License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 22:07:57 +08:00
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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#
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# Makefile for the Linux TCP/IP (INET) layer.
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#
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2005-07-28 06:24:42 +08:00
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obj-y := route.o inetpeer.o protocol.o \
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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ip_input.o ip_fragment.o ip_forward.o ip_options.o \
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2005-08-10 11:00:51 +08:00
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ip_output.o ip_sockglue.o inet_hashtables.o \
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2005-08-10 11:11:08 +08:00
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inet_timewait_sock.o inet_connection_sock.o \
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2005-06-24 03:19:55 +08:00
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tcp.o tcp_input.o tcp_output.o tcp_timer.o tcp_ipv4.o \
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2012-07-19 14:43:05 +08:00
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tcp_minisocks.o tcp_cong.o tcp_metrics.o tcp_fastopen.o \
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2017-06-15 02:37:14 +08:00
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tcp_rate.o tcp_recovery.o tcp_ulp.o \
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2013-06-07 13:11:46 +08:00
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tcp_offload.o datagram.o raw.o udp.o udplite.o \
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2013-06-08 18:56:03 +08:00
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udp_offload.o arp.o icmp.o devinet.o af_inet.o igmp.o \
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2017-03-10 15:56:18 +08:00
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fib_frontend.o fib_semantics.o fib_trie.o fib_notifier.o \
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2018-04-18 08:33:07 +08:00
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inet_fragment.o ping.o ip_tunnel_core.o gre_offload.o \
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metrics.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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2013-03-25 22:49:35 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_IP_TUNNEL) += ip_tunnel.o
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2007-12-05 17:38:23 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_SYSCTL) += sysctl_net_ipv4.o
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2007-04-25 12:53:35 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_PROC_FS) += proc.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_IP_MULTIPLE_TABLES) += fib_rules.o
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obj-$(CONFIG_IP_MROUTE) += ipmr.o
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2018-03-01 05:29:29 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_IP_MROUTE_COMMON) += ipmr_base.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_IPIP) += ipip.o
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2014-01-07 06:03:07 +08:00
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gre-y := gre_demux.o
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2014-09-18 03:25:56 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_FOU) += fou.o
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2010-08-22 14:05:39 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_IPGRE_DEMUX) += gre.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_IPGRE) += ip_gre.o
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2014-07-14 10:49:37 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_UDP_TUNNEL) += udp_tunnel.o
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2012-07-17 17:44:54 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NET_IPVTI) += ip_vti.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES) += syncookies.o
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_AH) += ah4.o
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_ESP) += esp4.o
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2017-02-15 16:40:00 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_ESP_OFFLOAD) += esp4_offload.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_IPCOMP) += ipcomp.o
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2006-03-28 17:12:13 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_XFRM_TUNNEL) += xfrm4_tunnel.o
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2006-10-04 14:47:05 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_XFRM_MODE_BEET) += xfrm4_mode_beet.o
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2006-03-28 17:12:13 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_TUNNEL) += tunnel4.o
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2006-05-28 14:05:54 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_XFRM_MODE_TRANSPORT) += xfrm4_mode_transport.o
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_XFRM_MODE_TUNNEL) += xfrm4_mode_tunnel.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_IP_PNP) += ipconfig.o
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2006-01-10 08:43:13 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NETFILTER) += netfilter.o netfilter/
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[INET_DIAG]: Move the tcp_diag interface to the proper place
With this the previous setup is back, i.e. tcp_diag can be built as a module,
as dccp_diag and both share the infrastructure available in inet_diag.
If one selects CONFIG_INET_DIAG as module CONFIG_INET_TCP_DIAG will also be
built as a module, as will CONFIG_INET_DCCP_DIAG, if CONFIG_IP_DCCP was
selected static or as a module, if CONFIG_INET_DIAG is y, being statically
linked CONFIG_INET_TCP_DIAG will follow suit and CONFIG_INET_DCCP_DIAG will be
built in the same manner as CONFIG_IP_DCCP.
Now to aim at UDP, converting it to use inet_hashinfo, so that we can use
iproute2 for UDP sockets as well.
