ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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/*
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* Copyright (C) 2013 Politecnico di Torino, Italy
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* TORSEC group -- http://security.polito.it
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*
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* Author: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
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*
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* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
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* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
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* published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2 of the
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* License.
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*
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* File: ima_template.c
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* Helpers to manage template descriptors.
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*/
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2014-02-25 05:59:56 +08:00
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#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
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ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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#include "ima.h"
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2013-06-07 18:16:30 +08:00
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#include "ima_template_lib.h"
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ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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static struct ima_template_desc defined_templates[] = {
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2013-06-07 18:16:32 +08:00
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{.name = IMA_TEMPLATE_IMA_NAME, .fmt = IMA_TEMPLATE_IMA_FMT},
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.name = "ima-ng", .fmt = "d-ng|n-ng"},
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{.name = "ima-sig", .fmt = "d-ng|n-ng|sig"},
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2014-10-13 20:08:42 +08:00
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{.name = "", .fmt = ""}, /* placeholder for a custom format */
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ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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};
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static struct ima_template_field supported_fields[] = {
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.field_id = "d", .field_init = ima_eventdigest_init,
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2013-06-07 18:16:30 +08:00
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.field_show = ima_show_template_digest},
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.field_id = "n", .field_init = ima_eventname_init,
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2013-06-07 18:16:30 +08:00
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.field_show = ima_show_template_string},
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.field_id = "d-ng", .field_init = ima_eventdigest_ng_init,
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2013-06-07 18:16:32 +08:00
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.field_show = ima_show_template_digest_ng},
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.field_id = "n-ng", .field_init = ima_eventname_ng_init,
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2013-06-07 18:16:32 +08:00
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.field_show = ima_show_template_string},
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2014-03-05 00:04:20 +08:00
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{.field_id = "sig", .field_init = ima_eventsig_init,
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2013-07-23 23:15:00 +08:00
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.field_show = ima_show_template_sig},
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ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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};
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2013-06-07 18:16:33 +08:00
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static struct ima_template_desc *ima_template;
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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static struct ima_template_desc *lookup_template_desc(const char *name);
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2014-10-13 20:08:42 +08:00
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static int template_desc_init_fields(const char *template_fmt,
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struct ima_template_field ***fields,
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int *num_fields);
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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static int __init ima_template_setup(char *str)
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{
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struct ima_template_desc *template_desc;
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int template_len = strlen(str);
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2014-10-13 20:08:42 +08:00
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if (ima_template)
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return 1;
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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/*
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* Verify that a template with the supplied name exists.
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* If not, use CONFIG_IMA_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE.
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*/
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template_desc = lookup_template_desc(str);
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2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
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if (!template_desc) {
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pr_err("template %s not found, using %s\n",
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str, CONFIG_IMA_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE);
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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return 1;
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2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
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}
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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/*
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* Verify whether the current hash algorithm is supported
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* by the 'ima' template.
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*/
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if (template_len == 3 && strcmp(str, IMA_TEMPLATE_IMA_NAME) == 0 &&
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ima_hash_algo != HASH_ALGO_SHA1 && ima_hash_algo != HASH_ALGO_MD5) {
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2014-02-25 05:59:56 +08:00
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pr_err("template does not support hash alg\n");
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2013-06-07 18:16:35 +08:00
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return 1;
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}
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ima_template = template_desc;
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return 1;
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}
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__setup("ima_template=", ima_template_setup);
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2013-06-07 18:16:33 +08:00
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2014-10-13 20:08:42 +08:00
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static int __init ima_template_fmt_setup(char *str)
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{
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int num_templates = ARRAY_SIZE(defined_templates);
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if (ima_template)
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return 1;
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if (template_desc_init_fields(str, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
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pr_err("format string '%s' not valid, using template %s\n",
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str, CONFIG_IMA_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE);
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return 1;
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}
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defined_templates[num_templates - 1].fmt = str;
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ima_template = defined_templates + num_templates - 1;
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return 1;
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}
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__setup("ima_template_fmt=", ima_template_fmt_setup);
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2013-06-07 18:16:33 +08:00
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static struct ima_template_desc *lookup_template_desc(const char *name)
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{
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int i;
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for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(defined_templates); i++) {
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if (strcmp(defined_templates[i].name, name) == 0)
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return defined_templates + i;
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}
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return NULL;
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}
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2013-06-07 18:16:30 +08:00
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static struct ima_template_field *lookup_template_field(const char *field_id)
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ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
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{
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int i;
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for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(supported_fields); i++)
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if (strncmp(supported_fields[i].field_id, field_id,
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IMA_TEMPLATE_FIELD_ID_MAX_LEN) == 0)
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return &supported_fields[i];
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return NULL;
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}
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ima: make a copy of template_fmt in template_desc_init_fields()
This patch makes a copy of the 'template_fmt' function argument so that
the latter will not be modified by strsep(), which does the splitting by
replacing the given separator with '\0'.
