License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 22:07:57 +08:00
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/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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#ifndef _LINUX_POISON_H
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#define _LINUX_POISON_H
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/********** include/linux/list.h **********/
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2010-01-10 22:28:09 +08:00
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/*
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* Architectures might want to move the poison pointer offset
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* into some well-recognized area such as 0xdead000000000000,
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* that is also not mappable by user-space exploits:
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*/
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#ifdef CONFIG_ILLEGAL_POINTER_VALUE
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# define POISON_POINTER_DELTA _AC(CONFIG_ILLEGAL_POINTER_VALUE, UL)
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#else
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# define POISON_POINTER_DELTA 0
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#endif
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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/*
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* These are non-NULL pointers that will result in page faults
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* under normal circumstances, used to verify that nobody uses
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* non-initialized list entries.
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*/
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2015-09-10 06:36:00 +08:00
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#define LIST_POISON1 ((void *) 0x100 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
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lib/list: tweak LIST_POISON2 for better code generation on x86_64
list_del() poisoning can generate 2 64-bit immediate loads but it also can
generate one 64-bit immediate load and an addition:
48 b8 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de movabs rax,0xdead000000000100
48 89 47 58 mov QWORD PTR [rdi+0x58],rax
48 05 00 01 00 00 <=====> add rax,0x100
48 89 47 60 mov QWORD PTR [rdi+0x60],rax
However on x86_64 not all constants are equal: those within [-128, 127]
range can be added with shorter "add r64, imm32" instruction:
48 b8 00 01 00 00 00 00 ad de movabs rax,0xdead000000000100
48 89 47 58 mov QWORD PTR [rdi+0x58],rax
48 83 c0 22 <======> add rax,0x22
48 89 47 60 mov QWORD PTR [rdi+0x60],rax
Patch saves 2 bytes per some LIST_POISON2 usage.
(Slightly disappointing) space savings on F29 x86_64 config:
add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/2164 up/down: 0/-5184 (-5184)
Function old new delta
zstd_get_workspace 548 546 -2
...
mlx4_delete_all_resources_for_slave 4826 4804 -22
Total: Before=83304131, After=83298947, chg -0.01%
New constants are:
0xdead000000000100
0xdead000000000122
Note: LIST_POISON1 can't be changed to ...11 because something in page
allocator requires low bit unset.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190513191502.GA8492@avx2
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Vasiliy Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-07-17 07:27:12 +08:00
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#define LIST_POISON2 ((void *) 0x122 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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2008-04-30 15:55:03 +08:00
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/********** include/linux/timer.h **********/
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/*
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* Magic number "tsta" to indicate a static timer initializer
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* for the object debugging code.
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*/
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2016-01-16 08:57:55 +08:00
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#define TIMER_ENTRY_STATIC ((void *) 0x300 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
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2008-04-30 15:55:03 +08:00
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2019-03-06 07:48:33 +08:00
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/********** mm/page_poison.c **********/
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2016-03-16 05:56:30 +08:00
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#ifdef CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING_ZERO
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#define PAGE_POISON 0x00
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#else
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2009-04-01 06:23:17 +08:00
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#define PAGE_POISON 0xaa
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2016-03-16 05:56:30 +08:00
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#endif
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2009-04-01 06:23:17 +08:00
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2016-01-16 08:52:07 +08:00
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/********** mm/page_alloc.c ************/
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2016-01-16 08:57:55 +08:00
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#define TAIL_MAPPING ((void *) 0x400 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
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2016-01-16 08:52:07 +08:00
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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/********** mm/slab.c **********/
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/*
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* Magic nums for obj red zoning.
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* Placed in the first word before and the first word after an obj.
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*/
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Increase slab redzone to 64bits
There are two problems with the existing redzone implementation.
Firstly, it's causing misalignment of structures which contain a 64-bit
integer, such as netfilter's 'struct ipt_entry' -- causing netfilter
modules to fail to load because of the misalignment. (In particular, the
first check in
net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.c::check_entry_size_and_hooks())
On ppc32 and sparc32, amongst others, __alignof__(uint64_t) == 8.
With slab debugging, we use 32-bit redzones. And allocated slab objects
aren't sufficiently aligned to hold a structure containing a uint64_t.
By _just_ setting ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN to __alignof__(u64) we'd disable
redzone checks on those architectures. By using 64-bit redzones we avoid that
loss of debugging, and also fix the other problem while we're at it.
When investigating this, I noticed that on 64-bit platforms we're using a
32-bit value of RED_ACTIVE/RED_INACTIVE in the 64-bit memory location set
aside for the redzone. Which means that the four bytes immediately before
or after the allocated object at 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00 for LE and BE
machines, respectively. Which is probably not the most useful choice of
poison value.
One way to fix both of those at once is just to switch to 64-bit
redzones in all cases.
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-05-08 15:22:59 +08:00
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#define RED_INACTIVE 0x09F911029D74E35BULL /* when obj is inactive */
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#define RED_ACTIVE 0xD84156C5635688C0ULL /* when obj is active */
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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2007-05-07 05:49:36 +08:00
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#define SLUB_RED_INACTIVE 0xbb
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#define SLUB_RED_ACTIVE 0xcc
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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/* ...and for poisoning */
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#define POISON_INUSE 0x5a /* for use-uninitialised poisoning */
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#define POISON_FREE 0x6b /* for use-after-free poisoning */
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#define POISON_END 0xa5 /* end-byte of poisoning */
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/********** arch/$ARCH/mm/init.c **********/
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#define POISON_FREE_INITMEM 0xcc
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/********** arch/ia64/hp/common/sba_iommu.c **********/
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/*
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* arch/ia64/hp/common/sba_iommu.c uses a 16-byte poison string with a
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* value of "SBAIOMMU POISON\0" for spill-over poisoning.
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*/
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/********** fs/jbd/journal.c **********/
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2007-10-17 06:38:25 +08:00
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#define JBD_POISON_FREE 0x5b
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#define JBD2_POISON_FREE 0x5c
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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/********** drivers/base/dmapool.c **********/
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#define POOL_POISON_FREED 0xa7 /* !inuse */
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#define POOL_POISON_ALLOCATED 0xa9 /* !initted */
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2006-06-27 17:53:53 +08:00
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/********** drivers/atm/ **********/
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#define ATM_POISON_FREE 0x12
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2006-07-04 10:48:25 +08:00
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#define ATM_POISON 0xdeadbeef
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2006-06-27 17:53:53 +08:00
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2006-06-27 17:53:54 +08:00
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/********** kernel/mutexes **********/
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#define MUTEX_DEBUG_INIT 0x11
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#define MUTEX_DEBUG_FREE 0x22
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2016-12-22 02:46:39 +08:00
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#define MUTEX_POISON_WW_CTX ((void *) 0x500 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA)
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2006-06-27 17:53:54 +08:00
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/********** security/ **********/
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#define KEY_DESTROY 0xbd
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2006-06-27 17:53:52 +08:00
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#endif
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