Ah, just to show an example of this new infrastructure working for DCCP :-)
[root@qemu ~]# ./ss -dane
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 0 *:5001 *:* ino:942 sk:cfd503a0
ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:5001 127.0.0.1:32770 ino:943 sk:cfd50a60
ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.1:32770 127.0.0.1:5001 ino:947 sk:cfd50700
TIME-WAIT 0 0 127.0.0.1:32769 127.0.0.1:5001 timer:(timewait,3.430ms,0) ino:0 sk:cf209620
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@mandriva.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-08-12 23:59:17 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_DIAG) += inet_diag.o
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_TCP_DIAG) += tcp_diag.o
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2011-12-09 14:24:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_UDP_DIAG) += udp_diag.o
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2016-10-21 18:03:44 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_INET_RAW_DIAG) += raw_diag.o
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tcp_bbr: add BBR congestion control
This commit implements a new TCP congestion control algorithm: BBR
(Bottleneck Bandwidth and RTT). A detailed description of BBR will be
published in ACM Queue, Vol. 14 No. 5, September-October 2016, as
"BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control".
BBR has significantly increased throughput and reduced latency for
connections on Google's internal backbone networks and google.com and
YouTube Web servers.
BBR requires only changes on the sender side, not in the network or
the receiver side. Thus it can be incrementally deployed on today's
Internet, or in datacenters.
The Internet has predominantly used loss-based congestion control
(largely Reno or CUBIC) since the 1980s, relying on packet loss as the
signal to slow down. While this worked well for many years, loss-based
congestion control is unfortunately out-dated in today's networks. On
today's Internet, loss-based congestion control causes the infamous
bufferbloat problem, often causing seconds of needless queuing delay,
since it fills the bloated buffers in many last-mile links. On today's
high-speed long-haul links using commodity switches with shallow
buffers, loss-based congestion control has abysmal throughput because
it over-reacts to losses caused by transient traffic bursts.
In 1981 Kleinrock and Gale showed that the optimal operating point for
a network maximizes delivered bandwidth while minimizing delay and
loss, not only for single connections but for the network as a
whole. Finding that optimal operating point has been elusive, since
any single network measurement is ambiguous: network measurements are
the result of both bandwidth and propagation delay, and those two
cannot be measured simultaneously.
While it is impossible to disambiguate any single bandwidth or RTT
measurement, a connection's behavior over time tells a clearer
story. BBR uses a measurement strategy designed to resolve this
ambiguity. It combines these measurements with a robust servo loop
using recent control systems advances to implement a distributed
congestion control algorithm that reacts to actual congestion, not
packet loss or transient queue delay, and is designed to converge with
high probability to a point near the optimal operating point.
In a nutshell, BBR creates an explicit model of the network pipe by
sequentially probing the bottleneck bandwidth and RTT. On the arrival
of each ACK, BBR derives the current delivery rate of the last round
trip, and feeds it through a windowed max-filter to estimate the
bottleneck bandwidth. Conversely it uses a windowed min-filter to
estimate the round trip propagation delay. The max-filtered bandwidth
and min-filtered RTT estimates form BBR's model of the network pipe.
Using its model, BBR sets control parameters to govern sending
behavior. The primary control is the pacing rate: BBR applies a gain
multiplier to transmit faster or slower than the observed bottleneck
bandwidth. The conventional congestion window (cwnd) is now the
secondary control; the cwnd is set to a small multiple of the
estimated BDP (bandwidth-delay product) in order to allow full
utilization and bandwidth probing while bounding the potential amount
of queue at the bottleneck.
When a BBR connection starts, it enters STARTUP mode and applies a
high gain to perform an exponential search to quickly probe the
bottleneck bandwidth (doubling its sending rate each round trip, like
slow start). However, instead of continuing until it fills up the
buffer (i.e. a loss), or until delay or ACK spacing reaches some
threshold (like Hystart), it uses its model of the pipe to estimate
when that pipe is full: it estimates the pipe is full when it notices
the estimated bandwidth has stopped growing. At that point it exits
STARTUP and enters DRAIN mode, where it reduces its pacing rate to
drain the queue it estimates it has created.
