diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.rst
index cb2a97e49872..176dd4606d10 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.rst
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.rst
@@ -260,9 +260,11 @@ filesystem.  The following members are defined:
 		void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
 		void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
 		int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
-		int (*freeze_super) (struct super_block *);
+		int (*freeze_super) (struct super_block *sb,
+					enum freeze_holder who);
 		int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
-		int (*thaw_super) (struct super_block *);
+		int (*thaw_super) (struct super_block *sb,
+					enum freeze_wholder who);
 		int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
 		int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
 		int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
diff --git a/block/bdev.c b/block/bdev.c
index 979e28a46b98..80ea3fa3593b 100644
--- a/block/bdev.c
+++ b/block/bdev.c
@@ -248,9 +248,9 @@ int freeze_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
 	if (!sb)
 		goto sync;
 	if (sb->s_op->freeze_super)
-		error = sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb);
+		error = sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	else
-		error = freeze_super(sb);
+		error = freeze_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	deactivate_super(sb);
 
 	if (error) {
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ int thaw_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
 		goto out;
 
 	if (sb->s_op->thaw_super)
-		error = sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb);
+		error = sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	else
-		error = thaw_super(sb);
+		error = thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	if (error)
 		bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count++;
 	else
diff --git a/fs/f2fs/gc.c b/fs/f2fs/gc.c
index 01effd3fcb6c..a1ca394bc327 100644
--- a/fs/f2fs/gc.c
+++ b/fs/f2fs/gc.c
@@ -2181,12 +2181,14 @@ out_drop_write:
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
-	err = freeze_super(sbi->sb);
+	err = freeze_super(sbi->sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
 	if (f2fs_readonly(sbi->sb)) {
-		thaw_super(sbi->sb);
+		err = thaw_super(sbi->sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
+		if (err)
+			return err;
 		return -EROFS;
 	}
 
@@ -2240,6 +2242,6 @@ recover_out:
 out_err:
 	f2fs_up_write(&sbi->cp_global_sem);
 	f2fs_up_write(&sbi->gc_lock);
-	thaw_super(sbi->sb);
+	thaw_super(sbi->sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	return err;
 }
diff --git a/fs/gfs2/super.c b/fs/gfs2/super.c
index 9f4d5d6549ee..ae7fedc6ddcd 100644
--- a/fs/gfs2/super.c
+++ b/fs/gfs2/super.c
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ static int gfs2_freeze_locally(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp)
 	struct super_block *sb = sdp->sd_vfs;
 	int error;
 
-	error = freeze_super(sb);
+	error = freeze_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	if (error)
 		return error;
 
@@ -697,7 +697,9 @@ static int gfs2_freeze_locally(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp)
 		gfs2_log_flush(sdp, NULL, GFS2_LOG_HEAD_FLUSH_FREEZE |
 			       GFS2_LFC_FREEZE_GO_SYNC);
 		if (gfs2_withdrawn(sdp)) {
-			thaw_super(sb);
+			error = thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
+			if (error)
+				return error;
 			return -EIO;
 		}
 	}
@@ -712,7 +714,7 @@ static int gfs2_do_thaw(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp)
 	error = gfs2_freeze_lock_shared(sdp);
 	if (error)
 		goto fail;
-	error = thaw_super(sb);
+	error = thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	if (!error)
 		return 0;
 
@@ -761,7 +763,7 @@ out:
  *
  */
 
-static int gfs2_freeze_super(struct super_block *sb)
+static int gfs2_freeze_super(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who)
 {
 	struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = sb->s_fs_info;
 	int error;
@@ -816,7 +818,7 @@ out:
  *
  */
 
-static int gfs2_thaw_super(struct super_block *sb)
+static int gfs2_thaw_super(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who)
 {
 	struct gfs2_sbd *sdp = sb->s_fs_info;
 	int error;
diff --git a/fs/gfs2/sys.c b/fs/gfs2/sys.c
index 2dfbe2f188dd..c60bc7f628e1 100644
--- a/fs/gfs2/sys.c
+++ b/fs/gfs2/sys.c
@@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ static ssize_t freeze_store(struct gfs2_sbd *sdp, const char *buf, size_t len)
 
 	switch (n) {
 	case 0:
-		error = thaw_super(sdp->sd_vfs);
+		error = thaw_super(sdp->sd_vfs, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 		break;
 	case 1:
-		error = freeze_super(sdp->sd_vfs);
+		error = freeze_super(sdp->sd_vfs, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 		break;
 	default:
 		return -EINVAL;
diff --git a/fs/ioctl.c b/fs/ioctl.c
index 5b2481cd4750..a56cbceedcd1 100644
--- a/fs/ioctl.c
+++ b/fs/ioctl.c
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ static int ioctl_fsfreeze(struct file *filp)
 
