (unix, legacy,
normal, etc...) can fill out this struct with inode info. It can then be
passed as an arg to a common set of routines to get and update inodes.
Add a new cifs_iget function that uses iget5_locked to identify inodes.
This will compare inodes based on the uniqueid value in a cifs_fattr
struct.
Rather than filling out an already-created inode, have
cifs_get_inode_info_unix instead fill out cifs_fattr and hand that off
to cifs_iget. cifs_iget can then properly look for hardlinked inodes.
On the readdir side, add a new cifs_readdir_lookup function that spawns
populated dentries. Redefine FILE_UNIX_INFO so that it's basically a
FILE_UNIX_BASIC_INFO that has a few fields wrapped around it. This
allows us to more easily use the same function for filling out the fattr
as the non-readdir codepath.
With this, we should then have proper hardlink detection and can
eventually get rid of some nasty CIFS-specific hacks for handing them.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Jeff made a good point that we should endian convert the UniqueId when we use
it to set i_ino Even though this value is opaque to the client, when comparing
the inode numbers of the same server file from two different clients (one
big endian, one little endian) or when we compare a big endian client's view
of i_ino with what the server thinks - we should get the same value
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
There are about 60 fsctl calls which Windows claims would be able
to be sent remotely and handled by the server. This adds the #defines
for them. A few of them look immediately useful, but need to also
add the structure definitions for them so they can be sent as SMBs.
Signed-off-by: Steve French <sfrench@us.ibm.com>
Steve French