.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: Test
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - master
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+
+      - name: Validate i18n messages
+        run: go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check
+
+      - name: Scan i18n key references
+        run: go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check --scan-code
+
+      - name: Run Go tests
+        run: go test ./...

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+gitlink-cli.exe

README.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The official [GitLink](https://www.gitlink.org.cn) CLI tool — built for humans
 | Category | Capabilities |
 |----------|-------------|
 | 📦 Repo | List, create, fork, delete repositories, view repo info |
-| 🐛 Issue | Create, update, close, batch close, comment on issues |
+| 🐛 Issue | Create, update, close, batch maintenance, comment on issues |
 | 🔀 PR | Create, merge, review pull requests, view changed files |
 | 🌿 Branch | Create, delete, list, protect, unprotect branches |
 | 🏷️ Release | Create, view, delete releases |
@@ -190,16 +190,26 @@ gitlink-cli issue +view --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123
 # Close an issue
 gitlink-cli issue +close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123
 
-# Preview batch close without changing data
-gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --numbers 123,124 --dry-run
+# List batch maintenance candidates without changing data
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --state open --older-than-days 30 --format table
 
-# Batch close issues from a CSV file
-gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --from issues.csv
+# Preview batch close without changing data
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --older-than-days 60 --limit 20
+
+# Execute batch close after reviewing the dry-run output
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --older-than-days 60 --limit 20 --yes
+
+# Preview adding a label to matching issues
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50
 
 # Add a comment
 gitlink-cli issue +comment --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123 -b "Fixed"
 ```
 
+Batch write commands default to dry-run mode. Pass `--yes` only after reviewing
+the candidate list. `issue +batch-close` uses the existing issue close API;
+`issue +batch-label` does not fake remote writes when a label endpoint is unavailable.
+
 ### Pull Requests
 
 ```bash

README.zh-CN.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 | 分类 | 能力 |
 |------|------|
 | 📦 仓库 | 列出、创建、Fork、删除仓库，查看仓库信息 |
-| 🐛 Issue | 创建、更新、关闭、批量关闭、评论 Issue |
+| 🐛 Issue | 创建、更新、关闭、批量维护、评论 Issue |
 | 🔀 PR | 创建、合并、Review Pull Request，查看变更文件 |
 | 🌿 分支 | 创建、删除、保护分支 |
 | 🏷️ 发布 | 创建、查看、删除 Release |
@@ -201,16 +201,26 @@ gitlink-cli issue +view --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123
 # 关闭 Issue
 gitlink-cli issue +close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123
 
-# 预览批量关闭，不修改数据
-gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --numbers 123,124 --dry-run
+# 列出批量维护候选 Issue，不修改数据
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --state open --older-than-days 30 --format table
 
-# 从 CSV 文件批量关闭 Issue
-gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --from issues.csv
+# 预览批量关闭，不修改数据
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --older-than-days 60 --limit 20
+
+# 确认候选列表后执行批量关闭
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --older-than-days 60 --limit 20 --yes
+
+# 预览给匹配 Issue 添加标签
+gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50
 
 # 添加评论
 gitlink-cli issue +comment --owner Gitlink --repo forgeplus -i 123 -b "已修复"
 ```
 
+批量写操作默认 dry-run，仅输出候选列表。确认无误后再传入 `--yes`
+执行远端写操作。`issue +batch-close` 复用已有关闭 Issue API；
+`issue +batch-label` 在标签写入 API 不明确时不会伪造远端成功。
+
 ### Pull Request
 
 ```bash

cmd/api/api.go

@@ -10,14 +10,18 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/client"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 )
 
-func NewAPICmd() *cobra.Command {
+func NewAPICmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
+	if tr == nil {
+		tr = i18n.Default()
+	}
 	apiCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "api <METHOD> <PATH>",
-		Short: "Make raw API requests to GitLink",
-		Long:  `Send arbitrary HTTP requests to the GitLink API. Authentication is injected automatically.`,
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.api.short"),
+		Long:  tr.T("cmd.api.long"),
 		Example: `  gitlink-cli api GET /users/me
   gitlink-cli api GET /projects --query 'page=1&limit=10'
   gitlink-cli api POST /:owner/:repo/issues --body '{"subject":"Bug","description":"..."}'`,
@@ -25,9 +29,9 @@ func NewAPICmd() *cobra.Command {
 		RunE: runAPI,
 	}
 
-	apiCmd.Flags().String("body", "", "Request body (JSON string)")
-	apiCmd.Flags().String("query", "", "Query parameters (key=val&key2=val2)")
-	apiCmd.Flags().StringSlice("header", nil, "Additional headers (key:value)")
+	apiCmd.Flags().String("body", "", tr.T("flag.api.body"))
+	apiCmd.Flags().String("query", "", tr.T("flag.api.query"))
+	apiCmd.Flags().StringSlice("header", nil, tr.T("flag.api.header"))
 
 	return apiCmd
 }

cmd/auth/auth.go

@@ -2,139 +2,162 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
-	"syscall"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 	"golang.org/x/term"
 
 	internalAuth "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/auth"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 )
 
 const envTokenVar = "GITLINK_TOKEN"
 
-func NewAuthCmd() *cobra.Command {
+var (
+	storeToken = internalAuth.StoreToken
+	loadToken  = internalAuth.LoadToken
+)
+
+func NewAuthCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
+	if tr == nil {
+		tr = i18n.Default()
+	}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "auth",
-		Short: "Authentication commands",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.auth.short"),
 	}
-	cmd.AddCommand(newLoginCmd())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newLogoutCmd())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newStatusCmd())
+	cmd.AddCommand(newLoginCmd(tr))
+	cmd.AddCommand(newLogoutCmd(tr))
+	cmd.AddCommand(newStatusCmd(tr))
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func newLoginCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newLoginCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	var tokenMode bool
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "login",
-		Short: "Login to GitLink",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.auth.login.short"),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if tokenMode {
-				return loginWithToken()
+				return loginWithToken(cmd.InOrStdin(), cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr)
 			}
-			return loginWithPassword()
+			return loginWithPassword(cmd.InOrStdin(), cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr)
 		},
 	}
-	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&tokenMode, "token", false, "Login by pasting an existing token")
+	cmd.Flags().BoolVar(&tokenMode, "token", false, tr.T("flag.auth.token"))
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func loginWithPassword() error {
-	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
-
-	fmt.Print("Username/Email/Phone: ")
+func loginWithPassword(in io.Reader, out io.Writer, tr *i18n.Translator) error {
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(in)
+	fmt.Fprint(out, tr.T("prompt.auth.username"))
 	username, _ := reader.ReadString('\n')
 	username = strings.TrimSpace(username)
 
-	fmt.Print("Password: ")
-	passwordBytes, err := term.ReadPassword(int(syscall.Stdin))
+	fmt.Fprint(out, tr.T("prompt.auth.password"))
+	passwordBytes, err := readPassword(in, reader)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read password: %w", err)
 	}
-	fmt.Println()
+	fmt.Fprintln(out)
 	password := string(passwordBytes)
 
 	result, err := internalAuth.Login(username, password)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %w", err)
+		return errors.New(tr.Tf("error.auth.login_failed", i18n.Args{"message": err.Error()}))
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("✓ Logged in as %s\n", result.Login)
+	fmt.Fprintln(out, tr.Tf("success.auth.logged_in_as", i18n.Args{"login": result.Login}))
 	return nil
 }
 
-func loginWithToken() error {
-	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
-	fmt.Print("Paste your token: ")
+func readPassword(in io.Reader, reader *bufio.Reader) ([]byte, error) {
+	if file, ok := in.(*os.File); ok {
+		fd := int(file.Fd())
+		if term.IsTerminal(fd) {
+			return term.ReadPassword(fd)
+		}
+	}
+	password, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
+	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return []byte(strings.TrimRight(password, "\r\n")), nil
+}
+
+func loginWithToken(in io.Reader, out io.Writer, tr *i18n.Translator) error {
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(in)
+	fmt.Fprint(out, tr.T("prompt.auth.token"))
 	token, _ := reader.ReadString('\n')
 	token = strings.TrimSpace(token)
 
 	if token == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("token cannot be empty")
+		return errors.New(tr.T("error.auth.token_empty"))
 	}
 
-	if err := internalAuth.StoreToken(token); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to store token: %w", err)
+	if err := storeToken(token); err != nil {
+		return errors.New(tr.Tf("error.auth.store_token_failed", i18n.Args{"message": err.Error()}))
 	}
 
-	fmt.Println("✓ Token saved")
+	fmt.Fprintln(out, tr.T("success.auth.token_saved"))
 	return nil
 }
 
-func newLogoutCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newLogoutCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "logout",
-		Short: "Logout from GitLink",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.auth.logout.short"),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if err := internalAuth.DeleteToken(); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete token: %w", err)
+				return errors.New(tr.Tf("error.auth.delete_token_failed", i18n.Args{"message": err.Error()}))
 			}
-			fmt.Println("✓ Logged out")
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.T("success.auth.logged_out"))
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
 }
 
-func newStatusCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newStatusCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "status",
-		Short: "Show authentication status",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.auth.status.short"),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			// Check env var token first
 			if envToken := os.Getenv(envTokenVar); envToken != "" {
-				fmt.Printf("✓ Logged in via %s environment variable\n", envTokenVar)
+				fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("success.auth.logged_in_via_env", i18n.Args{"env": envTokenVar}))
 			}
 
-			token, err := internalAuth.LoadToken()
+			token, err := loadToken()
 			if err != nil || token == "" {
 				if os.Getenv(envTokenVar) == "" {
-					fmt.Println("✗ Not logged in")
-					fmt.Println("  Run: gitlink-cli auth login")
-					fmt.Printf("  Or set %s environment variable\n", envTokenVar)
+					fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.T("warning.auth.not_logged_in"))
+					fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.T("output.auth.login_hint"))
+					fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("output.auth.env_hint", i18n.Args{"env": envTokenVar}))
 				}
 				return nil
 			}
 
 			user, err := internalAuth.GetCurrentUser()
 			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Printf("✓ Token stored (but cannot verify: %v)\n", err)
+				fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("warning.auth.token_unverified", i18n.Args{"message": err.Error()}))
 				return nil
 			}
 
 			login, _ := user["login"].(string)
 			name, _ := user["name"].(string)
 			if login != "" {
-				fmt.Printf("✓ Logged in as %s", login)
+				text := tr.Tf("success.auth.logged_in_as", i18n.Args{"login": login})
 				if name != "" {
-					fmt.Printf(" (%s)", name)
+					text = fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", text, name)
 				}
-				fmt.Println()
+				fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), text)
 			} else {
-				fmt.Println("✓ Token stored (user info unavailable)")
+				fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.T("warning.auth.user_unavailable"))
 			}
 			return nil
 		},

cmd/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
+)
+
+func TestAuthTokenLoginUsesLocalizedPrompt(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	oldStoreToken := storeToken
+	var storedToken string
+	storeToken = func(token string) error {
+		storedToken = token
+		return nil
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		storeToken = oldStoreToken
+	})
+
+	cmd := NewAuthCmd(tr)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"login", "--token"})
+	cmd.SetIn(strings.NewReader("test-token\n"))
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&out)
+	cmd.SetErr(&out)
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if storedToken != "test-token" {
+		t.Fatalf("stored token = %q, want test-token", storedToken)
+	}
+	output := out.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "粘贴你的访问 Token") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized token prompt, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "Token 已保存") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized token saved message, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthStatusUsesLocalizedNotLoggedIn(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("GITLINK_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+	t.Setenv(envTokenVar, "")
+
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	oldLoadToken := loadToken
+	loadToken = func() (string, error) {
+		return "", os.ErrNotExist
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		loadToken = oldLoadToken
+	})
+
+	cmd := NewAuthCmd(tr)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"status"})
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&out)
+	cmd.SetErr(&out)
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	output := out.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "未登录") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized not logged in message, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "gitlink-cli auth login") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected login hint, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}

cmd/cmdutil/globals.go

@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ var (
 	Repo   string
 	Format string
 	Debug  bool
+	Lang   string
 )

cmd/config/config.go

@@ -1,59 +1,67 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
 	internalConfig "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/config"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 )
 
-func NewConfigCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func NewConfigCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
+	if tr == nil {
+		tr = i18n.Default()
+	}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "config",
-		Short: "Manage gitlink-cli configuration",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.config.short"),
 	}
-	cmd.AddCommand(newInitCmd())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newSetCmd())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newGetCmd())
-	cmd.AddCommand(newListCmd())
+	cmd.AddCommand(newInitCmd(tr))
+	cmd.AddCommand(newSetCmd(tr))
+	cmd.AddCommand(newGetCmd(tr))
+	cmd.AddCommand(newListCmd(tr))
 	return cmd
 }
 
-func newInitCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newInitCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "init",
-		Short: "Initialize configuration file",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.config.init.short"),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			cfg := internalConfig.DefaultConfig()
 			if err := internalConfig.Save(cfg); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to save config: %w", err)
+				return errors.New(tr.Tf("error.config.save_failed", i18n.Args{"message": err.Error()}))
 			}
-			fmt.Printf("✓ Config initialized at %s\n", internalConfig.ConfigPath())
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("success.config.initialized", i18n.Args{"path": internalConfig.ConfigPath()}))
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
 }
 
-func newSetCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newSetCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "set <key> <value>",
-		Short: "Set a configuration value",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.config.set.short"),
 		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(2),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if err := internalConfig.Set(args[0], args[1]); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			fmt.Printf("✓ %s = %s\n", args[0], args[1])
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("success.config.set", i18n.Args{
+				"key":   args[0],
+				"value": args[1],
+			}))
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
 }
 
-func newGetCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newGetCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "get <key>",
-		Short: "Get a configuration value",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.config.get.short"),
 		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(1),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			val, err := internalConfig.Get(args[0])
@@ -61,29 +69,31 @@ func newGetCmd() *cobra.Command {
 				return err
 			}
 			if val == "" {
-				fmt.Printf("%s: (not set)\n", args[0])
+				fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "%s: %s\n", args[0], tr.T("output.config.not_set"))
 			} else {
-				fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", args[0], val)
+				fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "%s: %s\n", args[0], val)
 			}
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
 }
 
-func newListCmd() *cobra.Command {
+func newListCmd(tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
 	return &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "list",
-		Short: "List all configuration values",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.config.list.short"),
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			cfg, err := internalConfig.Load()
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			fmt.Printf("base_url:       %s\n", cfg.BaseURL)
-			fmt.Printf("default_format: %s\n", cfg.Format)
-			fmt.Printf("editor:         %s\n", cfg.Editor)
-			fmt.Printf("pager:          %s\n", cfg.Pager)
-			fmt.Printf("\nConfig file: %s\n", internalConfig.ConfigPath())
+			fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "base_url:       %s\n", cfg.BaseURL)
+			fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "default_format: %s\n", cfg.Format)
+			fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "editor:         %s\n", cfg.Editor)
+			fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "pager:          %s\n", cfg.Pager)
+			fmt.Fprintf(cmd.OutOrStdout(), "lang:           %s\n", cfg.Lang)
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout())
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("output.config.file", i18n.Args{"path": internalConfig.ConfigPath()}))
 			return nil
 		},
 	}

cmd/config/config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
+)
+
+func TestConfigSetUsesCommandOutputAndI18n(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("GITLINK_CONFIG_DIR", t.TempDir())
+
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cmd := NewConfigCmd(tr)
+	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"set", "lang", "zh-CN"})
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.SetOut(&out)
+	cmd.SetErr(&out)
+
+	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	output := out.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(output, "已设置 lang = zh-CN") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized config set output, got:\n%s", output)
+	}
+}

cmd/root.go

@@ -1,54 +1,126 @@
 package cmd
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
-	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/cmdutil"
-	authCmd "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/auth"
 	apiCmd "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/api"
+	authCmd "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/auth"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/cmdutil"
 	configCmd "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/config"
+	internalConfig "github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/config"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts"
 )
 
 var Version = "dev"
 
-var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "gitlink-cli",
-	Short: "GitLink CLI — command-line tool for gitlink.org.cn",
-	Long:  `gitlink-cli is a command-line interface for the GitLink (确实开源) platform, providing repository management, issue tracking, pull requests, CI/CD, and AI-powered workflows.`,
-	SilenceUsage:  true,
-	SilenceErrors: true,
+type RootOptions struct {
+	Version    string
+	Args       []string
+	Env        map[string]string
+	ConfigLang string
 }
 