 	/* Freeze */
 	if (sb->s_op->freeze_super)
-		return sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb);
-	return freeze_super(sb);
+		return sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
+	return freeze_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 }
 
 static int ioctl_fsthaw(struct file *filp)
@@ -409,8 +409,8 @@ static int ioctl_fsthaw(struct file *filp)
 
 	/* Thaw */
 	if (sb->s_op->thaw_super)
-		return sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb);
-	return thaw_super(sb);
+		return sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
+	return thaw_super(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 }
 
 static int ioctl_file_dedupe_range(struct file *file,
diff --git a/fs/super.c b/fs/super.c
index e781226e2880..e6db39aadaee 100644
--- a/fs/super.c
+++ b/fs/super.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #include <uapi/linux/mount.h>
 #include "internal.h"
 
-static int thaw_super_locked(struct super_block *sb);
+static int thaw_super_locked(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who);
 
 static LIST_HEAD(super_blocks);
 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sb_lock);
@@ -1030,7 +1030,7 @@ static void do_thaw_all_callback(struct super_block *sb)
 	down_write(&sb->s_umount);
 	if (sb->s_root && sb->s_flags & SB_BORN) {
 		emergency_thaw_bdev(sb);
-		thaw_super_locked(sb);
+		thaw_super_locked(sb, FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE);
 	} else {
 		up_write(&sb->s_umount);
 	}
@@ -1647,11 +1647,22 @@ static void sb_freeze_unlock(struct super_block *sb, int level)
 /**
  * freeze_super - lock the filesystem and force it into a consistent state
  * @sb: the super to lock
+ * @who: context that wants to freeze
  *
  * Syncs the super to make sure the filesystem is consistent and calls the fs's
- * freeze_fs.  Subsequent calls to this without first thawing the fs will return
+ * freeze_fs.  Subsequent calls to this without first thawing the fs may return
  * -EBUSY.
  *
+ * @who should be:
+ * * %FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE if userspace wants to freeze the fs;
+ * * %FREEZE_HOLDER_KERNEL if the kernel wants to freeze the fs.
+ *
+ * The @who argument distinguishes between the kernel and userspace trying to
+ * freeze the filesystem.  Although there cannot be multiple kernel freezes or
+ * multiple userspace freezes in effect at any given time, the kernel and
+ * userspace can both hold a filesystem frozen.  The filesystem remains frozen
+ * until there are no kernel or userspace freezes in effect.
+ *
  * During this function, sb->s_writers.frozen goes through these values:
  *
  * SB_UNFROZEN: File system is normal, all writes progress as usual.
@@ -1677,12 +1688,30 @@ static void sb_freeze_unlock(struct super_block *sb, int level)
  *
  * sb->s_writers.frozen is protected by sb->s_umount.
  */
-int freeze_super(struct super_block *sb)
+int freeze_super(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who)
 {
 	int ret;
 
 	atomic_inc(&sb->s_active);
 	down_write(&sb->s_umount);
+
+	if (sb->s_writers.frozen == SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE) {
+		if (sb->s_writers.freeze_holders & who) {
+			deactivate_locked_super(sb);
+			return -EBUSY;
+		}
+
+		WARN_ON(sb->s_writers.freeze_holders == 0);
+
+		/*
+		 * Someone else already holds this type of freeze; share the
+		 * freeze and assign the active ref to the freeze.
+		 */
+		sb->s_writers.freeze_holders |= who;
+		up_write(&sb->s_umount);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (sb->s_writers.frozen != SB_UNFROZEN) {
 		deactivate_locked_super(sb);
 		return -EBUSY;
@@ -1695,6 +1724,7 @@ int freeze_super(struct super_block *sb)
 
 	if (sb_rdonly(sb)) {
 		/* Nothing to do really... */
+		sb->s_writers.freeze_holders |= who;
 		sb->s_writers.frozen = SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE;
 		up_write(&sb->s_umount);
 		return 0;
@@ -1738,6 +1768,7 @@ int freeze_super(struct super_block *sb)
 	 * For debugging purposes so that fs can warn if it sees write activity
 	 * when frozen is set to SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE, and for thaw_super().
 	 */
+	sb->s_writers.freeze_holders |= who;
 	sb->s_writers.frozen = SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE;
 	lockdep_sb_freeze_release(sb);
 	up_write(&sb->s_umount);
@@ -1745,16 +1776,39 @@ int freeze_super(struct super_block *sb)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(freeze_super);
 
