OpenCloudOS-Kernel/Documentation/dev-tools/kasan.rst

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The Kernel Address Sanitizer (KASAN)
====================================
Overview
--------
KernelAddressSANitizer (KASAN) is a dynamic memory safety error detector
designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs. KASAN has three modes:
1. generic KASAN (similar to userspace ASan),
2. software tag-based KASAN (similar to userspace HWASan),
3. hardware tag-based KASAN (based on hardware memory tagging).
Software KASAN modes (1 and 2) use compile-time instrumentation to insert
validity checks before every memory access, and therefore require a compiler
version that supports that.
Generic KASAN is supported in both GCC and Clang. With GCC it requires version
8.3.0 or later. Any supported Clang version is compatible, but detection of
out-of-bounds accesses for global variables is only supported since Clang 11.
Tag-based KASAN is only supported in Clang.
Currently generic KASAN is supported for the x86_64, arm, arm64, xtensa, s390
and riscv architectures, and tag-based KASAN modes are supported only for arm64.
Usage
-----
To enable KASAN configure kernel with::
CONFIG_KASAN = y
and choose between CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC (to enable generic KASAN),
CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS (to enable software tag-based KASAN), and
CONFIG_KASAN_HW_TAGS (to enable hardware tag-based KASAN).
For software modes, you also need to choose between CONFIG_KASAN_OUTLINE and
CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE. Outline and inline are compiler instrumentation types.
The former produces smaller binary while the latter is 1.1 - 2 times faster.
Both software KASAN modes work with both SLUB and SLAB memory allocators,
while the hardware tag-based KASAN currently only support SLUB.
For better error reports that include stack traces, enable CONFIG_STACKTRACE.
mm, page_owner: decouple freeing stack trace from debug_pagealloc Commit 8974558f49a6 ("mm, page_owner, debug_pagealloc: save and dump freeing stack trace") enhanced page_owner to also store freeing stack trace, when debug_pagealloc is also enabled. KASAN would also like to do this [1] to improve error reports to debug e.g. UAF issues. Kirill has suggested that the freeing stack trace saving should be also possible to be enabled separately from KASAN or debug_pagealloc, i.e. with an extra boot option. Qian argued that we have enough options already, and avoiding the extra overhead is not worth the complications in the case of a debugging option. Kirill noted that the extra stack handle in struct page_owner requires 0.1% of memory. This patch therefore enables free stack saving whenever page_owner is enabled, regardless of whether debug_pagealloc or KASAN is also enabled. KASAN kernels booted with page_owner=on will thus benefit from the improved error reports. [1] https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=203967 [vbabka@suse.cz: v3] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191007091808.7096-3-vbabka@suse.cz Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190930122916.14969-3-vbabka@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Suggested-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Suggested-by: Walter Wu <walter-zh.wu@mediatek.com> Suggested-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Suggested-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com> Suggested-by: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-10-15 05:11:44 +08:00
To augment reports with last allocation and freeing stack of the physical page,
it is recommended to enable also CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER and boot with page_owner=on.
Error reports
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A typical out-of-bounds access generic KASAN report looks like this::
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in kmalloc_oob_right+0xa8/0xbc [test_kasan]
Write of size 1 at addr ffff8801f44ec37b by task insmod/2760
CPU: 1 PID: 2760 Comm: insmod Not tainted 4.19.0-rc3+ #698
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.10.2-1 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
dump_stack+0x94/0xd8
print_address_description+0x73/0x280
kasan_report+0x144/0x187
__asan_report_store1_noabort+0x17/0x20
kmalloc_oob_right+0xa8/0xbc [test_kasan]
kmalloc_tests_init+0x16/0x700 [test_kasan]
do_one_initcall+0xa5/0x3ae
do_init_module+0x1b6/0x547
load_module+0x75df/0x8070
__do_sys_init_module+0x1c6/0x200
__x64_sys_init_module+0x6e/0xb0
do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x2c0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
RIP: 0033:0x7f96443109da
RSP: 002b:00007ffcf0b51b08 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 00000000000000af
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000055dc3ee521a0 RCX: 00007f96443109da
RDX: 00007f96445cff88 RSI: 0000000000057a50 RDI: 00007f9644992000
RBP: 000055dc3ee510b0 R08: 0000000000000003 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 00007f964430cd0a R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 00007f96445cff88