Then BBR enters steady state. In steady state, PROBE_BW mode cycles
between first pacing faster to probe for more bandwidth, then pacing
slower to drain any queue that created if no more bandwidth was
available, and then cruising at the estimated bandwidth to utilize the
pipe without creating excess queue. Occasionally, on an as-needed
basis, it sends significantly slower to probe for RTT (PROBE_RTT
mode).
BBR has been fully deployed on Google's wide-area backbone networks
and we're experimenting with BBR on Google.com and YouTube on a global
scale. Replacing CUBIC with BBR has resulted in significant
improvements in network latency and application (RPC, browser, and
video) metrics. For more details please refer to our upcoming ACM
Queue publication.
Example performance results, to illustrate the difference between BBR
and CUBIC:
Resilience to random loss (e.g. from shallow buffers):
Consider a netperf TCP_STREAM test lasting 30 secs on an emulated
path with a 10Gbps bottleneck, 100ms RTT, and 1% packet loss
rate. CUBIC gets 3.27 Mbps, and BBR gets 9150 Mbps (2798x higher).
Low latency with the bloated buffers common in today's last-mile links:
Consider a netperf TCP_STREAM test lasting 120 secs on an emulated
path with a 10Mbps bottleneck, 40ms RTT, and 1000-packet bottleneck
buffer. Both fully utilize the bottleneck bandwidth, but BBR
achieves this with a median RTT 25x lower (43 ms instead of 1.09
secs).
Our long-term goal is to improve the congestion control algorithms
used on the Internet. We are hopeful that BBR can help advance the
efforts toward this goal, and motivate the community to do further
research.
Test results, performance evaluations, feedback, and BBR-related
discussions are very welcome in the public e-mail list for BBR:
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/bbr-dev
NOTE: BBR *must* be used with the fq qdisc ("man tc-fq") with pacing
enabled, since pacing is integral to the BBR design and
implementation. BBR without pacing would not function properly, and
may incur unnecessary high packet loss rates.
Signed-off-by: Van Jacobson <vanj@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Neal Cardwell <ncardwell@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Yuchung Cheng <ycheng@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Nandita Dukkipati <nanditad@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Soheil Hassas Yeganeh <soheil@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-09-20 11:39:23 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_BBR) += tcp_bbr.o
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2005-06-24 03:23:25 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_BIC) += tcp_bic.o
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2015-06-11 01:08:17 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_CDG) += tcp_cdg.o
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2005-12-14 15:13:28 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_CUBIC) += tcp_cubic.o
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net: tcp: add DCTCP congestion control algorithm
This work adds the DataCenter TCP (DCTCP) congestion control
algorithm [1], which has been first published at SIGCOMM 2010 [2],
resp. follow-up analysis at SIGMETRICS 2011 [3] (and also, more
recently as an informational IETF draft available at [4]).
DCTCP is an enhancement to the TCP congestion control algorithm for
data center networks. Typical data center workloads are i.e.
i) partition/aggregate (queries; bursty, delay sensitive), ii) short
messages e.g. 50KB-1MB (for coordination and control state; delay
sensitive), and iii) large flows e.g. 1MB-100MB (data update;
throughput sensitive). DCTCP has therefore been designed for such
environments to provide/achieve the following three requirements:
* High burst tolerance (incast due to partition/aggregate)
* Low latency (short flows, queries)
* High throughput (continuous data updates, large file
transfers) with commodity, shallow buffered switches
The basic idea of its design consists of two fundamentals: i) on the
switch side, packets are being marked when its internal queue
length > threshold K (K is chosen so that a large enough headroom
for marked traffic is still available in the switch queue); ii) the
sender/host side maintains a moving average of the fraction of marked
packets, so each RTT, F is being updated as follows:
F := X / Y, where X is # of marked ACKs, Y is total # of ACKs
alpha := (1 - g) * alpha + g * F, where g is a smoothing constant
The resulting alpha (iow: probability that switch queue is congested)
is then being used in order to adaptively decrease the congestion
window W:
W := (1 - (alpha / 2)) * W
The means for receiving marked packets resp. marking them on switch
side in DCTCP is the use of ECN.
RFC3168 describes a mechanism for using Explicit Congestion Notification
from the switch for early detection of congestion, rather than waiting
for segment loss to occur.