IMA: No TPM chip found, activating TPM-bypass!
Unable to handle kernel pointer dereference at virtual kernel address 0000000000842000
Oops: 0004 [#1] SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU: 3 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.12.0-rc2-00098-g3ce1217d6cd5 #17
task: 000000003ffa0000 ti: 000000003ff84000 task.ti: 000000003ff84000
Krnl PSW : 0704e00180000000 000000000044bf88 (strsep+0x7c/0xa0)
R:0 T:1 IO:1 EX:1 Key:0 M:1 W:0 P:0 AS:3 CC:2 PM:0 EA:3
Krnl GPRS: 000000000000007c 000000000000007c 000000003ff87d90 0000000000821fd8
0000000000000000 000000000000007c 0000000000aa37e0 0000000000aa9008
0000000000000051 0000000000a114d8 0000000100000002 0000000000842bde
0000000000842bdf 00000000006f97f0 000000000040062c 000000003ff87cf0
Krnl Code: 000000000044bf7c: a7f4000a brc 15,44bf90
000000000044bf80: b90200cc ltgr %r12,%r12
#000000000044bf84: a7840006 brc 8,44bf90
>000000000044bf88: 9200c000 mvi 0(%r12),0
000000000044bf8c: 41c0c001 la %r12,1(%r12)
000000000044bf90: e3c020000024 stg %r12,0(%r2)
000000000044bf96: b904002b lgr %r2,%r11
000000000044bf9a: ebbcf0700004 lmg %r11,%r12,112(%r15)
Call Trace:
([<00000000004005fe>] ima_init_template+0xa2/0x1bc)
[<0000000000a7c896>] ima_init+0x7a/0xa8
[<0000000000a7c938>] init_ima+0x24/0x40
[<00000000001000e8>] do_one_initcall+0x68/0x128
[<0000000000a4eb56>] kernel_init_freeable+0x20a/0x2b4
[<00000000006a1ff4>] kernel_init+0x30/0x178
[<00000000006b69fe>] kernel_thread_starter+0x6/0xc
[<00000000006b69f8>] kernel_thread_starter+0x0/0xc
Last Breaking-Event-Address:
[<000000000044bf42>] strsep+0x36/0xa0
Fixes commit: adf53a7 ima: new templates management mechanism
Changelog v1:
- make template_fmt 'const char *' (reported-by James Morris)
- fix kstrdup memory leak (reported-by James Morris)
Reported-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
2013-11-26 03:18:52 +08:00
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|
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static int template_fmt_size(const char *template_fmt)
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
char c;
|
|
|
|
int template_fmt_len = strlen(template_fmt);
|
|
|
|
int i = 0, j = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
while (i < template_fmt_len) {
|
|
|
|
c = template_fmt[i];
|
|
|
|
if (c == '|')
|
|
|
|
j++;
|
|
|
|
i++;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return j + 1;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
ima: make a copy of template_fmt in template_desc_init_fields()
This patch makes a copy of the 'template_fmt' function argument so that
the latter will not be modified by strsep(), which does the splitting by
replacing the given separator with '\0'.