R13: 000055dc3ee51090 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
Allocated by task 2760:
save_stack+0x43/0xd0
kasan_kmalloc+0xa7/0xd0
kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0xe1/0x1b0
kmalloc_oob_right+0x56/0xbc [test_kasan]
kmalloc_tests_init+0x16/0x700 [test_kasan]
do_one_initcall+0xa5/0x3ae
do_init_module+0x1b6/0x547
load_module+0x75df/0x8070
__do_sys_init_module+0x1c6/0x200
__x64_sys_init_module+0x6e/0xb0
do_syscall_64+0x9f/0x2c0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9
Freed by task 815:
save_stack+0x43/0xd0
__kasan_slab_free+0x135/0x190
kasan_slab_free+0xe/0x10
kfree+0x93/0x1a0
umh_complete+0x6a/0xa0
call_usermodehelper_exec_async+0x4c3/0x640
ret_from_fork+0x35/0x40
The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8801f44ec300
which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128
The buggy address is located 123 bytes inside of
128-byte region [ffff8801f44ec300, ffff8801f44ec380)
The buggy address belongs to the page:
page:ffffea0007d13b00 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8801f7001640 index:0x0
flags: 0x200000000000100(slab)
raw: 0200000000000100 ffffea0007d11dc0 0000001a0000001a ffff8801f7001640
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080150015 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
Memory state around the buggy address:
ffff8801f44ec200: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
ffff8801f44ec280: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff8801f44ec300: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03
^
ffff8801f44ec380: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
ffff8801f44ec400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
==================================================================
The header of the report provides a short summary of what kind of bug happened
and what kind of access caused it. It's followed by a stack trace of the bad
access, a stack trace of where the accessed memory was allocated (in case bad
access happens on a slab object), and a stack trace of where the object was
freed (in case of a use-after-free bug report). Next comes a description of
the accessed slab object and information about the accessed memory page.
In the last section the report shows memory state around the accessed address.
Internally KASAN tracks memory state separately for each memory granule, which
is either 8 or 16 aligned bytes depending on KASAN mode. Each number in the
memory state section of the report shows the state of one of the memory
granules that surround the accessed address.
For generic KASAN the size of each memory granule is 8. The state of each
granule is encoded in one shadow byte. Those 8 bytes can be accessible,
partially accessible, freed or be a part of a redzone. KASAN uses the following
encoding for each shadow byte: 0 means that all 8 bytes of the corresponding
memory region are accessible; number N (1 <= N <= 7) means that the first N
bytes are accessible, and other (8 - N) bytes are not; any negative value
indicates that the entire 8-byte word is inaccessible. KASAN uses different
negative values to distinguish between different kinds of inaccessible memory
like redzones or freed memory (see mm/kasan/kasan.h).
In the report above the arrows point to the shadow byte 03, which means that
the accessed address is partially accessible.
For tag-based KASAN this last report section shows the memory tags around the
accessed address (see `Implementation details`_ section).
Boot parameters
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hardware tag-based KASAN mode (see the section about different mode below) is
intended for use in production as a security mitigation. Therefore it supports
boot parameters that allow to disable KASAN competely or otherwise control
particular KASAN features.
kasan: fix HW_TAGS boot parameters The initially proposed KASAN command line parameters are redundant. This change drops the complex "kasan.mode=off/prod/full" parameter and adds a simpler kill switch "kasan=off/on" instead. The new parameter together with the already existing ones provides a cleaner way to express the same set of features. The full set of parameters with this change: kasan=off/on - whether KASAN is enabled kasan.fault=report/panic - whether to only print a report or also panic kasan.stacktrace=off/on - whether to collect alloc/free stack traces Default values: kasan=on kasan.fault=report kasan.stacktrace=on (if CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y) kasan.stacktrace=off (otherwise) Link: https://linux-review.googlesource.com/id/Ib3694ed90b1e8ccac6cf77dfd301847af4aba7b8 Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/4e9c4a4bdcadc168317deb2419144582a9be6e61.1610736745.git.andreyknvl@google.com Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com> Reviewed-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com> Reviewed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com> Cc: Evgenii Stepanov <eugenis@google.com> Cc: Branislav Rankov <Branislav.Rankov@arm.com> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-01-24 13:01:34 +08:00
- ``kasan=off`` or ``=on`` controls whether KASAN is enabled (default: ``on``).