However, this method only detects the presence of congestion, not
the *extent*. In the presence of mild congestion, it reduces the TCP
congestion window too aggressively and unnecessarily affects the
throughput of long flows [4].
DCTCP, as mentioned, enhances Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
processing to estimate the fraction of bytes that encounter congestion,
rather than simply detecting that some congestion has occurred. DCTCP
then scales the TCP congestion window based on this estimate [4],
thus it can derive multibit feedback from the information present in
the single-bit sequence of marks in its control law. And thus act in
*proportion* to the extent of congestion, not its *presence*.
Switches therefore set the Congestion Experienced (CE) codepoint in
packets when internal queue lengths exceed threshold K. Resulting,
DCTCP delivers the same or better throughput than normal TCP, while
using 90% less buffer space.
It was found in [2] that DCTCP enables the applications to handle 10x
the current background traffic, without impacting foreground traffic.
Moreover, a 10x increase in foreground traffic did not cause any
timeouts, and thus largely eliminates TCP incast collapse problems.
The algorithm itself has already seen deployments in large production
data centers since then.
We did a long-term stress-test and analysis in a data center, short
summary of our TCP incast tests with iperf compared to cubic:
This test measured DCTCP throughput and latency and compared it with
CUBIC throughput and latency for an incast scenario. In this test, 19
senders sent at maximum rate to a single receiver. The receiver simply
ran iperf -s.
The senders ran iperf -c <receiver> -t 30. All senders started
simultaneously (using local clocks synchronized by ntp).
This test was repeated multiple times. Below shows the results from a
single test. Other tests are similar. (DCTCP results were extremely
consistent, CUBIC results show some variance induced by the TCP timeouts
that CUBIC encountered.)
For this test, we report statistics on the number of TCP timeouts,
flow throughput, and traffic latency.
1) Timeouts (total over all flows, and per flow summaries):
CUBIC DCTCP
Total 3227 25
Mean 169.842 1.316
Median 183 1
Max 207 5
Min 123 0
Stddev 28.991 1.600
Timeout data is taken by measuring the net change in netstat -s
"other TCP timeouts" reported. As a result, the timeout measurements
above are not restricted to the test traffic, and we believe that it
is likely that all of the "DCTCP timeouts" are actually timeouts for
non-test traffic. We report them nevertheless. CUBIC will also include
some non-test timeouts, but they are drawfed by bona fide test traffic
timeouts for CUBIC. Clearly DCTCP does an excellent job of preventing
TCP timeouts. DCTCP reduces timeouts by at least two orders of
magnitude and may well have eliminated them in this scenario.
2) Throughput (per flow in Mbps):
CUBIC DCTCP
Mean 521.684 521.895
Median 464 523
Max 776 527
Min 403 519
Stddev 105.891 2.601
Fairness 0.962 0.999
Throughput data was simply the average throughput for each flow
reported by iperf. By avoiding TCP timeouts, DCTCP is able to
achieve much better per-flow results. In CUBIC, many flows
experience TCP timeouts which makes flow throughput unpredictable and
unfair. DCTCP, on the other hand, provides very clean predictable
throughput without incurring TCP timeouts. Thus, the standard deviation
of CUBIC throughput is dramatically higher than the standard deviation
of DCTCP throughput.
Mean throughput is nearly identical because even though cubic flows
suffer TCP timeouts, other flows will step in and fill the unused
bandwidth. Note that this test is something of a best case scenario
for incast under CUBIC: it allows other flows to fill in for flows
experiencing a timeout. Under situations where the receiver is issuing
requests and then waiting for all flows to complete, flows cannot fill
in for timed out flows and throughput will drop dramatically.
3) Latency (in ms):
CUBIC DCTCP
Mean 4.0088 0.04219
Median 4.055 0.0395
Max 4.2 0.085
Min 3.32 0.028
Stddev 0.1666 0.01064
Latency for each protocol was computed by running "ping -i 0.2
<receiver>" from a single sender to the receiver during the incast
test. For DCTCP, "ping -Q 0x6 -i 0.2 <receiver>" was used to ensure
that traffic traversed the DCTCP queue and was not dropped when the
queue size was greater than the marking threshold. The summary
statistics above are over all ping metrics measured between the single
sender, receiver pair.