-static int thaw_super_locked(struct super_block *sb)
+/*
+ * Undoes the effect of a freeze_super_locked call.  If the filesystem is
+ * frozen both by userspace and the kernel, a thaw call from either source
+ * removes that state without releasing the other state or unlocking the
+ * filesystem.
+ */
+static int thaw_super_locked(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who)
 {
 	int error;
 
-	if (sb->s_writers.frozen != SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE) {
+	if (sb->s_writers.frozen == SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE) {
+		if (!(sb->s_writers.freeze_holders & who)) {
+			up_write(&sb->s_umount);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Freeze is shared with someone else.  Release our hold and
+		 * drop the active ref that freeze_super assigned to the
+		 * freezer.
+		 */
+		if (sb->s_writers.freeze_holders & ~who) {
+			sb->s_writers.freeze_holders &= ~who;
+			deactivate_locked_super(sb);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	} else {
 		up_write(&sb->s_umount);
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
 
 	if (sb_rdonly(sb)) {
+		sb->s_writers.freeze_holders &= ~who;
 		sb->s_writers.frozen = SB_UNFROZEN;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -1772,6 +1826,7 @@ static int thaw_super_locked(struct super_block *sb)
 		}
 	}
 
+	sb->s_writers.freeze_holders &= ~who;
 	sb->s_writers.frozen = SB_UNFROZEN;
 	sb_freeze_unlock(sb, SB_FREEZE_FS);
 out:
@@ -1782,13 +1837,19 @@ out:
 /**
  * thaw_super -- unlock filesystem
  * @sb: the super to thaw
+ * @who: context that wants to freeze
  *
- * Unlocks the filesystem and marks it writeable again after freeze_super().
+ * Unlocks the filesystem and marks it writeable again after freeze_super()
+ * if there are no remaining freezes on the filesystem.
+ *
+ * @who should be:
+ * * %FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE if userspace wants to thaw the fs;
+ * * %FREEZE_HOLDER_KERNEL if the kernel wants to thaw the fs.
  */
-int thaw_super(struct super_block *sb)
+int thaw_super(struct super_block *sb, enum freeze_holder who)
 {
 	down_write(&sb->s_umount);
-	return thaw_super_locked(sb);
+	return thaw_super_locked(sb, who);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(thaw_super);
 
diff --git a/include/linux/fs.h b/include/linux/fs.h
index 6867512907d6..5e8d81212abc 100644
--- a/include/linux/fs.h
+++ b/include/linux/fs.h
@@ -1147,7 +1147,8 @@ enum {
 #define SB_FREEZE_LEVELS (SB_FREEZE_COMPLETE - 1)
 
 struct sb_writers {
-	int				frozen;		/* Is sb frozen? */
+	unsigned short			frozen;		/* Is sb frozen? */
+	unsigned short			freeze_holders;	/* Who froze fs? */
 	struct percpu_rw_semaphore	rw_sem[SB_FREEZE_LEVELS];
 };
 
@@ -1902,6 +1903,10 @@ extern loff_t vfs_dedupe_file_range_one(struct file *src_file, loff_t src_pos,
 					struct file *dst_file, loff_t dst_pos,
 					loff_t len, unsigned int remap_flags);
 
+enum freeze_holder {
+	FREEZE_HOLDER_KERNEL	= (1U << 0),
+	FREEZE_HOLDER_USERSPACE	= (1U << 1),
+};
 
 struct super_operations {
    	struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
@@ -1914,9 +1919,9 @@ struct super_operations {
 	void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
 	void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
 	int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
-	int (*freeze_super) (struct super_block *);
+	int (*freeze_super) (struct super_block *, enum freeze_holder who);
 	int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
-	int (*thaw_super) (struct super_block *);
+	int (*thaw_super) (struct super_block *, enum freeze_holder who);
 	int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
 	int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
 	int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
@@ -2290,8 +2295,8 @@ extern int unregister_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
 extern int vfs_statfs(const struct path *, struct kstatfs *);
 extern int user_statfs(const char __user *, struct kstatfs *);
 extern int fd_statfs(int, struct kstatfs *);
-extern int freeze_super(struct super_block *super);
-extern int thaw_super(struct super_block *super);
+int freeze_super(struct super_block *super, enum freeze_holder who);
+int thaw_super(struct super_block *super, enum freeze_holder who);
 extern __printf(2, 3)
 int super_setup_bdi_name(struct super_block *sb, char *fmt, ...);
 extern int super_setup_bdi(struct super_block *sb);