kasan: fix HW_TAGS boot parameters The initially proposed KASAN command line parameters are redundant. This change drops the complex "kasan.mode=off/prod/full" parameter and adds a simpler kill switch "kasan=off/on" instead. The new parameter together with the already existing ones provides a cleaner way to express the same set of features. The full set of parameters with this change: kasan=off/on - whether KASAN is enabled kasan.fault=report/panic - whether to only print a report or also panic kasan.stacktrace=off/on - whether to collect alloc/free stack traces Default values: kasan=on kasan.fault=report kasan.stacktrace=on (if CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y) kasan.stacktrace=off (otherwise) Link: https://linux-review.googlesource.com/id/Ib3694ed90b1e8ccac6cf77dfd301847af4aba7b8 Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/4e9c4a4bdcadc168317deb2419144582a9be6e61.1610736745.git.andreyknvl@google.com Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com> Reviewed-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com> Reviewed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com> Cc: Evgenii Stepanov <eugenis@google.com> Cc: Branislav Rankov <Branislav.Rankov@arm.com> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-01-24 13:01:34 +08:00
- ``kasan.stacktrace=off`` or ``=on`` disables or enables alloc and free stack
kasan: fix stack traces dependency for HW_TAGS Currently, whether the alloc/free stack traces collection is enabled by default for hardware tag-based KASAN depends on CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL. The intention for this dependency was to only enable collection on slow debug kernels due to a significant perf and memory impact. As it turns out, CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL is not considered a debug option and is enabled on many productions kernels including Android and Ubuntu. As the result, this dependency is pointless and only complicates the code and documentation. Having stack traces collection disabled by default would make the hardware mode work differently to to the software ones, which is confusing. This change removes the dependency and enables stack traces collection by default. Looking into the future, this default might makes sense for production kernels, assuming we implement a fast stack trace collection approach. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/6678d77ceffb71f1cff2cf61560e2ffe7bb6bfe9.1612808820.git.andreyknvl@google.com Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com> Reviewed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com> Cc: Evgenii Stepanov <eugenis@google.com> Cc: Branislav Rankov <Branislav.Rankov@arm.com> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-02-10 05:42:03 +08:00
traces collection (default: ``on``).
kasan: fix HW_TAGS boot parameters The initially proposed KASAN command line parameters are redundant. This change drops the complex "kasan.mode=off/prod/full" parameter and adds a simpler kill switch "kasan=off/on" instead. The new parameter together with the already existing ones provides a cleaner way to express the same set of features. The full set of parameters with this change: kasan=off/on - whether KASAN is enabled kasan.fault=report/panic - whether to only print a report or also panic kasan.stacktrace=off/on - whether to collect alloc/free stack traces Default values: kasan=on kasan.fault=report kasan.stacktrace=on (if CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y) kasan.stacktrace=off (otherwise) Link: https://linux-review.googlesource.com/id/Ib3694ed90b1e8ccac6cf77dfd301847af4aba7b8 Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/4e9c4a4bdcadc168317deb2419144582a9be6e61.1610736745.git.andreyknvl@google.com Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com> Reviewed-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com> Reviewed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com> Cc: Evgenii Stepanov <eugenis@google.com> Cc: Branislav Rankov <Branislav.Rankov@arm.com> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2021-01-24 13:01:34 +08:00
- ``kasan.fault=report`` or ``=panic`` controls whether to only print a KASAN
report or also panic the kernel (default: ``report``).
For developers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Software KASAN modes use compiler instrumentation to insert validity checks.
Such instrumentation might be incompatible with some part of the kernel, and
therefore needs to be disabled. To disable instrumentation for specific files
or directories, add a line similar to the following to the respective kernel
Makefile:
- For a single file (e.g. main.o)::
KASAN_SANITIZE_main.o := n
- For all files in one directory::
KASAN_SANITIZE := n
Implementation details
----------------------
Generic KASAN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
From a high level perspective, KASAN's approach to memory error detection is
similar to that of kmemcheck: use shadow memory to record whether each byte of
memory is safe to access, and use compile-time instrumentation to insert checks
of shadow memory on each memory access.
Generic KASAN dedicates 1/8th of kernel memory to its shadow memory (e.g. 16TB
to cover 128TB on x86_64) and uses direct mapping with a scale and offset to
translate a memory address to its corresponding shadow address.
Here is the function which translates an address to its corresponding shadow
address::
static inline void *kasan_mem_to_shadow(const void *addr)
{
return ((unsigned long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)
+ KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET;
}
where ``KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3``.
Compile-time instrumentation is used to insert memory access checks. Compiler
inserts function calls (__asan_load*(addr), __asan_store*(addr)) before each
memory access of size 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. These functions check whether memory
access is valid or not by checking corresponding shadow memory.
GCC 5.0 has possibility to perform inline instrumentation. Instead of making
function calls GCC directly inserts the code to check the shadow memory.