The latency results for this test show a dramatic difference between
CUBIC and DCTCP. CUBIC intentionally overflows the switch buffer
which incurs the maximum queue latency (more buffer memory will lead
to high latency.) DCTCP, on the other hand, deliberately attempts to
keep queue occupancy low. The result is a two orders of magnitude
reduction of latency with DCTCP - even with a switch with relatively
little RAM. Switches with larger amounts of RAM will incur increasing
amounts of latency for CUBIC, but not for DCTCP.
4) Convergence and stability test:
This test measured the time that DCTCP took to fairly redistribute
bandwidth when a new flow commences. It also measured DCTCP's ability
to remain stable at a fair bandwidth distribution. DCTCP is compared
with CUBIC for this test.
At the commencement of this test, a single flow is sending at maximum
rate (near 10 Gbps) to a single receiver. One second after that first
flow commences, a new flow from a distinct server begins sending to
the same receiver as the first flow. After the second flow has sent
data for 10 seconds, the second flow is terminated. The first flow
sends for an additional second. Ideally, the bandwidth would be evenly
shared as soon as the second flow starts, and recover as soon as it
stops.
The results of this test are shown below. Note that the flow bandwidth
for the two flows was measured near the same time, but not
simultaneously.
DCTCP performs nearly perfectly within the measurement limitations
of this test: bandwidth is quickly distributed fairly between the two
flows, remains stable throughout the duration of the test, and
recovers quickly. CUBIC, in contrast, is slow to divide the bandwidth
fairly, and has trouble remaining stable.
CUBIC DCTCP
Seconds Flow 1 Flow 2 Seconds Flow 1 Flow 2
0 9.93 0 0 9.92 0
0.5 9.87 0 0.5 9.86 0
1 8.73 2.25 1 6.46 4.88
1.5 7.29 2.8 1.5 4.9 4.99
2 6.96 3.1 2 4.92 4.94
2.5 6.67 3.34 2.5 4.93 5
3 6.39 3.57 3 4.92 4.99
3.5 6.24 3.75 3.5 4.94 4.74
4 6 3.94 4 5.34 4.71
4.5 5.88 4.09 4.5 4.99 4.97
5 5.27 4.98 5 4.83 5.01
5.5 4.93 5.04 5.5 4.89 4.99
6 4.9 4.99 6 4.92 5.04
6.5 4.93 5.1 6.5 4.91 4.97
7 4.28 5.8 7 4.97 4.97
7.5 4.62 4.91 7.5 4.99 4.82
8 5.05 4.45 8 5.16 4.76
8.5 5.93 4.09 8.5 4.94 4.98
9 5.73 4.2 9 4.92 5.02
9.5 5.62 4.32 9.5 4.87 5.03
10 6.12 3.2 10 4.91 5.01
10.5 6.91 3.11 10.5 4.87 5.04
11 8.48 0 11 8.49 4.94
11.5 9.87 0 11.5 9.9 0
SYN/ACK ECT test:
This test demonstrates the importance of ECT on SYN and SYN-ACK packets
by measuring the connection probability in the presence of competing
flows for a DCTCP connection attempt *without* ECT in the SYN packet.
The test was repeated five times for each number of competing flows.
Competing Flows 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16
------------------------------
Mean Connection Probability 1 | 0.67 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0
Median Connection Probability 1 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0
As the number of competing flows moves beyond 1, the connection
probability drops rapidly.
Enabling DCTCP with this patch requires the following steps:
DCTCP must be running both on the sender and receiver side in your
data center, i.e.:
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=dctcp
Also, ECN functionality must be enabled on all switches in your
data center for DCTCP to work. The default ECN marking threshold (K)
heuristic on the switch for DCTCP is e.g., 20 packets (30KB) at
1Gbps, and 65 packets (~100KB) at 10Gbps (K > 1/7 * C * RTT, [4]).