-func init() {
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Owner, "owner", "", "Repository owner (auto-detected from git remote)")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Repo, "repo", "", "Repository name (auto-detected from git remote)")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Format, "format", "", "Output format: json, table, yaml (default: table)")
-	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cmdutil.Debug, "debug", false, "Enable debug output")
+func NewRootCmd(opts RootOptions, tr *i18n.Translator) (*cobra.Command, error) {
+	if tr == nil {
+		var err error
+		tr, err = newTranslator(opts.Args, opts.Env, opts.ConfigLang)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
 
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(authCmd.NewAuthCmd())
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(apiCmd.NewAPICmd())
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(configCmd.NewConfigCmd())
-	rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
+	version := opts.Version
+	if version == "" {
+		version = Version
+	}
 
-	shortcuts.RegisterAll(rootCmd)
+	rootCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:           "gitlink-cli",
+		Short:         tr.T("cmd.root.short"),
+		Long:          tr.T("cmd.root.long"),
+		SilenceUsage:  true,
+		SilenceErrors: true,
+	}
+
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Owner, "owner", "", tr.T("flag.owner"))
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Repo, "repo", "", tr.T("flag.repo"))
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Format, "format", "", tr.T("flag.format"))
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&cmdutil.Debug, "debug", false, tr.T("flag.debug"))
+	rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cmdutil.Lang, "lang", "", tr.T("flag.lang"))
+
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(authCmd.NewAuthCmd(tr))
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(apiCmd.NewAPICmd(tr))
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(configCmd.NewConfigCmd(tr))
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(newVersionCmd(version, tr))
+
+	shortcuts.RegisterAll(rootCmd, tr)
+
+	if opts.Args != nil {
+		rootCmd.SetArgs(opts.Args)
+	}
+	return rootCmd, nil
 }
 
-var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
-	Use:   "version",
-	Short: "Print version information",
-	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-		fmt.Printf("gitlink-cli %s\n", Version)
-	},
+func newVersionCmd(version string, tr *i18n.Translator) *cobra.Command {
+	return &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "version",
+		Short: tr.T("cmd.version.short"),
+		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			fmt.Fprintln(cmd.OutOrStdout(), tr.Tf("output.version", i18n.Args{"version": version}))
+		},
+	}
 }
 
 func Execute() error {
+	args := os.Args[1:]
+	rootCmd, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{
+		Version: Version,
+		Args:    args,
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+func newTranslator(args []string, env map[string]string, configLang string) (*i18n.Translator, error) {
+	available, err := i18n.AvailableLocales()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if env == nil {
+		env = i18n.EnvMap()
+	}
+	if configLang == "" {
+		configLang = loadConfigLangBestEffort()
+	}
+	resolved := i18n.ResolveLocaleDetailed(i18n.ResolveOptions{
+		ExplicitLang: i18n.PreScanLang(args),
+		Env:          env,
+		ConfigLang:   configLang,
+	}, available)
+	if !resolved.Supported && (resolved.Source == "flag" || resolved.Source == "env") {
+		tr := i18n.Default()
+		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tf("error.unsupported_language", i18n.Args{"lang": resolved.Requested}))
+	}
+	return i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: resolved.Locale})
+}
+
+func loadConfigLangBestEffort() string {
+	cfg, err := internalConfig.Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return cfg.Lang
+}

cmd/root_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
+)
+
+func TestRootHelpUsesSelectedLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "test", Args: []string{"--help"}}, tr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	help := out.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(help, "用于管理 GitLink 上的仓库") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Chinese root long help, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(help, "仓库操作") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Chinese shortcut group help, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(help, "认证命令") || !strings.Contains(help, "管理 gitlink-cli 配置") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Chinese core command help, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(help, "--lang") || !strings.Contains(help, "显示语言") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized lang flag help, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRootHelpUsesExplicitLang(t *testing.T) {
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "test", Args: []string{"--lang", "zh-CN", "--help"}, Env: map[string]string{}}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	help := out.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"用于管理 GitLink", "显示语言", "仓库"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(help, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %q in help, got:\n%s", want, help)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRootHelpUsesEnvLang(t *testing.T) {
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{
+		Version: "test",
+		Args:    []string{"repo", "--help"},
+		Env:     map[string]string{"GITLINK_LANG": "zh-CN"},
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	help := out.String()
+	for _, want := range []string{"仓库操作", "仓库所有者", "仓库名称"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(help, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected %q in help, got:\n%s", want, help)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExplicitLangOverridesConfigLang(t *testing.T) {
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{
+		Version:    "test",
+		Args:       []string{"--lang", "en-US", "--help"},
+		Env:        map[string]string{},
+		ConfigLang: "zh-CN",
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	help := out.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(help, "Repository operations") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected English help, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(help, "仓库操作") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected explicit en-US to override config zh-CN, got:\n%s", help)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnsupportedExplicitLangReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{
+		Version: "test",
+		Args:    []string{"--lang", "fr-FR", "--help"},
+		Env:     map[string]string{},
+	}, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected unsupported language error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported language") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected unsupported language error, got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequireArgUsesLocalizedError(t *testing.T) {
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{
+		Version: "test",
+		Args:    []string{"--lang", "zh-CN", "repo", "+create"},
+		Env:     map[string]string{},
+	}, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	err = root.Execute()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected missing required flag error")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "缺少必需参数") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized missing flag error, got %q", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCoreCommandHelpUsesSelectedLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		args []string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{
+			args: []string{"api", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"向 GitLink API 发送任意 HTTP 请求", "--body", "请求体（JSON 字符串）"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"auth", "login", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"登录 GitLink", "--token", "通过粘贴已有 Token 登录"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"config", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"管理 gitlink-cli 配置", "初始化配置文件", "列出所有配置项"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "test", Args: tc.args}, tr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		var out bytes.Buffer
+		root.SetOut(&out)
+		root.SetErr(&out)
+		if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%v: %v", tc.args, err)
+		}
+
+		help := out.String()
+		for _, want := range tc.want {
+			if !strings.Contains(help, want) {
+				t.Fatalf("%v: expected %q in help, got:\n%s", tc.args, want, help)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShortcutHelpUsesSelectedLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		args []string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{
+			args: []string{"repo", "+create", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"创建新仓库", "--name", "仓库名称", "--private", "设为私有仓库"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"issue", "+batch-close", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"批量关闭筛选后的议题", "--older-than-days", "必需的安全筛选条件", "--yes"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"pr", "+review", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"创建拉取请求评审", "--content", "评审内容", "--dry-run"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "test", Args: tc.args}, tr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		var out bytes.Buffer
+		root.SetOut(&out)
+		root.SetErr(&out)
+		if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%v: %v", tc.args, err)
+		}
+
+		help := out.String()
+		for _, want := range tc.want {
+			if !strings.Contains(help, want) {
+				t.Fatalf("%v: expected %q in help, got:\n%s", tc.args, want, help)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRemainingShortcutHelpUsesSelectedLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "zh-CN"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		args []string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{
+			args: []string{"branch", "+create", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"创建分支", "--from", "源分支或 Commit"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"release", "+create", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"创建发布", "--prerelease", "标记为预发布"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"webhook", "+create", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"创建仓库 Webhook", "--events", "逗号分隔的事件"},
+		},
+		{
+			args: []string{"ci", "+logs", "--help"},
+			want: []string{"查看构建日志", "--build", "构建编号"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "test", Args: tc.args}, tr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		var out bytes.Buffer
+		root.SetOut(&out)
+		root.SetErr(&out)
+		if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%v: %v", tc.args, err)
+		}
+
+		help := out.String()
+		for _, want := range tc.want {
+			if !strings.Contains(help, want) {
+				t.Fatalf("%v: expected %q in help, got:\n%s", tc.args, want, help)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVersionUsesInjectedVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := i18n.New(i18n.Options{Locale: "en-US"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	root, err := NewRootCmd(RootOptions{Version: "1.2.3", Args: []string{"version"}}, tr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	root.SetOut(&out)
+	root.SetErr(&out)
+	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if got := strings.TrimSpace(out.String()); got != "gitlink-cli 1.2.3" {
+		t.Fatalf("version output = %q", got)
+	}
+}

docs/i18n-project-summary.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# GitLink CLI i18n Infrastructure Summary
+
+## Project Scope
+
+This work introduces a maintainable localization infrastructure for GitLink CLI. It turns user-facing command help and flag descriptions into validated locale resources while keeping machine-readable outputs stable.
+
+## Completed Capabilities
+
+- Added `internal/i18n` as a dedicated localization package.
+- Embedded locale JSON files with `go:embed`.
+- Added `Translator` with `T` and `Tf` APIs.
+- Added fallback behavior from selected locale to `en-US`, then to the message key.
+- Added locale resolution from `--lang`, `GITLINK_LANG`, `config.lang`, `LC_ALL`, and `LANG`.
+- Added locale normalization with exact matching and explicit alias matching for supported locales; unsupported locales fall back to the baseline language to avoid incorrect matches.
+- Added simple `{name}` template rendering for parameterized messages.
+- Added `go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check` to validate key completeness, empty messages, key naming, and template argument consistency.
+- Added GitHub Actions test workflow for i18n validation and Go tests.
+
+## CLI Integration
+
+- Reworked root command construction from package-level static initialization to `NewRootCmd(opts, tr)`.
+- Added global `--lang` flag.
+- Added `lang` support to the config model.
+- Localized root command help, global flags, version help/output, and shortcut group descriptions.
+- Localized command and flag help for:
+  - `api`
+  - `auth`
+  - `config`
+  - `repo`
+  - `issue`
+  - `pr`
+  - `branch`
+  - `release`
+  - `org`
+  - `user`
+  - `search`
+  - `ci`
+  - `webhook`
+
+## Deliberate Non-Goals
+
+The migration intentionally does not localize:
+
+- JSON field names
+- API response bodies
+- raw API errors returned by the server
+- debug diagnostics
+- internal developer-only error context
+
+This keeps scripted usage stable while improving human-facing CLI experience.
+
+## Validation
+
+The implementation has been validated with:
+
+```powershell
+go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check
+go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check --scan-code
+go test ./...
+```
+
+## Follow-Up Work
+
+- Migrate selected runtime success/error messages where they are clearly user-facing.
+- Consider a stricter scanner for new hardcoded help text.
+- Add contributor documentation for adding a new locale.

docs/i18n.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# GitLink CLI i18n Guide
+
+## Goals
+
+GitLink CLI localizes human-facing command-line text while keeping machine-readable output stable. The i18n layer is infrastructure, not a place to store every string in the project.
+
+## Translate
+
+- Cobra command `Short`, `Long`, and human-facing examples.
+- Flag usage text.
+- User-facing errors.
+- Interactive prompts.
+- Success messages.
+- Warnings.
+- Confirmation messages.
+- Table column labels when the output is meant for humans.
+
+## Do Not Translate
+
+- JSON field names.
+- Raw API response bodies.
+- Debug logs and developer diagnostics.
+- Machine-readable status enum values.
+- HTTP methods, paths, query keys, and payload field names.
+- Long-form README documentation.
+- Test assertion descriptions.
+
+## Key Names
+
+Use stable, descriptive keys:
+
+- `cmd.*` for command help.
+- `flag.*` for flag usage.
+- `error.*` for user-facing errors.
+- `prompt.*` for interactive input prompts.
+- `success.*` for successful user-facing operations.
+- `warning.*` for warnings.
+- `confirm.*` for confirmation prompts.
+- `table.*` for human table headers.
+
+Do not invent numbered keys such as `msg001`. Prefer names that describe ownership and intent, for example `error.missing_required_flag`.
+
+## Adding Text
+
+1. Add the key to `internal/i18n/locales/en-US.json`.
+2. Add the same key to every other locale, including `zh-CN.json`.
+3. Keep placeholders identical across locales, for example `{name}`.
+4. Use `tr.T("key")` or `tr.Tf("key", i18n.Args{...})`.
+5. Run:
+
+   ```powershell
+   go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check
+   go test ./...
+   ```
+
+Use `go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check --fix` to format locale JSON.
+
+Use `go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check --scan-code` to validate referenced message keys. The scanner is intentionally lightweight:
+
+- Name command-construction translators `tr` when calling `tr.T(...)` or `tr.Tf(...)`.
+- Use `ctx.Tr.T(...)` or `ctx.Tr.Tf(...)` in runtime shortcut code.
+- Avoid calling translator methods through other variable names such as `translator.T(...)`; the current scan may not detect them.
+- Do not add new `i18n.Default().T(...)` or `i18n.Default().Tf(...)` usages.
+
+## Runtime Access
+
+Command construction receives `*i18n.Translator` from `NewRootCmd`. Shortcut execution receives the same translator through `RuntimeContext.Tr`.
+
+New command code should receive a translator explicitly. `i18n.Default()` exists only as a legacy migration fallback and should not be used for new command paths.
+
+## Maintenance Checks
+
+- Locale JSON is sorted and formatted with two spaces.
+- Every locale has the same keys as `en-US`.
+- Template placeholders match across locales.
+- New command/runtime text uses i18n only when it is human-facing.
+- JSON output, API raw responses, debug logs, and machine-readable values are unchanged.

docs/issue-batch-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# Issue Batch Maintenance Design
+
+## Background
+
+This change adds focused Issue batch maintenance shortcuts for GitLink CLI. The
+goal is to improve practical Issue management while keeping remote write
+operations explicit and guarded.
+
+## Commands
+
+### `issue +batch-list`
+
+Lists candidate issues for batch maintenance. This command is read-only.
+
+Supported filters:
+
+- `--state`, default `open`
+- `--label`
+- `--older-than-days`
+- `--limit`, capped at `100`
+
+### `issue +batch-close`
+
+Closes filtered issues in bulk. The command defaults to dry-run mode and only
+executes remote close operations when `--yes` is passed.
+
+Safety guards:
+
+- requires `--older-than-days`
+- rejects values lower than `7`
+- caps `--limit` at `100`
+- records per-issue failures without hiding partial errors
+
+### `issue +batch-label`
+
+Previews adding a label to filtered issues. It requires `--add-label` and
+defaults to dry-run mode. The current implementation does not fake remote label
+writes when a stable add-label API endpoint is unavailable.
+
+## Data Model
+
+`BatchIssueCandidate` is the stable item DTO for candidate issues:
+
+- `number`
+- `title`
+- `state`
+- `labels`
+- `author`
+- `updated_at`
+- `days_inactive`
+- `url`
+
+`BatchIssueResult` wraps the command result with:
+
+- `dry_run`
+- `action`
+- `total`
+- `success`
+- `failed`
+- `candidates`
+- `errors`
+
+## API Strategy
+
+The implementation reuses the existing shortcut runtime:
+
+- `RuntimeContext.ResolveOwnerRepo`
+- `RuntimeContext.CallAPIWithQuery`
+- `RuntimeContext.CallAPI`
+- existing `/v1/{owner}/{repo}/issues` paths
+
+`issue +batch-close --yes` uses the existing issue close behavior: fetch the
+current issue details first, then patch `status_id` to the closed status while
+preserving title and description.
+
+`issue +batch-label --yes` currently reports that the remote write endpoint is
+unavailable instead of pretending to mutate labels.
+
+## Output
+
+The batch shortcuts support:
+
+- `table`
+- `json`
+
+Table output is optimized for terminal review. JSON output is stable enough for
+scripts and agents.
+
+## Scope
+
+This PR does not modify `internal/output`, does not introduce dependencies, and
+does not add unrelated workflow-agent functionality.