This option significantly enlarges kernel but it gives x1.1-x2 performance
boost over outline instrumented kernel.
Generic KASAN also reports the last 2 call stacks to creation of work that
potentially has access to an object. Call stacks for the following are shown:
call_rcu() and workqueue queuing.
Generic KASAN is the only mode that delays the reuse of freed object via
quarantine (see mm/kasan/quarantine.c for implementation).
Software tag-based KASAN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Software tag-based KASAN requires software memory tagging support in the form
of HWASan-like compiler instrumentation (see HWASan documentation for details).
Software tag-based KASAN is currently only implemented for arm64 architecture.
Software tag-based KASAN uses the Top Byte Ignore (TBI) feature of arm64 CPUs
to store a pointer tag in the top byte of kernel pointers. Like generic KASAN
it uses shadow memory to store memory tags associated with each 16-byte memory
cell (therefore it dedicates 1/16th of the kernel memory for shadow memory).
On each memory allocation software tag-based KASAN generates a random tag, tags
the allocated memory with this tag, and embeds this tag into the returned
pointer.
Software tag-based KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation to insert checks
before each memory access. These checks make sure that tag of the memory that
is being accessed is equal to tag of the pointer that is used to access this
memory. In case of a tag mismatch software tag-based KASAN prints a bug report.
Software tag-based KASAN also has two instrumentation modes (outline, that
emits callbacks to check memory accesses; and inline, that performs the shadow
memory checks inline). With outline instrumentation mode, a bug report is
simply printed from the function that performs the access check. With inline
instrumentation a brk instruction is emitted by the compiler, and a dedicated
brk handler is used to print bug reports.
Software tag-based KASAN uses 0xFF as a match-all pointer tag (accesses through
pointers with 0xFF pointer tag aren't checked). The value 0xFE is currently
reserved to tag freed memory regions.
Software tag-based KASAN currently only supports tagging of
kmem_cache_alloc/kmalloc and page_alloc memory.
Hardware tag-based KASAN
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hardware tag-based KASAN is similar to the software mode in concept, but uses
hardware memory tagging support instead of compiler instrumentation and
shadow memory.
Hardware tag-based KASAN is currently only implemented for arm64 architecture
and based on both arm64 Memory Tagging Extension (MTE) introduced in ARMv8.5
Instruction Set Architecture, and Top Byte Ignore (TBI).
Special arm64 instructions are used to assign memory tags for each allocation.
Same tags are assigned to pointers to those allocations. On every memory
access, hardware makes sure that tag of the memory that is being accessed is
equal to tag of the pointer that is used to access this memory. In case of a
tag mismatch a fault is generated and a report is printed.
Hardware tag-based KASAN uses 0xFF as a match-all pointer tag (accesses through
pointers with 0xFF pointer tag aren't checked). The value 0xFE is currently
reserved to tag freed memory regions.
Hardware tag-based KASAN currently only supports tagging of
kmem_cache_alloc/kmalloc and page_alloc memory.
kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory", v11. Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page. This means that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK. This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real, dynamically allocated memory. I have only wired up x86, because that's the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390. This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK: - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822 In terms of implementation details: Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown! This patch (of 4): Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory to back the mappings. Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code. This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures that do not have a separate module space (e.g. powerpc64, which I am currently working on). It also allows relaxing the module alignment back to PAGE_SIZE. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The full benchmark results are: Performance No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 662004 11404956 17.23 19144610 28.92 1.68 full_fit_alloc_test 710950 12029752 16.92 13184651 18.55 1.10 long_busy_list_alloc_test 9431875 43990172 4.66 82970178 8.80 1.89 random_size_alloc_test 5033626 23061762 4.58 47158834 9.37 2.04 fix_align_alloc_test 1252514 15276910 12.20 31266116 24.96 2.05 random_size_align_alloc_te 1648501 14578321 8.84 25560052 15.51 1.75 align_shift_alloc_test 147 830 5.65 5692 38.72 6.86 pcpu_alloc_test 80732 125520 1.55 140864 1.74 1.12 Total Cycles 119240774314 763211341128 6.40 1390338696894 11.66 1.82 Sequential, 2 cpus No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 1423150 14276550 10.03 27733022 19.49 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1754219 14722640 8.39 15030786 8.57 1.02 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11451858 52154973 4.55 107016027 9.34 2.05 random_size_alloc_test 5989020 26735276 4.46 68885923 11.50 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2050976 20166900 9.83 50491675 24.62 2.50 random_size_align_alloc_te 2858229 17971700 6.29 38730225 13.55 2.16 align_shift_alloc_test 405 6428 15.87 26253 64.82 4.08 pcpu_alloc_test 127183 151464 1.19 216263 1.70 1.43 Total Cycles 54181269392 308723699764 5.70 650772566394 12.01 2.11 fix_size_alloc_test 1420404 14289308 10.06 27790035 19.56 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1736145 14806234 8.53 15274301 8.80 1.03 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11404638 52270785 4.58 107550254 9.43 2.06 random_size_alloc_test 6017006 26650625 4.43 68696127 11.42 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2045504 20280985 9.91 50414862 24.65 2.49 random_size_align_alloc_te 2845338 17931018 6.30 38510276 13.53 2.15 align_shift_alloc_test 472 3760 7.97 9656 20.46 2.57 pcpu_alloc_test 118643 132732 1.12 146504 1.23 1.10 Total Cycles 54040011688 309102805492 5.72 651325675652 12.05 2.11 [dja@axtens.net: fixups] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009 Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework] Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net> Co-developed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 09:54:50 +08:00
What memory accesses are sanitised by KASAN?