In above tests, for each switch port, traffic was segregated into two
queues. For any packet with a DSCP of 0x01 - or equivalently a TOS of
0x04 - the packet was placed into the DCTCP queue. All other packets
were placed into the default drop-tail queue. For the DCTCP queue,
RED/ECN marking was enabled, here, with a marking threshold of 75 KB.
More details however, we refer you to the paper [2] under section 3).
There are no code changes required to applications running in user
space. DCTCP has been implemented in full *isolation* of the rest of
the TCP code as its own congestion control module, so that it can run
without a need to expose code to the core of the TCP stack, and thus
nothing changes for non-DCTCP users.
Changes in the CA framework code are minimal, and DCTCP algorithm
operates on mechanisms that are already available in most Silicon.
The gain (dctcp_shift_g) is currently a fixed constant (1/16) from
the paper, but we leave the option that it can be chosen carefully
to a different value by the user.
In case DCTCP is being used and ECN support on peer site is off,
DCTCP falls back after 3WHS to operate in normal TCP Reno mode.
ss {-4,-6} -t -i diag interface:
... dctcp wscale:7,7 rto:203 rtt:2.349/0.026 mss:1448 cwnd:2054
ssthresh:1102 ce_state 0 alpha 15 ab_ecn 0 ab_tot 735584
send 10129.2Mbps pacing_rate 20254.1Mbps unacked:1822 retrans:0/15
reordering:101 rcv_space:29200
... dctcp-reno wscale:7,7 rto:201 rtt:0.711/1.327 ato:40 mss:1448
cwnd:10 ssthresh:1102 fallback_mode send 162.9Mbps pacing_rate
325.5Mbps rcv_rtt:1.5 rcv_space:29200
More information about DCTCP can be found in [1-4].
[1] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP.html
[2] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp-final.pdf
[3] http://simula.stanford.edu/~alizade/Site/DCTCP_files/dctcp_analysis-full.pdf
[4] http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-bensley-tcpm-dctcp-00
Joint work with Florian Westphal and Glenn Judd.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Glenn Judd <glenn.judd@morganstanley.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-27 04:37:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_DCTCP) += tcp_dctcp.o
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2005-06-24 03:24:09 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_WESTWOOD) += tcp_westwood.o
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2005-06-24 03:24:58 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_HSTCP) += tcp_highspeed.o
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[TCP]: Add TCP Hybla congestion control module.
TCP Hybla congestion avoidance.
- "In heterogeneous networks, TCP connections that incorporate a
terrestrial or satellite radio link are greatly disadvantaged with
respect to entirely wired connections, because of their longer round
trip times (RTTs). To cope with this problem, a new TCP proposal, the
TCP Hybla, is presented and discussed in the paper[1]. It stems from an
analytical evaluation of the congestion window dynamics in the TCP
standard versions (Tahoe, Reno, NewReno), which suggests the necessary
modifications to remove the performance dependence on RTT.[...]"[1]
[1]: Carlo Caini, Rosario Firrincieli, "TCP Hybla: a TCP enhancement for
heterogeneous networks",
International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking
Volume 22, Issue 5 , Pages 547 - 566. September 2004.
Signed-off-by: Daniele Lacamera (root at danielinux.net)net
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-06-24 03:26:34 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_HYBLA) += tcp_hybla.o
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2005-06-24 03:28:11 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_HTCP) += tcp_htcp.o
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2005-06-24 03:27:19 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_VEGAS) += tcp_vegas.o
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2016-06-09 12:16:45 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_NV) += tcp_nv.o
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2006-06-06 08:28:30 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_VENO) += tcp_veno.o
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2005-06-24 03:29:07 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_SCALABLE) += tcp_scalable.o
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2006-06-06 08:27:58 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_LP) += tcp_lp.o
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2007-02-22 16:23:05 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_YEAH) += tcp_yeah.o
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2007-04-21 08:07:51 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_TCP_CONG_ILLINOIS) += tcp_illinois.o
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2006-08-04 07:48:06 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_NETLABEL) += cipso_ipv4.o
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2005-04-17 06:20:36 +08:00
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obj-$(CONFIG_XFRM) += xfrm4_policy.o xfrm4_state.o xfrm4_input.o \
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2014-02-21 15:41:08 +08:00
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xfrm4_output.o xfrm4_protocol.o
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