docs/issue-batch-test-report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Issue Batch Maintenance Test Report
+
+## Scope
+
+The tests cover the Issue batch maintenance shortcuts:
+
+- `issue +batch-list`
+- `issue +batch-close`
+- `issue +batch-label`
+
+They focus on filtering, dry-run safety, output structure, and API behavior.
+
+## Test Commands
+
+```bash
+gofmt -w shortcuts/issue/*.go shortcuts/common/*.go
+go test ./shortcuts/issue
+go test ./...
+```
+
+## Unit Coverage
+
+Implemented coverage includes:
+
+- batch-list filtering by state, label, and inactive days
+- `older-than-days` filtering
+- `limit` truncation behavior
+- missing `updated_at` tolerance
+- batch-close safety validation
+- batch-close default dry-run behavior
+- batch-close dry-run does not call `PATCH`
+- batch-label requires `--add-label`
+- JSON output can be unmarshaled
+- table output is non-empty and includes dry-run or execution summary
+- per-item write failures are recorded in `errors`
+- httptest issue list response normalization
+
+## Safety Verification
+
+`issue +batch-close` refuses unsafe execution when:
+
+- `--older-than-days` is missing
+- `--older-than-days` is lower than `7`
+- `--limit` is greater than `100`
+
+`issue +batch-label` refuses missing `--add-label` and does not fake remote
+label writes when the add-label endpoint is not implemented.
+
+## Known Limitations
+
+- `issue +batch-label --yes` reports an endpoint-unavailable error until a
+  stable label mutation endpoint is confirmed.
+- The batch commands currently fetch the first page using the configured limit.
+  Larger multi-page workflows can be added later using the existing pagination
+  helper if maintainers want that behavior.

docs/pr-draft-issue-batch.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# feat(issue): add batch maintenance shortcuts
+
+## Summary
+
+This PR adds focused Issue batch maintenance shortcuts:
+
+- `issue +batch-list`
+- `issue +batch-close`
+- `issue +batch-label`
+
+The commands help maintainers inspect and act on groups of Issues with safe
+defaults and structured output.
+
+## Motivation
+
+Maintainers often need to find stale or labeled Issues, preview a batch action,
+and then execute it carefully. Existing single-Issue commands are useful, but
+they do not provide a guarded batch maintenance workflow.
+
+## Changes
+
+- Add `issue +batch-list` for read-only candidate listing.
+- Upgrade `issue +batch-close` to use filter-based selection, default dry-run,
+  and explicit `--yes` execution.
+- Add `issue +batch-label` for dry-run label maintenance planning.
+- Add batch DTOs and table/json rendering inside the issue shortcut package.
+- Add long help text with examples and safety notes.
+- Add tests and documentation for the batch workflow.
+
+## Safety
+
+- `issue +batch-list` is read-only.
+- `issue +batch-close` and `issue +batch-label` default to dry-run.
+- `--yes` is required before any remote mutation is attempted.
+- Batch close requires `--older-than-days`.
+- Batch close rejects `--older-than-days` values lower than `7`.
+- `--limit` is capped at `100`.
+- Per-item failures are recorded in `errors` and do not hide partial failures.
+- `issue +batch-label --yes` does not fake success when a label write endpoint
+  is unavailable.
+
+## Tests
+
+```bash
+gofmt -w shortcuts/issue/*.go shortcuts/common/*.go
+go test ./shortcuts/issue
+go test ./...
+```
+
+Coverage includes filtering, dry-run behavior, JSON/table rendering, httptest
+API list responses, and per-item write failure reporting.
+
+## Documentation
+
+- `README.md`
+- `README.zh-CN.md`
+- `docs/issue-batch-design.md`
+- `docs/issue-batch-test-report.md`
+
+## Known Limitations
+
+- Label mutation is intentionally not executed until a stable GitLink add-label
+  endpoint is confirmed.
+- The current candidate fetch uses one page with the requested limit.

internal/config/config.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Format  string `yaml:"default_format"`
 	Editor  string `yaml:"editor,omitempty"`
 	Pager   string `yaml:"pager,omitempty"`
+	Lang    string `yaml:"lang,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func DefaultConfig() *Config {
@@ -85,6 +86,8 @@ func Get(key string) (string, error) {
 		return cfg.Editor, nil
 	case "pager":
 		return cfg.Pager, nil
+	case "lang":
+		return cfg.Lang, nil
 	default:
 		return "", nil
 	}
@@ -104,6 +107,8 @@ func Set(key, value string) error {
 		cfg.Editor = value
 	case "pager":
 		cfg.Pager = value
+	case "lang":
+		cfg.Lang = value
 	}
 	return Save(cfg)
 }

internal/i18n/args.go

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+package i18n
+
+// Args contains named values used by parameterized messages.
+type Args map[string]any

internal/i18n/cmd/check/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fix := flag.Bool("fix", false, "format locale JSON files")
+	scanCode := flag.Bool("scan-code", false, "scan Go source for referenced i18n keys")
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	problems, err := i18n.Validate(i18n.NewEmbedLoader(), "en-US")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if len(problems) > 0 {
+		for _, problem := range problems {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, problem.String())
+		}
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if err := checkLocaleFormat(*fix); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	if *scanCode {
+		if err := checkCodeReferences(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Println("i18n messages are valid")
+}
+
+func checkLocaleFormat(fix bool) error {
+	files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join("internal", "i18n", "locales", "*.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, path := range files {
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		formatted, err := formatJSON(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", path, err)
+		}
+		if string(data) == string(formatted) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if fix {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(path, formatted, 0644); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: locale JSON is not formatted; run go run ./internal/i18n/cmd/check --fix", path)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func formatJSON(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var messages map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &messages); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	if err := enc.Encode(messages); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func checkCodeReferences() error {
+	loader := i18n.NewEmbedLoader()
+	base, err := loader.Load("en-US")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	used, defaultUses, err := scanCodeKeys([]string{"cmd", "shortcuts", "internal"})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var missing []string
+	for key := range used {
+		if _, ok := base[key]; !ok {
+			missing = append(missing, key)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(missing)
+	if len(missing) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing i18n key references: %s", strings.Join(missing, ", "))
+	}
+	for _, item := range defaultUses {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "warning: avoid new i18n.Default() usage at %s\n", item)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func scanCodeKeys(roots []string) (map[string]struct{}, []string, error) {
+	keyPattern := regexp.MustCompile(`(?:tr|ctx\.Tr|i18n\.Default\(\))\.T(?:f)?\("([^"]+)"`)
+	defaultPattern := regexp.MustCompile(`i18n\.Default\(\)\.T(?:f)?\("([^"]+)"`)
+	used := map[string]struct{}{}
+	var defaultUses []string
+	for _, root := range roots {
+		err := filepath.WalkDir(root, func(path string, entry os.DirEntry, err error) error {
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if entry.IsDir() {
+				if strings.Contains(filepath.ToSlash(path), "internal/i18n/locales") {
+					return filepath.SkipDir
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
+			if filepath.Ext(path) != ".go" {
+				return nil
+			}
+			if strings.HasSuffix(path, "_test.go") {
+				return nil
+			}
+			data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			text := string(data)
+			for _, match := range keyPattern.FindAllStringSubmatch(text, -1) {
+				used[match[1]] = struct{}{}
+			}
+			for _, match := range defaultPattern.FindAllStringSubmatchIndex(text, -1) {
+				line := 1 + strings.Count(text[:match[0]], "\n")
+				defaultUses = append(defaultUses, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", filepath.ToSlash(path), line))
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(defaultUses)
+	return used, defaultUses, nil
+}

internal/i18n/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Package i18n provides localized user-facing messages for the CLI.
+//
+// It intentionally does not localize machine-readable output such as JSON
+// field names, API response bodies, or debug diagnostics.
+package i18n

internal/i18n/loader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"embed"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+//go:embed locales/*.json
+var embeddedLocales embed.FS
+
+// Loader loads locale messages from a backing store.
+type Loader interface {
+	Load(locale string) (map[string]string, error)
+	AvailableLocales() ([]string, error)
+}
+
+type embedLoader struct {
+	fs fs.FS
+}
+
+// NewEmbedLoader returns the default loader backed by embedded locale files.
+func NewEmbedLoader() Loader {
+	return embedLoader{fs: embeddedLocales}
+}
+
+func (l embedLoader) Load(locale string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	locale = NormalizeLocale(locale)
+	path := filepath.ToSlash(filepath.Join("locales", locale+".json"))
+	data, err := fs.ReadFile(l.fs, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load locale %s: %w", locale, err)
+	}
+
+	var messages map[string]string
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &messages); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse locale %s: %w", locale, err)
+	}
+	return messages, nil
+}
+
+func (l embedLoader) AvailableLocales() ([]string, error) {
+	entries, err := fs.ReadDir(l.fs, "locales")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	locales := make([]string, 0, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if entry.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(entry.Name(), ".json") {
+			continue
+		}
+		locales = append(locales, strings.TrimSuffix(entry.Name(), ".json"))
+	}
+	sort.Strings(locales)
+	return locales, nil
+}
+
+// AvailableLocales returns locales available from the embedded loader.
+func AvailableLocales() ([]string, error) {
+	return NewEmbedLoader().AvailableLocales()
+}

internal/i18n/locale.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// NormalizeLocale converts common locale spellings to a stable BCP-47-like form.
+func NormalizeLocale(locale string) string {
+	locale = strings.TrimSpace(locale)
+	if locale == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	if idx := strings.IndexByte(locale, '.'); idx >= 0 {
+		locale = locale[:idx]
+	}
+	locale = strings.ReplaceAll(locale, "_", "-")
+
+	parts := strings.Split(locale, "-")
+	normalized := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+	for i, part := range parts {
+		if part == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch {
+		case i == 0:
+			normalized = append(normalized, strings.ToLower(part))
+		case len(part) == 2:
+			normalized = append(normalized, strings.ToUpper(part))
+		case len(part) == 4:
+			normalized = append(normalized, strings.ToUpper(part[:1])+strings.ToLower(part[1:]))
+		default:
+			normalized = append(normalized, part)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(normalized, "-")
+}
+
+// MatchLocale resolves requested to one of available using exact, safe alias,
+// then fallback matching.
+func MatchLocale(requested string, available []string, fallback string) string {
+	return matchLocale(requested, available, fallback).Locale
+}
+
+type localeMatch struct {
+	Locale     string
+	Requested  string
+	Fallbacked bool
+	Supported  bool
+}
+
+func matchLocale(requested string, available []string, fallback string) localeMatch {
+	fallback = NormalizeLocale(fallback)
+	if fallback == "" {
+		fallback = defaultFallbackLocale
+	}
+	if len(available) == 0 {
+		return localeMatch{Locale: fallback, Requested: NormalizeLocale(requested), Fallbacked: true}
+	}
+
+	byLocale := make(map[string]string, len(available))
+	for _, locale := range available {
+		normalized := NormalizeLocale(locale)
+		byLocale[normalized] = normalized
+	}
+
+	candidate := NormalizeLocale(requested)
+	if candidate != "" {
+		if matched, ok := byLocale[candidate]; ok {
+			return localeMatch{Locale: matched, Requested: candidate, Supported: true}
+		}
+		if alias := localeAlias(candidate); alias != "" {
+			if matched, ok := byLocale[alias]; ok {
+				return localeMatch{Locale: matched, Requested: candidate, Supported: true}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if matched, ok := byLocale[fallback]; ok {
+		return localeMatch{Locale: matched, Requested: candidate, Fallbacked: candidate != "", Supported: false}
+	}
+	return localeMatch{Locale: NormalizeLocale(available[0]), Requested: candidate, Fallbacked: candidate != "", Supported: false}
+}
+
+func primaryLanguage(locale string) string {
+	if idx := strings.IndexByte(locale, '-'); idx >= 0 {
+		return locale[:idx]
+	}
+	return locale
+}
+
+func localeAlias(locale string) string {
+	switch {
+	case locale == "zh" || locale == "zh-CN" || locale == "zh-Hans" || locale == "zh-Hans-CN":
+		return "zh-CN"
+	case primaryLanguage(locale) == "en":
+		return "en-US"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}

internal/i18n/locale_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestNormalizeLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"zh_CN":          "zh-CN",
+		"zh_CN.UTF-8":    "zh-CN",
+		"zh-Hans-CN":     "zh-Hans-CN",
+		"EN_us":          "en-US",
+		"  en-US  ":      "en-US",
+		"zh-hans-cn.utf": "zh-Hans-CN",
+	}
+	for input, want := range cases {
+		if got := NormalizeLocale(input); got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("NormalizeLocale(%q) = %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMatchLocale(t *testing.T) {
+	available := []string{"en-US", "zh-CN"}
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"zh_CN":      "zh-CN",
+		"zh-Hans-CN": "zh-CN",
+		"zh":         "zh-CN",
+		"en":         "en-US",
+		"fr-FR":      "en-US",
+	}
+	for input, want := range cases {
+		if got := MatchLocale(input, available, "en-US"); got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("MatchLocale(%q) = %q, want %q", input, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/i18n/locales/en-US.json