--------------------------------------------
The kernel maps memory in a number of different parts of the address
space. This poses something of a problem for KASAN, which requires
that all addresses accessed by instrumented code have a valid shadow
region.
The range of kernel virtual addresses is large: there is not enough
real memory to support a real shadow region for every address that
could be accessed by the kernel.
By default
~~~~~~~~~~
By default, architectures only map real memory over the shadow region
for the linear mapping (and potentially other small areas). For all
other areas - such as vmalloc and vmemmap space - a single read-only
page is mapped over the shadow area. This read-only shadow page
declares all memory accesses as permitted.
This presents a problem for modules: they do not live in the linear
mapping, but in a dedicated module space. By hooking in to the module
allocator, KASAN can temporarily map real shadow memory to cover
them. This allows detection of invalid accesses to module globals, for
example.
This also creates an incompatibility with ``VMAP_STACK``: if the stack
lives in vmalloc space, it will be shadowed by the read-only page, and
the kernel will fault when trying to set up the shadow data for stack
variables.
CONFIG_KASAN_VMALLOC
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
With ``CONFIG_KASAN_VMALLOC``, KASAN can cover vmalloc space at the
cost of greater memory usage. Currently this is only supported on x86.
This works by hooking into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically
allocating real shadow memory to back the mappings.
Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full
page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would
therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings
use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to
2020-12-23 04:00:24 +08:00
``KASAN_GRANULE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE``.
kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory", v11. Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page. This means that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK. This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real, dynamically allocated memory. I have only wired up x86, because that's the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390. This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK: - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822 In terms of implementation details: Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown! This patch (of 4): Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory to back the mappings. Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code. This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures that do not have a separate module space (e.g. powerpc64, which I am currently working on). It also allows relaxing the module alignment back to PAGE_SIZE. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The full benchmark results are: Performance No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 662004 11404956 17.23 19144610 28.92 1.68 full_fit_alloc_test 710950 12029752 16.92 13184651 18.55 1.10 long_busy_list_alloc_test 9431875 43990172 4.66 82970178 8.80 1.89 random_size_alloc_test 5033626 23061762 4.58 47158834 9.37 2.04 fix_align_alloc_test 1252514 15276910 12.20 31266116 24.96 2.05 random_size_align_alloc_te 1648501 14578321 8.84 25560052 15.51 1.75 align_shift_alloc_test 147 830 5.65 5692 38.72 6.86 pcpu_alloc_test 80732 125520 1.55 140864 1.74 1.12 Total Cycles 119240774314 763211341128 6.40 1390338696894 11.66 1.82 Sequential, 2 cpus No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 1423150 14276550 10.03 27733022 19.49 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1754219 14722640 8.39 15030786 8.57 1.02 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11451858 52154973 4.55 107016027 9.34 2.05 random_size_alloc_test 5989020 26735276 4.46 68885923 11.50 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2050976 20166900 9.83 50491675 24.62 2.50 random_size_align_alloc_te 2858229 17971700 6.29 38730225 13.55 2.16 align_shift_alloc_test 405 6428 15.87 26253 64.82 4.08 pcpu_alloc_test 127183 151464 1.19 216263 1.70 1.43 Total Cycles 54181269392 308723699764 5.70 650772566394 12.01 2.11 fix_size_alloc_test 1420404 14289308 10.06 27790035 