IMA: No TPM chip found, activating TPM-bypass!
Unable to handle kernel pointer dereference at virtual kernel address 0000000000842000
Oops: 0004 [#1] SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU: 3 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 3.12.0-rc2-00098-g3ce1217d6cd5 #17
task: 000000003ffa0000 ti: 000000003ff84000 task.ti: 000000003ff84000
Krnl PSW : 0704e00180000000 000000000044bf88 (strsep+0x7c/0xa0)
R:0 T:1 IO:1 EX:1 Key:0 M:1 W:0 P:0 AS:3 CC:2 PM:0 EA:3
Krnl GPRS: 000000000000007c 000000000000007c 000000003ff87d90 0000000000821fd8
0000000000000000 000000000000007c 0000000000aa37e0 0000000000aa9008
0000000000000051 0000000000a114d8 0000000100000002 0000000000842bde
0000000000842bdf 00000000006f97f0 000000000040062c 000000003ff87cf0
Krnl Code: 000000000044bf7c: a7f4000a brc 15,44bf90
000000000044bf80: b90200cc ltgr %r12,%r12
#000000000044bf84: a7840006 brc 8,44bf90
>000000000044bf88: 9200c000 mvi 0(%r12),0
000000000044bf8c: 41c0c001 la %r12,1(%r12)
000000000044bf90: e3c020000024 stg %r12,0(%r2)
000000000044bf96: b904002b lgr %r2,%r11
000000000044bf9a: ebbcf0700004 lmg %r11,%r12,112(%r15)
Call Trace:
([<00000000004005fe>] ima_init_template+0xa2/0x1bc)
[<0000000000a7c896>] ima_init+0x7a/0xa8
[<0000000000a7c938>] init_ima+0x24/0x40
[<00000000001000e8>] do_one_initcall+0x68/0x128
[<0000000000a4eb56>] kernel_init_freeable+0x20a/0x2b4
[<00000000006a1ff4>] kernel_init+0x30/0x178
[<00000000006b69fe>] kernel_thread_starter+0x6/0xc
[<00000000006b69f8>] kernel_thread_starter+0x0/0xc
Last Breaking-Event-Address:
[<000000000044bf42>] strsep+0x36/0xa0
Fixes commit: adf53a7 ima: new templates management mechanism
Changelog v1:
- make template_fmt 'const char *' (reported-by James Morris)
- fix kstrdup memory leak (reported-by James Morris)
Reported-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
2013-11-26 03:18:52 +08:00
|
|
|
static int template_desc_init_fields(const char *template_fmt,
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
struct ima_template_field ***fields,
|
|
|
|
int *num_fields)
|
|
|
|
{
|
2014-10-13 20:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
const char *template_fmt_ptr;
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
struct ima_template_field *found_fields[IMA_TEMPLATE_NUM_FIELDS_MAX];
|
2013-06-07 18:16:30 +08:00
|
|
|
int template_num_fields = template_fmt_size(template_fmt);
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
int i, len;
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
|
|
|
if (template_num_fields > IMA_TEMPLATE_NUM_FIELDS_MAX) {
|
|
|
|
pr_err("format string '%s' contains too many fields\n",
|
|
|
|
template_fmt);
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
return -EINVAL;
|
2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-13 20:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
for (i = 0, template_fmt_ptr = template_fmt; i < template_num_fields;
|
|
|
|
i++, template_fmt_ptr += len + 1) {
|
|
|
|
char tmp_field_id[IMA_TEMPLATE_FIELD_ID_MAX_LEN + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
len = strchrnul(template_fmt_ptr, '|') - template_fmt_ptr;
|
|
|
|
if (len == 0 || len > IMA_TEMPLATE_FIELD_ID_MAX_LEN) {
|
|
|
|
pr_err("Invalid field with length %d\n", len);
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
return -EINVAL;
|
2014-10-13 20:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-13 20:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
memcpy(tmp_field_id, template_fmt_ptr, len);
|
|
|
|
tmp_field_id[len] = '\0';
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
found_fields[i] = lookup_template_field(tmp_field_id);
|
|
|
|
if (!found_fields[i]) {
|
2014-10-13 20:08:40 +08:00
|
|
|
pr_err("field '%s' not found\n", tmp_field_id);
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
return -ENOENT;
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-13 20:08:42 +08:00
|
|
|
if (fields && num_fields) {
|
|
|
|