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+  "cmd.api.long": "Send arbitrary HTTP requests to the GitLink API. Authentication is injected automatically.",
+  "cmd.api.short": "Make raw API requests to GitLink",
+  "cmd.auth.login.short": "Login to GitLink",
+  "cmd.auth.logout.short": "Logout from GitLink",
+  "cmd.auth.short": "Authentication commands",
+  "cmd.auth.status.short": "Show authentication status",
+  "cmd.branch.create.short": "Create a branch",
+  "cmd.branch.delete.short": "Delete a branch",
+  "cmd.branch.list.short": "List branches",
+  "cmd.branch.protect.short": "Set branch protection",
+  "cmd.branch.short": "Branch operations",
+  "cmd.branch.unprotect.short": "Remove branch protection",
+  "cmd.ci.builds.short": "List CI builds",
+  "cmd.ci.logs.short": "View build logs",
+  "cmd.ci.restart.short": "Restart a build",
+  "cmd.ci.short": "CI/CD operations",
+  "cmd.ci.stop.short": "Stop a build",
+  "cmd.config.get.short": "Get a configuration value",
+  "cmd.config.init.short": "Initialize configuration file",
+  "cmd.config.list.short": "List all configuration values",
+  "cmd.config.set.short": "Set a configuration value",
+  "cmd.config.short": "Manage gitlink-cli configuration",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_close.long": "Close filtered issues in bulk.\n\nThis command defaults to dry-run mode and only prints matching issues.\nPass --yes to execute remote close operations. Use restrictive filters and a small limit.\n\nExamples:\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --older-than-days 60 --limit 20\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --older-than-days 60 --limit 20 --yes",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_close.short": "Close filtered issues in bulk. Defaults to dry-run; pass --yes to execute.",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_label.long": "Add a label to filtered issues in bulk.\n\nThis command defaults to dry-run mode and only prints matching issues.\nPass --yes to execute remote label operations. The current implementation does not fake label writes when the API endpoint is unavailable.\n\nExamples:\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50 --yes",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_label.short": "Add a label to filtered issues in bulk. Defaults to dry-run; pass --yes to execute.",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_list.long": "List issue batch maintenance candidates without changing remote data.\n\nExamples:\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --state open --older-than-days 30 --limit 50 --format table\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --label bug --format json",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_list.short": "List issue batch maintenance candidates without changing remote data",
+  "cmd.issue.close.short": "Close an issue",
+  "cmd.issue.comment.short": "Add a comment to an issue",
+  "cmd.issue.create.short": "Create a new issue",
+  "cmd.issue.list.short": "List issues",
+  "cmd.issue.short": "Issue operations",
+  "cmd.issue.update.short": "Update an issue",
+  "cmd.issue.view.short": "View issue details",
+  "cmd.org.create.short": "Create an organization",
+  "cmd.org.info.short": "Show organization details",
+  "cmd.org.list.short": "List organizations",
+  "cmd.org.members.short": "List organization members",
+  "cmd.org.short": "Organization operations",
+  "cmd.pr.close.short": "Close a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.comment.short": "Add a comment to a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.create.short": "Create a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.diff.short": "Show diff for a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.files.short": "List changed files in a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.list.short": "List pull requests",
+  "cmd.pr.merge.short": "Merge a pull request",
+  "cmd.pr.review.short": "Create a pull request review",
+  "cmd.pr.reviews.short": "List pull request reviews",
+  "cmd.pr.short": "Pull request operations",
+  "cmd.pr.version_diff.short": "Show diff for a pull request patchset version",
+  "cmd.pr.versions.short": "List pull request patchset versions",
+  "cmd.pr.view.short": "View pull request details",
+  "cmd.release.create.short": "Create a release",
+  "cmd.release.delete.short": "Delete a release",
+  "cmd.release.list.short": "List releases",
+  "cmd.release.short": "Release operations",
+  "cmd.release.view.short": "View release details",
+  "cmd.repo.create.short": "Create a new repository",
+  "cmd.repo.delete.short": "Delete a repository",
+  "cmd.repo.fork.short": "Fork a repository",
+  "cmd.repo.info.short": "Show repository details",
+  "cmd.repo.list.short": "List repositories for a user or organization",
+  "cmd.repo.short": "Repository operations",
+  "cmd.root.long": "Manage repositories, issues, pull requests, releases, CI and workflows on GitLink.",
+  "cmd.root.short": "GitLink CLI - command-line tool for GitLink",
+  "cmd.search.repos.short": "Search repositories",
+  "cmd.search.short": "Search operations",
+  "cmd.search.users.short": "Search users",
+  "cmd.user.info.short": "Show user profile",
+  "cmd.user.me.short": "Show current authenticated user",
+  "cmd.user.short": "User operations",
+  "cmd.version.short": "Print version information",
+  "cmd.webhook.create.short": "Create a repository webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.delete.short": "Delete a repository webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.list.short": "List repository webhooks",
+  "cmd.webhook.short": "Webhook operations",
+  "cmd.webhook.tasks.short": "List webhook delivery tasks",
+  "cmd.webhook.test.short": "Trigger a test delivery for a webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.update.short": "Update a repository webhook while preserving unspecified fields when available",
+  "cmd.webhook.view.short": "View webhook details",
+  "error.auth.delete_token_failed": "failed to delete token: {message}",
+  "error.auth.login_failed": "login failed: {message}",
+  "error.auth.store_token_failed": "failed to store token: {message}",
+  "error.auth.token_empty": "token cannot be empty",
+  "error.config.save_failed": "failed to save config: {message}",
+  "error.missing_required_flag": "required flag --{name} is missing",
+  "error.unsupported_language": "unsupported language: {lang}",
+  "flag.api.body": "Request body (JSON string)",
+  "flag.api.header": "Additional headers (key:value)",
+  "flag.api.query": "Query parameters (key=val&key2=val2)",
+  "flag.auth.token": "Login by pasting an existing token",
+  "flag.branch.from": "Source branch or commit",
+  "flag.branch.name": "Branch name",
+  "flag.ci.build": "Build number",
+  "flag.ci.stage": "Stage number",
+  "flag.ci.step": "Step number",
+  "flag.comment.body": "Comment body",
+  "flag.debug": "Enable debug output",
+  "flag.description": "Description",
+  "flag.dry_run": "Preview the request without creating it",
+  "flag.format": "Output format: json, table, yaml (default: table)",
+  "flag.issue.add_label": "Label to add to each matching issue",
+  "flag.issue.assignee": "Assignee login",
+  "flag.issue.batch.reason": "Optional reason shown in the batch result",
+  "flag.issue.batch.yes": "Execute remote operations. Without this flag the command is dry-run only.",
+  "flag.issue.batch_close.older_than_days": "Required safety filter; must be at least 7",
+  "flag.issue.batch_close.state": "Filter by issue state before closing",
+  "flag.issue.batch_label.state": "Filter by issue state",
+  "flag.issue.batch_list.limit": "Maximum issues to return, capped at 100",
+  "flag.issue.batch_process.limit": "Maximum issues to process, capped at 100",
+  "flag.issue.body": "Issue description",
+  "flag.issue.label": "Label ID",
+  "flag.issue.label_filter": "Filter by existing label",
+  "flag.issue.milestone": "Milestone ID",
+  "flag.issue.new_body": "New description",
+  "flag.issue.new_state": "New state: open, closed, or numeric status_id",
+  "flag.issue.new_title": "New title",
+  "flag.issue.number": "Issue number (as shown in the web URL)",
+  "flag.issue.older_than_days": "Only include issues inactive for at least this many days",
+  "flag.issue.state": "Filter by state: open, closed, all",
+  "flag.issue.title": "Issue title",
+  "flag.lang": "Display language",
+  "flag.limit": "Items per page",
+  "flag.org.id": "Organization ID",
+  "flag.org.id_or_login": "Organization ID or login",
+  "flag.org.name": "Organization name",
+  "flag.owner": "Repository owner (auto-detected from git remote)",
+  "flag.page": "Page number",
+  "flag.pr.base": "Target branch",
+  "flag.pr.body": "PR description",
+  "flag.pr.file": "Filter diff by file path",
+  "flag.pr.head": "Source branch",
+  "flag.pr.id": "PR number",
+  "flag.pr.merge_method": "Merge method: merge, rebase, squash",
+  "flag.pr.review_commit": "Commit SHA to attach the review to",
+  "flag.pr.review_content": "Review content",
+  "flag.pr.review_status": "Review status: common, approved, rejected",
+  "flag.pr.review_status_filter": "Filter review status: common, approved, rejected",
+  "flag.pr.state": "Filter: open, merged, closed",
+  "flag.pr.title": "PR title",
+  "flag.pr.version_id": "Patchset version ID",
+  "flag.release.body": "Release notes",
+  "flag.release.id": "Release ID",
+  "flag.release.id_or_tag": "Release ID or tag",
+  "flag.release.name": "Release name",
+  "flag.release.prerelease": "Mark as prerelease (true/false)",
+  "flag.release.tag": "Tag name",
+  "flag.release.target": "Target branch",
+  "flag.repo": "Repository name (auto-detected from git remote)",
+  "flag.repo.category": "Filter: manage/mirror/sync/fork/all (default: manage)",
+  "flag.repo.description": "Repository description",
+  "flag.repo.name": "Repository name",
+  "flag.repo.private": "Make repository private (true/false)",
+  "flag.search.keyword": "Search keyword",
+  "flag.user": "User login (default: current user)",
+  "flag.user.login": "User login name",
+  "flag.webhook.active": "Whether the webhook is active: true or false",
+  "flag.webhook.branch_filter": "Branch glob filter for push/create/delete events",
+  "flag.webhook.content_type": "Payload content type: json or form",
+  "flag.webhook.events": "Comma-separated events, for example: push,issues_only",
+  "flag.webhook.http_method": "HTTP method: POST or GET",
+  "flag.webhook.id": "Webhook ID",
+  "flag.webhook.secret": "Webhook secret",
+  "flag.webhook.secret_update": "Webhook secret. Pass it again if the server does not return existing secrets.",
+  "flag.webhook.type": "Webhook type: gitea/slack/discord/dingtalk/telegram/msteams/feishu/matrix/jianmu/softbot",
+  "flag.webhook.url": "Webhook target URL",
+  "output.auth.env_hint": "  Or set {env} environment variable",
+  "output.auth.login_hint": "  Run: gitlink-cli auth login",
+  "output.config.file": "Config file: {path}",
+  "output.config.not_set": "(not set)",
+  "output.version": "gitlink-cli {version}",
+  "prompt.auth.password": "Password: ",
+  "prompt.auth.token": "Paste your access token: ",
+  "prompt.auth.username": "Username/Email/Phone: ",
+  "success.auth.logged_in_as": "✓ Logged in as {login}",
+  "success.auth.logged_in_via_env": "✓ Logged in via {env} environment variable",
+  "success.auth.logged_out": "✓ Logged out",
+  "success.auth.token_saved": "✓ Token saved",
+  "success.config.initialized": "✓ Config initialized at {path}",
+  "success.config.set": "✓ {key} = {value}",
+  "warning.auth.not_logged_in": "✗ Not logged in",
+  "warning.auth.token_unverified": "✓ Token stored (but cannot verify: {message})",
+  "warning.auth.user_unavailable": "✓ Token stored (user info unavailable)"
+}

internal/i18n/locales/zh-CN.json

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+  "cmd.api.long": "向 GitLink API 发送任意 HTTP 请求。认证信息会自动注入。",
+  "cmd.api.short": "向 GitLink 发起原始 API 请求",
+  "cmd.auth.login.short": "登录 GitLink",
+  "cmd.auth.logout.short": "退出 GitLink 登录",
+  "cmd.auth.short": "认证命令",
+  "cmd.auth.status.short": "显示认证状态",
+  "cmd.branch.create.short": "创建分支",
+  "cmd.branch.delete.short": "删除分支",
+  "cmd.branch.list.short": "列出分支",
+  "cmd.branch.protect.short": "设置分支保护",
+  "cmd.branch.short": "分支操作",
+  "cmd.branch.unprotect.short": "移除分支保护",
+  "cmd.ci.builds.short": "列出 CI 构建",
+  "cmd.ci.logs.short": "查看构建日志",
+  "cmd.ci.restart.short": "重启构建",
+  "cmd.ci.short": "CI/CD 操作",
+  "cmd.ci.stop.short": "停止构建",
+  "cmd.config.get.short": "获取配置项",
+  "cmd.config.init.short": "初始化配置文件",
+  "cmd.config.list.short": "列出所有配置项",
+  "cmd.config.set.short": "设置配置项",
+  "cmd.config.short": "管理 gitlink-cli 配置",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_close.long": "批量关闭筛选后的议题。\n\n该命令默认处于 dry-run 模式，只打印匹配的议题。\n传入 --yes 后执行远端关闭操作。请使用严格筛选条件和较小 limit。\n\n示例：\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --older-than-days 60 --limit 20\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-close --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --older-than-days 60 --limit 20 --yes",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_close.short": "批量关闭筛选后的议题。默认 dry-run；传入 --yes 后执行。",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_label.long": "给筛选后的议题批量添加标签。\n\n该命令默认处于 dry-run 模式，只打印匹配的议题。\n传入 --yes 后执行远端标签操作。当前实现不会在 API 端点不可用时伪造写入结果。\n\n示例：\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-label --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --add-label stale --older-than-days 30 --limit 50 --yes",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_label.short": "给筛选后的议题批量添加标签。默认 dry-run；传入 --yes 后执行。",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_list.long": "列出议题批量维护候选项，不修改远端数据。\n\n示例：\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --state open --older-than-days 30 --limit 50 --format table\n  gitlink-cli issue +batch-list --owner Gitlink --repo gitlink-cli --label bug --format json",
+  "cmd.issue.batch_list.short": "列出议题批量维护候选项，不修改远端数据",
+  "cmd.issue.close.short": "关闭议题",
+  "cmd.issue.comment.short": "给议题添加评论",
+  "cmd.issue.create.short": "创建新议题",
+  "cmd.issue.list.short": "列出议题",
+  "cmd.issue.short": "议题操作",
+  "cmd.issue.update.short": "更新议题",
+  "cmd.issue.view.short": "查看议题详情",
+  "cmd.org.create.short": "创建组织",
+  "cmd.org.info.short": "显示组织详情",
+  "cmd.org.list.short": "列出组织",
+  "cmd.org.members.short": "列出组织成员",
+  "cmd.org.short": "组织操作",
+  "cmd.pr.close.short": "关闭拉取请求",
+  "cmd.pr.comment.short": "给拉取请求添加评论",
+  "cmd.pr.create.short": "创建拉取请求",
+  "cmd.pr.diff.short": "显示拉取请求 diff",
+  "cmd.pr.files.short": "列出拉取请求中的变更文件",
+  "cmd.pr.list.short": "列出拉取请求",
+  "cmd.pr.merge.short": "合并拉取请求",
+  "cmd.pr.review.short": "创建拉取请求评审",
+  "cmd.pr.reviews.short": "列出拉取请求评审",
+  "cmd.pr.short": "拉取请求操作",
+  "cmd.pr.version_diff.short": "显示拉取请求补丁集版本 diff",
+  "cmd.pr.versions.short": "列出拉取请求补丁集版本",
+  "cmd.pr.view.short": "查看拉取请求详情",
+  "cmd.release.create.short": "创建发布",
+  "cmd.release.delete.short": "删除发布",
+  "cmd.release.list.short": "列出发布",
+  "cmd.release.short": "发布操作",
+  "cmd.release.view.short": "查看发布详情",
+  "cmd.repo.create.short": "创建新仓库",
+  "cmd.repo.delete.short": "删除仓库",
+  "cmd.repo.fork.short": "Fork 仓库",
+  "cmd.repo.info.short": "显示仓库详情",
+  "cmd.repo.list.short": "列出用户或组织的仓库",
+  "cmd.repo.short": "仓库操作",
+  "cmd.root.long": "用于管理 GitLink 上的仓库、议题、拉取请求、发布、CI 和工作流。",
+  "cmd.root.short": "GitLink CLI - GitLink 命令行工具",
+  "cmd.search.repos.short": "搜索仓库",
+  "cmd.search.short": "搜索操作",
+  "cmd.search.users.short": "搜索用户",
+  "cmd.user.info.short": "显示用户资料",
+  "cmd.user.me.short": "显示当前认证用户",
+  "cmd.user.short": "用户操作",
+  "cmd.version.short": "打印版本信息",
+  "cmd.webhook.create.short": "创建仓库 Webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.delete.short": "删除仓库 Webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.list.short": "列出仓库 Webhook",
+  "cmd.webhook.short": "Webhook 操作",
+  "cmd.webhook.tasks.short": "列出 Webhook 投递任务",
+  "cmd.webhook.test.short": "触发 Webhook 测试投递",
+  "cmd.webhook.update.short": "更新仓库 Webhook，并在可用时保留未指定字段",
+  "cmd.webhook.view.short": "查看 Webhook 详情",
+  "error.auth.delete_token_failed": "删除 Token 失败：{message}",
+  "error.auth.login_failed": "登录失败：{message}",
+  "error.auth.store_token_failed": "保存 Token 失败：{message}",
+  "error.auth.token_empty": "Token 不能为空",
+  "error.config.save_failed": "保存配置失败：{message}",
+  "error.missing_required_flag": "缺少必需参数 --{name}",
+  "error.unsupported_language": "不支持的语言：{lang}",
+  "flag.api.body": "请求体（JSON 字符串）",
+  "flag.api.header": "附加请求头（key:value）",
+  "flag.api.query": "查询参数（key=val&key2=val2）",
+  "flag.auth.token": "通过粘贴已有 Token 登录",
+  "flag.branch.from": "源分支或 Commit",
+  "flag.branch.name": "分支名称",
+  "flag.ci.build": "构建编号",
+  "flag.ci.stage": "阶段编号",
+  "flag.ci.step": "步骤编号",
+  "flag.comment.body": "评论内容",
+  "flag.debug": "启用调试输出",
+  "flag.description": "描述",
+  "flag.dry_run": "预览请求，不实际创建",
+  "flag.format": "输出格式：json、table、yaml（默认：table）",
+  "flag.issue.add_label": "要添加到每个匹配议题的标签",
+  "flag.issue.assignee": "负责人登录名",
+  "flag.issue.batch.reason": "批量结果中显示的可选原因",
+  "flag.issue.batch.yes": "执行远端操作。未传入该参数时仅 dry-run。",
+  "flag.issue.batch_close.older_than_days": "必需的安全筛选条件；至少为 7",
+  "flag.issue.batch_close.state": "关闭前按议题状态筛选",
+  "flag.issue.batch_label.state": "按议题状态筛选",
+  "flag.issue.batch_list.limit": "最多返回的议题数，上限 100",
+  "flag.issue.batch_process.limit": "最多处理的议题数，上限 100",
+  "flag.issue.body": "议题描述",
+  "flag.issue.label": "标签 ID",
+  "flag.issue.label_filter": "按已有标签筛选",
+  "flag.issue.milestone": "里程碑 ID",
+  "flag.issue.new_body": "新描述",
+  "flag.issue.new_state": "新状态：open、closed 或数字 status_id",
+  "flag.issue.new_title": "新标题",
+  "flag.issue.number": "议题编号（网页 URL 中显示的编号）",
+  "flag.issue.older_than_days": "只包含至少这么多天未活动的议题",
+  "flag.issue.state": "按状态筛选：open、closed、all",
+  "flag.issue.title": "议题标题",
+  "flag.lang": "显示语言",
+  "flag.limit": "每页条目数",
+  "flag.org.id": "组织 ID",
+  "flag.org.id_or_login": "组织 ID 或登录名",
+  "flag.org.name": "组织名称",
+  "flag.owner": "仓库所有者（自动从 git remote 检测）",
+  "flag.page": "页码",
+  "flag.pr.base": "目标分支",
+  "flag.pr.body": "PR 描述",
+  "flag.pr.file": "按文件路径筛选 diff",
+  "flag.pr.head": "源分支",
+  "flag.pr.id": "PR 编号",
+  "flag.pr.merge_method": "合并方式：merge、rebase、squash",
+  "flag.pr.review_commit": "关联评审的 Commit SHA",
+  "flag.pr.review_content": "评审内容",
+  "flag.pr.review_status": "评审状态：common、approved、rejected",
+  "flag.pr.review_status_filter": "按评审状态筛选：common、approved、rejected",
+  "flag.pr.state": "筛选：open、merged、closed",
+  "flag.pr.title": "PR 标题",
+  "flag.pr.version_id": "补丁集版本 ID",
+  "flag.release.body": "发布说明",
+  "flag.release.id": "发布 ID",
+  "flag.release.id_or_tag": "发布 ID 或标签",
+  "flag.release.name": "发布名称",
+  "flag.release.prerelease": "标记为预发布（true/false）",
+  "flag.release.tag": "标签名称",
+  "flag.release.target": "目标分支",
+  "flag.repo": "仓库名称（自动从 git remote 检测）",
+  "flag.repo.category": "筛选：manage/mirror/sync/fork/all（默认：manage）",
+  "flag.repo.description": "仓库描述",
+  "flag.repo.name": "仓库名称",
+  "flag.repo.private": "设为私有仓库（true/false）",
+  "flag.search.keyword": "搜索关键词",
+  "flag.user": "用户登录名（默认：当前用户）",
+  "flag.user.login": "用户登录名",
+  "flag.webhook.active": "Webhook 是否启用：true 或 false",
+  "flag.webhook.branch_filter": "用于 push/create/delete 事件的分支 glob 筛选",
+  "flag.webhook.content_type": "Payload 内容类型：json 或 form",
+  "flag.webhook.events": "逗号分隔的事件，例如：push,issues_only",
+  "flag.webhook.http_method": "HTTP 方法：POST 或 GET",
+  "flag.webhook.id": "Webhook ID",
+  "flag.webhook.secret": "Webhook 密钥",
+  "flag.webhook.secret_update": "Webhook 密钥。如果服务端不返回已有密钥，请再次传入。",
+  "flag.webhook.type": "Webhook 类型：gitea/slack/discord/dingtalk/telegram/msteams/feishu/matrix/jianmu/softbot",
+  "flag.webhook.url": "Webhook 目标 URL",
+  "output.auth.env_hint": "  或设置 {env} 环境变量",
+  "output.auth.login_hint": "  运行：gitlink-cli auth login",
+  "output.config.file": "配置文件：{path}",
+  "output.config.not_set": "（未设置）",
+  "output.version": "gitlink-cli {version}",
+  "prompt.auth.password": "密码：",
+  "prompt.auth.token": "粘贴你的访问 Token：",
+  "prompt.auth.username": "用户名/邮箱/手机号：",
+  "success.auth.logged_in_as": "✓ 已登录为 {login}",
+  "success.auth.logged_in_via_env": "✓ 已通过 {env} 环境变量登录",
+  "success.auth.logged_out": "✓ 已退出登录",
+  "success.auth.token_saved": "✓ Token 已保存",
+  "success.config.initialized": "✓ 配置已初始化：{path}",
+  "success.config.set": "✓ 已设置 {key} = {value}",
+  "warning.auth.not_logged_in": "✗ 未登录",
+  "warning.auth.token_unverified": "✓ Token 已保存（但无法验证：{message}）",
+  "warning.auth.user_unavailable": "✓ Token 已保存（用户信息不可用）"
+}