19.56 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1736145 14806234 8.53 15274301 8.80 1.03 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11404638 52270785 4.58 107550254 9.43 2.06 random_size_alloc_test 6017006 26650625 4.43 68696127 11.42 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2045504 20280985 9.91 50414862 24.65 2.49 random_size_align_alloc_te 2845338 17931018 6.30 38510276 13.53 2.15 align_shift_alloc_test 472 3760 7.97 9656 20.46 2.57 pcpu_alloc_test 118643 132732 1.12 146504 1.23 1.10 Total Cycles 54040011688 309102805492 5.72 651325675652 12.05 2.11 [dja@axtens.net: fixups] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009 Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework] Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net> Co-developed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 09:54:50 +08:00
Instead, KASAN shares backing space across multiple mappings. It allocates
kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory", v11. Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page. This means that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK. This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real, dynamically allocated memory. I have only wired up x86, because that's the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390. This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK: - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822 In terms of implementation details: Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown! This patch (of 4): Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory to back the mappings. Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code. This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures that do not have a separate module space (e.g. powerpc64, which I am currently working on). It also allows relaxing the module alignment back to PAGE_SIZE. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The full benchmark results are: Performance No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 662004 11404956 17.23 19144610 28.92 1.68 full_fit_alloc_test 710950 12029752 16.92 13184651 18.55 1.10 long_busy_list_alloc_test 9431875 43990172 4.66 82970178 8.80 1.89 random_size_alloc_test 5033626 23061762 4.58 47158834 9.37 2.04 fix_align_alloc_test 1252514 15276910 12.20 31266116 24.96 2.05 random_size_align_alloc_te 1648501 14578321 8.84 25560052 15.51 1.75 align_shift_alloc_test 147 830 5.65 5692 38.72 6.86 pcpu_alloc_test 80732 125520 1.55 140864 1.74 1.12 Total Cycles 119240774314 763211341128 6.40 1390338696894 11.66 1.82 Sequential, 2 cpus No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 1423150 14276550 10.03 27733022 19.49 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1754219 14722640 8.39 15030786 8.57 1.02 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11451858 52154973 4.55 107016027 9.34 2.05 random_size_alloc_test 5989020 26735276 4.46 68885923 11.50 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2050976 20166900 9.83 50491675 24.62 2.50 random_size_align_alloc_te 2858229 17971700 6.29 38730225 13.55 2.16 align_shift_alloc_test 405 6428 15.87 26253 64.82 4.08 pcpu_alloc_test 127183 151464 1.19 216263 1.70 1.43 Total Cycles 54181269392 308723699764 5.70 650772566394 12.01 2.11 fix_size_alloc_test 1420404 14289308 10.06 27790035 19.56 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1736145 14806234 8.53 15274301 8.80 1.03 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11404638 52270785 4.58 107550254 9.43 2.06 random_size_alloc_test 6017006 26650625 4.43 68696127 11.42 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2045504 20280985 9.91 50414862 24.65 2.49 random_size_align_alloc_te 2845338 17931018 6.30 38510276 13.53 2.15 align_shift_alloc_test 472 3760 7.97 9656 20.46 2.57 pcpu_alloc_test 118643 132732 1.12 146504 1.23 1.10 Total Cycles 54040011688 309102805492 5.72 651325675652 12.05 2.11 [dja@axtens.net: fixups] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009 Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework] Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net> Co-developed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 09:54:50 +08:00
a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page
of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc
mappings later on.