*fields = kmalloc_array(i, sizeof(*fields), GFP_KERNEL);
|
|
|
|
if (*fields == NULL)
|
|
|
|
return -ENOMEM;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
memcpy(*fields, found_fields, i * sizeof(*fields));
|
|
|
|
*num_fields = i;
|
|
|
|
}
|
2014-10-13 20:08:41 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2013-06-07 18:16:33 +08:00
|
|
|
struct ima_template_desc *ima_template_desc_current(void)
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
if (!ima_template)
|
2013-06-07 18:16:34 +08:00
|
|
|
ima_template =
|
|
|
|
lookup_template_desc(CONFIG_IMA_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE);
|
2013-06-07 18:16:33 +08:00
|
|
|
return ima_template;
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
2014-09-03 15:19:58 +08:00
|
|
|
int __init ima_init_template(void)
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
{
|
2014-05-08 16:23:53 +08:00
|
|
|
struct ima_template_desc *template = ima_template_desc_current();
|
2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
|
|
|
int result;
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
|
|
|
result = template_desc_init_fields(template->fmt,
|
|
|
|
&(template->fields),
|
|
|
|
&(template->num_fields));
|
|
|
|
if (result < 0)
|
2014-10-13 20:08:39 +08:00
|
|
|
pr_err("template %s init failed, result: %d\n",
|
|
|
|
(strlen(template->name) ?
|
|
|
|
template->name : template->fmt), result);
|
2014-10-13 20:08:38 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return result;
|
ima: new templates management mechanism
The original 'ima' template is fixed length, containing the filedata hash
and pathname. The filedata hash is limited to 20 bytes (md5/sha1). The
pathname is a null terminated string, limited to 255 characters. To
overcome these limitations and to add additional file metadata, it is
necessary to extend the current version of IMA by defining additional
templates.
The main reason to introduce this feature is that, each time a new
template is defined, the functions that generate and display the
measurement list would include the code for handling a new format and,
thus, would significantly grow over time.
This patch set solves this problem by separating the template management
from the remaining IMA code. The core of this solution is the definition
of two new data structures: a template descriptor, to determine which
information should be included in the measurement list, and a template
field, to generate and display data of a given type.
To define a new template field, developers define the field identifier
and implement two functions, init() and show(), respectively to generate
and display measurement entries. Initially, this patch set defines the
following template fields (support for additional data types will be
added later):
- 'd': the digest of the event (i.e. the digest of a measured file),
calculated with the SHA1 or MD5 hash algorithm;
- 'n': the name of the event (i.e. the file name), with size up to
255 bytes;
- 'd-ng': the digest of the event, calculated with an arbitrary hash
algorithm (field format: [<hash algo>:]digest, where the digest
prefix is shown only if the hash algorithm is not SHA1 or MD5);
- 'n-ng': the name of the event, without size limitations.
Defining a new template descriptor requires specifying the template format,
a string of field identifiers separated by the '|' character. This patch
set defines the following template descriptors:
- "ima": its format is 'd|n';
- "ima-ng" (default): its format is 'd-ng|n-ng'
Further details about the new template architecture can be found in
Documentation/security/IMA-templates.txt.
Changelog:
- don't defer calling ima_init_template() - Mimi
- don't define ima_lookup_template_desc() until used - Mimi
- squashed with documentation patch - Mimi
Signed-off-by: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@polito.it>
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2013-06-07 18:16:29 +08:00
|
|
|
}
|