internal/i18n/options.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package i18n
+
+const defaultFallbackLocale = "en-US"
+
+// Options controls Translator construction.
+type Options struct {
+	Locale         string
+	FallbackLocale string
+	Loader         Loader
+}

internal/i18n/resolver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ResolveOptions contains locale inputs ordered by caller intent.
+type ResolveOptions struct {
+	ExplicitLang string
+	Env          map[string]string
+	ConfigLang   string
+}
+
+type ResolvedLocale struct {
+	Locale     string
+	Source     string
+	Requested  string
+	Fallbacked bool
+	Supported  bool
+}
+
+// ResolveLocale resolves a locale using CLI flag, env, config, system env, fallback.
+func ResolveLocale(opts ResolveOptions, available []string) string {
+	return ResolveLocaleDetailed(opts, available).Locale
+}
+
+func ResolveLocaleDetailed(opts ResolveOptions, available []string) ResolvedLocale {
+	candidates := []struct {
+		source string
+		value  string
+	}{
+		{source: "flag", value: opts.ExplicitLang},
+		{source: "env", value: envValue(opts.Env, "GITLINK_LANG")},
+		{source: "config", value: opts.ConfigLang},
+		{source: "lc_all", value: envValue(opts.Env, "LC_ALL")},
+		{source: "lang", value: envValue(opts.Env, "LANG")},
+	}
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(candidate.value) == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		match := matchLocale(candidate.value, available, defaultFallbackLocale)
+		return ResolvedLocale{
+			Locale:     match.Locale,
+			Source:     candidate.source,
+			Requested:  match.Requested,
+			Fallbacked: match.Fallbacked,
+			Supported:  match.Supported,
+		}
+	}
+	match := matchLocale(defaultFallbackLocale, available, defaultFallbackLocale)
+	return ResolvedLocale{
+		Locale:     match.Locale,
+		Source:     "default",
+		Requested:  match.Requested,
+		Fallbacked: match.Fallbacked,
+		Supported:  match.Supported,
+	}
+}
+
+// PreScanLang reads --lang before Cobra constructs localized help text.
+func PreScanLang(args []string) string {
+	for i, arg := range args {
+		if arg == "--lang" {
+			if i+1 < len(args) {
+				return args[i+1]
+			}
+			return ""
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(arg, "--lang=") {
+			return strings.TrimPrefix(arg, "--lang=")
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// EnvMap returns process environment as a string map.
+func EnvMap() map[string]string {
+	env := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, item := range os.Environ() {
+		key, value, ok := strings.Cut(item, "=")
+		if ok {
+			env[key] = value
+		}
+	}
+	return env
+}
+
+func envValue(env map[string]string, key string) string {
+	if env == nil {
+		return os.Getenv(key)
+	}
+	return env[key]
+}

internal/i18n/resolver_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestPreScanLang(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		args []string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{[]string{"--lang", "zh-CN", "repo"}, "zh-CN"},
+		{[]string{"repo", "--lang=zh-CN"}, "zh-CN"},
+		{[]string{"repo"}, ""},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := PreScanLang(tc.args); got != tc.want {
+			t.Fatalf("PreScanLang(%v) = %q, want %q", tc.args, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveLocalePriority(t *testing.T) {
+	available := []string{"en-US", "zh-CN"}
+	got := ResolveLocale(ResolveOptions{
+		ExplicitLang: "en-US",
+		Env:          map[string]string{"GITLINK_LANG": "zh-CN"},
+		ConfigLang:   "zh-CN",
+	}, available)
+	if got != "en-US" {
+		t.Fatalf("ResolveLocale() = %q, want en-US", got)
+	}
+}

internal/i18n/schema/messages.schema.json

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "title": "GitLink CLI locale messages",
+  "type": "object",
+  "additionalProperties": {
+    "type": "string",
+    "minLength": 1
+  },
+  "propertyNames": {
+    "pattern": "^(cmd|flag|error|output|prompt|table)\\.[a-z0-9_.-]+$"
+  }
+}

internal/i18n/template.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+var placeholderPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`\{([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\}`)
+
+func renderTemplate(message string, args Args) string {
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return message
+	}
+	return placeholderPattern.ReplaceAllStringFunc(message, func(match string) string {
+		name := match[1 : len(match)-1]
+		value, ok := args[name]
+		if !ok || value == nil {
+			return match
+		}
+		if stringer, ok := value.(fmt.Stringer); ok {
+			return stringer.String()
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprint(value)
+	})
+}
+
+func extractTemplateArgs(message string) []string {
+	matches := placeholderPattern.FindAllStringSubmatch(message, -1)
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(matches))
+	for _, match := range matches {
+		seen[match[1]] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(seen))
+	for arg := range seen {
+		args = append(args, arg)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(args)
+	return args
+}

internal/i18n/template_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestRenderTemplateKeepsMissingArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	got := renderTemplate("Delete {owner}/{repo}", Args{"owner": "alice"})
+	want := "Delete alice/{repo}"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("renderTemplate() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractTemplateArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	got := extractTemplateArgs("Delete {owner}/{repo}/{owner}")
+	want := []string{"owner", "repo"}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("args length = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("arg[%d] = %q, want %q", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/i18n/translator.go

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Translator resolves localized messages with fallback behavior suitable for CLI use.
+type Translator struct {
+	locale         string
+	fallbackLocale string
+	messages       map[string]string
+	fallback       map[string]string
+}
+
+// Default returns an English translator for legacy migration only.
+// New command code should receive *Translator explicitly.
+func Default() *Translator {
+	tr, err := New(Options{Locale: defaultFallbackLocale})
+	if err != nil {
+		return &Translator{
+			locale:         defaultFallbackLocale,
+			fallbackLocale: defaultFallbackLocale,
+			messages:       map[string]string{},
+			fallback:       map[string]string{},
+		}
+	}
+	return tr
+}
+
+// New constructs a Translator. Missing messages fall back to FallbackLocale.
+func New(opts Options) (*Translator, error) {
+	loader := opts.Loader
+	if loader == nil {
+		loader = NewEmbedLoader()
+	}
+
+	available, err := loader.AvailableLocales()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fallbackLocale := opts.FallbackLocale
+	if fallbackLocale == "" {
+		fallbackLocale = defaultFallbackLocale
+	}
+	fallbackLocale = MatchLocale(fallbackLocale, available, defaultFallbackLocale)
+	locale := MatchLocale(opts.Locale, available, fallbackLocale)
+
+	fallback, err := loader.Load(fallbackLocale)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load fallback locale: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	messages := fallback
+	if locale != fallbackLocale {
+		messages, err = loader.Load(locale)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("load locale: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &Translator{
+		locale:         locale,
+		fallbackLocale: fallbackLocale,
+		messages:       messages,
+		fallback:       fallback,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (t *Translator) Locale() string {
+	return t.locale
+}
+
+// T returns a localized message, falling back to en-US and then the key itself.
+func (t *Translator) T(key string) string {
+	if t == nil {
+		return key
+	}
+	if value, ok := t.messages[key]; ok {
+		return value
+	}
+	if value, ok := t.fallback[key]; ok {
+		return value
+	}
+	return key
+}
+
+// Tf returns a localized message with {name} placeholders rendered from args.
+func (t *Translator) Tf(key string, args Args) string {
+	return renderTemplate(t.T(key), args)
+}

internal/i18n/translator_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type mapLoader struct {
+	messages map[string]map[string]string
+}
+
+func (l mapLoader) Load(locale string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	messages, ok := l.messages[locale]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("missing locale")
+	}
+	return messages, nil
+}
+
+func (l mapLoader) AvailableLocales() ([]string, error) {
+	locales := make([]string, 0, len(l.messages))
+	for locale := range l.messages {
+		locales = append(locales, locale)
+	}
+	return locales, nil
+}
+
+func TestTranslatorReturnsLocalizedMessage(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := New(Options{
+		Locale: "zh-CN",
+		Loader: mapLoader{messages: map[string]map[string]string{
+			"en-US": {"cmd.root.short": "GitLink CLI"},
+			"zh-CN": {"cmd.root.short": "GitLink 命令行"},
+		}},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if got := tr.T("cmd.root.short"); got != "GitLink 命令行" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected localized message, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTranslatorFallsBackToBaseThenKey(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := New(Options{
+		Locale: "zh-CN",
+		Loader: mapLoader{messages: map[string]map[string]string{
+			"en-US": {"cmd.root.short": "GitLink CLI"},
+			"zh-CN": {},
+		}},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if got := tr.T("cmd.root.short"); got != "GitLink CLI" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected fallback message, got %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := tr.T("cmd.missing.short"); got != "cmd.missing.short" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected key fallback, got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTranslatorRendersArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	tr, err := New(Options{
+		Locale: "en-US",
+		Loader: mapLoader{messages: map[string]map[string]string{
+			"en-US": {"output.version": "gitlink-cli {version}"},
+		}},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if got := tr.Tf("output.version", Args{"version": "1.2.3"}); got != "gitlink-cli 1.2.3" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected rendered message, got %q", got)
+	}
+}

internal/i18n/validate.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package i18n
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+var keyPattern = regexp.MustCompile(`^(cmd|flag|error|prompt|success|warning|confirm|table|output)\.[a-z0-9_.-]+$`)
+
+// Problem describes a locale validation issue.
+type Problem struct {
+	Locale  string
+	Key     string
+	Message string
+}
+
+func (p Problem) String() string {
+	if p.Key == "" {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", p.Locale, p.Message)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s: %s", p.Locale, p.Key, p.Message)
+}
+
+// Validate checks all locales against baseLocale.
+func Validate(loader Loader, baseLocale string) ([]Problem, error) {
+	if loader == nil {
+		loader = NewEmbedLoader()
+	}
+	baseLocale = NormalizeLocale(baseLocale)
+	if baseLocale == "" {
+		baseLocale = defaultFallbackLocale
+	}
+
+	locales, err := loader.AvailableLocales()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sort.Strings(locales)
+
+	allMessages := make(map[string]map[string]string, len(locales))
+	for _, locale := range locales {
+		normalized := NormalizeLocale(locale)
+		if normalized != locale {
+			return []Problem{{Locale: locale, Message: "locale filename is not normalized"}}, nil
+		}
+		messages, err := loader.Load(locale)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		allMessages[locale] = messages
+	}
+
+	base, ok := allMessages[baseLocale]
+	if !ok {
+		return []Problem{{Locale: baseLocale, Message: "base locale is missing"}}, nil
+	}
+
+	var problems []Problem
+	for key, value := range base {
+		problems = append(problems, validateMessage(baseLocale, key, value)...)
+	}
+
+	for _, locale := range locales {
+		messages := allMessages[locale]
+		for key, value := range messages {
+			problems = append(problems, validateMessage(locale, key, value)...)
+			if _, ok := base[key]; !ok {
+				problems = append(problems, Problem{Locale: locale, Key: key, Message: "key is not present in base locale"})
+			}
+		}
+		for key, baseValue := range base {
+			value, ok := messages[key]
+			if !ok {
+				problems = append(problems, Problem{Locale: locale, Key: key, Message: "missing key"})
+				continue
+			}
+			baseArgs := extractTemplateArgs(baseValue)
+			args := extractTemplateArgs(value)
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(baseArgs, args) {
+				problems = append(problems, Problem{
+					Locale:  locale,
+					Key:     key,
+					Message: fmt.Sprintf("template args mismatch: expected {%s}, got {%s}", strings.Join(baseArgs, ","), strings.Join(args, ",")),
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return problems, nil
+}
+
+func validateMessage(locale, key, value string) []Problem {
+	var problems []Problem
+	if !keyPattern.MatchString(key) {
+		problems = append(problems, Problem{Locale: locale, Key: key, Message: "key does not match naming rules"})
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(value) == "" {
+		problems = append(problems, Problem{Locale: locale, Key: key, Message: "message is empty"})
+	}
+	return problems
+}

internal/i18n/validate_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package i18n
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestValidateEmbeddedLocales(t *testing.T) {
+	problems, err := Validate(NewEmbedLoader(), "en-US")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(problems) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no problems, got %v", problems)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateFindsMissingKeyAndArgMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+	problems, err := Validate(mapLoader{messages: map[string]map[string]string{
+		"en-US": {
+			"cmd.root.short": "Hello {name}",
+			"flag.owner":     "Owner",
+		},
+		"zh-CN": {
+			"cmd.root.short": "你好",
+		},
+	}}, "en-US")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(problems) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 problems, got %d: %v", len(problems), problems)
+	}
+}

pr-test-file.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-PR Test 2026年 4月 7日 星期二 11时45分56秒 CST

shortcuts/branch/branch.go

@@ -4,17 +4,19 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List branches",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.branch.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -32,10 +34,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a branch",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.branch.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Branch name", Required: true},
-				{Name: "from", Short: "f", Usage: "Source branch or commit", Default: "master"},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.branch.name"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "from", Short: "f", Usage: tr.T("flag.branch.from"), Default: "master"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -59,9 +61,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "delete",
-			Description: "Delete a branch",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.branch.delete.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Branch name", Required: true},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.branch.name"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -80,9 +82,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "protect",
-			Description: "Set branch protection",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.branch.protect.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Branch name", Required: true},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.branch.name"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -101,9 +103,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "unprotect",
-			Description: "Remove branch protection",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.branch.unprotect.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Branch name", Required: true},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.branch.name"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -119,3 +121,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/ci/ci.go