KASAN hooks into the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow
kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory", v11. Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page. This means that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK. This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real, dynamically allocated memory. I have only wired up x86, because that's the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390. This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK: - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822 In terms of implementation details: Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown! This patch (of 4): Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory to back the mappings. Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code. This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures that do not have a separate module space (e.g. powerpc64, which I am currently working on). It also allows relaxing the module alignment back to PAGE_SIZE. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The full benchmark results are: Performance No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 662004 11404956 17.23 19144610 28.92 1.68 full_fit_alloc_test 710950 12029752 16.92 13184651 18.55 1.10 long_busy_list_alloc_test 9431875 43990172 4.66 82970178 8.80 1.89 random_size_alloc_test 5033626 23061762 4.58 47158834 9.37 2.04 fix_align_alloc_test 1252514 15276910 12.20 31266116 24.96 2.05 random_size_align_alloc_te 1648501 14578321 8.84 25560052 15.51 1.75 align_shift_alloc_test 147 830 5.65 5692 38.72 6.86 pcpu_alloc_test 80732 125520 1.55 140864 1.74 1.12 Total Cycles 119240774314 763211341128 6.40 1390338696894 11.66 1.82 Sequential, 2 cpus No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 1423150 14276550 10.03 27733022 19.49 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1754219 14722640 8.39 15030786 8.57 1.02 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11451858 52154973 4.55 107016027 9.34 2.05 random_size_alloc_test 5989020 26735276 4.46 68885923 11.50 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2050976 20166900 9.83 50491675 24.62 2.50 random_size_align_alloc_te 2858229 17971700 6.29 38730225 13.55 2.16 align_shift_alloc_test 405 6428 15.87 26253 64.82 4.08 pcpu_alloc_test 127183 151464 1.19 216263 1.70 1.43 Total Cycles 54181269392 308723699764 5.70 650772566394 12.01 2.11 fix_size_alloc_test 1420404 14289308 10.06 27790035 19.56 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1736145 14806234 8.53 15274301 8.80 1.03 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11404638 52270785 4.58 107550254 9.43 2.06 random_size_alloc_test 6017006 26650625 4.43 68696127 11.42 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2045504 20280985 9.91 50414862 24.65 2.49 random_size_align_alloc_te 2845338 17931018 6.30 38510276 13.53 2.15 align_shift_alloc_test 472 3760 7.97 9656 20.46 2.57 pcpu_alloc_test 118643 132732 1.12 146504 1.23 1.10 Total Cycles 54040011688 309102805492 5.72 651325675652 12.05 2.11 [dja@axtens.net: fixups] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009 Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework] Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net> Co-developed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 09:54:50 +08:00
memory.
To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, KASAN expects
kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory Patch series "kasan: support backing vmalloc space with real shadow memory", v11. Currently, vmalloc space is backed by the early shadow page. This means that kasan is incompatible with VMAP_STACK. This series provides a mechanism to back vmalloc space with real, dynamically allocated memory. I have only wired up x86, because that's the only currently supported arch I can work with easily, but it's very easy to wire up other architectures, and it appears that there is some work-in-progress code to do this on arm64 and s390. This has been discussed before in the context of VMAP_STACK: - https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=202009 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/7/22/198 - https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/7/19/822 In terms of implementation details: Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The benchmarks are also a stress-test for the vmalloc subsystem: they're not indicative of an overall 2x slowdown! This patch (of 4): Hook into vmalloc and vmap, and dynamically allocate real shadow memory to back the mappings. Most mappings in vmalloc space are small, requiring less than a full page of shadow space. Allocating a full shadow page per mapping would therefore be wasteful. Furthermore, to ensure that different mappings use different shadow pages, mappings would have to be aligned to KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SIZE * PAGE_SIZE. Instead, share backing space across multiple mappings. Allocate a backing page when a mapping in vmalloc space uses a particular page of the shadow region. This page can be shared by other vmalloc mappings later on. We hook in to the vmap infrastructure to lazily clean up unused shadow memory. To avoid the difficulties around swapping mappings around, this code expects that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code. This allows KASAN with VMAP_STACK, and may be helpful for architectures that do not have a separate module space (e.g. powerpc64, which I am currently working on). It also allows relaxing the module alignment back to PAGE_SIZE. Testing with test_vmalloc.sh on an x86 VM with 2 vCPUs shows that: - Turning on KASAN, inline instrumentation, without vmalloc, introuduces