@@ -4,17 +4,19 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "builds",
-			Description: "List CI builds",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.ci.builds.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -32,11 +34,11 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "logs",
-			Description: "View build logs",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.ci.logs.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: "Build number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "stage", Short: "s", Usage: "Stage number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "step", Usage: "Step number", Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.ci.build"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "stage", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.ci.stage"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "step", Usage: tr.T("flag.ci.step"), Default: "1"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -60,9 +62,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "restart",
-			Description: "Restart a build",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.ci.restart.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: "Build number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.ci.build"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -78,9 +80,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "stop",
-			Description: "Stop a build",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.ci.stop.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: "Build number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "build", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.ci.build"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -96,3 +98,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/common/runner.go

@@ -3,14 +3,20 @@ package common
 import (
 	"strconv"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 // MountShortcut converts a Shortcut into a cobra.Command and adds it as a subcommand.
-func MountShortcut(parent *cobra.Command, s *Shortcut) {
+func MountShortcut(parent *cobra.Command, s *Shortcut, translators ...*i18n.Translator) {
+	tr := i18n.Default()
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		tr = translators[0]
+	}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "+" + s.Name,
 		Short: s.Description,
+		Long:  s.Long,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			// Collect flag values
 			flagValues := make(map[string]string)
@@ -26,10 +32,16 @@ func MountShortcut(parent *cobra.Command, s *Shortcut) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			ctx, err := NewRuntimeContext(flagValues)
+			ctx, err := NewRuntimeContext(flagValues, tr)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			for _, f := range s.Flags {
+				if f.Required && flagValues[f.Name] == "" {
+					_, err := ctx.RequireArg(f.Name)
+					return err
+				}
+			}
 
 			return s.Run(ctx)
 		},
@@ -48,17 +60,18 @@ func MountShortcut(parent *cobra.Command, s *Shortcut) {
 		} else {
 			cmd.Flags().String(f.Name, f.Default, f.Usage)
 		}
-		if f.Required {
-			cmd.MarkFlagRequired(f.Name)
-		}
 	}
 
 	parent.AddCommand(cmd)
 }
 
 // MountShortcuts mounts multiple shortcuts under a parent command.
-func MountShortcuts(parent *cobra.Command, shortcuts []*Shortcut) {
+func MountShortcuts(parent *cobra.Command, shortcuts []*Shortcut, translators ...*i18n.Translator) {
+	var tr *i18n.Translator
+	if len(translators) > 0 {
+		tr = translators[0]
+	}
 	for _, s := range shortcuts {
-		MountShortcut(parent, s)
+		MountShortcut(parent, s, tr)
 	}
 }

shortcuts/common/types.go

@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@ package common
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/cmdutil"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/context"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 )
 
@@ -15,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 type Shortcut struct {
 	Name        string
 	Description string
+	Long        string
 	Flags       []Flag
 	Run         func(ctx *RuntimeContext) error
 }
@@ -36,10 +39,14 @@ type RuntimeContext struct {
 	Repo   string
 	Format string
 	Args   map[string]string
+	Tr     *i18n.Translator
 }
 
 // NewRuntimeContext creates a RuntimeContext with auto-resolved owner/repo.
-func NewRuntimeContext(args map[string]string) (*RuntimeContext, error) {
+func NewRuntimeContext(args map[string]string, tr *i18n.Translator) (*RuntimeContext, error) {
+	if tr == nil {
+		tr = i18n.Default()
+	}
 	cli, err := client.New()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -57,6 +64,7 @@ func NewRuntimeContext(args map[string]string) (*RuntimeContext, error) {
 		Repo:   cmdutil.Repo,
 		Format: format,
 		Args:   args,
+		Tr:     tr,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +121,7 @@ func (ctx *RuntimeContext) Arg(name string) string {
 func (ctx *RuntimeContext) RequireArg(name string) (string, error) {
 	v := ctx.Arg(name)
 	if v == "" {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("required flag --%s is missing", name)
+		return "", errors.New(ctx.Tr.Tf("error.missing_required_flag", i18n.Args{"name": name}))
 	}
 	return v, nil
 }

shortcuts/issue/batch.go

@@ -1,102 +1,449 @@
 package issue
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"encoding/csv"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"text/tabwriter"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/cmd/cmdutil"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-const closedIssueStatusID = 5
+const (
+	closedIssueStatusID = 5
+	maxBatchLimit       = 100
+)
 
-type batchCloseResult struct {
-	Number string `json:"number" yaml:"number"`
-	Action string `json:"action" yaml:"action"`
-	Status string `json:"status" yaml:"status"`
-	Error  string `json:"error,omitempty" yaml:"error,omitempty"`
+type BatchIssueCandidate struct {
+	Number       int      `json:"number"`
+	Title        string   `json:"title"`
+	State        string   `json:"state"`
+	Labels       []string `json:"labels,omitempty"`
+	Author       string   `json:"author,omitempty"`
+	UpdatedAt    string   `json:"updated_at,omitempty"`
+	DaysInactive int      `json:"days_inactive,omitempty"`
+	URL          string   `json:"url,omitempty"`
 }
 
-type batchCloseSummary struct {
-	Repository string             `json:"repository" yaml:"repository"`
-	DryRun     bool               `json:"dry_run" yaml:"dry_run"`
-	Total      int                `json:"total" yaml:"total"`
-	Succeeded  int                `json:"succeeded" yaml:"succeeded"`
-	Failed     int                `json:"failed" yaml:"failed"`
-	Results    []batchCloseResult `json:"results" yaml:"results"`
+type BatchIssueResult struct {
+	Owner      string                `json:"owner"`
+	Repo       string                `json:"repo"`
+	DryRun     bool                  `json:"dry_run"`
+	Action     string                `json:"action"`
+	Total      int                   `json:"total"`
+	Success    int                   `json:"success"`
+	Failed     int                   `json:"failed"`
+	Candidates []BatchIssueCandidate `json:"candidates"`
+	Errors     []string              `json:"errors,omitempty"`
+	Reason     string                `json:"reason,omitempty"`
 }
 
-func newBatchCloseShortcut() *common.Shortcut {
+type batchIssueOptions struct {
+	Owner         string
+	Repo          string
+	State         string
+	Label         string
+	AddLabel      string
+	OlderThanDays int
+	Limit         int
+	Yes           bool
+	Reason        string
+	Action        string
+}
+
+func newBatchListShortcut(tr *i18n.Translator) *common.Shortcut {
+	return &common.Shortcut{
+		Name:        "batch-list",
+		Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_list.short"),
+		Long:        tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_list.long"),
+		Flags: []common.Flag{
+			{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.state"), Default: "open"},
+			{Name: "label", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.label_filter")},
+			{Name: "older-than-days", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.older_than_days")},
+			{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_list.limit"), Default: "50"},
+		},
+		Run: runBatchList,
+	}
+}
+
+func newBatchCloseShortcut(tr *i18n.Translator) *common.Shortcut {
 	return &common.Shortcut{
 		Name:        "batch-close",
-		Description: "Close multiple issues by issue numbers or a CSV file",
+		Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_close.short"),
+		Long:        tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_close.long"),
 		Flags: []common.Flag{
-			{Name: "numbers", Short: "n", Usage: "Comma-separated issue numbers from the web URL, for example: 1,2,3"},
-			{Name: "from", Usage: "Read issue numbers from a CSV file. Supports a number/issue_number/project_issues_index column or first column without header"},
-			{Name: "dry-run", Usage: "Preview the issues that would be closed without changing them", Bool: true, Default: "false"},
+			{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_close.state"), Default: "open"},
+			{Name: "label", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.label_filter")},
+			{Name: "older-than-days", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_close.older_than_days")},
+			{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_process.limit"), Default: "20"},
+			{Name: "yes", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch.yes"), Bool: true, Default: "false"},
+			{Name: "reason", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch.reason")},
 		},
 		Run: runBatchClose,
 	}
 }
 
-func runBatchClose(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
-	if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
-		return err
+func newBatchLabelShortcut(tr *i18n.Translator) *common.Shortcut {
+	return &common.Shortcut{
+		Name:        "batch-label",
+		Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_label.short"),
+		Long:        tr.T("cmd.issue.batch_label.long"),
+		Flags: []common.Flag{
+			{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_label.state"), Default: "open"},
+			{Name: "label", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.label_filter")},
+			{Name: "add-label", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.add_label")},
+			{Name: "older-than-days", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.older_than_days")},
+			{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch_process.limit"), Default: "50"},
+			{Name: "yes", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.batch.yes"), Bool: true, Default: "false"},
+		},
+		Run: runBatchLabel,
 	}
+}
 
-	numbers, err := collectIssueNumbers(ctx.Arg("numbers"), ctx.Arg("from"))
+func runBatchList(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	opts, err := batchOptionsFromContext(ctx, "list")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if len(numbers) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("no issue numbers provided; use --numbers 1,2,3 or --from issues.csv")
-	}
-
-	dryRun := parseBool(ctx.Arg("dry-run"))
-	summary := batchCloseSummary{
-		Repository: fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", ctx.Owner, ctx.Repo),
-		DryRun:     dryRun,
-		Total:      len(numbers),
-		Results:    make([]batchCloseResult, 0, len(numbers)),
-	}
-
-	for _, number := range numbers {
-		result := batchCloseResult{Number: number, Action: "close"}
-		if dryRun {
-			result.Status = "planned"
-			summary.Succeeded++
-			summary.Results = append(summary.Results, result)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if err := closeIssue(ctx, number); err != nil {
-			result.Status = "failed"
-			result.Error = err.Error()
-			summary.Failed++
-		} else {
-			result.Status = "closed"
-			summary.Succeeded++
-		}
-		summary.Results = append(summary.Results, result)
-	}
-
-	if err := ctx.OutputData(summary); err != nil {
+	candidates, err := fetchBatchIssueCandidates(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if summary.Failed > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d of %d issue(s) failed to close", summary.Failed, summary.Total)
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      ctx.Owner,
+		Repo:       ctx.Repo,
+		DryRun:     true,
+		Action:     "list",
+		Total:      len(candidates),
+		Success:    len(candidates),
+		Candidates: candidates,
+	}
+	return renderBatchIssueResult(os.Stdout, result, batchOutputFormat(ctx))
+}
+
+func runBatchClose(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	opts, err := batchOptionsFromContext(ctx, "close")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := validateBatchCloseOptions(opts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	candidates, err := fetchBatchIssueCandidates(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      ctx.Owner,
+		Repo:       ctx.Repo,
+		DryRun:     !opts.Yes,
+		Action:     "close",
+		Total:      len(candidates),
+		Candidates: candidates,
+		Reason:     opts.Reason,
+	}
+	if !opts.Yes {
+		result.Success = len(candidates)
+		return renderBatchIssueResult(os.Stdout, result, batchOutputFormat(ctx))
+	}
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		if err := closeIssue(ctx, strconv.Itoa(candidate.Number)); err != nil {
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Errors = append(result.Errors, fmt.Sprintf("#%d: %v", candidate.Number, err))
+			continue
+		}
+		result.Success++
+	}
+	if err := renderBatchIssueResult(os.Stdout, result, batchOutputFormat(ctx)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if result.Failed > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d of %d issue(s) failed to close", result.Failed, result.Total)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+func runBatchLabel(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
+	opts, err := batchOptionsFromContext(ctx, "label")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := validateBatchLabelOptions(opts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	candidates, err := fetchBatchIssueCandidates(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      ctx.Owner,
+		Repo:       ctx.Repo,
+		DryRun:     !opts.Yes,
+		Action:     "add-label:" + opts.AddLabel,
+		Total:      len(candidates),
+		Candidates: candidates,
+	}
+	if !opts.Yes {
+		result.Success = len(candidates)
+		return renderBatchIssueResult(os.Stdout, result, batchOutputFormat(ctx))
+	}
+	result.Failed = len(candidates)
+	for _, candidate := range candidates {
+		result.Errors = append(result.Errors, fmt.Sprintf("#%d: write endpoint unavailable for add-label", candidate.Number))
+	}
+	if err := renderBatchIssueResult(os.Stdout, result, batchOutputFormat(ctx)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if result.Failed > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("batch-label remote write is not implemented because the add-label endpoint is not defined")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func batchOptionsFromContext(ctx *common.RuntimeContext, action string) (batchIssueOptions, error) {
+	if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
+		return batchIssueOptions{}, err
+	}
+	limit, err := parseBatchInt(ctx.Arg("limit"), defaultBatchLimit(action), "limit")
+	if err != nil {
+		return batchIssueOptions{}, err
+	}
+	if limit > maxBatchLimit {
+		return batchIssueOptions{}, fmt.Errorf("--limit must be <= %d", maxBatchLimit)
+	}
+	olderThanDays, err := parseBatchInt(ctx.Arg("older-than-days"), 0, "older-than-days")
+	if err != nil {
+		return batchIssueOptions{}, err
+	}
+	return batchIssueOptions{
+		Owner:         ctx.Owner,
+		Repo:          ctx.Repo,
+		State:         defaultString(ctx.Arg("state"), "open"),
+		Label:         strings.TrimSpace(ctx.Arg("label")),
+		AddLabel:      strings.TrimSpace(ctx.Arg("add-label")),
+		OlderThanDays: olderThanDays,
+		Limit:         limit,
+		Yes:           parseBool(ctx.Arg("yes")),
+		Reason:        strings.TrimSpace(ctx.Arg("reason")),
+		Action:        action,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func defaultBatchLimit(action string) int {
+	switch action {
+	case "close":
+		return 20
+	default:
+		return 50
+	}
+}
+
+func validateBatchCloseOptions(opts batchIssueOptions) error {
+	if opts.OlderThanDays == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("issue +batch-close requires --older-than-days as a safety filter")
+	}
+	if opts.OlderThanDays < 7 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--older-than-days must be at least 7 for issue +batch-close")
+	}
+	return validateBatchHasFilter(opts)
+}
+
+func validateBatchLabelOptions(opts batchIssueOptions) error {
+	if opts.AddLabel == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("issue +batch-label requires --add-label")
+	}
+	return validateBatchHasFilter(opts)
+}
+
+func validateBatchHasFilter(opts batchIssueOptions) error {
+	if opts.Label == "" && opts.OlderThanDays == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("refusing batch operation without a label or older-than-days filter")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func fetchBatchIssueCandidates(ctx *common.RuntimeContext, opts batchIssueOptions) ([]BatchIssueCandidate, error) {
+	query := url.Values{}
+	query.Set("page", "1")
+	query.Set("limit", strconv.Itoa(opts.Limit))
+	if opts.State != "" && opts.State != "all" {
+		query.Set("state", opts.State)
+	}
+	if opts.Label != "" {
+		query.Set("label", opts.Label)
+	}
+	env, err := ctx.CallAPIWithQuery("GET", v1RepoPath(ctx)+"/issues", query)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	candidates := normalizeBatchIssueCandidates(env, opts)
+	if len(candidates) > opts.Limit {
+		candidates = candidates[:opts.Limit]
+	}
+	return candidates, nil
+}
+
+func normalizeBatchIssueCandidates(env *output.Envelope, opts batchIssueOptions) []BatchIssueCandidate {
+	items := extractBatchIssueItems(env)
+	candidates := make([]BatchIssueCandidate, 0, len(items))
+	for _, item := range items {
+		candidate := batchCandidateFromMap(item)
+		if candidate.Number == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !batchCandidateMatches(candidate, opts) {
+			continue
+		}
+		candidates = append(candidates, candidate)
+	}
+	return candidates
+}
+
+func extractBatchIssueItems(env *output.Envelope) []map[string]interface{} {
+	if env == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	data, ok := env.Data.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, key := range []string{"issues", "data"} {
+		raw, ok := data[key]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if items := mapsFromInterfaceSlice(raw); len(items) > 0 {
+			return items
+		}
+	}
+	if items := mapsFromInterfaceSlice(env.Data); len(items) > 0 {
+		return items
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapsFromInterfaceSlice(value interface{}) []map[string]interface{} {
+	switch typed := value.(type) {
+	case []interface{}:
+		out := make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, len(typed))
+		for _, item := range typed {
+			if m, ok := item.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+				out = append(out, m)
+			}
+		}
+		return out
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func batchCandidateFromMap(item map[string]interface{}) BatchIssueCandidate {
+	updatedAt := firstBatchString(item, "updated_at", "updatedAt", "last_activity_at", "lastActivityAt")
+	return BatchIssueCandidate{
+		Number:       firstBatchInt(item, "number", "project_issues_index", "iid", "id"),
+		Title:        firstBatchString(item, "title", "subject", "name"),
+		State:        firstBatchString(item, "state", "status", "status_name"),
+		Labels:       batchLabels(item["labels"]),
+		Author:       batchAuthor(item),
+		UpdatedAt:    updatedAt,
+		DaysInactive: daysInactive(updatedAt),
+		URL:          firstBatchString(item, "url", "html_url", "web_url"),
+	}
+}
+
+func batchCandidateMatches(candidate BatchIssueCandidate, opts batchIssueOptions) bool {
+	if opts.State != "" && opts.State != "all" && candidate.State != "" && !strings.EqualFold(candidate.State, opts.State) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if opts.Label != "" && !candidateHasLabel(candidate, opts.Label) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if opts.OlderThanDays > 0 {
+		if candidate.UpdatedAt == "" || candidate.DaysInactive < opts.OlderThanDays {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func candidateHasLabel(candidate BatchIssueCandidate, label string) bool {
+	for _, existing := range candidate.Labels {
+		if strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSpace(existing), strings.TrimSpace(label)) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func renderBatchIssueResult(w io.Writer, result BatchIssueResult, format string) error {
+	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(format)) {
+	case "", "table":
+		return renderBatchIssueTable(w, result)
+	case "json":
+		data, err := json.MarshalIndent(result, "", "  ")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintln(w, string(data))
+		return err
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported format %q: use table or json", format)
+	}
+}
+
+func renderBatchIssueTable(w io.Writer, result BatchIssueResult) error {
+	mode := "DRY-RUN"
+	if !result.DryRun {
+		mode = "EXECUTED"
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s  ACTION=%s  TOTAL=%d  SUCCESS=%d  FAILED=%d\n", mode, result.Action, result.Total, result.Success, result.Failed)
+	if result.Reason != "" {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "REASON: %s\n", result.Reason)
+	}
+	if len(result.Candidates) > 0 {
+		tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(w, 0, 4, 2, ' ', 0)
+		fmt.Fprintln(tw, "NUMBER\tSTATE\tDAYS_INACTIVE\tLABELS\tTITLE")
+		for _, candidate := range result.Candidates {
+			fmt.Fprintf(tw, "%d\t%s\t%d\t%s\t%s\n",
+				candidate.Number,
+				candidate.State,
+				candidate.DaysInactive,
+				strings.Join(candidate.Labels, ","),
+				candidate.Title,
+			)
+		}
+		if err := tw.Flush(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	for _, errText := range result.Errors {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "ERROR: %s\n", errText)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func batchOutputFormat(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) string {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(cmdutil.Format) == "" {
+		return "table"
+	}
+	return ctx.Format
+}
+
 func closeIssue(ctx *common.RuntimeContext, number string) error {
 	current, err := fetchExistingIssue(ctx, number)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("fetch issue: %w", err)
 	}
-
 	body := map[string]interface{}{
 		"subject":     current.Subject,
 		"description": current.Description,
@@ -108,6 +455,147 @@ func closeIssue(ctx *common.RuntimeContext, number string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func parseBatchInt(value string, defaultValue int, name string) (int, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(value) == "" {
+		return defaultValue, nil
+	}
+	parsed, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(value))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid --%s %q: must be an integer", name, value)
+	}
+	if parsed < 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid --%s %q: must be >= 0", name, value)
+	}
+	return parsed, nil
+}
+
+func daysInactive(value string) int {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(value) == "" {
+		return 0
+	}
+	updated, err := parseBatchTime(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	days := int(time.Since(updated).Hours() / 24)
+	if days < 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return days
+}
+
+func parseBatchTime(value string) (time.Time, error) {
+	for _, layout := range []string{time.RFC3339, "2006-01-02 15:04:05", "2006-01-02"} {
+		if parsed, err := time.Parse(layout, value); err == nil {
+			return parsed, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported time %q", value)
+}
+
+func firstBatchString(item map[string]interface{}, keys ...string) string {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if value, ok := item[key]; ok {
+			switch typed := value.(type) {
+			case string:
+				return strings.TrimSpace(typed)
+			case map[string]interface{}:
+				if text := firstBatchString(typed, "name", "login", "title"); text != "" {
+					return text
+				}
+			default:
+				if value != nil {
+					return strings.TrimSpace(fmt.Sprint(value))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func firstBatchInt(item map[string]interface{}, keys ...string) int {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		value, ok := item[key]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch typed := value.(type) {
+		case int:
+			return typed
+		case int64:
+			return int(typed)
+		case float64:
+			return int(typed)
+		case json.Number:
+			parsed, _ := typed.Int64()
+			return int(parsed)
+		case string:
+			parsed, _ := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(typed))
+			return parsed
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func batchLabels(value interface{}) []string {
+	switch typed := value.(type) {
+	case []interface{}:
+		out := make([]string, 0, len(typed))
+		for _, item := range typed {
+			switch label := item.(type) {
+			case string:
+				out = append(out, label)
+			case map[string]interface{}:
+				if text := firstBatchString(label, "name", "title", "label"); text != "" {
+					out = append(out, text)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return out
+	case []string:
+		return append([]string(nil), typed...)
+	case string:
+		if strings.TrimSpace(typed) == "" {
+			return nil
+		}
+		parts := strings.Split(typed, ",")
+		out := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			if text := strings.TrimSpace(part); text != "" {
+				out = append(out, text)
+			}
+		}
+		return out
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func batchAuthor(item map[string]interface{}) string {
+	for _, key := range []string{"author", "user", "creator"} {
+		value, ok := item[key]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch typed := value.(type) {
+		case string:
+			return typed
+		case map[string]interface{}:
+			if text := firstBatchString(typed, "login", "name", "username"); text != "" {
+				return text
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func defaultString(value, fallback string) string {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(value) == "" {
+		return fallback
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(value)
+}
+
 func collectIssueNumbers(numbersValue, csvPath string) ([]string, error) {
 	numbers, err := parseIssueNumbers(numbersValue)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -116,7 +604,6 @@ func collectIssueNumbers(numbersValue, csvPath string) ([]string, error) {
 	if csvPath == "" {
 		return numbers, nil
 	}
-
 	csvNumbers, err := readIssueNumbersFromCSV(csvPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -147,7 +634,6 @@ func readIssueNumbersFromCSV(path string) ([]string, error) {
 	if len(records) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-
 	numberColumn := -1
 	startRow := 0
 	for i, cell := range records[0] {
@@ -160,7 +646,6 @@ func readIssueNumbersFromCSV(path string) ([]string, error) {
 	if numberColumn == -1 {
 		numberColumn = 0
 	}
-
 	values := make([]string, 0, len(records)-startRow)
 	for _, record := range records[startRow:] {
 		if numberColumn >= len(record) {
@@ -210,3 +695,9 @@ func parseBool(value string) bool {
 	parsed, err := strconv.ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(value))
 	return err == nil && parsed
 }
+
+func renderBatchIssueResultString(result BatchIssueResult, format string) (string, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	err := renderBatchIssueResult(&buf, result, format)
+	return buf.String(), err
+}

shortcuts/issue/batch_test.go

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 package issue
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 )
 
 func TestParseIssueNumbers(t *testing.T) {
@@ -81,6 +86,169 @@ func TestParseBool(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestIssueShortcutsExposeBatchCommands(t *testing.T) {
+	names := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, shortcut := range Shortcuts() {
+		names[shortcut.Name] = true
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{"batch-list", "batch-close", "batch-label"} {
+		if !names[want] {
+			t.Fatalf("Shortcuts missing %s", want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchListFiltersOlderThanDaysAndLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	old := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -45).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	fresh := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -3).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	env := batchIssueEnvelope([]map[string]interface{}{
+		{
+			"project_issues_index": 1,
+			"subject":              "stale bug",
+			"status":               "open",
+			"labels":               []interface{}{"bug", "stale"},
+			"updated_at":           old,
+		},
+		{
+			"project_issues_index": 2,
+			"subject":              "fresh bug",
+			"status":               "open",
+			"labels":               []interface{}{"bug"},
+			"updated_at":           fresh,
+		},
+		{
+			"project_issues_index": 3,
+			"subject":              "stale docs",
+			"status":               "open",
+			"labels":               []interface{}{"docs"},
+			"updated_at":           old,
+		},
+	})
+
+	got := normalizeBatchIssueCandidates(env, batchIssueOptions{
+		State:         "open",
+		Label:         "bug",
+		OlderThanDays: 30,
+		Limit:         50,
+	})
+
+	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Number != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("filtered candidates = %#v, want only issue #1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchListLimitTruncates(t *testing.T) {
+	old := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -45).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	env := batchIssueEnvelope([]map[string]interface{}{
+		{"project_issues_index": 1, "subject": "one", "status": "open", "updated_at": old},
+		{"project_issues_index": 2, "subject": "two", "status": "open", "updated_at": old},
+	})
+	candidates := normalizeBatchIssueCandidates(env, batchIssueOptions{State: "open", OlderThanDays: 30, Limit: 1})
+	if len(candidates) > 1 {
+		candidates = candidates[:1]
+	}
+	if len(candidates) != 1 || candidates[0].Number != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("limited candidates = %#v, want first issue only", candidates)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchCandidateMissingUpdatedAtDoesNotPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	env := batchIssueEnvelope([]map[string]interface{}{
+		{"project_issues_index": 1, "subject": "missing update", "status": "open"},
+	})
+	got := normalizeBatchIssueCandidates(env, batchIssueOptions{State: "open", Limit: 50})
+	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].DaysInactive != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("candidate = %#v, want one candidate with zero inactive days", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchCloseSafetyValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	err := validateBatchCloseOptions(batchIssueOptions{Limit: 20})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("validateBatchCloseOptions returned nil without older-than-days")
+	}
+	err = validateBatchCloseOptions(batchIssueOptions{OlderThanDays: 3, Limit: 20})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("validateBatchCloseOptions returned nil for unsafe older-than-days")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchCloseDefaultDryRunResult(t *testing.T) {
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      "owner",
+		Repo:       "repo",
+		DryRun:     true,
+		Action:     "close",
+		Total:      1,
+		Success:    1,
+		Candidates: []BatchIssueCandidate{{Number: 1, State: "open", Title: "old issue"}},
+	}
+	rendered, err := renderBatchIssueResultString(result, "table")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("renderBatchIssueResultString returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rendered, "DRY-RUN") || !strings.Contains(rendered, "old issue") {
+		t.Fatalf("table output = %q, want dry-run and issue title", rendered)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchLabelRequiresAddLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := validateBatchLabelOptions(batchIssueOptions{OlderThanDays: 30}); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("validateBatchLabelOptions returned nil without --add-label")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchJSONRenderCanUnmarshal(t *testing.T) {
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      "owner",
+		Repo:       "repo",
+		DryRun:     true,
+		Action:     "list",
+		Total:      1,
+		Success:    1,
+		Candidates: []BatchIssueCandidate{{Number: 1, State: "open", Title: "old issue"}},
+	}
+	rendered, err := renderBatchIssueResultString(result, "json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("renderBatchIssueResultString returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var decoded BatchIssueResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(rendered), &decoded); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal returned error: %v\noutput=%s", err, rendered)
+	}
+	if decoded.Total != 1 || decoded.Candidates[0].Number != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("decoded result = %#v, want one candidate", decoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchWriteFailureRecordsError(t *testing.T) {
+	result := BatchIssueResult{
+		Owner:      "owner",
+		Repo:       "repo",
+		DryRun:     false,
+		Action:     "close",
+		Total:      1,
+		Failed:     1,
+		Candidates: []BatchIssueCandidate{{Number: 1, State: "open", Title: "old issue"}},
+		Errors:     []string{"#1: close issue: HTTP 500"},
+	}
+	rendered, err := renderBatchIssueResultString(result, "table")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("renderBatchIssueResultString returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(rendered, "FAILED=1") || !strings.Contains(rendered, "HTTP 500") {
+		t.Fatalf("table output = %q, want failure summary and error", rendered)
+	}
+}
+
+func batchIssueEnvelope(issues []map[string]interface{}) *output.Envelope {
+	items := make([]interface{}, 0, len(issues))
+	for _, issue := range issues {
+		items = append(items, issue)
+	}
+	return output.SuccessEnvelope(map[string]interface{}{"issues": items}, nil)
+}
+
 func writeTempCSV(t *testing.T, content string) string {
 	t.Helper()
 	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "issues.csv")

shortcuts/issue/issue.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
@@ -20,16 +21,19 @@ type existingIssue struct {
 	Description string
 }
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
-		newBatchCloseShortcut(),
+		newBatchListShortcut(tr),
+		newBatchCloseShortcut(tr),
+		newBatchLabelShortcut(tr),
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List issues",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: "Filter by state: open, closed, all", Default: "open"},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.state"), Default: "open"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -51,13 +55,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a new issue",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: "Issue title", Required: true},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "Issue description"},
-				{Name: "assignee", Short: "a", Usage: "Assignee login"},
-				{Name: "milestone", Short: "m", Usage: "Milestone ID"},
-				{Name: "label", Usage: "Label ID"},
+				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.title"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.body")},
+				{Name: "assignee", Short: "a", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.assignee")},
+				{Name: "milestone", Short: "m", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.milestone")},
+				{Name: "label", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.label")},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -91,9 +95,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "view",
-			Description: "View issue details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.view.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: "Issue number (as shown in the web URL)", Required: true},
+				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.number"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -112,9 +116,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "close",
-			Description: "Close an issue",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.close.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: "Issue number (as shown in the web URL)", Required: true},
+				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.number"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -143,12 +147,12 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "update",
-			Description: "Update an issue",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.update.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: "Issue number (as shown in the web URL)", Required: true},
-				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: "New title"},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "New description"},
-				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: "New state: open, closed, or numeric status_id"},
+				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.number"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.new_title")},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.new_body")},
+				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.new_state")},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -196,10 +200,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "comment",
-			Description: "Add a comment to an issue",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.issue.comment.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: "Issue number (as shown in the web URL)", Required: true},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "Comment body", Required: true},
+				{Name: "number", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.issue.number"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.comment.body"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -226,6 +230,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 	}
 }
 
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}
+
 // normalizeIssueListIDs adds "number" (project_issues_index) and renames
 // "id" to "database_id" so the user-facing output uses the project-level
 // issue number, not the global database primary key.