a 4.1x-4.2x slowdown in vmalloc operations. - Turning this on introduces the following slowdowns over KASAN: * ~1.76x slower single-threaded (test_vmalloc.sh performance) * ~2.18x slower when both cpus are performing operations simultaneously (test_vmalloc.sh sequential_test_order=3D1) This is unfortunate but given that this is a debug feature only, not the end of the world. The full benchmark results are: Performance No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 662004 11404956 17.23 19144610 28.92 1.68 full_fit_alloc_test 710950 12029752 16.92 13184651 18.55 1.10 long_busy_list_alloc_test 9431875 43990172 4.66 82970178 8.80 1.89 random_size_alloc_test 5033626 23061762 4.58 47158834 9.37 2.04 fix_align_alloc_test 1252514 15276910 12.20 31266116 24.96 2.05 random_size_align_alloc_te 1648501 14578321 8.84 25560052 15.51 1.75 align_shift_alloc_test 147 830 5.65 5692 38.72 6.86 pcpu_alloc_test 80732 125520 1.55 140864 1.74 1.12 Total Cycles 119240774314 763211341128 6.40 1390338696894 11.66 1.82 Sequential, 2 cpus No KASAN KASAN original x baseline KASAN vmalloc x baseline x KASAN fix_size_alloc_test 1423150 14276550 10.03 27733022 19.49 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1754219 14722640 8.39 15030786 8.57 1.02 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11451858 52154973 4.55 107016027 9.34 2.05 random_size_alloc_test 5989020 26735276 4.46 68885923 11.50 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2050976 20166900 9.83 50491675 24.62 2.50 random_size_align_alloc_te 2858229 17971700 6.29 38730225 13.55 2.16 align_shift_alloc_test 405 6428 15.87 26253 64.82 4.08 pcpu_alloc_test 127183 151464 1.19 216263 1.70 1.43 Total Cycles 54181269392 308723699764 5.70 650772566394 12.01 2.11 fix_size_alloc_test 1420404 14289308 10.06 27790035 19.56 1.94 full_fit_alloc_test 1736145 14806234 8.53 15274301 8.80 1.03 long_busy_list_alloc_test 11404638 52270785 4.58 107550254 9.43 2.06 random_size_alloc_test 6017006 26650625 4.43 68696127 11.42 2.58 fix_align_alloc_test 2045504 20280985 9.91 50414862 24.65 2.49 random_size_align_alloc_te 2845338 17931018 6.30 38510276 13.53 2.15 align_shift_alloc_test 472 3760 7.97 9656 20.46 2.57 pcpu_alloc_test 118643 132732 1.12 146504 1.23 1.10 Total Cycles 54040011688 309102805492 5.72 651325675652 12.05 2.11 [dja@axtens.net: fixups] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191120052719.7201-1-dja@axtens.net Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3D202009 Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191031093909.9228-2-dja@axtens.net Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> [shadow rework] Signed-off-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net> Co-developed-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Cc: Qian Cai <cai@lca.pw> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-12-01 09:54:50 +08:00
that the part of the shadow region that covers the vmalloc space will
not be covered by the early shadow page, but will be left
unmapped. This will require changes in arch-specific code.
This allows ``VMAP_STACK`` support on x86, and can simplify support of
architectures that do not have a fixed module region.
CONFIG_KASAN_KUNIT_TEST & CONFIG_TEST_KASAN_MODULE
--------------------------------------------------
KASAN tests consist on two parts:
1. Tests that are integrated with the KUnit Test Framework. Enabled with
``CONFIG_KASAN_KUNIT_TEST``. These tests can be run and partially verified
automatically in a few different ways, see the instructions below.
2. Tests that are currently incompatible with KUnit. Enabled with
``CONFIG_TEST_KASAN_MODULE`` and can only be run as a module. These tests can
only be verified manually, by loading the kernel module and inspecting the
kernel log for KASAN reports.
Each KUnit-compatible KASAN test prints a KASAN report if an error is detected.
Then the test prints its number and status.
When a test passes::
ok 28 - kmalloc_double_kzfree
When a test fails due to a failed ``kmalloc``::
# kmalloc_large_oob_right: ASSERTION FAILED at lib/test_kasan.c:163
Expected ptr is not null, but is
not ok 4 - kmalloc_large_oob_right
When a test fails due to a missing KASAN report::
# kmalloc_double_kzfree: EXPECTATION FAILED at lib/test_kasan.c:629
Expected kasan_data->report_expected == kasan_data->report_found, but
kasan_data->report_expected == 1
kasan_data->report_found == 0
not ok 28 - kmalloc_double_kzfree
At the end the cumulative status of all KASAN tests is printed. On success::
ok 1 - kasan
Or, if one of the tests failed::
not ok 1 - kasan
There are a few ways to run KUnit-compatible KASAN tests.
1. Loadable module
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
With ``CONFIG_KUNIT`` enabled, ``CONFIG_KASAN_KUNIT_TEST`` can be built as
a loadable module and run on any architecture that supports KASAN by loading
the module with insmod or modprobe. The module is called ``test_kasan``.
2. Built-In
~~~~~~~~~~~
With ``CONFIG_KUNIT`` built-in, ``CONFIG_KASAN_KUNIT_TEST`` can be built-in
on any architecure that supports KASAN. These and any other KUnit tests enabled
will run and print the results at boot as a late-init call.
3. Using kunit_tool
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
With ``CONFIG_KUNIT`` and ``CONFIG_KASAN_KUNIT_TEST`` built-in, it's also
possible use ``kunit_tool`` to see the results of these and other KUnit tests
in a more readable way. This will not print the KASAN reports of the tests that
passed. Use `KUnit documentation <https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/dev-tools/kunit/index.html>`_
for more up-to-date information on ``kunit_tool``.
.. _KUnit: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/dev-tools/kunit/index.html