shortcuts/issue/issue_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/client"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -12,8 +13,20 @@ import (
 
 func TestIssueClosePreservesCurrentDescription(t *testing.T) {
 	var updatePayload map[string]interface{}
+	staleTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -70).Format(time.RFC3339)
 	server := newIssueTestServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		switch {
+		case r.Method == "GET" && r.URL.Path == "/v1/owner/repo/issues.json":
+			writeJSON(t, w, map[string]interface{}{
+				"issues": []map[string]interface{}{
+					{
+						"project_issues_index": 42,
+						"subject":              "Existing title",
+						"status":               "open",
+						"updated_at":           staleTime,
+					},
+				},
+			})
 		case r.Method == "GET" && r.URL.Path == "/v1/owner/repo/issues/42.json":
 			writeJSON(t, w, map[string]interface{}{
 				"subject":     "Existing title",
@@ -102,8 +115,20 @@ func TestIssueUpdatePreservesCurrentSubjectWhenChangingDescription(t *testing.T)
 
 func TestBatchClosePreservesCurrentDescription(t *testing.T) {
 	var updatePayload map[string]interface{}
+	staleTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -70).Format(time.RFC3339)
 	server := newIssueTestServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		switch {
+		case r.Method == "GET" && r.URL.Path == "/v1/owner/repo/issues.json":
+			writeJSON(t, w, map[string]interface{}{
+				"issues": []map[string]interface{}{
+					{
+						"project_issues_index": 42,
+						"subject":              "Existing title",
+						"status":               "open",
+						"updated_at":           staleTime,
+					},
+				},
+			})
 		case r.Method == "GET" && r.URL.Path == "/v1/owner/repo/issues/42.json":
 			writeJSON(t, w, map[string]interface{}{
 				"subject":     "Existing title",
@@ -119,8 +144,8 @@ func TestBatchClosePreservesCurrentDescription(t *testing.T) {
 	defer server.Close()
 
 	err := runIssueShortcut(t, server, "batch-close", map[string]string{
-		"numbers": "42",
-		"dry-run": "false",
+		"older-than-days": "60",
+		"yes":             "true",
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("batch-close shortcut failed: %v", err)
@@ -131,6 +156,42 @@ func TestBatchClosePreservesCurrentDescription(t *testing.T) {
 	assertEqual(t, updatePayload["status_id"], float64(5))
 }
 
+func TestBatchCloseWithoutYesDoesNotPatch(t *testing.T) {
+	staleTime := time.Now().AddDate(0, 0, -70).Format(time.RFC3339)
+	patchCalled := false
+	server := newIssueTestServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch {
+		case r.Method == "GET" && r.URL.Path == "/v1/owner/repo/issues.json":
+			writeJSON(t, w, map[string]interface{}{
+				"issues": []map[string]interface{}{
+					{
+						"project_issues_index": 42,
+						"subject":              "Existing title",
+						"status":               "open",
+						"updated_at":           staleTime,
+					},
+				},
+			})
+		case r.Method == "PATCH":
+			patchCalled = true
+			t.Fatalf("dry-run batch-close must not PATCH: %s", r.URL.Path)
+		default:
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected request: %s %s", r.Method, r.URL.Path)
+		}
+	})
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	err := runIssueShortcut(t, server, "batch-close", map[string]string{
+		"older-than-days": "60",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dry-run batch-close failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if patchCalled {
+		t.Fatal("dry-run batch-close called PATCH")
+	}
+}
+
 func runIssueShortcut(t *testing.T, server *httptest.Server, name string, args map[string]string) error {
 	t.Helper()
 	shortcut := findIssueShortcut(t, name)

shortcuts/org/org.go

@@ -4,17 +4,19 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List organizations",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.org.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				q := url.Values{}
@@ -29,9 +31,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "info",
-			Description: "Show organization details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.org.info.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Organization ID or login", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.org.id_or_login"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				id, _ := ctx.RequireArg("id")
@@ -44,11 +46,11 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "members",
-			Description: "List organization members",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.org.members.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Organization ID", Required: true},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.org.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				id, _ := ctx.RequireArg("id")
@@ -64,10 +66,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create an organization",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.org.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Organization name", Required: true},
-				{Name: "description", Short: "d", Usage: "Description"},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.org.name"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "description", Short: "d", Usage: tr.T("flag.description")},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				name, _ := ctx.RequireArg("name")
@@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/pr/pr.go

@@ -4,19 +4,21 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List pull requests",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: "Filter: open, merged, closed", Default: "open"},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "state", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.state"), Default: "open"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -37,12 +39,12 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: "PR title", Required: true},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "PR description"},
-				{Name: "head", Usage: "Source branch", Required: true},
-				{Name: "base", Usage: "Target branch", Default: "master"},
+				{Name: "title", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.title"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.body")},
+				{Name: "head", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.head"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "base", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.base"), Default: "master"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -71,9 +73,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "view",
-			Description: "View pull request details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.view.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -89,10 +91,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "merge",
-			Description: "Merge a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.merge.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "method", Short: "m", Usage: "Merge method: merge, rebase, squash", Default: "merge"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "method", Short: "m", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.merge_method"), Default: "merge"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -115,9 +117,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "close",
-			Description: "Close a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.close.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -133,9 +135,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "files",
-			Description: "List changed files in a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.files.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -151,9 +153,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "diff",
-			Description: "Show diff for a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.diff.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -169,9 +171,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "versions",
-			Description: "List pull request patchset versions",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.versions.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -190,11 +192,11 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "version-diff",
-			Description: "Show diff for a pull request patchset version",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.version_diff.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "version-id", Short: "v", Usage: "Patchset version ID", Required: true},
-				{Name: "file", Short: "f", Usage: "Filter diff by file path"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "version-id", Short: "v", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.version_id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "file", Short: "f", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.file")},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -227,10 +229,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "reviews",
-			Description: "List pull request reviews",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.reviews.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "status", Short: "s", Usage: "Filter review status: common, approved, rejected"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "status", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.review_status_filter")},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -256,13 +258,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "review",
-			Description: "Create a pull request review",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.review.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "status", Short: "s", Usage: "Review status: common, approved, rejected", Default: "common"},
-				{Name: "content", Short: "c", Usage: "Review content", Required: true},
-				{Name: "commit", Short: "m", Usage: "Commit SHA to attach the review to"},
-				{Name: "dry-run", Usage: "Preview the review request without creating it", Bool: true, Default: "false"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "status", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.review_status"), Default: "common"},
+				{Name: "content", Short: "c", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.review_content"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "commit", Short: "m", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.review_commit")},
+				{Name: "dry-run", Usage: tr.T("flag.dry_run"), Bool: true, Default: "false"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -308,10 +310,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "comment",
-			Description: "Add a comment to a pull request",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.pr.comment.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "PR number", Required: true},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "Comment body", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.pr.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.comment.body"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -342,6 +344,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 	}
 }
 
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}
+
 func prV1Path(ctx *common.RuntimeContext, id string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("/v1/%s/%s/pulls/%s", ctx.Owner, ctx.Repo, id)
 }

shortcuts/register.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package shortcuts
 import (
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/branch"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/ci"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
@@ -17,31 +18,31 @@ import (
 )
 
 // RegisterAll mounts all shortcut groups onto the root command.
-func RegisterAll(root *cobra.Command) {
+func RegisterAll(root *cobra.Command, tr *i18n.Translator) {
 	groups := map[string][]*common.Shortcut{
-		"repo":    repo.Shortcuts(),
-		"issue":   issue.Shortcuts(),
-		"pr":      pr.Shortcuts(),
-		"release": release.Shortcuts(),
-		"branch":  branch.Shortcuts(),
-		"org":     org.Shortcuts(),
-		"user":    user.Shortcuts(),
-		"search":  search.Shortcuts(),
-		"ci":      ci.Shortcuts(),
-		"webhook": webhook.Shortcuts(),
+		"repo":    repo.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"issue":   issue.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"pr":      pr.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"release": release.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"branch":  branch.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"org":     org.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"user":    user.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"search":  search.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"ci":      ci.Shortcuts(tr),
+		"webhook": webhook.Shortcuts(tr),
 	}
 
 	descriptions := map[string]string{
-		"repo":    "Repository operations",
-		"issue":   "Issue operations",
-		"pr":      "Pull request operations",
-		"release": "Release operations",
-		"branch":  "Branch operations",
-		"org":     "Organization operations",
-		"user":    "User operations",
-		"search":  "Search operations",
-		"ci":      "CI/CD operations",
-		"webhook": "Webhook operations",
+		"repo":    tr.T("cmd.repo.short"),
+		"issue":   tr.T("cmd.issue.short"),
+		"pr":      tr.T("cmd.pr.short"),
+		"release": tr.T("cmd.release.short"),
+		"branch":  tr.T("cmd.branch.short"),
+		"org":     tr.T("cmd.org.short"),
+		"user":    tr.T("cmd.user.short"),
+		"search":  tr.T("cmd.search.short"),
+		"ci":      tr.T("cmd.ci.short"),
+		"webhook": tr.T("cmd.webhook.short"),
 	}
 
 	for name, shortcuts := range groups {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ func RegisterAll(root *cobra.Command) {
 			Use:   name,
 			Short: descriptions[name],
 		}
-		common.MountShortcuts(groupCmd, shortcuts)
+		common.MountShortcuts(groupCmd, shortcuts, tr)
 		root.AddCommand(groupCmd)
 	}
 }

shortcuts/release/release.go

@@ -4,18 +4,20 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/output"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List releases",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.release.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -33,13 +35,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a release",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.release.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "tag", Short: "t", Usage: "Tag name", Required: true},
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Release name", Required: true},
-				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: "Release notes"},
-				{Name: "target", Usage: "Target branch", Default: "master"},
-				{Name: "prerelease", Usage: "Mark as prerelease (true/false)", Default: "false"},
+				{Name: "tag", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.tag"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.name"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "body", Short: "b", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.body")},
+				{Name: "target", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.target"), Default: "master"},
+				{Name: "prerelease", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.prerelease"), Default: "false"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -69,9 +71,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "view",
-			Description: "View release details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.release.view.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Release ID or tag", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.id_or_tag"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -87,9 +89,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "delete",
-			Description: "Delete a release",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.release.delete.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Release ID", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.release.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -117,3 +119,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/repo/repo.go

@@ -4,19 +4,21 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List repositories for a user or organization",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.repo.list.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "user", Short: "u", Usage: "User login (default: current user)"},
-				{Name: "category", Short: "c", Usage: "Filter: manage/mirror/sync/fork/all (default: manage)", Default: "manage"},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "user", Short: "u", Usage: tr.T("flag.user"), Default: ""},
+				{Name: "category", Short: "c", Usage: tr.T("flag.repo.category"), Default: "manage"},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				user := ctx.Arg("user")
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "info",
-			Description: "Show repository details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.repo.info.short"),
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
 					return err
@@ -54,11 +56,11 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a new repository",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.repo.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: "Repository name", Required: true},
-				{Name: "description", Short: "d", Usage: "Repository description"},
-				{Name: "private", Usage: "Make repository private (true/false)", Default: "false"},
+				{Name: "name", Short: "n", Usage: tr.T("flag.repo.name"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "description", Short: "d", Usage: tr.T("flag.repo.description")},
+				{Name: "private", Usage: tr.T("flag.repo.private"), Default: "false"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				name, err := ctx.RequireArg("name")
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "fork",
-			Description: "Fork a repository",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.repo.fork.short"),
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
 					return err
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "delete",
-			Description: "Delete a repository",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.repo.delete.short"),
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
 					return err
@@ -124,3 +126,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/search/search.go

@@ -3,18 +3,20 @@ package search
 import (
 	"net/url"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "repos",
-			Description: "Search repositories",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.search.repos.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "keyword", Short: "k", Usage: "Search keyword", Required: true},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "keyword", Short: "k", Usage: tr.T("flag.search.keyword"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				keyword, _ := ctx.RequireArg("keyword")
@@ -31,11 +33,11 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "users",
-			Description: "Search users",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.search.users.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "keyword", Short: "k", Usage: "Search keyword", Required: true},
-				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: "Page number", Default: "1"},
-				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: "Items per page", Default: "20"},
+				{Name: "keyword", Short: "k", Usage: tr.T("flag.search.keyword"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "page", Short: "p", Usage: tr.T("flag.page"), Default: "1"},
+				{Name: "limit", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.limit"), Default: "20"},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				keyword, _ := ctx.RequireArg("keyword")
@@ -52,3 +54,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/user/user.go

@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@ package user
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "me",
-			Description: "Show current authenticated user",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.user.me.short"),
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				env, err := ctx.CallAPI("GET", "/users/me", nil)
 				if err != nil {
@@ -21,9 +23,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "info",
-			Description: "Show user profile",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.user.info.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "login", Short: "l", Usage: "User login name", Required: true},
+				{Name: "login", Short: "l", Usage: tr.T("flag.user.login"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				login, err := ctx.RequireArg("login")
@@ -39,3 +41,10 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}

shortcuts/webhook/webhook.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/internal/i18n"
 	"github.com/gitlink-org/gitlink-cli/shortcuts/common"
 )
 
@@ -22,11 +23,12 @@ var allowedWebhookEvents = map[string]bool{
 }
 
 // Shortcuts returns webhook management shortcuts.
-func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
+func Shortcuts(translators ...*i18n.Translator) []*common.Shortcut {
+	tr := shortcutTranslator(translators...)
 	return []*common.Shortcut{
 		{
 			Name:        "list",
-			Description: "List repository webhooks",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.list.short"),
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
 					return err
@@ -40,9 +42,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "view",
-			Description: "View webhook details",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.view.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Webhook ID", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -61,40 +63,40 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "create",
-			Description: "Create a repository webhook",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.create.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "url", Short: "u", Usage: "Webhook target URL", Required: true},
-				{Name: "events", Short: "e", Usage: "Comma-separated events, for example: push,issues_only", Required: true},
-				{Name: "type", Short: "t", Usage: "Webhook type: gitea/slack/discord/dingtalk/telegram/msteams/feishu/matrix/jianmu/softbot", Default: "gitea"},
-				{Name: "content-type", Usage: "Payload content type: json or form", Default: "json"},
-				{Name: "http-method", Usage: "HTTP method: POST or GET", Default: "POST"},
-				{Name: "secret", Short: "s", Usage: "Webhook secret"},
-				{Name: "branch-filter", Usage: "Branch glob filter for push/create/delete events", Default: "*"},
-				{Name: "active", Usage: "Whether the webhook is active: true or false", Default: "true"},
+				{Name: "url", Short: "u", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.url"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "events", Short: "e", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.events"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "type", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.type"), Default: "gitea"},
+				{Name: "content-type", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.content_type"), Default: "json"},
+				{Name: "http-method", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.http_method"), Default: "POST"},
+				{Name: "secret", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.secret")},
+				{Name: "branch-filter", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.branch_filter"), Default: "*"},
+				{Name: "active", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.active"), Default: "true"},
 			},
 			Run: runCreate,
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "update",
-			Description: "Update a repository webhook while preserving unspecified fields when available",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.update.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Webhook ID", Required: true},
-				{Name: "url", Short: "u", Usage: "Webhook target URL"},
-				{Name: "events", Short: "e", Usage: "Comma-separated events, for example: push,issues_only"},
-				{Name: "type", Short: "t", Usage: "Webhook type: gitea/slack/discord/dingtalk/telegram/msteams/feishu/matrix/jianmu/softbot"},
-				{Name: "content-type", Usage: "Payload content type: json or form"},
-				{Name: "http-method", Usage: "HTTP method: POST or GET"},
-				{Name: "secret", Short: "s", Usage: "Webhook secret. Pass it again if the server does not return existing secrets."},
-				{Name: "branch-filter", Usage: "Branch glob filter for push/create/delete events"},
-				{Name: "active", Usage: "Whether the webhook is active: true or false"},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.id"), Required: true},
+				{Name: "url", Short: "u", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.url")},
+				{Name: "events", Short: "e", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.events")},
+				{Name: "type", Short: "t", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.type")},
+				{Name: "content-type", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.content_type")},
+				{Name: "http-method", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.http_method")},
+				{Name: "secret", Short: "s", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.secret_update")},
+				{Name: "branch-filter", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.branch_filter")},
+				{Name: "active", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.active")},
 			},
 			Run: runUpdate,
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "delete",
-			Description: "Delete a repository webhook",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.delete.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Webhook ID", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -113,9 +115,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "test",
-			Description: "Trigger a test delivery for a webhook",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.test.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Webhook ID", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -134,9 +136,9 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 		},
 		{
 			Name:        "tasks",
-			Description: "List webhook delivery tasks",
+			Description: tr.T("cmd.webhook.tasks.short"),
 			Flags: []common.Flag{
-				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: "Webhook ID", Required: true},
+				{Name: "id", Short: "i", Usage: tr.T("flag.webhook.id"), Required: true},
 			},
 			Run: func(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 				if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
@@ -156,6 +158,13 @@ func Shortcuts() []*common.Shortcut {
 	}
 }
 
+func shortcutTranslator(translators ...*i18n.Translator) *i18n.Translator {
+	if len(translators) > 0 && translators[0] != nil {
+		return translators[0]
+	}
+	return i18n.Default()
+}
+
 func runCreate(ctx *common.RuntimeContext) error {
 	if err := ctx.ResolveOwnerRepo(); err != nil {
 		return err